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Milner AR, Johnson AC, Attipoe EM, Wu W, Challagundla L, Garrett MR. Methylseq, single-nuclei RNAseq, and discovery proteomics identify pathways associated with nephron-deficit CKD in the HSRA rat model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2025; 328:F470-F488. [PMID: 39982494 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00258.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Low nephron numbers are associated with an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension, which are significant global health problems. To investigate the impact of nephron deficiency, our laboratory developed a novel inbred rat model (HSRA rat). In this model, ∼75% of offspring are born with a single kidney (HSRA-S), compared with two-kidney littermates (HSRA-C). HSRA-S rats show impaired kidney development, resulting in ∼20% fewer nephrons. Our previous data and current findings demonstrate that nephron deficit (failure of one kidney to form and altered development in the remaining kidney) predisposes HSRA-S to CKD late in life (with increased proteinuria by 18 mo of age in HSRA-S = 51 ± 3.4 vs. HSRA-C = 8 ± 1.5 mg/24 h). To understand early molecular mechanisms contributing to the increased predisposition to CKD, Methylseq using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, single-nuclei (sn)RNAseq, and discovery proteomics were performed in kidneys of 4-wk-old HSRA rats. Methylation analysis revealed a small number of differences, including five differentially methylated cytosines and six differentially methylated regions between groups. The snRNAseq analysis identified differentially expressed genes in most kidney cell types, with several hundred genes dysregulated depending on the analysis method (Seurat vs. DESeq2). Notably, many genes are involved in kidney development. Discovery proteomic analysis identified 366 differentially expressed proteins. A key finding was dysregulation of Deptor/DEPTOR and Amdhd2/AMDHD2 across omics layers, suggesting a potential role in compensatory mechanisms or the genetic basis of altered kidney development. Further understanding of these mechanisms may guide interventions to preserve nephron health and slow kidney disease progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The HSRA rat is a novel model of nephron deficiency and provides a unique opportunity to study the association between nephron number and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous work characterized the impact of age, hypertension, and diabetes on the development of CKD in HSRA animals. This study examined early changes in epigenetics, cell-type specific transcriptome, and proteomic changes in the kidney that likely predispose the model to CKD with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Milner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Ashley C Johnson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Esinam M Attipoe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Lavanya Challagundla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
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2
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Holmes TL, Chabronova A, Denning C, James V, Peffers MJ, Smith JGW. Footprints in the Sno: investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of SNORD116. Open Biol 2025; 15:240371. [PMID: 40101781 PMCID: PMC11919532 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.240371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2024] [Revised: 01/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025] Open
Abstract
The small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) SNORD116 is a small non-coding RNA of interest across multiple biomedical fields of research. Much of the investigation into SNORD116 has been undertaken in the context of the congenital disease Prader-Willi syndrome, wherein SNORD116 expression is lost. However, emerging evidence indicates wider roles in various disease and tissue contexts such as cellular growth, metabolism and signalling. Nevertheless, a conclusive mechanism of action for SNORD116 remains to be established. Here, we review the key findings from these investigations, with the aim of identifying common elements from which to elucidate potential targets and mechanisms of SNORD116. A key recurring element identified is disruption to the insulin/IGF-1 and PI3K/mTOR signalling pathways, contributing to many of the phenotypes associated with SNORD116 modulation explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L. Holmes
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NorfolkNR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Alzbeta Chabronova
- Department of Musculoskeletal Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mandy J. Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James G. W. Smith
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NorfolkNR4 7UQ, UK
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3
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Raval K, Jamshidi N, Seyran B, Salwinski L, Pillai R, Yang L, Ma F, Pellegrini M, Shin J, Yang X, Tudzarova S. Dysfunctional β-cell longevity in diabetes relies on energy conservation and positive epistasis. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402743. [PMID: 39313296 PMCID: PMC11420665 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-lived PFKFB3-expressing β-cells are dysfunctional partly because of prevailing glycolysis that compromises metabolic coupling of insulin secretion. Their accumulation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) appears to be related to the loss of apoptotic competency of cell fitness competition that maintains islet function by favoring constant selection of healthy "winner" cells. To investigate how PFKFB3 can disguise the competitive traits of dysfunctional "loser" β-cells, we analyzed the overlap between human β-cells with bona fide "loser signature" across diabetes pathologies using the HPAP scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics of PFKFB3-positive β-cells from nPOD T2D pancreata. The overlapping transcriptional profile of "loser" β-cells was represented by down-regulated ribosomal biosynthesis and genes encoding for mitochondrial respiration. PFKFB3-positive "loser" β-cells had the reduced expression of HLA class I and II genes. Gene-gene interaction analysis revealed that PFKFB3 rs1983890 can interact with the anti-apoptotic gene MAIP1 implicating positive epistasis as a mechanism for prolonged survival of "loser" β-cells in T2D. Inhibition of PFKFB3 resulted in the clearance of dysfunctional "loser" β-cells leading to restored glucose tolerance in the mouse model of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavit Raval
- Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neema Jamshidi
- Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berfin Seyran
- Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lukasz Salwinski
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raju Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City-of-Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lixin Yang
- Department of Pathology, City-of-Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juliana Shin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Slavica Tudzarova
- Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Huang YT, Hesting LL, Calvi BR. An unscheduled switch to endocycles induces a reversible senescent arrest that impairs growth of the Drosophila wing disc. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011387. [PMID: 39226333 PMCID: PMC11398662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A programmed developmental switch to G / S endocycles results in tissue growth through an increase in cell size. Unscheduled, induced endocycling cells (iECs) promote wound healing but also contribute to cancer. Much remains unknown, however, about how these iECs affect tissue growth. Using the D. melanogaster wing disc as model, we find that populations of iECs initially increase in size but then subsequently undergo a heterogenous arrest that causes severe tissue undergrowth. iECs acquired DNA damage and activated a Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, but, unlike other stressed cells, were apoptosis-resistant and not eliminated from the epithelium. Instead, iECs entered a JNK-dependent and reversible senescent-like arrest. Senescent iECs promoted division of diploid neighbors, but this compensatory proliferation did not rescue tissue growth. Our study has uncovered unique attributes of iECs and their effects on tissue growth that have important implications for understanding their roles in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lauren L Hesting
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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5
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Huang YT, Hesting LL, Calvi BR. An unscheduled switch to endocycles induces a reversible senescent arrest that impairs growth of the Drosophila wing disc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585098. [PMID: 38559130 PMCID: PMC10980049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A programmed developmental switch to G / S endocycles results in tissue growth through an increase in cell size. Unscheduled, induced endocycling cells (iECs) promote wound healing but also contribute to cancer. Much remains unknown, however, about how these iECs affect tissue growth. Using the D. melanogasterwing disc as model, we find that populations of iECs initially increase in size but then subsequently undergo a heterogenous arrest that causes severe tissue undergrowth. iECs acquired DNA damage and activated a Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, but, unlike other stressed cells, were apoptosis-resistant and not eliminated from the epithelium. Instead, iECs entered a JNK-dependent and reversible senescent-like arrest. Senescent iECs promoted division of diploid neighbors, but this compensatory proliferation did not rescue tissue growth. Our study has uncovered unique attributes of iECs and their effects on tissue growth that have important implications for understanding their roles in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Lauren L. Hesting
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Brian R. Calvi
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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6
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Wang Y, Tamori Y. Polyploid Cancer Cell Models in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:96. [PMID: 38254985 PMCID: PMC10815460 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes have been found in more than 90% of solid tumors, and among these, polyploidy accounts for about 40%. Polyploidized cells most often have duplicate centrosomes as well as genomes, and thus their mitosis tends to promote merotelic spindle attachments and chromosomal instability, which produces a variety of aneuploid daughter cells. Polyploid cells have been found highly resistant to various stress and anticancer therapies, such as radiation and mitogenic inhibitors. In other words, common cancer therapies kill proliferative diploid cells, which make up the majority of cancer tissues, while polyploid cells, which lurk in smaller numbers, may survive. The surviving polyploid cells, prompted by acute environmental changes, begin to mitose with chromosomal instability, leading to an explosion of genetic heterogeneity and a concomitant cell competition and adaptive evolution. The result is a recurrence of the cancer during which the tenacious cells that survived treatment express malignant traits. Although the presence of polyploid cells in cancer tissues has been observed for more than 150 years, the function and exact role of these cells in cancer progression has remained elusive. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment directed against polyploid cells. This is due in part to the lack of suitable experimental models, but recently several models have become available to study polyploid cells in vivo. We propose that the experimental models in Drosophila, for which genetic techniques are highly developed, could be very useful in deciphering mechanisms of polyploidy and its role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Tamori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Zubiate Illarramendi I, Martinez-Sahuquillo A, Monsalve Iglesias F, Sanchez Lopez JD. Innovative histological and histochemical characterization of tongue biopsies from patients with burning mouth syndrome. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 20:191-198. [PMID: 36201658 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2022-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present pilot study aims to perform an innovative histological and histochemical characterization of samples from patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) to correlate these findings with the clinical scenario. METHODS To carry out this objective, the study samples were stained with the hematoxylin-eosin stain and later, an histochemical study was carried out to determine the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) using the stains of Alcian Blue, Picrosirius, Reticulin from Gomori and Verhoeff. RESULTS The results of this study revealed histological patterns compatible with cellular hypertrophy in different layers of the epithelium as well as a greater keratinization in BMS cases. On the other hand, a lower amount of proteoglycans and a greater amount of collagen fibers were observed compared to the control. In addition, older patients had fewer reticular fibers and younger patients had fewer elastic fibers compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present study shows the existence of a correlation between the histological patterns, age and symptoms of patients with BMS. Therefore, it is necessary to develop synergistic studies in order to assess and implement new classification systems that could improve the therapeutic approach of patients with BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Martinez-Sahuquillo
- Oral and Maxilofacial Surgeon in Formation, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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8
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Chatterjee D, Deng WM. Standardization of Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Analysis Workflow to Study Drosophila Ovary. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2677:151-171. [PMID: 37464241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3259-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Developments in single-cell technology have considerably changed the way we study biology. Significant efforts have been made over the last few years to build comprehensive cell-type-specific transcriptomic atlases for a wide range of tissues in several model organisms in order to discover cell-type-specific markers and drivers of gene expression. One such tissue is the ovary of the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster, which is a popular model system with wide-ranging applications in the study of both development and disease. Three independent studies have recently produced comprehensive maps of cell-type-specific gene expression that describe both spatiotemporal regulation of the process of oogenesis and unique transcriptomic profiles of different cell types that constitute the ovary. In this chapter, we outlined the wet-lab protocol that was followed in our recent study for sample preparation and reanalyze the resultant dataset to discuss the benchmarks in data analysis, which are fundamental to comprehensive curation of the single-cell dataset representing the fly ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptiman Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Current address: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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9
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Levin M. Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere: An Experimentally-Grounded Framework for Understanding Diverse Bodies and Minds. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:768201. [PMID: 35401131 PMCID: PMC8988303 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.768201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology and bioengineering provide the opportunity to create novel embodied cognitive systems (otherwise known as minds) in a very wide variety of chimeric architectures combining evolved and designed material and software. These advances are disrupting familiar concepts in the philosophy of mind, and require new ways of thinking about and comparing truly diverse intelligences, whose composition and origin are not like any of the available natural model species. In this Perspective, I introduce TAME-Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere-a framework for understanding and manipulating cognition in unconventional substrates. TAME formalizes a non-binary (continuous), empirically-based approach to strongly embodied agency. TAME provides a natural way to think about animal sentience as an instance of collective intelligence of cell groups, arising from dynamics that manifest in similar ways in numerous other substrates. When applied to regenerating/developmental systems, TAME suggests a perspective on morphogenesis as an example of basal cognition. The deep symmetry between problem-solving in anatomical, physiological, transcriptional, and 3D (traditional behavioral) spaces drives specific hypotheses by which cognitive capacities can increase during evolution. An important medium exploited by evolution for joining active subunits into greater agents is developmental bioelectricity, implemented by pre-neural use of ion channels and gap junctions to scale up cell-level feedback loops into anatomical homeostasis. This architecture of multi-scale competency of biological systems has important implications for plasticity of bodies and minds, greatly potentiating evolvability. Considering classical and recent data from the perspectives of computational science, evolutionary biology, and basal cognition, reveals a rich research program with many implications for cognitive science, evolutionary biology, regenerative medicine, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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10
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Gupta K, Mukherjee S, Sen S, Sonawane M. Coordinated activities of Myosin Vb isoforms and mTOR signaling regulate epithelial cell morphology during development. Development 2022; 149:274736. [PMID: 35299238 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of epithelial architecture necessitates tight regulation of cell size and shape. However, mechanisms underlying epithelial cell size regulation remain poorly understood. We show that the interaction of Myosin Vb with Rab11 prevents the accumulation of apically derived endosomes to maintain cell-size, whereas that with Rab10 regulates vesicular transport from the trans-Golgi. These interactions are required for the fine-tuning of the epithelial cell morphology during zebrafish development. Furthermore, the compensatory cell growth upon cell-proliferation inhibition involves a preferential expansion of the apical domain, leading to flatter epithelial cells, an efficient strategy to cover the surface with fewer cells. This apical domain growth requires post-trans-Golgi transport mediated by the Rab10-interacting Myosin Vb isoform, downstream of the mTOR-Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) axis. Changes in trans-Golgi morphology indicate that the Golgi synchronizes mTOR-FASN-regulated biosynthetic input and Myosin Vb-Rab10 dependent output. Our study unravels the mechanism of polarized growth in epithelial cells and delineates functions of Myosin Vb isoforms in cell size regulation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sudipta Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sumit Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
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11
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Fan S, Gao Y, Qu A, Jiang Y, Li H, Xie G, Yao X, Yang X, Zhu S, Yagai T, Tian J, Wang R, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. YAP-TEAD mediates PPAR α-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology 2022; 75:74-88. [PMID: 34387904 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα, NR1C1) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor involved in the regulation of lipid catabolism and energy homeostasis. PPARα activation induces hepatomegaly and plays an important role in liver regeneration, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, the effect of PPARα activation on liver enlargement and regeneration was investigated in several strains of genetically modified mice. PPARα activation by the specific agonist WY-14643 significantly induced hepatomegaly and accelerated liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) in wild-type mice and Pparafl/fl mice, while these effects were abolished in hepatocyte-specific Ppara-deficient (PparaΔHep ) mice. Moreover, PPARα activation promoted hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein area. Mechanistically, PPARα activation regulated expression of yes-associated protein (YAP) and its downstream targets (connective tissue growth factor, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, and ankyrin repeat domain 1) as well as proliferation-related proteins (cyclins A1, D1, and E1). Binding of YAP with the PPARα E domain was critical for the interaction between YAP and PPARα. PPARα activation further induced nuclear translocation of YAP. Disruption of the YAP-transcriptional enhancer factor domain family member (TEAD) association significantly suppressed PPARα-induced hepatomegaly and hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation. In addition, PPARα failed to induce hepatomegaly in adeno-associated virus-Yap short hairpin RNA-treated mice and liver-specific Yap-deficient mice. Blockade of YAP signaling abolished PPARα-induced hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein area. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a function of PPARα in regulating liver size and liver regeneration through activation of the YAP-TEAD signaling pathway. These findings have implications for understanding the physiological functions of PPARα and suggest its potential for manipulation of liver size and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guomin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpeng Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianing Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Almeida Machado Costa C, Wang XF, Ellsworth C, Deng WM. Polyploidy in development and tumor models in Drosophila. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 81:106-118. [PMID: 34562587 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy, a cell status defined as more than two sets of genomic DNA, is a conserved strategy across species that can increase cell size and biosynthetic production, but the functional aspects of polyploidy are nuanced and vary across cell types. Throughout Drosophila developmental stages (embryo, larva, pupa and adult), polyploid cells are present in numerous organs and help orchestrate development while contributing to normal growth, well-being and homeostasis of the organism. Conversely, increasing evidence has shown that polyploid cells are prevalent in Drosophila tumors and play important roles in tumor growth and invasiveness. Here, we summarize the genes and pathways involved in polyploidy during normal and tumorigenic development, the mechanisms underlying polyploidization, and the functional aspects of polyploidy in development, homeostasis and tumorigenesis in the Drosophila model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caique Almeida Machado Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Xian-Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Calder Ellsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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13
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Bae Y, Hwang JS, Shin YJ. miR-30c-1 encourages human corneal endothelial cells to regenerate through ameliorating senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:9348-9372. [PMID: 33744867 PMCID: PMC8064150 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we studied the role of microRNA-30c-1 (miR-30c-1) on transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1)-induced senescence of hCECs. hCECs were transfected by miR-30c-1 and treated with TGF-β1 to assess the inhibitory effect of miR-30c-1 on TGF-β1-induced senescence. Cell viability and proliferation rate in miR-30c-1-transfected cells was elevated compared with control. Cell cycle analysis revealed that cell abundance in S phase was elevated in miR-30c-1-treated cells compared with control. TGF-β1 increased the senescence of hCECs; however, this was ameliorated by miR-30c-1. TGF-β1 increased the size of hCECs, the ratio of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase-stained cells, secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, the oxidative stress, and arrested the cell cycle, all of which were ameliorated by miR-30c-1 treatment. miR-30c-1 also suppressed a TGF-β1-induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and a TGF-β1 stimulated increase in levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), cleaved caspase 3, and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B II. In conclusion, miR-30c-1 promoted the proliferation of hCECs through ameliorating the TGF- β1-induced senescence of hCECs and reducing cell death of hCECs. Thus, miR-30c-1 may be a therapeutic target for hCECs regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Abstract
Tissue P systems provide distributed parallel devices inspired by actual biological reality, where communication rules are used for object exchange between cells (or between cells and the environment). In such systems, the environment continuously provides energy to cells, so the cells are very dependent on the objects in the environment. In biology, there is a mechanism called homeostasis, that is, an internal organism is independent from the external conditions, thus keeping itself relatively stable. Inspired by this biological fact, in this paper, we assume that the environment no longer provides energy for cells, introducing multiset rewriting rules into tissue P systems, thereby constructing a novel computational model called homeostasis tissue-like P systems. Based on the model, we construct two uniform solutions in feasible time. One solution is constructed to solve the 3-coloring problem in linear time in standard time, and the other solution is constructed to solve the SAT problem with communication rules and multiset rewriting rules of the length at most 3 in time-free mode. Moreover, we prove that the constructed system can generate any Turing computable set of numbers using communication rules and multiset rewriting rules with a maximal length 3, working in the mode of standard time and time-free, respectively. The results show that our constructed system does not rely on the environment and reflects the phenomenon of biological homeostasis. In addition, although the system runs in time-free way, it not only has Turing university, but also can effectively solve NP-complete problem.
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15
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Krautz R, Khalili D, Theopold U. Tissue-autonomous immune response regulates stress signaling during hypertrophy. eLife 2020; 9:64919. [PMID: 33377870 PMCID: PMC7880693 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmitotic tissues are incapable of replacing damaged cells through proliferation, but need to rely on buffering mechanisms to prevent tissue disintegration. By constitutively activating the Ras/MAPK-pathway via RasV12-overexpression in the postmitotic salivary glands (SGs) of Drosophila larvae, we overrode the glands adaptability to growth signals and induced hypertrophy. The accompanied loss of tissue integrity, recognition by cellular immunity, and cell death are all buffered by blocking stress signaling through a genuine tissue-autonomous immune response. This novel, spatio-temporally tightly regulated mechanism relies on the inhibition of a feedback-loop in the JNK-pathway by the immune effector and antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin. While this interaction might allow growing SGs to cope with temporary stress, continuous Drosomycin expression in RasV12-glands favors unrestricted hypertrophy. These findings indicate the necessity to refine therapeutic approaches that stimulate immune responses by acknowledging their possible, detrimental effects in damaged or stressed tissues. Tissues and organs work hard to maintain balance in everything from taking up nutrients to controlling their growth. Ageing, wounding, sickness, and changes in the genetic code can all alter this balance, and cause the tissue or organ to lose some of its cells. Many tissues restore this loss by dividing their remaining cells to fill in the gaps. But some – like the salivary glands of fruit fly larvae – have lost this ability. Tissues like these rely on being able to sense and counteract problems as they arise so as to not lose their balance in the first place. The immune system and stress responses are crucial for this process. They trigger steps to correct the problem and interact with each other to find a common decision about the fate of the affected tissue. To better understand how the immune system and stress response work together, Krautz, Khalili and Theopold genetically manipulated cells in the salivary gland of fruit fly larvae. These modifications switched on signals that stimulate cells to keep growing, causing the salivary gland’s tissue to slowly lose its balance and trigger the stress and immune response. The experiments showed that while the stress response instructed the cells in the gland to die, a peptide released by the immune system called Drosomycin blocked this response and prevented the tissue from collapsing. The cells in the part of the gland not producing this immune peptide were consequently killed by the stress response. When all the cells in the salivary gland were forced to produce Drosomycin, none of the cells died and the whole tissue survived. But it also allowed the cells in the gland to grow uncontrollably, like a tumor, threatening the health of the entire organism. Mapping the interactions between immune and stress pathways could help to fine-tune treatments that can prevent tissue damage. Fruit flies share many genetic features and molecular pathways with humans. So, the next step towards these kinds of treatments would be to screen for similar mechanisms that block stress activation in damaged human tissues. But this research carries a warning: careless activation of the immune system to protect stressed tissues could lead to uncontrolled tissue growth, and might cause more harm than good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krautz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dilan Khalili
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Hwang JS, Yi HC, Shin YJ. Effect of SOX2 Repression on Corneal Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124397. [PMID: 32575737 PMCID: PMC7352647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs) pump out water from the stroma and maintain the clarity of the cornea. The sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) participates in differentiation during the development of the anterior segment of the eye and is found in the periphery of wounded corneas. This study was performed to investigate the effect of SOX2 repression on hCECs. Methods: Cultured hCECs were transfected by siRNA for SOX2. The wound healing rate and cell viability were measured. The cell proliferation-associated protein level was evaluated by Western blotting and RT-PCR. The energy production and mitochondrial function were measured, and cell shape and WNT signaling were assessed. Results: Upon transfecting the cultured cells with siRNA for SOX2, the SOX2 level was reduced by 80%. The wound healing rate and viability were also reduced. Additionally, CDK1, cyclin D1, SIRT1, and ATP5B levels were reduced, and CDKN2A and pAMPK levels were increased. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial viability decreased, and the cell shape became elongated. Furthermore, SMAD1, SNAI1, WNT3A, and β-catenin levels were increased. Conclusion: SOX2 repression disrupts the normal metabolism of hCECs through modulating WNT signaling and mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.S.H.); (H.C.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, 1 Shingil-ro, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea
| | - Ho Chul Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.S.H.); (H.C.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, 1 Shingil-ro, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.S.H.); (H.C.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, 1 Shingil-ro, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6960-1240
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17
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Tamamouna V, Panagi M, Theophanous A, Demosthenous M, Michail M, Papadopoulou M, Teloni S, Pitsouli C, Apidianakis Y. Evidence of two types of balance between stem cell mitosis and enterocyte nucleus growth in the Drosophila midgut. Development 2020; 147:147/11/dev189472. [PMID: 32513656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and stem cell niche-emanating cytokines and growth factors can promote regeneration, through mitosis. High mitosis, however, predisposes for all types of cancer and, thus, a trade-off exists between regeneration capacity and tissue homeostasis. Here, we study the role of tissue-intrinsic regenerative signaling in stem cell mitosis of adult Drosophila midgut of different genetic backgrounds. We provide evidence of two naturally occurring types of balance between mitosis and enterocyte nucleus growth: one based mostly on stem cell mitosis producing new cells and the other based mostly on the degree of young enterocyte nucleus size increase. Mitosis promotes intestinal host defense to infection, but predisposes for dysplasia in the form of stem cell-like clusters. Enterocyte nucleus growth also promotes host defense, without the drawback of promoting dysplasia. Through quantitative genetics, we identified eiger as an autocrine and paracrine inducer of stem cell mitosis. eiger expression in immature epithelial cells tilts the balance towards mitosis and dysplasia via a positive-feedback loop of highly mitotic stem cells sustaining more small nucleus enterocytes, which in turn supply more Eiger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilia Tamamouna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Myrofora Panagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andria Theophanous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Demosthenous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Michail
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Savvas Teloni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrysoula Pitsouli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
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18
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El Maï M, Marzullo M, de Castro IP, Ferreira MG. Opposing p53 and mTOR/AKT promote an in vivo switch from apoptosis to senescence upon telomere shortening in zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:54935. [PMID: 32427102 PMCID: PMC7237213 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive telomere shortening during lifespan is associated with restriction of cell proliferation, genome instability and aging. Apoptosis and senescence are the two major outcomes upon irreversible cellular damage. Here, we show a transition of these two cell fates during aging of telomerase deficient zebrafish. In young telomerase mutants, proliferative tissues exhibit DNA damage and p53-dependent apoptosis, but no senescence. However, these tissues in older animals display loss of cellularity and senescence becomes predominant. Tissue alterations are accompanied by a pro-proliferative stimulus mediated by AKT signaling. Upon AKT activation, FoxO transcription factors are phosphorylated and translocated out of the nucleus. This results in reduced SOD2 expression causing an increase of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction. These alterations induce p15/16 growth arrest and senescence. We propose that, upon telomere shortening, early apoptosis leads to cell depletion and insufficient compensatory proliferation. Following tissue damage, the mTOR/AKT is activated causing mitochondrial dysfunction and p15/16-dependent senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir El Maï
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Miguel Godinho Ferreira
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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19
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Jevitt A, Chatterjee D, Xie G, Wang XF, Otwell T, Huang YC, Deng WM. A single-cell atlas of adult Drosophila ovary identifies transcriptional programs and somatic cell lineage regulating oogenesis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000538. [PMID: 32339165 PMCID: PMC7205450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oogenesis is a complex developmental process that involves spatiotemporally regulated coordination between the germline and supporting, somatic cell populations. This process has been modeled extensively using the Drosophila ovary. Although different ovarian cell types have been identified through traditional means, the large-scale expression profiles underlying each cell type remain unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing technology, we have built a transcriptomic data set for the adult Drosophila ovary and connected tissues. Using this data set, we identified the transcriptional trajectory of the entire follicle-cell population over the course of their development from stem cells to the oogenesis-to-ovulation transition. We further identify expression patterns during essential developmental events that take place in somatic and germline cell types such as differentiation, cell-cycle switching, migration, symmetry breaking, nurse-cell engulfment, egg-shell formation, and corpus luteum signaling. Extensive experimental validation of unique expression patterns in both ovarian and nearby, nonovarian cells also led to the identification of many new cell type-and stage-specific markers. The inclusion of several nearby tissue types in this data set also led to our identification of functional convergence in expression between distantly related cell types such as the immune-related genes that were similarly expressed in immune cells (hemocytes) and ovarian somatic cells (stretched cells) during their brief phagocytic role in nurse-cell engulfment. Taken together, these findings provide new insight into the temporal regulation of genes in a cell-type specific manner during oogenesis and begin to reveal the relatedness in expression between cell and tissues types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Jevitt
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Deeptiman Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gengqiang Xie
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xian-Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Taylor Otwell
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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20
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Cohen E, Sawyer JK, Peterson NG, Dow JAT, Fox DT. Physiology, Development, and Disease Modeling in the Drosophila Excretory System. Genetics 2020; 214:235-264. [PMID: 32029579 PMCID: PMC7017010 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect excretory system contains two organ systems acting in concert: the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut perform essential roles in excretion and ionic and osmotic homeostasis. For over 350 years, these two organs have fascinated biologists as a model of organ structure and function. As part of a recent surge in interest, research on the Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Drosophila have uncovered important paradigms of organ physiology and development. Further, many human disease processes can be modeled in these organs. Here, focusing on discoveries in the past 10 years, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the Drosophila excretory system. We describe the major developmental events that build these organs during embryogenesis, remodel them during metamorphosis, and repair them following injury. Finally, we highlight the use of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut as accessible models of human disease biology. The Malpighian tubule is a particularly excellent model to study rapid fluid transport, neuroendocrine control of renal function, and modeling of numerous human renal conditions such as kidney stones, while the hindgut provides an outstanding model for processes such as the role of cell chirality in development, nonstem cell-based injury repair, cancer-promoting processes, and communication between the intestine and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica K Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | | | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Cell Biology and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
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21
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The Initial Stage of Tumorigenesis in Drosophila Epithelial Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31520350 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer development originates in a single mutant cell transformed from a normal cell, including further evolution of pro-tumor cells through additional mutations into malignant cancer tissues. Data from recent studies, however, suggest that most pro-tumor cells do not develop into tumors but remain dormant within or are prophylactically eliminated from tissues unless bestowed with additional driver mutations. Drosophila melanogaster has provided very efficient model systems, such as imaginal discs and ovarian follicular epithelia, to study the initial stage of tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the behaviors of emerging pro-tumor cells surrounded by normal cells and situations where they initiate tumor development.
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22
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Abstract
Cancer is a cumulative manifestation of several complicated disease states that affect multiple organs. Over the last few decades, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, has become a successful model for studying human cancers. The genetic simplicity and vast arsenal of genetic tools available in Drosophila provides a unique opportunity to address questions regarding cancer initiation and progression that would be extremely challenging in other model systems. In this chapter we provide a historical overview of Drosophila as a model organism for cancer research, summarize the multitude of genetic tools available, offer a brief comparison between different model organisms and cell culture platforms used in cancer studies and briefly discuss some of the latest models and concepts in recent Drosophila cancer research.
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23
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Lee JY, Choi JY, Jeong J. A Case of Corneal Chemical Injury by High-dose Ethanol during Orbital Wall Fracture Repair. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2019.60.4.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Young Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jung Yeol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jinho Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
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24
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Caldez MJ, Van Hul N, Koh HWL, Teo XQ, Fan JJ, Tan PY, Dewhurst MR, Too PG, Talib SZA, Chiang BE, Stünkel W, Yu H, Lee P, Fuhrer T, Choi H, Björklund M, Kaldis P. Metabolic Remodeling during Liver Regeneration. Dev Cell 2018; 47:425-438.e5. [PMID: 30344111 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is linked to a decreased capacity of hepatocytes to divide. In addition, cellular metabolism is important for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Since metabolic changes are a hallmark of liver disease, we investigated the connections between metabolism and cell division. We determined global metabolic changes at different stages of liver regeneration using a combination of integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses with advanced functional redox in vivo imaging. Our data indicate that blocking hepatocyte division during regeneration leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and downregulation of oxidative pathways. This resulted in an increased redox ratio and hyperactivity of alanine transaminase allowing the production of alanine and α-ketoglutarate from pyruvate when mitochondrial functions are impaired. Our data suggests that during liver regeneration, cell division leads to hepatic metabolic remodeling. Moreover, we demonstrate that hepatocytes are equipped with a flexible metabolic machinery able to adapt dynamically to changes during tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias J Caldez
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #3-09, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore; National University of Singapore (NUS), Department of Biochemistry, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Noémi Van Hul
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #3-09, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hiromi W L Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xing Qi Teo
- Singapore Bio-Imaging Consortium, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jun Jun Fan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A(∗)STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #10-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602, Republic of Singapore; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, #88 Jiefang Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Peck Yean Tan
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Matthew R Dewhurst
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #3-09, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Peh Gek Too
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - S Zakiah A Talib
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #3-09, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Beatrice E Chiang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #3-09, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Walter Stünkel
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A(∗)STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore; Gastroenterology Department, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Philip Lee
- Singapore Bio-Imaging Consortium, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #3-09, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mikael Björklund
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #3-09, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore; National University of Singapore (NUS), Department of Biochemistry, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore.
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25
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Shu Z, Row S, Deng WM. Endoreplication: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:465-474. [PMID: 29567370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To battle adverse internal and external conditions and maintain homeostasis, diploid organisms employ various cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis. In some tissues, an alternative mechanism, endoreplication, is employed toward similar goals. Endoreplication is an evolutionarily conserved cell cycle program during which cells replicate their genomes without division, resulting in polyploid cells. Importantly, endoreplication is reported to be indispensable for normal development and organ formation across various organisms, from fungi to humans. In recent years, more attention has been drawn to delineating its connections to wound healing and tumorigenesis. In this Review, we discuss mechanisms of endoreplication and polyploidization, their essential and positive roles in normal development and tissue homeostasis, and the relationship between polyploidy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Shu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Sarayu Row
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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26
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Choi H, Broitman-Maduro G, Maduro MF. Partially compromised specification causes stochastic effects on gut development in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2017; 427:49-60. [PMID: 28502614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The C. elegans gut descends from the E progenitor cell through a series of stereotyped cell divisions and morphogenetic events. Effects of perturbations of upstream cell specification on downstream organogenesis have not been extensively investigated. Here we have assembled an allelic series of strains that variably compromise specification of E by perturbing the activation of the gut-specifying end-1 and end-3 genes. Using a marker that allows identification of all E descendants regardless of fate, superimposed with markers that identify cells that have adopted a gut fate, we have examined the fate of E lineage descendants among hundreds of embryos. We find that when specification is partially compromised, the E lineage undergoes hyperplasia accompanied by stochastic and variable specification of gut fate among the E descendants. As anticipated by prior work, the activation of the gut differentiation factor elt-2 becomes delayed in these strains, although ultimate protein levels of a translational ELT-2::GFP reporter resemble those of the wild type. By comparing these effects among the various specification mutants, we find that the stronger the defect in specification (i.e. the fewer number of embryos specifying gut), the stronger the defects in the E lineage and delay in activation of elt-2. Despite the changes in the E lineage in these strains, we find that supernumerary E descendants that adopt a gut fate are accommodated into a relatively normal-looking intestine. Hence, upstream perturbation of specification dramatically affects the E lineage, but as long as sufficient descendants adopt a gut fate, organogenesis overcomes these effects to form a relatively normal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Choi
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Graduate program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Gina Broitman-Maduro
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Morris F Maduro
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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27
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Marongiu F, Marongiu M, Contini A, Serra M, Cadoni E, Murgia R, Laconi E. Hyperplasia vs hypertrophy in tissue regeneration after extensive liver resection. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1764-1770. [PMID: 28348481 PMCID: PMC5352916 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i10.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To address to what extent hypertrophy and hyperplasia contribute to liver mass restoration after major tissue loss.
METHODS The ability of the liver to regenerate is remarkable on both clinical and biological grounds. Basic mechanisms underlying this process have been intensively investigated. However, it is still debated to what extent hypertrophy and hyperplasia contribute to liver mass restoration after major tissue loss. We addressed this issue using a genetically tagged system. We were able to follow the fate of single transplanted hepatocytes during the regenerative response elicited by 2/3 partial surgical hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Clusters of transplanted cells were 3D reconstructed and their size distribution was evaluated over time after PH.
RESULTS Liver size and liver DNA content were largely recovered 10 d post-PH, as expected (e.g., total DNA/liver/100 g b.w. was 6.37 ± 0.21 before PH and returned to 6.10 ± 0.36 10 d after PH). Data indicated that about 2/3 of the original residual hepatocytes entered S-phase in response to PH. Analysis of cluster size distribution at 24, 48, 96 h and 10 d after PH revealed that about half of the remnant hepatocytes completed at least 2 cell cycles. Average size of hepatocytes increased at 24 h (248.50 μm2 ± 7.82 μm2, P = 0.0015), but returned to control values throughout the regenerative process (up to 10 d post-PH, 197.9 μm2 ± 6.44 μm2, P = 0.11). A sizeable fraction of the remnant hepatocyte population does not participate actively in tissue mass restoration.
CONCLUSION Hyperplasia stands as the major mechanism contributing to liver mass restoration after PH, with hypertrophy playing a transient role in the process.
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Differential Regulation of Cyclin E by Yorkie-Scalloped Signaling in Organ Development. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1049-1060. [PMID: 28143945 PMCID: PMC5345706 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.039065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue integrity and homeostasis are accomplished through strict spatial and temporal regulation of cell growth and proliferation during development. Various signaling pathways have emerged as major growth regulators across metazoans; yet, how differential growth within a tissue is spatiotemporally coordinated remains largely unclear. Here, we report a role of a growth modulator Yorkie (Yki), the Drosophila homolog of Yes-associated protein (YAP), that differentially regulates its targets in Drosophila wing imaginal discs; whereby Yki interacts with its transcriptional partner, Scalloped (Sd), the homolog of the TEAD/TEF family transcription factor in mammals, to control an essential cell cycle regulator Cyclin E (CycE). Interestingly, when Yki was coexpressed with Fizzy-related (Fzr), a Drosophila endocycle inducer and homolog of Cdh1 in mammals, surrounding hinge cells displayed larger nuclear size than distal pouch cells. The observed size difference is attributable to differential regulation of CycE, a target of Yki and Sd, the latter of which can directly bind to CycE regulatory sequences, and is expressed only in the pouch region of the wing disc starting from the late second-instar larval stage. During earlier stages of larval development, when Sd expression was not detected in the wing disc, coexpression of Fzr and Yki did not cause size differences between cells along the proximal–distal axis of the disc. We show that ectopic CycE promoted cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibited transcriptional activity of Yki targets. These findings suggest that spatiotemporal expression of transcription factor Sd induces differential growth regulation by Yki during wing disc development, highlighting coordination between Yki and CycE to control growth and maintain homeostasis.
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29
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Puliafito A, Primo L, Celani A. Cell-size distribution in epithelial tissue formation and homeostasis. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170032. [PMID: 28330988 PMCID: PMC5378146 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How cell growth and proliferation are orchestrated in living tissues to achieve a given biological function is a central problem in biology. During development, tissue regeneration and homeostasis, cell proliferation must be coordinated by spatial cues in order for cells to attain the correct size and shape. Biological tissues also feature a notable homogeneity of cell size, which, in specific cases, represents a physiological need. Here, we study the temporal evolution of the cell-size distribution by applying the theory of kinetic fragmentation to tissue development and homeostasis. Our theory predicts self-similar probability density function (PDF) of cell size and explains how division times and redistribution ensure cell size homogeneity across the tissue. Theoretical predictions and numerical simulations of confluent non-homeostatic tissue cultures show that cell size distribution is self-similar. Our experimental data confirm predictions and reveal that, as assumed in the theory, cell division times scale like a power-law of the cell size. We find that in homeostatic conditions there is a stationary distribution with lognormal tails, consistently with our experimental data. Our theoretical predictions and numerical simulations show that the shape of the PDF depends on how the space inherited by apoptotic cells is redistributed and that apoptotic cell rates might also depend on size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Primo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy
| | - Antonio Celani
- Quantitative Life Sciences Unit, The Abdus Salam Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
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30
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Schäfer P, Karl MO. Prospective purification and characterization of Müller glia in the mouse retina regeneration assay. Glia 2017; 65:828-847. [PMID: 28220544 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is an umbrella term for various glia functions in neurodegenerative diseases and upon injury. Specifically, Müller glia (MG) in some species readily regenerate retinal neurons to restore vision loss after insult, whereas mammalian MG respond by reactive gliosis-a heterogeneous response which frequently includes cell hypertrophy and proliferation. Limited regeneration has been stimulated in mammals, with a higher propensity in young MG, and in vitro compared to in vivo, but the underlying processes are unknown. To facilitate studies on the mechanisms regulating and limiting glia functions, we developed a strategy to purify glia and their progeny by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Dual-transgenic nuclear reporter mice, which label neurons and glia with red and green fluorescent proteins, respectively, have enabled MG enrichment up to 93% purity. We applied this approach to MG in a mouse retina regeneration ex vivo assay. Combined cell size and cell cycle analysis indicates that most MG hypertrophy and a subpopulation proliferates which, over time, become even larger in cell size than the ones that do not proliferate. MG undergo timed differential genomic changes in genes controlling stemness and neurogenic competence; and glial markers are downregulated. Genes that are potentially required for, or associated with, regeneration and reactive gliosis are differentially regulated by retina explant culture time, epidermal growth factor stimulation, and animal age. Thus, MG enrichment facilitates cellular and molecular studies which, in combination with the mouse retina regeneration assay, provide an experimental approach for deciphering mechanisms that possibly regulate reactive gliosis and limit regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schäfer
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Mike O Karl
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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31
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Inhibition of a NF-κB/Diap1 Pathway by PGRP-LF Is Required for Proper Apoptosis during Drosophila Development. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006569. [PMID: 28085885 PMCID: PMC5279808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB pathways are key signaling cascades of the Drosophila innate immune response. One of them, the Immune Deficiency (IMD) pathway, is under a very tight negative control. Although molecular brakes exist at each step of this signaling module from ligand availability to transcriptional regulation, it remains unknown whether repressors act in the same cells or tissues and if not, what is rationale behind this spatial specificity. We show here that the negative regulator of IMD pathway PGRP-LF is epressed in ectodermal derivatives. We provide evidence that, in the absence of any immune elicitor, PGRP-LF loss-of-function mutants, display a constitutive NF-κB/IMD activation specifically in ectodermal tissues leading to genitalia and tergite malformations. In agreement with previous data showing that proper development of these structures requires induction of apoptosis, we show that ectopic activation of NF-κB/IMD signaling leads to apoptosis inhibition in both genitalia and tergite primordia. We demonstrate that NF-κB/IMD signaling antagonizes apoptosis by up-regulating expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Diap1. Altogether these results show that, in the complete absence of infection, the negative regulation of NF-κB/IMD pathway by PGRP-LF is crucial to ensure proper induction of apoptosis and consequently normal fly development. These results highlight that IMD pathway regulation is controlled independently in different tissues, probably reflecting the different roles of this signaling cascade in both developmental and immune processes. In multicellular organism such as mammals or insects, activation of innate immune responses occurs following detection of microbes by dedicated receptors called pattern recognition receptors. Such immune activation is taking place in immune competent tissue such as the skin, the digestive and respiratory epithelia and is under a tight negative control. Negative control is essential to finely adjust the duration and the intensity of the immune response to the level of infection. We found that the Drosophila innate immunity negative regulator PGRP-LF, is specifically expressed in non-immune tissues and plays an essential role during development, in absence of any infection. Lack of PGRP-LF function in these tissues inhibits apoptosis leading to incomplete genitalia rotation and tergite malformations. We show that such apoptosis inhibition results from the over expression of the negative regulator of apoptosis Diap1 specifically in PGRP-LF expressing cells. Our data highlight that proper negative regulation of immune signaling pathway in non-immune tissues is contributing to normal development and illustrate the growing evidence of the dual role of immune signaling pathway contribution to both immunity and in development processes.
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32
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Dynamics of spinal microglia repopulation following an acute depletion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22839. [PMID: 26961247 PMCID: PMC4785356 DOI: 10.1038/srep22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding on the function of microglia has been revolutionized in the recent 20 years. However, the process of maintaining microglia homeostasis has not been fully understood. In this study, we dissected the features of spinal microglia repopulation following an acute partial depletion. By injecting intrathecally Mac-1-saporin, a microglia selective immunotoxin, we ablated 50% microglia in the spinal cord of naive mice. Spinal microglia repopulated rapidly and local homeostasis was re-established within 14 days post-depletion. Mac-1-saporin treatment resulted in microglia cell proliferation and circulating monocyte infiltration. The latter is indeed part of an acute, transient inflammatory reaction that follows cell depletion, and was characterized by an increase in the expression of inflammatory molecules and by the breakdown of the blood spinal cord barrier. During this period, microglia formed cell clusters and exhibited a M1-like phenotype. MCP-1/CCR2 signaling was essential in promoting this depletion associated spinal inflammatory reaction. Interestingly, ruling out MCP-1-mediated secondary inflammation, including blocking recruitment of monocyte-derived microglia, did not affect depletion-triggered microglia repopulation. Our results also demonstrated that newly generated microglia kept their responsiveness to peripheral nerve injury and their contribution to injury-associated neuropathic pain was not significantly altered.
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33
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Losick VP, Jun AS, Spradling AC. Wound-Induced Polyploidization: Regulation by Hippo and JNK Signaling and Conservation in Mammals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151251. [PMID: 26958853 PMCID: PMC4784922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue integrity and homeostasis often rely on the proliferation of stem cells or differentiated cells to replace lost, aged, or damaged cells. Recently, we described an alternative source of cell replacement- the expansion of resident, non-dividing diploid cells by wound-induced polyploidization (WIP). Here we show that the magnitude of WIP is proportional to the extent of cell loss using a new semi-automated assay with single cell resolution. Hippo and JNK signaling regulate WIP; unexpectedly however, JNK signaling through AP-1 limits rather than stimulates the level of Yki activation and polyploidization in the Drosophila epidermis. We found that polyploidization also quantitatively compensates for cell loss in a mammalian tissue, mouse corneal endothelium, where increased cell death occurs with age in a mouse model of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD). Our results suggest that WIP is an evolutionarily conserved homeostatic mechanism that maintains the size and synthetic capacity of adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki P. Losick
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3250 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Albert S. Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Allan C. Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3250 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Abstract
The regulation of organ size is essential to human health and has fascinated biologists for centuries. Key to the growth process is the ability of most organs to integrate organ-extrinsic cues (eg, nutritional status, inflammatory processes) with organ-intrinsic information (eg, genetic programs, local signals) into a growth response that adapts to changing environmental conditions and ensures that the size of an organ is coordinated with the rest of the body. Paired organs such as the vertebrate limbs and the long bones within them are excellent models for studying this type of regulation because it is possible to manipulate one member of the pair and leave the other as an internal control. During development, growth plates at the end of each long bone produce a transient cartilage model that is progressively replaced by bone. Here, we review how proliferation and differentiation of cells within each growth plate are tightly controlled mainly by growth plate-intrinsic mechanisms that are additionally modulated by extrinsic signals. We also discuss the involvement of several signaling hubs in the integration and modulation of growth-related signals and how they could confer remarkable plasticity to the growth plate. Indeed, long bones have a significant ability for "catch-up growth" to attain normal size after a transient growth delay. We propose that the characterization of catch-up growth, in light of recent advances in physiology and cell biology, will provide long sought clues into the molecular mechanisms that underlie organ growth regulation. Importantly, catch-up growth early in life is commonly associated with metabolic disorders in adulthood, and this association is not completely understood. Further elucidation of the molecules and cellular interactions that influence organ size coordination should allow development of novel therapies for human growth disorders that are noninvasive and have minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
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35
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Tu T, Calabro SR, Lee A, Maczurek AE, Budzinska MA, Warner FJ, McLennan SV, Shackel NA. Hepatocytes in liver injury: Victim, bystander, or accomplice in progressive fibrosis? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1696-704. [PMID: 26239824 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease causes significant morbidity and mortality through progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The classical theory of fibrogenesis has hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as the principal and only significant source of abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM). Further, HSCs have the major role in abnormal ECM turnover. It is the death of hepatocytes, as the initial target of injury, that initiates a sequence of events including the recruitment of inflammatory cells and activation of HSCs. Following this initial response, the ongoing insult to hepatocytes is regarded as perpetuating injury, but otherwise, hepatocytes are regarded as "victims" and "bystanders" in progressive fibrosis. Recent developments, however, challenge this view and suggest the concept of the hepatocyte being an active participant in liver injury. It is clear now that hepatocytes undergo phenotypic changes, adapt to injury, and react to the altered microenvironment. In this review, we describe studies showing that hepatocytes contribute to progressive fibrosis by direct manipulation of the surrounding ECM and through signaling to effector cells, particularly HSCs and intrahepatic immune cells. Together, these findings suggest an active "accomplice" role for the hepatocyte in progressive liver fibrosis and highlight novel pathways that could be targeted for development of future anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tu
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah R Calabro
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aimei Lee
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette E Maczurek
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Magdalena A Budzinska
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona J Warner
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Shackel
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A. W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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36
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Choi SO, Jeon HS, Hyon JY, Oh YJ, Wee WR, Chung TY, Shin YJ, Kim JW. Recovery of Corneal Endothelial Cells from Periphery after Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138076. [PMID: 26378928 PMCID: PMC4574742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing of the endothelium occurs through cell enlargement and migration. However, the peripheral corneal endothelium may act as a cell resource for the recovery of corneal endothelium in endothelial injury. Aim To investigate the recovery process of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) from corneal endothelial injury. Methods Three patients with unilateral chemical eye injuries, and 15 rabbit eyes with corneal endothelial chemical injuries were studied. Slit lamp examination, specular microscopy, and ultrasound pachymetry were performed immediately after chemical injury and 1, 3, 6, and 9 months later. The anterior chambers of eyes from New Zealand white rabbits were injected with 0.1 mL of 0.05 N NaOH for 10 min (NaOH group). Corneal edema was evaluated at day 1, 7, and 14. Vital staining was performed using alizarin red and trypan blue. Results Specular microscopy did not reveal any corneal endothelial cells immediately after injury. Corneal edema subsided from the periphery to the center, CEC density increased, and central corneal thickness decreased over time. In the animal study, corneal edema was greater in the NaOH group compared to the control at both day 1 and day 7. At day 1, no CECs were detected at the center and periphery of the corneas in the NaOH group. Two weeks after injury, small, hexagonal CECs were detected in peripheral cornea, while CECs in mid-periphery were large and non-hexagonal. Conclusions CECs migrated from the periphery to the center of the cornea after endothelial injury. The peripheral corneal endothelium may act as a cell resource for the recovery of corneal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ouk Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Jeon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Joon Young Hyon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-young Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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37
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Yamaguchi N, Yamaguchi N. The seventh zinc finger motif of A20 is required for the suppression of TNF-α-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1369-75. [PMID: 25911380 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 suppresses nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis in a deubiquitinating and ubiquitin ligase activity-dependent manner. Although recent studies revealed that A20 regulates NF-κB independently of its enzymatic activity through its seventh zinc finger motif (ZnF7), the involvement of ZnF7 in TNF-α-induced apoptosis is not clear. In this study, ZnF7 was found to be important for A20-mediated suppression of TNF-α-induced apoptosis. We also found that the ubiquitin ligases cIAP1/2 are required for A20 to suppress TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Because A20 binds to cIAP1/2 through ZnF7, these results suggest that A20 may control cIAP1/2 when suppressing TNF-α-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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38
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Neves J, Demaria M, Campisi J, Jasper H. Of flies, mice, and men: evolutionarily conserved tissue damage responses and aging. Dev Cell 2015; 32:9-18. [PMID: 25584795 PMCID: PMC4450349 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies in flies, mice, and human models have provided a conceptual framework for how paracrine interactions between damaged cells and the surrounding tissue control tissue repair. These studies have amassed evidence for an evolutionarily conserved secretory program that regulates tissue homeostasis. This program coordinates cell survival and proliferation during tissue regeneration and repair in young animals. By virtue of chronic engagement, however, it also contributes to the age-related decline of tissue homeostasis leading to degeneration, metabolic dysfunction, and cancer. Here, we review recent studies that shed light on the nature and regulation of this evolutionarily conserved secretory program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Neves
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Marco Demaria
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94520, USA.
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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39
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Moreno E, Rhiner C. Darwin's multicellularity: from neurotrophic theories and cell competition to fitness fingerprints. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:16-22. [PMID: 25022356 PMCID: PMC4238900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metazoans have evolved ways to engage only the most appropriate cells for long-term tissue development and homeostasis. In many cases, competitive interactions have been shown to guide such cell selection events. In Drosophila, a process termed cell competition eliminates slow proliferating cells from growing epithelia. Recent studies show that cell competition is conserved in mammals with crucial functions like the elimination of suboptimal stem cells from the early embryo and the replacement of old T-cell progenitors in the thymus to prevent tumor formation. Moreover, new data in Drosophila has revealed that fitness indicator proteins, required for cell competition, are also involved in the culling of retinal neurons suggesting that 'fitness fingerprints' may play a general role in cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Moreno
- Institute of Cell Biology, IZB, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland.
| | - Christa Rhiner
- Institute of Cell Biology, IZB, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland.
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