1
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Bindschedler A, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Buchser S, Fischer TD, Wacker R, Davalan T, Brunner J, Heussler VT. LC3B labeling of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of Plasmodium berghei liver stage parasites depends on the V-ATPase and ATG16L1. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1095-1111. [PMID: 38574236 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, undergoes an obligatory stage of intra-hepatic development before initiating a blood-stage infection. Productive invasion of hepatocytes involves the formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) generated by the invagination of the host cell plasma membrane. Surrounded by the PV membrane (PVM), the parasite undergoes extensive replication. During intracellular development in the hepatocyte, the parasites provoke the Plasmodium-associated autophagy-related (PAAR) response. This is characterized by a long-lasting association of the autophagy marker protein, and ATG8 family member, LC3B with the PVM. LC3B localization at the PVM does not follow the canonical autophagy pathway since upstream events specific to canonical autophagy are dispensable. Here, we describe that LC3B localization at the PVM of Plasmodium parasites requires the V-ATPase and its interaction with ATG16L1. The WD40 domain of ATG16L1 is crucial for its recruitment to the PVM. Thus, we provide new mechanistic insight into the previously described PAAR response targeting Plasmodium liver stage parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Bindschedler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Sophie Buchser
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tara D Fischer
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rahel Wacker
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Davalan
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Brunner
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker T Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Klein AD, Petruzzi KL, Lee C, Overholtzer M. Stress-induced microautophagy is coordinated with lysosome biogenesis and regulated by PIKfyve. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar70. [PMID: 38536415 PMCID: PMC11151102 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosome turnover and biogenesis are induced in response to treatment of cells with agents that cause membrane rupture, but whether other stress conditions engage similar homeostatic mechanisms is not well understood. Recently we described a form of selective turnover of lysosomes that is induced by metabolic stress or by treatment of cells with ionophores or lysosomotropic agents, involving the formation of intraluminal vesicles within intact organelles through microautophagy. Selective turnover involves noncanonical autophagy and the lipidation of LC3 onto lysosomal membranes, as well as the autophagy gene-dependent formation of intraluminal vesicles. Here, we find a form of microautophagy induction that requires activity of the lipid kinase PIKfyve and is associated with the nuclear translocation of TFEB, a known mediator of lysosome biogenesis. We show that LC3 undergoes turnover during this process, and that PIKfyve is required for the formation of intraluminal vesicles and LC3 turnover, but not for LC3 lipidation onto lysosomal membranes, demonstrating that microautophagy is regulated by PIKfyve downstream of noncanonical autophagy. We further show that TFEB activation requires noncanonical autophagy but not PIKfyve, distinguishing the regulation of biogenesis from microautophagy occurring in response to agents that induce lysosomal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D. Klein
- BCMB Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kayla L. Petruzzi
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Chan Lee
- BCMB Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- BCMB Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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4
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Tang J, Fang D, Zhong J, Li M. Missing WD40 Repeats in ATG16L1 Delays Canonical Autophagy and Inhibits Noncanonical Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4493. [PMID: 38674078 PMCID: PMC11050548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that forms double-membrane structures and mediates the degradation of long-lived proteins (LLPs). Noncanonical autophagy (NCA) is an important alternative pathway involving the formation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-positive structures that are independent of partial core autophagy proteins. NCA has been defined by the conjugation of ATG8s to single membranes (CASM). During canonical autophagy and NCA/CASM, LC3 undergoes a lipidation modification, and ATG16L1 is a crucial protein in this process. Previous studies have reported that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is not necessary for canonical autophagy. However, our study found that WDR domain deficiency significantly impaired LLP degradation in basal conditions and slowed down LC3-II accumulation in canonical autophagy. We further demonstrated that the observed effect was due to a reduced interaction between ATG16L1 and FIP200/WIPI2, without affecting lysosome function or fusion. Furthermore, we also found that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is crucial for chemical-induced NCA/CASM. The results showed that removing the WDR domain or introducing the K490A mutation in ATG16L1 significantly inhibited the NCA/CASM, which interrupted the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of the WDR domain of ATG16L1 for both canonical autophagy and NCA functions, improving our understanding of its role in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuge Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongmei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Xiao S, Peng K, Li C, Long Y, Yu Q. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in autophagy and related disorders. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:380. [PMID: 37852968 PMCID: PMC10584985 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
S1P, also referred to as sphingosine-1-phosphate, is a lipid molecule with bioactive properties involved in numerous cellular processes such as cell growth, movement, programmed cell death, self-degradation, cell specialization, aging, and immune system reactions. Autophagy is a meticulously controlled mechanism in which cells repurpose their elements to maintain cellular balance. There are five stages in autophagy: initiation, nucleation, elongation and maturation, fusion, and degradation. New research has provided insight into the complex connection between S1P and autophagy, uncovering their interaction in both normal and abnormal circumstances. Gaining knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of S1P signaling on autophagy can offer a valuable understanding of its function in well-being and illness, potentially leading to innovative therapeutic concepts for diverse ailments. Hence, this review analyzes the essential stages in mammalian autophagy, with a specific emphasis on recent research exploring the control of each stage by S1P. Additionally, it sheds light on the roles of S1P-induced autophagy in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Kaixin Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Congxin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Long
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China.
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6
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Limone A, Maggisano V, Sarnataro D, Bulotta S. Emerging roles of the cellular prion protein (PrP C) and 37/67 kDa laminin receptor (RPSA) interaction in cancer biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:207. [PMID: 37452879 PMCID: PMC10349719 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is well-known for its involvement, under its pathogenic protease-resistant form (PrPSc), in a group of neurodegenerative diseases, known as prion diseases. PrPC is expressed in nervous system, as well as in other peripheral organs, and has been found overexpressed in several types of solid tumors. Notwithstanding, studies in recent years have disclosed an emerging role for PrPC in various cancer associated processes. PrPC has high binding affinity for 37/67 kDa laminin receptor (RPSA), a molecule that acts as a key player in tumorigenesis, affecting cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion and cell death processes. Recently, we have characterized at cellular level, small molecules able to antagonize the direct PrPC binding to RPSA and their intracellular trafficking. These findings are very crucial considering that the main function of RPSA is to modulate key events in the metastasis cascade. Elucidation of the role played by PrPC/RPSA interaction in regulating tumor development, progression and response to treatment, represents a very promising challenge to gain pathogenetic information and discover novel specific biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets to be exploited in clinical settings. This review attempts to convey a detailed description of the complexity surrounding these multifaceted proteins from the perspective of cancer hallmarks, but with a specific focus on the role of their interaction in the control of proliferation, migration and invasion, genome instability and mutation, as well as resistance to cell death controlled by autophagic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Limone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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7
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Chen T, Tu S, Ding L, Jin M, Chen H, Zhou H. The role of autophagy in viral infections. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:5. [PMID: 36653801 PMCID: PMC9846652 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic cellular process that exerts antiviral functions during a viral invasion. However, co-evolution and co-adaptation between viruses and autophagy have armed viruses with multiple strategies to subvert the autophagic machinery and counteract cellular antiviral responses. Specifically, the host cell quickly initiates the autophagy to degrade virus particles or virus components upon a viral infection, while cooperating with anti-viral interferon response to inhibit the virus replication. Degraded virus-derived antigens can be presented to T lymphocytes to orchestrate the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, some viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit autophagy in order to evade degradation and immune responses. Others induce autophagy, but then hijack autophagosomes as a replication site, or hijack the secretion autophagy pathway to promote maturation and egress of virus particles, thereby increasing replication and transmission efficiency. Interestingly, different viruses have unique strategies to counteract different types of selective autophagy, such as exploiting autophagy to regulate organelle degradation, metabolic processes, and immune responses. In short, this review focuses on the interaction between autophagy and viruses, explaining how autophagy serves multiple roles in viral infection, with either proviral or antiviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shaoyu Tu
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Ling Ding
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Meilin Jin
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
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8
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Sandhoff R, Sandhoff K. Neuronal Ganglioside and Glycosphingolipid (GSL) Metabolism and Disease : Cascades of Secondary Metabolic Errors Can Generate Complex Pathologies (in LSDs). ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:333-390. [PMID: 36255681 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a diverse group of membrane components occurring mainly on the surfaces of mammalian cells. They and their metabolites have a role in intercellular communication, serving as versatile biochemical signals (Kaltner et al, Biochem J 476(18):2623-2655, 2019) and in many cellular pathways. Anionic GSLs, the sialic acid containing gangliosides (GGs), are essential constituents of neuronal cell surfaces, whereas anionic sulfatides are key components of myelin and myelin forming oligodendrocytes. The stepwise biosynthetic pathways of GSLs occur at and lead along the membranes of organellar surfaces of the secretory pathway. After formation of the hydrophobic ceramide membrane anchor of GSLs at the ER, membrane-spanning glycosyltransferases (GTs) of the Golgi and Trans-Golgi network generate cell type-specific GSL patterns for cellular surfaces. GSLs of the cellular plasma membrane can reach intra-lysosomal, i.e. luminal, vesicles (ILVs) by endocytic pathways for degradation. Soluble glycoproteins, the glycosidases, lipid binding and transfer proteins and acid ceramidase are needed for the lysosomal catabolism of GSLs at ILV-membrane surfaces. Inherited mutations triggering a functional loss of glycosylated lysosomal hydrolases and lipid binding proteins involved in GSL degradation cause a primary lysosomal accumulation of their non-degradable GSL substrates in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Lipid binding proteins, the SAPs, and the various lipids of the ILV-membranes regulate GSL catabolism, but also primary storage compounds such as sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol (Chol.), or chondroitin sulfate can effectively inhibit catabolic lysosomal pathways of GSLs. This causes cascades of metabolic errors, accumulating secondary lysosomal GSL- and GG- storage that can trigger a complex pathology (Breiden and Sandhoff, Int J Mol Sci 21(7):2566, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES, c/o Kekule-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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9
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Ding Y, Xing D, Fei Y, Lu B. Emerging degrader technologies engaging lysosomal pathways. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8832-8876. [PMID: 36218065 PMCID: PMC9620493 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) provides unprecedented opportunities for drug discovery. While the proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has already entered clinical trials and changed the landscape of small-molecule drugs, new degrader technologies harnessing alternative degradation machineries, especially lysosomal pathways, have emerged and broadened the spectrum of degradable targets. We have recently proposed the concept of autophagy-tethering compounds (ATTECs) that hijack the autophagy protein microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3) for targeted degradation. Other groups also reported degrader technologies engaging lysosomal pathways through different mechanisms including AUTACs, AUTOTACs, LYTACs and MoDE-As. In this review, we analyse and discuss ATTECs along with other lysosomal-relevant degrader technologies. Finally, we will briefly summarize the current status of these degrader technologies and envision possible future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Boxun Lu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Durgan J, Florey O. Many roads lead to CASM: Diverse stimuli of noncanonical autophagy share a unifying molecular mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1274. [PMID: 36288315 PMCID: PMC9604613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process coordinated by a network of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. These ATG proteins also perform an important parallel role in "noncanonical" autophagy, a lysosome-associated signaling pathway with key functions in immunity, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. While the noncanonical autophagy pathway shares the common ATG machinery, it bears key mechanistic and functional distinctions, and is characterized by conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM). Here, we review the diverse, and still expanding, collection of stimuli and processes now known to harness the noncanonical autophagy pathway, including engulfment processes, drug treatments, TRPML1 and STING signaling, viral infection, and other pathogenic factors. We discuss the multiple associated routes to CASM and assess their shared and distinctive molecular features. By integrating these findings, we propose an updated and unifying mechanism for noncanonical autophagy, centered on ATG16L1 and V-ATPase.
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11
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Schmitt D, Bozkurt S, Henning‐Domres P, Huesmann H, Eimer S, Bindila L, Behrends C, Boyle E, Wilfling F, Tascher G, Münch C, Behl C, Kern A. Lipid and protein content profiling of isolated native autophagic vesicles. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53065. [PMID: 36215690 PMCID: PMC9724672 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is responsible for clearance of an extensive portfolio of cargoes, which are sequestered into vesicles, called autophagosomes, and are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. The pathway is highly dynamic and responsive to several stress conditions. However, the phospholipid composition and protein contents of human autophagosomes under changing autophagy rates are elusive so far. Here, we introduce an antibody-based FACS-mediated approach for the isolation of native autophagic vesicles and ensured the quality of the preparations. Employing quantitative lipidomics, we analyze phospholipids present within human autophagic vesicles purified upon basal autophagy, starvation, and proteasome inhibition. Importantly, besides phosphoglycerides, we identify sphingomyelin within autophagic vesicles and show that the phospholipid composition is unaffected by the different conditions. Employing quantitative proteomics, we obtain cargo profiles of autophagic vesicles isolated upon the different treatment paradigms. Interestingly, starvation shows only subtle effects, while proteasome inhibition results in the enhanced presence of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway factors within autophagic vesicles. Thus, here we present a powerful method for the isolation of native autophagic vesicles, which enabled profound phospholipid and cargo analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schmitt
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of PathobiochemistryUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Süleyman Bozkurt
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Pascale Henning‐Domres
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of PathobiochemistryUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Heike Huesmann
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of PathobiochemistryUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Stefan Eimer
- Department of Structural Cell BiologyInstitute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological ChemistryUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Emily Boyle
- Mechanisms of Cellular Quality ControlMax Planck Institute of BiophysicsFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Florian Wilfling
- Mechanisms of Cellular Quality ControlMax Planck Institute of BiophysicsFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Georg Tascher
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Christian Behl
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of PathobiochemistryUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Andreas Kern
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of PathobiochemistryUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
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12
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Hooper KM, Jacquin E, Li T, Goodwin JM, Brumell JH, Durgan J, Florey O. V-ATPase is a universal regulator of LC3-associated phagocytosis and non-canonical autophagy. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213194. [PMID: 35511089 PMCID: PMC9082624 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical autophagy is a key cellular pathway in immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration, characterized by conjugation of ATG8 to endolysosomal single membranes (CASM). CASM is activated by engulfment (endocytosis, phagocytosis), agonists (STING, TRPML1), and infection (influenza), dependent on K490 in the ATG16L1 WD40-domain. However, factors associated with non-canonical ATG16L1 recruitment and CASM induction remain unknown. Here, using pharmacological inhibitors, we investigate a role for V-ATPase during non-canonical autophagy. We report that increased V0–V1 engagement is associated with, and sufficient for, CASM activation. Upon V0–V1 binding, V-ATPase recruits ATG16L1, via K490, during LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), STING- and drug-induced CASM, indicating a common mechanism. Furthermore, during LAP, key molecular players, including NADPH oxidase/ROS, converge on V-ATPase. Finally, we show that LAP is sensitive to Salmonella SopF, which disrupts the V-ATPase–ATG16L1 axis and provide evidence that CASM contributes to the Salmonella host response. Together, these data identify V-ATPase as a universal regulator of CASM and indicate that SopF evolved in part to evade non-canonical autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale UMR-S 1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Taoyingnan Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John H Brumell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Durgan
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Yang Y, Shu X, Xie C. An Overview of Autophagy in Helicobacter pylori Infection and Related Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:847716. [PMID: 35463631 PMCID: PMC9033262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.847716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered a class I carcinogen in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. In recent years, the interaction relationship between H. pylori infection and autophagy has attracted increasing attention. Most investigators believe that the pathogenesis of gastric cancer is closely related to the formation of an autophagosome-mediated downstream signaling pathway by H. pylori infection-induced cells. Autophagy is involved in H. pylori infection and affects the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. In this paper, the possible mechanism by which H. pylori infection affects autophagy and the progression of related gastric cancer signaling pathways are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Shu
- *Correspondence: Xu Shu, ; Chuan Xie,
| | - Chuan Xie
- *Correspondence: Xu Shu, ; Chuan Xie,
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14
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Activation of Non-Canonical Autophagic Pathway through Inhibition of Non-Integrin Laminin Receptor in Neuronal Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030466. [PMID: 35159276 PMCID: PMC8833926 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight neurodegenerative diseases, several therapeutic strategies have been proposed that, to date, are either ineffective or at the early preclinical stages. Intracellular protein aggregates represent the cause of about 70% of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, autophagy, i.e., lysosomal degradation of macromolecules, could be employed in this context as a therapeutic strategy. Searching for a compound that stimulates this process led us to the identification of a 37/67kDa laminin receptor inhibitor, NSC48478. We have analysed the effects of this small molecule on the autophagic process in mouse neuronal cells and found that NSC48478 induces the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-I) into the LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II). Interestingly, upon NSC48478 treatment, the contribution of membranes to the autophagic process derived mainly from the non-canonical m-TOR-independent endocytic pathway, involving the Rab proteins that control endocytosis and vesicle recycling. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis suggests that, while the expression of key genes linked to canonical autophagy was unchanged, the main genes related to the positive regulation of endocytosis (pinocytosis and receptor mediated), along with genes regulating vesicle fusion and autolysosomal maturation, were upregulated under NSC48478 conditions. These results strongly suggest that 37/67 kDa inhibitor could be a useful tool for future studies in pathological conditions.
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15
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Giovannucci TA, Salomons FA, Stoy H, Herzog LK, Xu S, Qian W, Merino LG, Gierisch ME, Haraldsson M, Lystad AH, Uvell H, Simonsen A, Gustavsson AL, Vallin M, Dantuma NP. Identification of a novel compound that simultaneously impairs the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 18:1486-1502. [PMID: 34740308 PMCID: PMC9298443 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1988359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and macroautophagy/autophagy are the main proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells for preserving protein homeostasis, i.e., proteostasis. By facilitating the timely destruction of aberrant proteins, these complementary pathways keep the intracellular environment free of inherently toxic protein aggregates. Chemical interference with the UPS or autophagy has emerged as a viable strategy for therapeutically targeting malignant cells which, owing to their hyperactive state, heavily rely on the sanitizing activity of these proteolytic systems. Here, we report on the discovery of CBK79, a novel compound that impairs both protein degradation by the UPS and autophagy. While CBK79 was identified in a high-content screen for drug-like molecules that inhibit the UPS, subsequent analysis revealed that this compound also compromises autophagic degradation of long-lived proteins. We show that CBK79 induces non-canonical lipidation of MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) that requires ATG16L1 but is independent of the ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complexes. Thermal preconditioning of cells prevented CBK79-induced UPS impairment but failed to restore autophagy, indicating that activation of stress responses does not allow cells to bypass the inhibitory effect of CBK79 on autophagy. The identification of a small molecule that simultaneously impairs the two main proteolytic systems for protein quality control provides a starting point for the development of a novel class of proteostasis-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Giovannucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian A Salomons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henriette Stoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura K Herzog
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weixing Qian
- Laboratories for Chemical Biology Umeå, Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lara G Merino
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria E Gierisch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alf H Lystad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna Uvell
- Laboratories for Chemical Biology Umeå, Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna-Lena Gustavsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Vallin
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Kim SE, Zhang J, Jiang E, Overholtzer M. Amino acids and mechanistic target of rapamycin regulate the fate of live engulfed cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21909. [PMID: 34547144 PMCID: PMC9291127 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100870r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic stress contributes to the regulation of cell death in normal and diseased tissues. While different forms of cell death are known to be regulated by metabolic stress, how the cell engulfment and killing mechanism entosis is regulated is not well understood. Here we find that the death of entotic cells is regulated by the presence of amino acids and activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Amino acid withdrawal or mTOR inhibition induces apoptosis of engulfed cells and blocks entotic cell death that is associated with the lipidation of the autophagy protein microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) to entotic vacuoles. Two other live cell engulfment programs, homotypic cell cannibalism (HoCC) and anti‐CD47 antibody‐mediated phagocytosis, known as phagoptosis, also undergo a similar vacuole maturation sequence involving LC3 lipidation and lysosome fusion, but only HoCC involves mTOR‐dependent regulation of vacuole maturation and engulfed cell death similar to entosis. We further find that the regulation of cell death by mTOR is independent of autophagy activation and instead involves the 4E‐BP1/2 proteins that are known regulators of mRNA translation. Depletion of 4E‐BP1/2 proteins can restore the mTOR‐regulated changes of entotic death and apoptosis rates of engulfed cells. These results identify amino acid signaling and the mTOR‐4E‐BP1/2 pathway as an upstream regulation mechanism for the fate of live engulfed cells formed by entosis and HoCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA.,BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin Zhang
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Enoch Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA.,BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Abed Rabbo M, Khodour Y, Kaguni LS, Stiban J. Sphingolipid lysosomal storage diseases: from bench to bedside. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:44. [PMID: 33941173 PMCID: PMC8094529 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudicum described sphingolipids (SLs) in the late nineteenth century, but it was only in the past fifty years that SL research surged in importance and applicability. Currently, sphingolipids and their metabolism are hotly debated topics in various biochemical fields. Similar to other macromolecular reactions, SL metabolism has important implications in health and disease in most cells. A plethora of SL-related genetic ailments has been described. Defects in SL catabolism can cause the accumulation of SLs, leading to many types of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) collectively called sphingolipidoses. These diseases mainly impact the neuronal and immune systems, but other systems can be affected as well. This review aims to present a comprehensive, up-to-date picture of the rapidly growing field of sphingolipid LSDs, their etiology, pathology, and potential therapeutic strategies. We first describe LSDs biochemically and briefly discuss their catabolism, followed by general aspects of the major diseases such as Gaucher, Krabbe, Fabry, and Farber among others. We conclude with an overview of the available and potential future therapies for many of the diseases. We strive to present the most important and recent findings from basic research and clinical applications, and to provide a valuable source for understanding these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Abed Rabbo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine
| | - Yara Khodour
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine
| | - Laurie S Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine.
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18
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Gao Q, Guo X, Cao Y, Jia X, Xu S, Lu C, Zhu H. Melatonin Protects HT22 Hippocampal Cells from H 2O 2-induced Injury by Increasing Beclin1 and Atg Protein Levels to Activate Autophagy. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:446-454. [PMID: 32838711 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200824105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging of hippocampal neurons leads to a substantial decline in memory formation, storage and processing. The neuroprotective effect of melatonin has been confirmed, however, its protective mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE In this study, mouse hippocampus-derived neuronal HT22 cells were used to investigate whether melatonin protects the hippocampus from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury by regulating autophagy. METHODS Rapamycin (an activator of autophagy) and 3-methyladenine (3MA, an inhibitor of autophagy) were used to induce or inhibit autophagy, respectively. HT22 cells were treated with 200 μM H2O2 in the presence or absence of 50 μM melatonin. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), β-galactosidase and Hoechst staining were used to measure the viability, aging and apoptosis of cells, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to detect the levels of autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS The activation of autophagy by rapamycin alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative injury, as evidenced by morphological changes and decreased viability, while the inhibition of autophagy by 3MA exacerbated H2O2- induced injury. The inhibitory effect of melatonin on H2O2-induced injury was similar to that of rapamycin. Melatonin also alleviated H2O2-induced aging and apoptosis. Melatonin activated autophagy in the presence or absence of H2O2, as evidenced by an increased Lc3b 14/16 kd ratio and a decreased P62 level. In addition, H2O2 decreased the levels of Beclin1 and Atg5/12/16, which were reversed by rapamycin or melatonin. The effects of melatonin on H2O2-induced injury, autophagy and protein expressions were effectively reversed by 3MA. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results demonstrate that melatonin protects HT22 hippocampal neurons from H2O2-induced injury by increasing the levels of the Beclin1 and Atg proteins to activate autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaocheng Guo
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaotong Jia
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Lu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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19
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Wu W, Wang X, Sun Y, Berleth N, Deitersen J, Schlütermann D, Stuhldreier F, Wallot-Hieke N, José Mendiburo M, Cox J, Peter C, Bergmann AK, Stork B. TNF-induced necroptosis initiates early autophagy events via RIPK3-dependent AMPK activation, but inhibits late autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:3992-4009. [PMID: 33779513 PMCID: PMC8726653 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1899667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy and necroptosis represent two opposing cellular s tress responses. Whereas autophagy primarily fulfills a cyto-protective function, necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death induced via death receptors. Here, we aimed at investigating the molecular crosstalk between these two pathways. We observed that RIPK3 directly associates with AMPK and phosphorylates its catalytic subunit PRKAA1/2 at T183/T172. Activated AMPK then phosphorylates the autophagy-regulating proteins ULK1 and BECN1. However, the lysosomal degradation of autophagosomes is blocked by TNF-induced necroptosis. Specifically, we observed dysregulated SNARE complexes upon TNF treatment; e.g., reduced levels of full-length STX17. In summary, we identified RIPK3 as an AMPK-activating kinase and thus a direct link between autophagy- and necroptosis-regulating kinases. Abbreviations: ACACA/ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related; BECN1: beclin 1; GFP: green fluorescent protein; EBSS: Earle’s balanced salt solution; Hs: Homo sapiens; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase; Mm: Mus musculus; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MVB: multivesicular body; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4/VPS15: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PLA: proximity ligation assay; PRKAA1: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1; PRKAA2: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2; PRKAB2: protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 2; PRKAG1: protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 1; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; RIPK3: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; STX7: syntaxin 7; STX17: syntaxin 17; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VAMP8: vesicle associated membrane protein 8; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yadong Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Berleth
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Deitersen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Schlütermann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Stuhldreier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - María José Mendiburo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Cox
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ann Kathrin Bergmann
- Core Facility for Electron Microscopy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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AlMuzaini AAAY, Boesze-Battaglia K, Alawi F, Akintoye SO. Hypoxia enhances basal autophagy of epithelial-derived ameloblastoma cells. Oral Dis 2021; 28:2175-2184. [PMID: 33721362 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive odontogenic tumor. Etiopathogenesis and locally aggressive growth properties of ameloblastoma can be attributed to a hypoxic microenvironment conducive to tumor cell survival. Epithelial-derived follicular ameloblastoma cells (EP-AMCs) display enhanced basal autophagy, but the interplay of hypoxia and autophagy in EP-AMCs survival and ameloblastoma recurrence is unclear. We evaluated differential expression of autophagic markers in primary and recurrent ameloblastomas and hypothesized that hypoxia-induced autophagy supports EP-AMC survival. Primary and recurrent ameloblastomas were comparatively assessed for expression levels of pan-cytokeratin, Vimentin, and autophagic markers SQSTM1/p62, LC3, and pS6. EP-AMCs compared with human odontoma-derived cells (HODCs) were subjected to severe hypoxia to determine the interplay of hypoxia and autophagic process in posthypoxia survival. Pan-cytokeratin and SQSTM1/p62 were expressed by both primary and recurrent ameloblastoma epithelial cells while the ameloblastoma connective tissues displayed weak reactivity to vimentin. Under hypoxia, EP-AMC expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, p62, and LC3 were increased while pS6 was decreased posthypoxia. The combined decrease in pS6 and enhanced LC3 in EP-AMCs under hypoxia indicate that EP-AMCs re-establish basal autophagy under hypoxia. Taken together, these suggest a possible role of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) in ameloblastoma cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A A Y AlMuzaini
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Faizan Alawi
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunday O Akintoye
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Ligeon LA, Pena-Francesch M, Vanoaica LD, Núñez NG, Talwar D, Dick TP, Münz C. Oxidation inhibits autophagy protein deconjugation from phagosomes to sustain MHC class II restricted antigen presentation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1508. [PMID: 33686057 PMCID: PMC7940406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) contributes to a wide range of cellular processes and notably to immunity. The stabilization of phagosomes by the macroautophagy machinery in human macrophages can maintain antigen presentation on MHC class II molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation and maturation of the resulting LAPosomes are not completely understood. Here, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) stabilize LAPosomes by inhibiting LC3 deconjugation from the LAPosome cytosolic surface. NOX2 residing in the LAPosome membrane generates ROS to cause oxidative inactivation of the protease ATG4B, which otherwise releases LC3B from LAPosomes. An oxidation-insensitive ATG4B mutant compromises LAP and thereby impedes sustained MHC class II presentation of exogenous Candida albicans antigens. Redox regulation of ATG4B is thereby an important mechanism for maintaining LC3 decoration of LAPosomes to support antigen processing for MHC class II presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Anne Ligeon
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Pena-Francesch
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liliana Danusia Vanoaica
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolás Gonzalo Núñez
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deepti Talwar
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P. Dick
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Münz
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Andres-Alonso M, Kreutz MR, Karpova A. Autophagy and the endolysosomal system in presynaptic function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:2621-2639. [PMID: 33340068 PMCID: PMC8004491 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex morphology of neurons, the specific requirements of synaptic neurotransmission and the accompanying metabolic demands create a unique challenge for proteostasis. The main machineries for neuronal protein synthesis and degradation are localized in the soma, while synaptic junctions are found at vast distances from the cell body. Sophisticated mechanisms must, therefore, ensure efficient delivery of newly synthesized proteins and removal of faulty proteins. These requirements are exacerbated at presynaptic sites, where the demands for protein turnover are especially high due to synaptic vesicle release and recycling that induces protein damage in an intricate molecular machinery, and where replacement of material is hampered by the extreme length of the axon. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of the two major pathways in place, autophagy and the endolysosomal system, to presynaptic protein turnover and presynaptic function. Although clearly different in their biogenesis, both pathways are characterized by cargo collection and transport into distinct membrane-bound organelles that eventually fuse with lysosomes for cargo degradation. We summarize the available evidence with regard to their degradative function, their regulation by presynaptic machinery and the cargo for each pathway. Finally, we will discuss the interplay of both pathways in neurons and very recent findings that suggest non-canonical functions of degradative organelles in synaptic signalling and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andres-Alonso
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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23
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Ding W, Feng H, Li WJ, Liao HH, Tang QZ. Research Progress on the Interaction Between Autophagy and Energy Homeostasis in Cardiac Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587438. [PMID: 33328993 PMCID: PMC7734280 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is a common pathological process in various heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart diseases. The inhibition of cardiac remodeling has been suggested to be a potential strategy for preventing heart failure. However, the mechanisms involved in cardiac remodeling are quite complicated. Recent studies have reported a close correlation between autophagy and energy homeostasis in cardiac remodeling associated with various heart diseases. In this review, we summarize the roles of autophagy and energy homeostasis in cardiac remodeling and discuss the relationship between these two processes in different conditions to identify potential targets and strategies for treating cardiac remodeling by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Han Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
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24
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Lee C, Lamech L, Johns E, Overholtzer M. Selective Lysosome Membrane Turnover Is Induced by Nutrient Starvation. Dev Cell 2020; 55:289-297.e4. [PMID: 32916093 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome function is essential for cellular homeostasis, but quality-control mechanisms that maintain healthy lysosomes remain poorly characterized. Here, we developed a method to measure lysosome turnover and use this to identify a selective mechanism of membrane degradation that involves lipidation of the autophagy protein LC3 onto lysosomal membranes and the formation of intraluminal vesicles through microautophagy. This mechanism is induced in response to metabolic stress resulting from glucose starvation or by treatment with pharmacological agents that induce osmotic stress on lysosomes. Cells lacking ATG5, an essential component of the LC3 lipidation machinery, show reduced ability to regulate lysosome size and degradative capacity in response to activation of this mechanism. These findings identify a selective mechanism of lysosome membrane turnover that is induced by stress and uncover a function for LC3 lipidation in regulating lysosome size and activity through microautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lee
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lilian Lamech
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eleanor Johns
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. Regulation of autophagy by inhibitory CSPG interactions with receptor PTPσ and its impact on plasticity and regeneration after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113276. [PMID: 32145250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), extracellular matrix molecules that increase dramatically following a variety of CNS injuries or diseases, have long been known for their potent capacity to curtail cell migrations as well as axon regeneration and sprouting. The inhibition can be conferred through binding to their major cognate receptor, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Sigma (PTPσ). However, the precise mechanisms downstream of receptor binding that mediate growth inhibition have remained elusive. Recently, CSPGs/PTPσ interactions were found to regulate autophagic flux at the axon growth cone by dampening the autophagosome-lysosomal fusion step. Because of the intense interest in autophagic phenomena in the regulation of a wide variety of critical cellular functions, we summarize here what is currently known about dysregulation of autophagy following spinal cord injury, and highlight this critical new mechanism underlying axon regeneration failure. Furthermore, we review how CSPGs/PTPσ interactions influence plasticity through autophagic regulation and how PTPσ serves as a switch to execute either axon outgrowth or synaptogenesis. This has exciting implications for the role CSPGs play not only in axon regeneration failure after spinal cord injury, but also in neurodegenerative diseases where, again, inhibitory CSPGs are upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Integrative Center for Brain Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - Jerry Silver
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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27
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Wang X, Li Y, Li J, Li L, Zhu H, Chen H, Kong R, Wang G, Wang Y, Hu J, Sun B. Cell-in-Cell Phenomenon and Its Relationship With Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Progression: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31850347 PMCID: PMC6901391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cell-in-cell, morphologically, refers to the presence of one cell within another. This phenomenon can occur in tumors but also among non-tumor cells. The cell-in-cell phenomenon was first observed 100 years ago, and it has since been found in a variety of tumor types. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to this phenomenon and the underlying mechanism has gradually been elucidated. There are three main related process: cannibalism, emperipolesis, and entosis. These processes are affected by many factors, including the tumor microenvironment, mitosis, and genetic factors. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with the prognosis of cancers, and it promotes tumor progression in most situations. Notably, in pancreatic cancer, the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with reduced metastasis, which is the opposite of what happens in other tumor types. Thus, it can also inhibit tumor progression. Studies show that cell-in-cell structure formation is affected by the tumor microenvironment, and that it may lead to changes in cellular characteristics. In this review, we summarize the different cell-in-cell processes and discuss their role in tumor progression and how they are regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yilong Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiating Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jisheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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28
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Galais M, Pradel B, Vergne I, Robert-Hebmann V, Espert L, Biard-Piechaczyk M. [LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis): phagocytosis or autophagy?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:635-642. [PMID: 31532375 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and macroautophagy, named here autophagy, are two essential mechanisms of lysosomal degradation of diverse cargos into membrane structures. Both mechanisms are involved in immune regulation and cell survival. However, phagocytosis triggers degradation of extracellular material whereas autophagy engulfs only cytoplasmic elements. Furthermore, activation and maturation of these two processes are different. LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis) is a form of phagocytosis that uses components of the autophagy pathway. It can eliminate (i) pathogens, (ii) immune complexes, (iii) threatening neighbouring cells, dead or alive, and (iv) cell debris, such as POS (photoreceptor outer segment) and the midbody released at the end of mitosis. Cells have thus optimized their means of elimination of dangerous components by sharing some fundamental elements coming from the two main lysosomal degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Galais
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Pradel
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Robert-Hebmann
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Biard-Piechaczyk
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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29
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Sarkar A, Tindle C, Pranadinata RF, Reed S, Eckmann L, Stappenbeck TS, Ernst PB, Das S. ELMO1 Regulates Autophagy Induction and Bacterial Clearance During Enteric Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 216:1655-1666. [PMID: 29029244 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are specialized phagocytic cells involved in clearing invading pathogens. Previously we reported that engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1) in macrophages mediates bacterial internalization and intestinal inflammation. Here we studied the role of ELMO1 in the fate of internalized targets. ELMO1 is present in the intracellular vesicles and enhances accumulation of the protein LC3B following engulfment of Salmonella or treatment with autophagy-inducing rapamycin. The protein ATG5 and the kinase ULK1 are involved in classical autophagy, while LC3-associated phagocytosis is ULK1 independent. ATG5 but not ULK1 cooperated with ELMO1 in LC3 accumulation after infection, suggesting the ELMO1 preferentially regulated LC3-associated phagocytosis. Because LC3-associated phagocytosis delivers cargo for degradation, the contribution of ELMO1 to the lysosome degradation pathways was evaluated by studying pH and cathepsin B activity. ELMO1-depleted macrophages showed a time-dependent increase in pH and a decrease in cathepsin B activity associated with bacterial survival. Together, ELMO1 regulates LC3B accumulation and antimicrobial responses involved in the clearance of enteric pathogens. This paper investigated how innate immune pathways involving ELMO1 work in a coordinated fashion to eliminate bacterial threats. ELMO1 is present in the phagosome and enhances bacterial clearance by differential regulation of lysosomal acidification and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
| | | | | | - Sharon Reed
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego
| | | | - Peter B Ernst
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
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30
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Taisne C, Lussignol M, Hernandez E, Moris A, Mouna L, Esclatine A. Human cytomegalovirus hijacks the autophagic machinery and LC3 homologs in order to optimize cytoplasmic envelopment of mature infectious particles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4560. [PMID: 30872707 PMCID: PMC6418312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During its life cycle, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tightly modulates autophagy, a vesicular pathway allowing degradation and recycling of cellular components. To study the interplay between autophagy and the viral life cycle, we established various autophagy-deficient human fibroblastic cell lines. By knocking down the expression or activity of five autophagy-related proteins, we confirmed the proviral function that the autophagic machinery exerts on HCMV production. Using 3D reconstruction from confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that lipidated LC3-positive vesicles accumulated at the viral assembly compartment (vAC). The vAC is a juxtanuclear ring-shaped structure containing several organelles and membranes, where assembly and final envelopment of HCMV particles occur. Two LC3 homologs, GABARAPL1 and GATE16, also accumulated during HCMV infection and were associated with the vAC, in proximity with fragmented Golgi stacks. Additionally, we observed the formation of a pre-assembly compartment (PrAC) in infected cells, which consists of a juxtanuclear structure containing both fragmented Golgi and LC3-positive vesicles. Finally, we showed that highly purified extracellular viral particles were associated with various autophagy proteins. Our results thus suggest that autophagy machinery participates to the final cytoplasmic envelopment of HCMV viral particles into the vAC and that autophagy-related proteins can be spotted in the virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Taisne
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marion Lussignol
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Eva Hernandez
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.,Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Lina Mouna
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.,Virologie, APHP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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31
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Hu X, Lu Z, Yu S, Reilly J, Liu F, Jia D, Qin Y, Han S, Liu X, Qu Z, Lv Y, Li J, Huang Y, Jiang T, Jia H, Wang Q, Liu J, Shu X, Tang Z, Liu M. CERKL regulates autophagy via the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1. Autophagy 2019; 15:453-465. [PMID: 30205735 PMCID: PMC6351130 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1520548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an important intracellular mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Here we show that the CERKL (ceramide kinase like) gene, a retinal degeneration (RD) pathogenic gene, plays a critical role in regulating autophagy by stabilizing SIRT1. In vitro and in vivo, suppressing CERKL results in impaired autophagy. SIRT1 is one of the main regulators of acetylation/deacetylation in autophagy. In CERKL-depleted retinas and cells, SIRT1 is downregulated. ATG5 and ATG7, 2 essential components of autophagy, show a higher degree of acetylation in CERKL-depleted cells. Overexpression of SIRT1 rescues autophagy in CERKL-depleted cells, whereas CERKL loses its function of regulating autophagy in SIRT1-depleted cells, and overexpression of CERKL upregulates SIRT1. Finally, we show that CERKL directly interacts with SIRT1, and may regulate its phosphorylation at Ser27 to stabilize SIRT1. These results show that CERKL is an important regulator of autophagy and it plays this role by stabilizing the deacetylase SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Danna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xiliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Mugen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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32
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Lystad AH, Carlsson SR, de la Ballina LR, Kauffman KJ, Nag S, Yoshimori T, Melia TJ, Simonsen A. Distinct functions of ATG16L1 isoforms in membrane binding and LC3B lipidation in autophagy-related processes. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:372-383. [PMID: 30778222 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of LC3 and GABARAP proteins to phosphatidylethanolamine in the double-membrane phagophore is a key event in the early phase of macroautophagy, but can also occur on single-membrane structures. In both cases this involves transfer of LC3/GABARAP from ATG3 to phosphatidylethanolamine at the target membrane. Here we have purified the full-length human ATG12-5-ATG16L1 complex and show its essential role in LC3B/GABARAP lipidation in vitro. We have identified two functionally distinct membrane-binding regions in ATG16L1. An N-terminal membrane-binding amphipathic helix is required for LC3B lipidation under all conditions tested. By contrast, the C-terminal membrane-binding region is dispensable for canonical autophagy but essential for VPS34-independent LC3B lipidation at perturbed endosomes. We further show that the ATG16L1 C-terminus can compensate for WIPI2 depletion to sustain lipidation during starvation. This C-terminal membrane-binding region is present only in the β-isoform of ATG16L1, showing that ATG16L1 isoforms mechanistically distinguish between different LC3B lipidation mechanisms under different cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf Håkon Lystad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sven R Carlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Laura R de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karlina J Kauffman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shanta Nag
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Thomas J Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Florey O, Overholtzer M. Macropinocytosis and autophagy crosstalk in nutrient scavenging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180154. [PMID: 30967004 PMCID: PMC6304738 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive strategies used by cells to scavenge and recycle essential nutrients are important for survival in nutrient-depleted environments such as cancer tissues. Autophagy and macropinocytosis are two major mechanisms that promote nutrient recycling and scavenging, which share considerable, yet poorly understood, cross-regulation. Here we review recent findings that connect these starvation response mechanisms and discuss the implications of their crosstalk. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Macropinocytosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Methods for the Study of Entotic Cell Death. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30610714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8873-0_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Entosis is a mechanism of cell competition occurring in cancers that involves the engulfment and killing of neighboring cells. The death of ingested cells, called entotic cell death, usually occurs in a non-apoptotic, autophagy protein-dependent manner, where microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is lipidated onto entotic vacuoles. Here we present methods to quantify entotic cell death and its associated LC3 lipidation.
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35
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Hwang SH, Bang S, Kang KS, Kang D, Chung J. ULK1 negatively regulates Wnt signaling by phosphorylating Dishevelled. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:308-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Jacquin E, Fletcher K, Florey O. Imaging Noncanonical Autophagy and LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Cultured Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1880:295-303. [PMID: 30610705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8873-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of ATG8 proteins by western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy are the most common methods to monitor the autophagy pathway. However, it has recently been shown that ATG8 proteins can be lipidated to non-autophagosome, single-membrane compartments through a noncanonical autophagy pathway. This is commonly found to occur during macro-endocytic processes such as phagocytosis, where it has been termed LC3-associated phagocytosis, and upon lysosomotropic drug treatment. Therefore, care is required when interpreting data based on ATG8 in order to conclude whether a signal relates to the canonical or noncanonical pathway. Here we provide methods to monitor noncanonical autophagy through fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- INSERM, U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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Sharp RC, Effiom OA, Dhingra A, Odukoya O, Olawuyi A, Arotiba GT, Boesze-Battaglia K, Akintoye SO. Enhanced basal autophagy supports ameloblastoma-derived cell survival and reactivation. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:61-67. [PMID: 30465934 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ameloblastoma is an aggressive odontogenic jaw neoplasm. Its unlimited growth confers high potential for malignant transformation and recurrence. It is unclear why ameloblastoma is highly recurrent despite surgical resection with a wide margin of normal tissue. While canonical autophagy can be used to degrade and eliminate damaged cellular components, it is also a protective mechanism that provides energy and vital metabolites for cell survival. We used ameloblastoma-derived cells to test the hypothesis that autophagic processes play a role in survival and reactivation of ameloblastoma. METHODS Primary epithelial (EP-AMCs) and mesenchymal (MS-AMCs) ameloblastoma-derived cells were established from tissue samples of solid multicystic ameloblastoma. Clonogenic capacity and basal autophagic capacity were assessed in ameloblastoma-derived cells relative to human odontoma-derived cells (HODCs) and maxilla-mesenchymal stem cells (MX-MSCs). Ability of ameloblastoma-derived cells to survive and form new ameloblastoma was assessed in mouse tumor xenografts. RESULTS EP-AMCs were highly clonogenic (p < 0.0001) and demonstrated enhanced basal levels of autophagic proteins microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3 (LC3) (p < 0.01), p62 (Sequestosome 1, SQSTM1) (p < 0.01), and the LC3-adapter, melanoregulin (MREG) (p < 0.05) relative to controls. EP-AMCs xenografts regenerated solid ameloblastoma-like tumor with histological features of columnar ameloblast-like cells, loose stellate reticulum-like cells and regions of cystic degeneration characteristic of follicular variant of solid multicystic ameloblastoma. The xenografts also displayed stromal epithelial invaginations strongly reactive to LC3 and p62 suggestive of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and neoplastic odontogenic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS EP-AMCs exhibit altered autophagic processes that can support survival and recurrence of post-surgical ameloblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Sharp
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Olajumoke A Effiom
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology/Biology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria
| | - Anuradha Dhingra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Onatolu Odukoya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology/Biology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria
| | - Adetokunbo Olawuyi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology/Biology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria
| | - Godwin T Arotiba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sunday O Akintoye
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA.
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Raimondi M, Cesselli D, Di Loreto C, La Marra F, Schneider C, Demarchi F. USP1 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 1) targets ULK1 and regulates its cellular compartmentalization and autophagy. Autophagy 2018; 15:613-630. [PMID: 30335599 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1535291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) is a core component at multiple steps of canonical macroautophagy/autophagy. The activity of ULK1 is tightly regulated by several post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, yet the deubiquitinase (DUB) responsible for its reversible deubiquitination has not been described. Here, we identified USP1 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 1) as a key player in the modulation of ULK1 K63-linked deubiquitination. Moreover, both USP1 depletion and its chemical inhibition by pimozide are coupled to a reduction of ULK1 in Triton X-100 soluble cellular lysates, and its compartmentalization to a fraction that can be solubilized in 5 M urea. In USP1-depleted cells this fraction is also enriched in SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), the aggresome marker HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6), and the prototype of USP1 targets FANCD2 (FA complementation group D2). Consistently, in USP1-depleted and pimozide-treated cells, ULK1 forms protein aggregates enriched in SQSTM1, as detected by both immummunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation studies. Notably, depletion of USP1 inhibits canonical autophagic flux and promotes an alternative route leading to lysosomal-mediated degradation of SQSTM1. Our findings reveal a novel function of the USP1-ULK1 axis as a modulator of the switch between canonical and unconventional autophagy. Further, we provide the first evidence supporting the existence of a subset of breast tumors co-expressing ULK1 and MAP1LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) proteins. Because the USP1 inhibitor pimozide affects breast cancer cell growth, targeting USP1 in those tumors relying on autophagy for growth might prove to be a convenient therapeutic strategy. Abbreviations: ATG13: autophagy related 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BZ: bortezomib; CAPN1: calpain 1; DUB: deubiquitinase; FANCI: FA complementation group I; FANCD2: FA complementation group D2; FZR1: fizzy and cell division cycle 20 related 1; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; PMZ: pimozide; SH3GLB1: SH3 domain containing GRB2 like, endophilin B1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USP1: ubiquitin specific peptidase 1; WDR48: WD repeat domain 48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Raimondi
- a L.N.C.I.B. Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie , AREA Science Park , Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Carla Di Loreto
- b Department of Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | | | - Claudio Schneider
- a L.N.C.I.B. Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie , AREA Science Park , Trieste , Italy.,b Department of Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Francesca Demarchi
- a L.N.C.I.B. Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie , AREA Science Park , Trieste , Italy
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Employing proteomics to understand the effects of nutritional intervention in cancer treatment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6371-6386. [PMID: 29974151 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lifestyle optimizations are implementable changes that can have an impact on health and disease. Nutrition is a lifestyle optimization that has been shown to be of great importance in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Dozens of clinical trials are currently in progress that focus on the nutritional modifications that cancer patients can make prior to and during medical care that increase the efficacy of treatment. In this review, we discuss various nutritional inventions for cancer patients and the analytical approaches to characterize the downstream molecular effects. We first begin by briefly explaining the many different forms of nutritional intervention currently being used in cancer treatment as well as their motivating biology. The forms of nutrient modulation described in this review include calorie restriction, the different practices of fasting, and carbohydrate restriction. The review then shifts to explain how proteomics is used to determine biomarkers of cancer and how it can be utilized in the future to determine the metabolic phenotype of a tumor, and inform physicians if nutritional intervention should be recommended for a cancer patient. Nutrigenomics aims to understand the relationship of nutrients and gene expression and can be used to understand the downstream molecular effects of nutrition restriction, partially through proteomic analysis. Proteomics is just beginning to be used as cancer diagnostic and predictive tools. However, these approaches have not been used to their full potential to understand nutritional intervention in cancer. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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40
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Sandhoff R, Sandhoff K. Emerging concepts of ganglioside metabolism. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3835-3864. [PMID: 29802621 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides (GGs) are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and major membrane components enriched on cellular surfaces. Biosynthesis of mammalian GGs starts at the cytosolic leaflet of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes with the formation of their hydrophobic ceramide anchors. After intracellular ceramide transfer to Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN) membranes, anabolism of GGs, as well as of other GSLs, is catalyzed by membrane-spanning glycosyltransferases (GTs) along the secretory pathway. Combined activity of only a few promiscuous GTs allows for the formation of cell-type-specific glycolipid patterns. Following an exocytotic vesicle flow to the cellular plasma membranes, GGs can be modified by metabolic reactions at or near the cellular surface. For degradation, GGs are endocytosed to reach late endosomes and lysosomes. Whereas membrane-spanning enzymes of the secretory pathway catalyze GSL and GG formation, a cooperation of soluble glycosidases, lipases and lipid-binding cofactors, namely the sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs), act as the main players of GG and GSL catabolism at intralysosomal luminal vesicles (ILVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group (G131), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Durgan J, Florey O. Cancer cell cannibalism: Multiple triggers emerge for entosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:831-841. [PMID: 29548938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entosis is a form of epithelial cell engulfment and cannibalism prevalent in human cancer. Until recently, the only known trigger for entosis was loss of attachment to the extracellular matrix, as often occurs in the tumour microenvironment. However, two new studies now reveal that entosis can also occur among adherent epithelial cells, induced by mitosis or glucose starvation. Together, these findings point to the intriguing notion that certain hallmark properties of cancer cells, including anchorage independence, aberrant proliferation and metabolic stress, can converge on the induction of cell cannibalism, a phenomenon so frequently observed in tumours. In this review, we explore the molecular, cellular and biophysical mechanisms underlying entosis and discuss the impact of cell cannibalism on tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Durgan
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - O Florey
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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42
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Fletcher K, Ulferts R, Jacquin E, Veith T, Gammoh N, Arasteh JM, Mayer U, Carding SR, Wileman T, Beale R, Florey O. The WD40 domain of ATG16L1 is required for its non-canonical role in lipidation of LC3 at single membranes. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97840. [PMID: 29317426 PMCID: PMC5813257 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of macroautophagy is the covalent lipidation of LC3 and insertion into the double-membrane phagophore, which is driven by the ATG16L1/ATG5-ATG12 complex. In contrast, non-canonical autophagy is a pathway through which LC3 is lipidated and inserted into single membranes, particularly endolysosomal vacuoles during cell engulfment events such as LC3-associated phagocytosis. Factors controlling the targeting of ATG16L1 to phagophores are dispensable for non-canonical autophagy, for which the mechanism of ATG16L1 recruitment is unknown. Here we show that the WD repeat-containing C-terminal domain (WD40 CTD) of ATG16L1 is essential for LC3 recruitment to endolysosomal membranes during non-canonical autophagy, but dispensable for canonical autophagy. Using this strategy to inhibit non-canonical autophagy specifically, we show a reduction of MHC class II antigen presentation in dendritic cells from mice lacking the WD40 CTD Further, we demonstrate activation of non-canonical autophagy dependent on the WD40 CTD during influenza A virus infection. This suggests dependence on WD40 CTD distinguishes between macroautophagy and non-canonical use of autophagy machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Ulferts
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Talitha Veith
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Noor Gammoh
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Simon R Carding
- Quadrum Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Rupert Beale
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Sandhoff R, Schulze H, Sandhoff K. Ganglioside Metabolism in Health and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:1-62. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, which are abundant in mammalian brain tissue. Several fatal human diseases are caused by defects in glycolipid metabolism. Defects in their degradation lead to an accumulation of metabolites upstream of the defective reactions, whereas defects in their biosynthesis lead to diverse problems in a large number of organs.Gangliosides are primarily positioned with their ceramide anchor in the neuronal plasma membrane and the glycan head group exposed on the cell surface. Their biosynthesis starts in the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of the ceramide anchor, followed by sequential glycosylation reactions, mainly at the luminal surface of Golgi and TGN membranes, a combinatorial process, which is catalyzed by often promiscuous membrane-bound glycosyltransferases.Thereafter, the gangliosides are transported to the plasma membrane by exocytotic membrane flow. After endocytosis, they are degraded within the endolysosomal compartments by a complex machinery of degrading enzymes, lipid-binding activator proteins, and negatively charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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45
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Moloudizargari M, Asghari MH, Ghobadi E, Fallah M, Rasouli S, Abdollahi M. Autophagy, its mechanisms and regulation: Implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:64-74. [PMID: 28923312 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major regulatory cellular mechanism which gives the cell an ability to cope with some of the destructive events that normally occur within a metabolically living cell. This is done by maintaining the cellular homeostasis, clearance of damaged organelles and proteins and recycling necessary molecules like amino acids and fatty acids. There is a wide array of factors that influence autophagy in the state of health and disease. Disruption of these mechanisms may not only give rise to several autophagy-related disease, but also it can occur as the result of intracellular changes induced during disease pathogenesis causing exacerbation of the disease. Our knowledge is increasing regarding the role of autophagy and its mechanisms in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Indeed, getting to know about the pathways of autophagy and its regulation can provide the basis for designing therapeutic interventions. In the present paper, we review the pathways of autophagy, its regulation and the possible autophagy-targeting interventions for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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46
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Park SY, Shrestha S, Youn YJ, Kim JK, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Park SH, Ahn WG, Kim S, Lee MG, Jung KS, Park YB, Mo EK, Ko Y, Lee SY, Koh Y, Park MJ, Song DK, Hong CW. Autophagy Primes Neutrophils for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation during Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:577-589. [PMID: 28358992 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201603-0596oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Neutrophils are key effectors in the host's immune response to sepsis. Excessive stimulation or dysregulated neutrophil functions are believed to be responsible for sepsis pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms regulating functional plasticity of neutrophils during sepsis have not been fully determined. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of autophagy in neutrophil functions during sepsis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated from patients with sepsis and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The levels of reactive oxygen species generation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and granule release, and the autophagic status were evaluated. The effect of neutrophil autophagy augmentation was further evaluated in a mouse model of sepsis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Neutrophils isolated from patients who survived sepsis showed an increase in autophagy induction, and were primed for NET formation in response to subsequent PMA stimulation. In contrast, neutrophils isolated from patients who did not survive sepsis showed dysregulated autophagy and a decreased response to PMA stimulation. The induction of autophagy primed healthy neutrophils for NET formation and vice versa. In a mouse model of sepsis, the augmentation of autophagy improved survival via a NET-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that neutrophil autophagy primes neutrophils for increased NET formation, which is important for proper neutrophil effector functions during sepsis. Our study provides important insights into the role of autophagy in neutrophils during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Park
- 1 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, KyungHee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jun-Kyu Kim
- 3 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyun Jung Kim
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Park
- 5 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, KyungHee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Shin Kim
- 6 Department of Immunology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Goo Lee
- 7 Lung Research Institute of Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,8 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Suck Jung
- 7 Lung Research Institute of Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,9 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bum Park
- 7 Lung Research Institute of Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,10 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Eun-Kyung Mo
- 7 Lung Research Institute of Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,10 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Yousang Ko
- 7 Lung Research Institute of Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,10 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Suh-Young Lee
- 7 Lung Research Institute of Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,8 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Younsuck Koh
- 11 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jae Park
- 1 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, KyungHee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chang-Won Hong
- 3 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Santarino IB, Viegas MS, Domingues NS, Ribeiro AM, Soares MP, Vieira OV. Involvement of the p62/NRF2 signal transduction pathway on erythrophagocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5812. [PMID: 28724916 PMCID: PMC5517431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrophagocytosis, the phagocytic removal of damaged red blood cells (RBC), and subsequent phagolysosome biogenesis are important processes in iron/heme metabolism and homeostasis. Phagolysosome biogenesis implies the interaction of nascent phagosomes with endocytic compartments and also autophagy effectors. Here, we report that besides recruitment of microtubule-associated protein-1-light chain 3 (LC3), additional autophagy machinery such as sequestosome 1 (p62) is also acquired by single-membrane phagosomes at very early stages of the phagocytic process and that its acquisition is very important to the outcome of the process. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) silenced for p62, RBC degradation is inhibited. P62, is also required for nuclear translocation and activation of the transcription factor Nuclear factor E2-related Factor 2 (NRF2) during erythrophagocytosis. Deletion of the Nrf2 allele reduces p62 expression and compromises RBC degradation. In conclusion, we reveal that erythrophagocytosis relies on an interplay between p62 and NRF2, potentially acting as protective mechanism to maintain reactive oxygen species at basal levels and preserve macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês B Santarino
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michelle S Viegas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Neuza S Domingues
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Ribeiro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
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48
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Syrjä P, Anwar T, Jokinen T, Kyöstilä K, Jäderlund KH, Cozzi F, Rohdin C, Hahn K, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W, Henke D, Oevermann A, Sukura A, Leeb T, Lohi H, Eskelinen EL. Basal Autophagy Is Altered in Lagotto Romagnolo Dogs with an ATG4D Mutation. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:953-963. [PMID: 28583040 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817712793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A missense variant in the autophagy-related ATG4D-gene has been associated with a progressive degenerative neurological disease in Lagotto Romagnolo (LR) dogs. In addition to neural lesions, affected dogs show an extraneural histopathological phenotype characterized by severe cytoplasmic vacuolization, a finding not previously linked with disturbed autophagy in animals. Here we aimed at testing the hypothesis that autophagy is altered in the affected dogs, at reporting the histopathology of extraneural tissues and at excluding lysosomal storage diseases. Basal and starvation-induced autophagy were monitored by Western blotting and immunofluorescence of microtubule associated protein 1A/B light chain3 (LC3) in fibroblasts from 2 affected dogs. The extraneural findings of 9 euthanized LRs and skin biopsies from 4 living affected LRs were examined by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry (IHC), using antibodies against autophagosomal membranes (LC3), autophagic cargo (p62), and lysosomal membranes (LAMP2). Biochemical screening of urine and fibroblasts of 2 affected dogs was performed. Under basal conditions, the affected fibroblasts contained significantly more LC3-II and LC3-positive vesicles than did the controls. Morphologically, several cells, including serous secretory epithelium, endothelial cells, pericytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, contained cytoplasmic vacuoles with an ultrastructure resembling enlarged amphisomes, endosomes, or multivesicular bodies. IHC showed strong membranous LAMP2 positivity only in sweat glands. The results show that basal but not induced autophagy is altered in affected fibroblasts. The ultrastructure of affected cells is compatible with altered autophagic and endo-lysosomal vesicular traffic. The findings in this spontaneous disease provide insight into possible tissue-specific roles of basal autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Syrjä
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tahira Anwar
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Jokinen
- 3 Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kyöstilä
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,4 Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,5 Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- 6 Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cecilia Rohdin
- 8 Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.,9 Anicura, Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- 10 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- 10 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 10 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Henke
- 11 Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- 11 Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antti Sukura
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- 12 Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,4 Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,5 Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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49
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Ahmed N, Yang P, Huang Y, Chen H, Liu T, Wang L, Nabi F, Liu Y, Chen Q. Entosis Acts as a Novel Way within Sertoli Cells to Eliminate Spermatozoa in Seminiferous Tubule. Front Physiol 2017; 8:361. [PMID: 28611685 PMCID: PMC5447735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that in vivo entosis is a novel pathway for eliminating spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules (ST) during hibernation of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of LAMP1 in the testis was significantly higher during hibernation than that during non-hibernation. Immunohistochemistry reaction showed that LAMP1-positive substance was distributed within the Sertoli cells of the testis. Further examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), many degraded spermatozoa being enwrapped within large entotic vacuoles in Sertoli cells. The nucleus and the flagellum of the spermatozoa were shown to be decomposed and digested inside entotic vacuoles within Sertoli cells. More than two spermatozoa heads were always observed in each internalized vacuoles. Deserving note is that, a number of different autophagosomes, including initial autophagic vesicles and degradative autophagic vesicles were found inside the entotic vacuoles of the Sertoli cells during hibernation. At the end of hibernation, entotic vacuoles and their autophagosomes disappeared, and numerous large lipid droplets (LDs) appeared within the Sertoli cells. Adherens junctions were apparent between Sertoli cells and developing germ cells, which is the ultrastructural basis of entosis. Taken together, the results presented here show that in the turtle: (1) entosis with internal autophagosomes can take place within normal body cells during hibernation; (2) spermatozoa, as a highly differentiated cell can be internalized and degraded within Sertoli cell by entosis in vivo, which is in favor of the next reproductive cycle in the turtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmed
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS)Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Ping Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fazul Nabi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS)Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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50
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Jacquin E, Leclerc-Mercier S, Judon C, Blanchard E, Fraitag S, Florey O. Pharmacological modulators of autophagy activate a parallel noncanonical pathway driving unconventional LC3 lipidation. Autophagy 2017; 13:854-867. [PMID: 28296541 PMCID: PMC5446083 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1287653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of canonical macroautophagy/autophagy for therapeutic benefit is an emerging strategy of medical and pharmaceutical interest. Many drugs act to inhibit autophagic flux by targeting lysosome function, while others were developed to activate the pathway. Here, we report the surprising finding that many therapeutically relevant autophagy modulators with lysosomotropic and ionophore properties, classified as inhibitors of canonical autophagy, are also capable of activating a parallel noncanonical autophagy pathway that drives MAP1LC3/LC3 lipidation on endolysosomal membranes. Further, we provide the first evidence supporting drug-induced noncanonical autophagy in vivo using the local anesthetic lidocaine and human skin biopsies. In addition, we find that several published inducers of autophagy and mitophagy are also potent activators of noncanonical autophagy. Together, our data raise important issues regarding the interpretation of LC3 lipidation data and the use of autophagy modulators, and highlight the need for a greater understanding of the functional consequences of noncanonical autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, UK
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University François-Rabelais, Faculty of Medicine, Tours, France
- INSERM, U966, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Department of Pathology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, MAGEC-Necker Team, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, UK
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