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Cedeño E, Zuleta R, Mejorada Sánchez JL, Alvarado S, Marín E. A Differential Thermal Lens Spectrometry Method for Trace Detection. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:644-649. [PMID: 38378011 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241231828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Thermal lens spectroscopy (TLS) is a high-sensitivity method to determine the concentration of light-absorbing species in samples. Here, we implemented a transient configuration of the technique, with a focused pump and a collimated probe beam coaxially propagating. A Fabry-Perot optical resonator is incorporated allowing multi-passing of the probe beam through the sample to enhance sensitivity. We show how the low detection limit of the method can be reduced approximately by half by making differential measurements of the signal at a far field in the center point of the probe beam spot and that obtained by spatial filtering of the same beam, the so-called eclipsed signal. Measurements were performed in test samples of Deyman's organic dye, Strawberry 2143 v.7, dissolved in ethanol. The thermal lens signal measured as a function of the dye concentration in water at the center of the beam was compared with the differential signal resulting from this and the eclipsed beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Cedeño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) Unidad Legaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Zuleta
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) Unidad Legaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge L Mejorada Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) Unidad Legaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Salvador Alvarado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) Unidad Legaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Marín
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) Unidad Legaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Khabibullin VR, Franko M, Proskurnin MA. Accuracy of Measurements of Thermophysical Parameters by Dual-Beam Thermal-Lens Spectrometry. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:430. [PMID: 36770391 PMCID: PMC9920435 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermal-lens spectrometry is a sensitive technique for determination of physicochemical properties and thermophysical parameters of various materials including heterogeneous systems and nanoparticles. In this paper, we consider the issues of the correctness (trueness) of measurements of the characteristic time of the thermal-lens effect and, thus, of the thermal diffusivity determined by dual-beam mode-mismatching thermal lensing. As sources of systematic errors, major factors-radiation sources, sample-cell and detector parameters, and general measurement parameters-are considered using several configurations of the thermal-lens setups, and their contributions are quantified or estimated. Furthermore, with aqueous ferroin and Sudan I in ethanol as inert colorants, the effects of the intermolecular distance of the absorbing substance on the correctness of finding the thermophysical parameters are considered. The recommendations for checking the operation of the thermal-lens setup to ensure the maximum accuracy are given. The results obtained help reducing the impact of each investigated factor on the value of systematic error and correctly measure the thermophysical parameters using thermal-lens spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav R. Khabibullin
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, d. 1, str. 3, Lenin Hills, GSP-1 V-234, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mladen Franko
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Rožna Dolina, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, d. 1, str. 3, Lenin Hills, GSP-1 V-234, Moscow 119991, Russia
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3
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Ortega GA, Del Sol-Fernández S, Portilla Y, Cedeño E, Reguera E, Srinivasan S, Barber DF, Marin E, Rajabzadeh AR. Rodlike Particles of Polydopamine-CdTe Quantum Dots: An Actuator As a Photothermal Agent and Reactive Oxygen Species-Generating Nanoplatform for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42357-42369. [PMID: 34472848 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, novel rodlike CdTe@MPA-PDA particles based on polydopamine (PDA) loaded with CdTe quantum dots (QDs) capped with mercaptopropionic acid (CdTe@MPA QDs) with atypical chemical features are evaluated as a potential actuator for photothermal therapy and oxidative stress induction. Under mild conditions established for the safe and efficient use of lasers, temperature increases of 10.2 and 7.8 °C, photothermal conversion efficiencies of 37.7 and 26.2%, and specific absorption rates of 99 and 69 W/g were obtained for CdTe@MPA-PDA and traditional PDA particles in water, respectively. The particles were set to interact with the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231. A significant cellular uptake with the majority of particles colocalized into the lysosomes was obtained at a concentration of 100 μg/mL after 24 h. Additionally, CdTe@MPA-PDA and CdTe@MPA QDs showed significantly different internalization levels and loading kinetics profiles. For the first time, the thermal lens technique was used to demonstrate the stability of particle-like CdTe@MPA-PDA after heating at pH 7 and their migration within the heating region due to the thermodiffusion effect. However, under acidic pH-type lysosomes, a performance decrease in heating was observed, and the chemical feature of the particles was damaged as well. Besides, the internalized rodlike CdTe@MPA-PDA notably enhanced the induction of oxidative stress compared with PDA alone and CdTe@MPA QDs in MDA-MB-231 cells initiating apoptosis. Combining these effects suggests that after meticulous optimizations of the conditions, the CdTe@MPA-PDA particles could be used as a photothermal agent under mild conditions and short incubation time, allowing cytoplasmatic subcellular localization. On the other hand, the same particles act as cell killers by triggering reactive oxygen species after a longer incubation time and lysosomal subcellular localization due to the pH effect on the chemical morphology features of the CdTe@MPA-PDA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greter A Ortega
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Del Sol-Fernández
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Yadileiny Portilla
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and Nanobiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Enrique Cedeño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Legaria (CICATA-Legaria), Calz Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11500, Mexico
| | - Edilso Reguera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Legaria (CICATA-Legaria), Calz Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11500, Mexico
| | - Seshasai Srinivasan
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Domingo F Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and Nanobiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ernesto Marin
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Legaria (CICATA-Legaria), Calz Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11500, Mexico
| | - Amin Reza Rajabzadeh
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Ontario, Canada
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Zhao C, Wang J, Chen X, Wang Z, Ji H, Chen L, Liu W, Wang CC. Bifunctional Bi 12O 17Cl 2/MIL-100(Fe) composites toward photocatalytic Cr(VI) sequestration and activation of persulfate for bisphenol A degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141901. [PMID: 33207532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional Bi12O17Cl2/MIL-100(Fe) composite (BMx) was firstly constructed via facile ball-milling method. The optimal BM200 was highly efficient for Cr(VI) sequestration and activation of persulfate (PS) for bisphenol A (BPA) decomposition under white light illumination, which was much more remarkable than the pristine MIL-100(Fe) and Bi12O17Cl2, respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic reduction efficiency can be significantly improved via the addition of some green small organic acids (SOAs). As well, the BPA degradation can be achieved over an extensive initial pH range of 3.0-11.0. When the PS concentration increased to more than 2.0 mM, the BPA degradation efficiency decreased due to the SO4-• self-scavenging effect. It was also found that the co-existence of inorganic anions like H2PO4-, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3- could decelerate the BPA degradation. The excellent photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction and persulfate activation performances originated from both MIL-100(Fe) with excellent PS activation ability and Bi12O17Cl2 with a favorable band position, which not only enabled the efficient separation of charges but also accelerated the formation of SO4-• radicals. The BM200 displayed prominent stability and recyclability. More importantly, the credible degradation pathway was proposed based on UHPLC-MS analysis and DFT calculation. This research revealed that the Fe-based MOFs/bismuth-rich bismuth oxyhalides (BixOyXz, X = Cl, Br and I) composites possessed great potential in wastewater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haodong Ji
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chong-Chen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Cabrera H, Goljat L, Korte D, Marín E, Franko M. A multi-thermal-lens approach to evaluation of multi-pass probe beam configuration in thermal lens spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:182-190. [PMID: 31987139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saavedra R, Soto C, Poza C. Thermal Lens Spectroscopy for Quantitative Determination of a Cu(II) Complex With an 8-Aminoquinoline Derivative in Tap Water and Mining Wastewater Samples Using a Dual Beam Technique. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1620761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Saavedra
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - César Soto
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Poza
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Shokoufi N, Abbasgholi Nejad Asbaghi B, Abbasi-Ahd A. Microfluidic chip-photothermal lens microscopy for DNA hybridization assay using gold nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6119-6128. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shokoufi N, Abbasgholi Nejad Asbaghi B, Nouri Hajibaba S. Sensitive determination of DNA based on phosphate-dye interaction using photothermal lens technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:3074-3082. [PMID: 31044780 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal lens spectrometry is a powerful optical detection technique that can be used to investigate biomolecules. In this work, for the first time to our knowledge, photothermal lens spectrometry was used for determination of nanomolar concentrations of three distinct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands using methylene blue as a labeling dye. Methylene blue interacts with phosphate groups of the DNA in lower DNA concentrations. It was observed that phosphate-methylene blue interaction had no obvious effect on methylene blue absorption and fluorescence spectra, but the photothermal lens spectrometry signal of methylene blue increased with DNA concentration. For this purpose, to evaluate the performance of the presented method, herring sperm DNA, Escherichia coli bacteria DNA, and partial 16S rRNA genes were examined. Under optimum conditions, photothermal lens spectrometry intensity of methylene blue increased linearly with DNA concentration when herring sperm DNA, Escherichia coli DNA, and 16S rRNA gene concentrations increased in the ranges of 0.1-250, 1-700, and 1-800 nmol L-1, respectively. The corresponding detection limits were found to be 0.07, 0.71, and 0.56 nmol L-1, respectively, and relative standard deviations for 50 nmol L-1 of the tested samples were 2.59%, 4.95%, and 4.57%, respectively.
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Zhu X, Deng Y, Li P, Yuan D, Ma J. Automated syringe-pump-based flow-batch analysis for spectrophotometric determination of trace hexavalent chromium in water samples. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hernández-Carabalí LA, Cedeño E, Mantilla A, Alvarado S, Cabrera H, Mansanares AM, Calderón A, Marín E. Application of thermal lens microscopy (TLM) for measurement of Cr(VI) traces in wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:305-309. [PMID: 30496959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that Thermal Lens Microscopy technique (TLM) can be applied to monitor the dynamics of a photocatalytic process in-situ. The photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium -Cr(VI)- in aqueous solution using CdS and irradiated with visible light is monitored by TLM. Since the values of Cr(VI) concentration obtained after the photocatalytic process were close to those imposed by the international regulations for drinking water, the use of TLM allowed its measurement with a better reliability than with UV spectroscopy, usually used in this kind of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hernández-Carabalí
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Cedeño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Mantilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - S Alvarado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - H Cabrera
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Sezione di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy; The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste 34151, Italy
| | - A M Mansanares
- Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, U. of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A Calderón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Marín
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Yoosefian J, Alizadeh N. An Optical Configuration of Crossed-Beam Photothermal Lens Spectrometer Operating at High Flow Velocities and Its Application for Cysteine Determination in Human Serum and Saliva. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8227-8233. [PMID: 29869876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal lens spectrometry (TLS) is a high sensitive technique for trace determination of nonfluorescent materials. Previous photothermal lens spectrometers suffer from operating limitations at high flow velocities, arising from taking the heated element off the probe beam direction, which results in a decrease in the thermal lens (TL) signal. Herein, we describe an optical configuration of the crossed-beam photothermal lens in transversal flow mode in which the propagating direction of the probe beam and liquid sample flow azimuth are concentric (CBTC). The system consists of a microfluidic cell with a volume of lower than 3 μL. In the current optical configuration, using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) in ethanol as a test solution, by increasing the sample flow velocity and without increasing chopping frequency, the reduction in sensitivity is less pronounced. Under a 15 Hz chopping frequency, the optimum sample flow velocity is about 2 cm s-1, which is among the highest reported values achieved to date for photothermal lens spectrometers. Although the system operates at higher flow velocities and lower chopping frequencies compared to the collinear configuration, it provides a comparable analytical limit of detection. This optical configuration has been successfully employed for highly sensitive and selective determination of cysteine in human serum and saliva samples through a competitive complexation reaction with Cu-PAN as a colorimetric probe. The detection limit of this method (9.5 nM) shows a significant enhancement (726-times) in comparison to UV-vis measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Yoosefian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran , Iran
| | - Naader Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran , Iran
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Cabrera H, Akbar J, Korte D, Ramírez-Miquet EE, Marín E, Niemela J, Ebrahimpour Z, Mannatunga K, Franko M. Trace detection and photothermal spectral characterization by a tuneable thermal lens spectrometer with white-light excitation. Talanta 2018; 183:158-163. [PMID: 29567158 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the thermal lens experimental set-up we replaced the commonly employed pump laser by a halogen lamp, combined with an interference filter, providing a tuneable, nearly monochromatic pump source over the range of wavelengths 430-710 nm. Counter-propagating pump and probe beams are used and a 1 mm path-length sample cell together with the interference filter makes an optical cavity, providing amplification of the thermal lens signal, which leads to enhancement of the measurement sensitivity, and enables detection of absorbances on the order of 5 × 10-6. Amplified thermal lens signal allows us to replace the typical lock-in amplifier and digital oscilloscope with a silicon photodetector, Arduino, and a personal computer, offering the possibility for a compact, robust and portable device, useful for in-field absorption measurements in low concentration or weakly absorbing species. The use of a white light source for optical pumping, an interference filter for wavelength selection and direct diagnostic of the thermal lens signal increase the versatility of the instrument and simplifies substantially the experimental setup. Determination of Fe(II) concentrations at parts per billion levels was performed by the described white-light thermal lens spectrophotometer and the absorption spectrum for 50 μgL-1 Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline was well reproduced with an average measurement precision of 4%. The obtained limits of detection and quantitation of Fe(II) determination at 510 nm are 3 µgL-1 and 11 µgL-1, respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of LOQ-500 µgL-1 with reproducibility between 2% and 6%, confirming that this instrument provides good spectrometric capabilities such as high sensitivity, tuneability and good reproducibility. In addition, the versatility of the instrument was demonstrated by recording the photothermal spectrum of gold nanostructured material and determination of excitation wavelength with most efficient optical to thermal energy conversion, which differs considerably (cca 100 nm) from the absorption maximum of the investigated sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Cabrera
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Jehan Akbar
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, Trieste, Italy; Department of Physics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Dorota Korte
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Evelio E Ramírez-Miquet
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Ernesto Marín
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Mexico City 11500, Mexico
| | - Joseph Niemela
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - Zeinab Ebrahimpour
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kasun Mannatunga
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, Trieste, Italy; University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Mladen Franko
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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