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Barozet E, Valenzuela CY, Cifuentes L, Verdugo RA, Herrera L, Acuña M, Llop E, Moraga M, Berríos S, Di Genova A, Digman D, Symon A, Asenjo S, López P, Bustamante ML, Pezo-Valderrama P, Suazo J, Caba F, Villalón M, Alvarado S, Cáceres D, Salgado K, Portales P, Loira N, Maas A. The Chilean socio-ethno-genomic cline. Biodemography Soc Biol 2021; 66:156-171. [PMID: 34182852 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2021.1879626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the current Chilean population performed using classical genetic markers have established that the Chilean population originated primarily from the admixture of European people, particularly Spaniards, and Amerindians. A socioeconomic-ethno-genetic cline was established soon after the conquest. Spaniards born in Spain or Chile occupied the highest Socioeconomic Strata, while Amerindians belonged to the lowest. The intermediate strata consisted of people with different degrees of ethnic admixture; the larger the European admixture, the higher the Socioeconomic Level. The present study of molecular genomic markers sought to calculate the percentage of Amerindian admixture and revealed a finer distribution of this cline, as well as differences between two Amerindian groups: Aymara and Mapuche. The use of two socioeconomic classifications - Class and Socioeconomic Level - reveals important differences. Furthermore, Self-reported Ethnicity (self-assignment to an ethnic group) and Self-reported Ancestry (self-recognition of Amerindian ancestors) show variations and differing relationships between socioeconomic classifications and genomic Amerindian Admixture. These data constitute a valuable input for the formulation of public healthcare policy and show that the notions of Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Strata and Class should always be a consideration in policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barozet
- Departamento de Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión, Social, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Y Valenzuela
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Cifuentes
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R A Verdugo
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Herrera
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Acuña
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Llop
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Moraga
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Berríos
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Di Genova
- Mathomics, Centro de Modelamiento Matemático y Centro Para la Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Digman
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Symon
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Asenjo
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P López
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M L Bustamante
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Norte, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Pezo-Valderrama
- Programa de Genética Humana del ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Suazo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Caba
- Escuela de Puericultura, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile
| | - M Villalón
- Instituto de Salud Poblacional "Escuela de Salud Pública", Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Alvarado
- Instituto de Salud Poblacional "Escuela de Salud Pública", Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Cáceres
- Instituto de Salud Poblacional "Escuela de Salud Pública", Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Salgado
- Escuela de Puericultura, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile
| | - P Portales
- Corporación Municipal de Desarrollo Social, Iquique, Chile
| | - N Loira
- Mathomics, Centro de Modelamiento Matemático y Centro Para la Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Maas
- Mathomics, Centro de Modelamiento Matemático y Centro Para la Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Hernández-Carabalí LA, Cedeño E, Mantilla A, Alvarado S, Cabrera H, Mansanares AM, Calderón A, Marín E. Application of thermal lens microscopy (TLM) for measurement of Cr(VI) traces in wastewater. J Environ Manage 2019; 232:305-309. [PMID: 30496959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that Thermal Lens Microscopy technique (TLM) can be applied to monitor the dynamics of a photocatalytic process in-situ. The photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium -Cr(VI)- in aqueous solution using CdS and irradiated with visible light is monitored by TLM. Since the values of Cr(VI) concentration obtained after the photocatalytic process were close to those imposed by the international regulations for drinking water, the use of TLM allowed its measurement with a better reliability than with UV spectroscopy, usually used in this kind of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hernández-Carabalí
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Cedeño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Mantilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - S Alvarado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - H Cabrera
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Sezione di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy; The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste 34151, Italy
| | - A M Mansanares
- Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, U. of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A Calderón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Marín
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, CP 11500, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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D'Mello R, Alvarado S, Bahna S. UNCONTROLLED SEVERE PERSISTENT ASTHMA: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.09.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Santovena V, Garcia Villafana G, Rosales J, Alvarado S, De Leon-Lopez J, Galache Vega P, Russell Beltran G. Does paternal age influence the fertilization rate of egg donation cycles with male factor? Fertil Steril 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.07.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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López A, Gómez L, Petinal G, Adán N, Alvarado S, Carballo N. Is a blood sample for hemoglobins in the transfusional range reliable? Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed) 2018; 65:246-251. [PMID: 29500058 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation and agreement in our unit and population of hemoglobin in gasometry versus hematology analyzer, to evaluate errors in transfusion or lack thereof. RESULTS strong association between Point-of-care (POC) and hematimetry, with P<.001, with a coefficient of determination r2 of 0.56, an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.63 and a Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.65. For hemoglobins less than 7g/dL, a success rate of 29.41% was obtained. CONCLUSIONS Low-moderate agreement of POC hemoglobin with standard haemothymetry. High probability of errors in the indication of transfusion based on gasometer hemoglobins, especially in low hemoglobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A López
- Grupo de Investigación en Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia SUR (ISS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Galicia, España; Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (CHUO), SERGAS, Ourense, España.
| | - L Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia SUR (ISS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Galicia, España; Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (CHUO), SERGAS, Ourense, España
| | - G Petinal
- Grupo de Investigación en Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia SUR (ISS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Galicia, España; Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (CHUO), SERGAS, Ourense, España
| | - N Adán
- Grupo de Investigación en Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia SUR (ISS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Galicia, España; Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (CHUO), SERGAS, Ourense, España
| | - S Alvarado
- Grupo de Investigación en Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia SUR (ISS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Galicia, España; Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (CHUO), SERGAS, Ourense, España
| | - N Carballo
- Grupo de Investigación en Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia SUR (ISS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Galicia, España; Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (CHUO), SERGAS, Ourense, España
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Rubio IT, Rodriguez R, Esgueva-Colmenarejo A, Suarez M, Espinosa-Bravo M, Siso C, Cordoba O, Alvarado S, Volders J, Van Den Tol P. Abstract P5-22-10: Intraoperative ultrasound guided surgery after neoadjuvant treatment in breast cancer improves patient´s quality of life. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p5-22-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Intraoperative ultrasound guided surgery (IOUS) has shown not only to improve surgical outcomes by achieving higher rates of negative margins and reducing the need for re-excisions, but also showing better cosmetic results and patient's satisfaction in the adjuvant setting. After neoadjuvant treatments (NAT) we have shown that IOUS lowers the volume of resection in patients with pathologic complete response or minimal microscopic disease after NAT without compromising margins and local recurrences when compared to wire localization techniques (WL) The aim of this study was to determine if IOUS after NAT contributes to improve cosmetic outcomes and quality of life (QOL) when compared with WL.
Material and Methods. The pilot study enrolled patients treated with NAT who underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) between July 2008 and December 2012. On the follow up visit, cosmetic outcomes were assessed by the patient and surgeon on a 4 point Likert scale, by the Breast Cancer Conservative Treatment cosmetic results (BCCT.core) software, and by an independent panel. QOL was assessed using cancer-specific (EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-B23) questionnaires.
Results. The study investigated 113 patients: 81 (71.6 %) in the IOUS group and 32 (28.3 %) in the WL group. The patient and tumor characteristics were comparable between the two groups. Mean follow up was 64 months (range, 12-90) in the WL group while 41 months (range, 18-107) in the IOUS group.
Cosmetic outcomes reported by the patient showed a tendency (p=0.07) for better results in the IOUS group. Patient reported cosmetic outcomes and the independent panel cosmetic evaluation significantly correlated with lumpectomy volume excised (p= 0.04, p = 0.02 respectively). The BCCT.core did not correlate with volume of tissue excised (p < 0.14). IOUS achieved better cosmetic outcomes compared to WL, with excellent outcomes of 30% and 19% respectively, although poor cosmetic outcomes were 3% and 0% respectively. Correlation between patients and surgeons evaluation regarding cosmetic outcomes and satisfaction was low (0.38 and 0.40 respectively). A comparison of the QOL scores of 113 patients showed a significantly better global health status (p = 0.03), better emotional and role function (p = 0.004), for patients with IOUS compared to WL patients.
Conclusions. This is the first study to show that breast volume excised significantly correlates with cosmetic outcomes in the neoadjuvant setting. These results suggest that IOUS after NAT contributes to a better quality of life and may influence cosmetic outcomes in breast cancer patients. Patient reported outcomes should be included in the quality assessment in breast surgery as the correlation with surgeons' evaluation is low.
Citation Format: Rubio IT, Rodriguez R, Esgueva-Colmenarejo A, Suarez M, Espinosa-Bravo M, Siso C, Cordoba O, Alvarado S, Volders J, Van Den Tol P. Intraoperative ultrasound guided surgery after neoadjuvant treatment in breast cancer improves patient´s quality of life [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-22-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- IT Rubio
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Rodriguez
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Esgueva-Colmenarejo
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Suarez
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Espinosa-Bravo
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Siso
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - O Cordoba
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Alvarado
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Volders
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Van Den Tol
- Hospital Univeristario VAll d¨Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Vargas E, Cifuentes A, Alvarado S, Cabrera H, Delgado O, Calderón A, Marín E. Thermal diffusivity measurement in thin metallic filaments using the mirage method with multiple probe beams and a digital camera. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:024904. [PMID: 29495871 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal beam deflection is a well-established technique for measuring thermal diffusivity. In this technique, a pump laser beam generates temperature variations on the surface of the sample to be studied. These variations transfer heat to the surrounding medium, which may be air or any other fluid. The medium in turn experiences a change in the refractive index, which will be proportional to the temperature field on the sample surface when the distance to this surface is small. A probe laser beam will suffer a deflection due to the refractive index periodical changes, which is usually monitored by means of a quadrant photodetector or a similar device aided by lock-in amplification. A linear relationship that arises in this technique is that given by the phase lag of the thermal wave as a function of the distance to a punctual heat source when unidimensional heat diffusion can be guaranteed. This relationship is useful in the calculation of the sample's thermal diffusivity, which can be obtained straightforwardly by the so-called slope method, if the pump beam modulation frequency is well-known. The measurement procedure requires the experimenter to displace the probe beam at a given distance from the heat source, measure the phase lag at that offset, and repeat this for as many points as desired. This process can be quite lengthy in dependence of the number points. In this paper, we propose a detection scheme, which overcomes this limitation and simplifies the experimental setup using a digital camera that substitutes all detection hardware utilizing motion detection techniques and software digital signal lock-in post-processing. In this work, the method is demonstrated using thin metallic filaments as samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vargas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Cifuentes
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S Alvarado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - H Cabrera
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste 34151, Italy
| | - O Delgado
- Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo, Boulevard Acceso a Tolcayuca # 1009, Exhacienda de San Javier, 43860 Tolcayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - A Calderón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Marín
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Guo H, Tsai CL, Chen Y, Terajima M, Yamauchi M, Alvarado S, Cho E, Dalby K, Phillips G, Tainer J, Kurie J. Structure-Based Drug Design Targeting a Pro-Metastatic Collagen Lysyl Hydroxylase. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Armetta A, Alvarado S, Trost D, May B, Sista A, Pua B, Winokur R, Armetta A. When to suspect the need for forceps: Advanced filter retrieval techniques are often required with prolonged filter dwell times. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Alvarado S, Mattaparthi K, Purser J. P219 Knowledge deficiencies of primary immunodeficiency diseases among internal medicine residents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Navarro J, Molina L, Hernández S, Yacaman D, Rodríguez A, Alvarado S, del Río E, Pacheco A. PT236 Extraction and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Subclavian Adipose Tissue. Glob Heart 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2016.03.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Nair N, Gongora E, Sareyyupoglu B, Alvarado S, Collier I, Nazar A, Zehr K. Markedly Reduced Driveline Infection Rates in CF Pumps (HMII) - A Long-term Follow Up. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.01.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Besser RE, Pakiz B, Schulte JM, Alvarado S, Zell ER, Kenyon TA, Onorato IM. Risk factors for positive mantoux tuberculin skin tests in children in San Diego, California: evidence for boosting and possible foodborne transmission. Pediatrics 2001; 108:305-10. [PMID: 11483792 DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.2.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Source case finding in San Diego, California, rarely detects the source for children with tuberculosis (TB) infection or disease. One third of all pediatric TB isolates in San Diego are Mycobacterium bovis, a strain associated with raw dairy products. This study was conducted to determine risk factors for TB infection in San Diego. DESIGN Case-control study of children </=5 years old screened for TB as part of routine health care visit. Asymptomatic children with a positive (>/=10 mm) Mantoux skin test (TST) were matched by age to 1 to 2 children with negative TST from the same clinic. We assessed risk factors for TB infection through parental interview and chart review. RESULTS A total of 62 cases and 97 controls were enrolled. Eleven cases and 25 controls were excluded from analysis because of previous positive skin tests. Compared with controls, cases were more likely to have received BCG vaccine (73% vs 7%, odds ratio [OR] 44), to be foreign born (35% vs 11%, OR 4.3), and to have eaten raw milk or cheese (21% vs 8%, OR 3.76). The median time between the most recent previous TST and the current test was 12 months for cases and 25 months for controls. Other factors associated with a positive TST included foreign travel, staying in a home while out of the country, and having a relative with a positive TST. There was no association between contact with a known TB case. In a multivariable model, receipt of BCG, contact with a relative with a positive TST, and having a previous TST within the past year were independently associated with TB infection. CONCLUSIONS We identified several new or reemerging associations with positive TST including cross border travel, staying in a foreign home, and eating raw dairy products. The strong associations with BCG receipt and more recent previous TST may represent falsely positive reactions, booster phenomena, or may be markers for a population that is truly at greater risk for TB infection. Unlike studies conducted in nonborder areas, we found no association between positive TB skin tests and contact with a TB case or a foreign visitor. Efforts to control pediatric TB in San Diego need to address local risk factors including consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and cross-border travel. The interpretation of a positive TST in a young child in San Diego who has received BCG is problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Besser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
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Abstract
Clinically, and in experimental models, perinatal hypoxic encephalopathy is commonly associated with seizures. We previously described a rat model in which hypoxia induces seizures and permanently increases in seizure susceptibility in immature rats [postnatal day (P) 10-12] but not in older rats. In the present study, we compared the effect of pretreatment with the excitatory amino acid antagonists MK-801 and NBQX versus lorazepam in our rat model of perinatal hypoxia. Animals exposed to hypoxia at P10 without treatment have frequent seizures during hypoxia and subsequently exhibit increased seizure susceptibility to flurothyl. Treatment with 6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX 20 mg/kg) effectively suppressed hypoxia-induced seizures in immature rats and also protected against permanent changes in flurothyl threshold in adulthood, whereas treatment with MK-801 (1 mg/kg) or lorazepam (LZP 1 mg/kg) did not prevent these hypoxia-related epileptogenic effects. These results suggest that activation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol propionic acid (AMPA) receptors may partly mediate the age-dependent epileptogenic effect of hypoxia in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Alvarado S, Figueroa R, Sepúlveda A, Soto MA, Tohá J. Reliability in the genetic code. J Theor Biol 1979; 77:505-12. [PMID: 491694 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(79)90023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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