1
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Tahiri N, Fodran P, Jayaraman D, Buter J, Witte MD, Ocampo TA, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I, Minnaard AJ. Total Synthesis of a Mycolic Acid from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Tahiri
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fodran
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Dhineshkumar Jayaraman
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martin D. Witte
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Tonatiuh A. Ocampo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM 60 Fenwood Road Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM 60 Fenwood Road Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM 60 Fenwood Road Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht University Yalelaan 1 3584 CL Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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3
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Tahiri N, Fodran P, Jayaraman D, Buter J, Witte MD, Ocampo TA, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I, Minnaard AJ. Total Synthesis of a Mycolic Acid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7555-7560. [PMID: 32067294 PMCID: PMC7216993 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycolic acids and their glycerol, glucose, and trehalose esters ("cord factor") form the main part of the mycomembrane. Despite their first isolation almost a century ago, full stereochemical evaluation is lacking, as is a scalable synthesis required for accurate immunological, including vaccination, studies. Herein, we report an efficient, convergent, gram-scale synthesis of four stereo-isomers of a mycolic acid and its glucose ester. Binding to the antigen presenting protein CD1b and T cell activation studies are used to confirm the antigenicity of the synthetic material. The absolute stereochemistry of the syn-methoxy methyl moiety in natural material is evaluated by comparing its optical rotation with that of synthetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Tahiri
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Fodran
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Dhineshkumar Jayaraman
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin D. Witte
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Tonatiuh A. Ocampo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM60 Fenwood RoadBostonMA02115USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM60 Fenwood RoadBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM60 Fenwood RoadBostonMA02115USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 13584 CLUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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4
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Abstract
Chemical synthesis of trehalose glycolipids such as DAT, TDM, SL-1, SL-3, and Ac2SGL from MTb, emmyguyacins from fungi, succinoyl trehalose from rhodococcus, and maradolipids from worms, as well as mycobacterial oligosaccharides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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5
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Synthesis of a Di-Mycoloyl Tri-Arabinofuranosyl Glycerol Fragment of the Mycobacterial Cell Wall, Based on Synthetic Mycolic Acids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193596. [PMID: 31590468 PMCID: PMC6804083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragments of mycobacterial cell walls such as arabinoglycerol mycolate and dimycoloyl diarabinoglycerol, comprising complex mixtures of mycolic acids, have immunostimulatory and antigenic properties. A related di-mycoloyl tri-arabinofuranosyl glycerol fragment has been isolated from cell wall hydrolysates. An effective stereoselective synthesis of tri-arabinofuranosyl glycerol, followed by coupling with stereochemically defined mycolic acids of different structural classes, to provide unique di-mycoloyl tri-arabinofuranosyl glycerols is now described.
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6
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Liu K, Wang L, Guo Z. An extensive review of studies on mycobacterium cell wall polysaccharide-related oligosaccharides – part III: synthetic studies and biological applications of arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides and their analogs, derivatives and conjugates. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1630841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Ali OT, Mohammed MO, Gates PJ, Baird MS, Al Dulayymi JR. The synthesis of mycobacterial dimycoloyl diarabinoglycerol based on defined synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:207-218. [PMID: 30639038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of natural dimycoloyl diarabinoglycerols isolated from mycobacteria have been shown to be both potent immune signalling agents and potentially valuable antigens in the serodiagnosis of mycobacterial infections. We now report the highly stereocontrolled synthesis of diacyl l-glycerol-(1'→1)-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-α-d-arabinofuranosides based on simple fatty acids and single defined synthetic mycolic acids. NMR analysis confirmed that the synthetic core was identical to that in natural mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar T Ali
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Mohsin O Mohammed
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Juma'a R Al Dulayymi
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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8
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Iwasaki T, Terahigashi S, Wang Y, Tanaka A, Zhao H, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Kambe N. Synthesis of Cyclopropane Fatty Acids by C( sp3)−C( sp3) Cross-Coupling Reaction and Formal Synthesis of α-Mycolic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Shohei Terahigashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Arisa Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University, Toyonaka; Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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9
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Braganza CD, Teunissen T, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Identification and Biological Activity of Synthetic Macrophage Inducible C-Type Lectin Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1940. [PMID: 29387054 PMCID: PMC5776103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a pattern recognition receptor able to recognize both damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and in this respect, there has been much interest in determining the scope of ligands that bind Mincle and how structural modifications to these ligands influence ensuing immune responses. In this review, we will present Mincle ligands of known chemical structure, with a focus on ligands that have been synthetically prepared, such as trehalose glycolipids, glycerol-based ligands, and 6-acylated glucose and mannose derivatives. The ability of the different classes of ligands to influence the innate, and consequently, the adaptive, immune response will be described, and where appropriate, structure-activity relationships within each class of Mincle ligands will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Teunissen
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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10
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Chancellor A, Tocheva AS, Cave-Ayland C, Tezera L, White A, Al Dulayymi JR, Bridgeman JS, Tews I, Wilson S, Lissin NM, Tebruegge M, Marshall B, Sharpe S, Elliott T, Skylaris CK, Essex JW, Baird MS, Gadola S, Elkington P, Mansour S. CD1b-restricted GEM T cell responses are modulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolic acid meromycolate chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10956-E10964. [PMID: 29158404 PMCID: PMC5754766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708252114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major human pandemic. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells are donor-unrestricted and recognize CD1b-presented mycobacterial mycolates. However, the molecular requirements governing mycolate antigenicity for the GEM T cell receptor (TCR) remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate CD1b expression in TB granulomas and reveal a central role for meromycolate chains in influencing GEM-TCR activity. Meromycolate fine structure influences T cell responses in TB-exposed individuals, and meromycolate alterations modulate functional responses by GEM-TCRs. Computational simulations suggest that meromycolate chain dynamics regulate mycolate head group movement, thereby modulating GEM-TCR activity. Our findings have significant implications for the design of future vaccines that target GEM T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cave-Ayland
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Liku Tezera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Juma'a R Al Dulayymi
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Histochemistry Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marc Tebruegge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Marshall
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Essex
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Elkington
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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11
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12
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Ali HM, Koza G, Hameed RT, Rowles R, Davies C, Al Dulayymi JR, Gwenin CD, Baird MS. The synthesis of single enantiomers of trans-alkene containing mycolic acids and related sugar esters. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Mohammed MO, Baird MS, Al Dulayymi JR, Jones A, Gwenin CD. Arabino mycolates from synthetic mycolic acids. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Ndlandla FL, Ejoh V, Stoltz AC, Naicker B, Cromarty AD, van Wyngaardt S, Khati M, Rotherham LS, Lemmer Y, Niebuhr J, Baumeister CR, Al Dulayymi JR, Swai H, Baird MS, Verschoor JA. Standardization of natural mycolic acid antigen composition and production for use in biomarker antibody detection to diagnose active tuberculosis. J Immunol Methods 2016; 435:50-9. [PMID: 27247168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is characterized by the abundance of species specific, antigenic cell wall lipids called mycolic acids. These wax-like molecules all share an identical, amphiphilic mycolic motif, but have different functional groups in a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon mero-chain that divide them into three main classes: alpha-, keto- and methoxy-mycolic acids. Whereas alpha-mycolic acids constitutively maintain an abundance of around 50%, the ratio of methoxy- to keto-mycolic acid types may vary depending on, among other things, the growth stage of M. tuberculosis. In human patients, antibodies to mycolic acids have shown potential as diagnostic serum biomarkers for active TB. Variations in mycolic acid composition affect the antigenic properties and can potentially compromise the precision of detection of anti-mycolic acids antibodies in patient sera to natural mixtures. We demonstrate this here with combinations of synthetic mycolic acid antigens, tested against TB patient and control sera. Combinations of methoxy- and α-mycolic acids are more antigenic than combinations of keto- and α-mycolic acids, showing the former to give a more sensitive test for TB biomarker antibodies. Natural mixtures of mycolic acids isolated from mature cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Rv give the same sensitivity as that with synthetic methoxy- and α-mycolic acids in combination, in a surface plasmon resonance inhibition biosensor test. To ensure that the antigenic activity of isolates of natural mycolic acids is reproducible, we cultured M. tuberculosis H37Rv on Middlebrook 7H10 solid agar plates to stationary growth phase in a standardized, optimal way. The proportions of mycolic acid classes in various batches of the isolates prepared from these cultures were compared to a commercially available natural mycolic acid isolate. LC-MS/MS and NMR data for quantitation of mycolic acids class compositions show that the variation in batches is small, suggesting that the quality of the results for anti-mycolic acid antibody detection in the TB patients should not be affected by different batches of natural mycolic acid antigens if prepared in a standard way.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Ndlandla
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - V Ejoh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A C Stoltz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - B Naicker
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A D Cromarty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S van Wyngaardt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Khati
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L S Rotherham
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Y Lemmer
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J Niebuhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C R Baumeister
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - H Swai
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Wales, UK
| | - J A Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Glucose monomycolates based on single synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Nihei T, Hoshino T, Konno T. An efficient approach to gem-difluorocyclopropylstannanes via highly regio- and stereoselective hydrostannylation of gem-difluorocyclopropenes and their unique ring-opening reaction to afford β-fluoroallylic alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3721-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
gem-Difluorocyclopropylstannanes, prepared via the hydrostannylation of gem-difluorocyclopropenes, were treated with MeLi and then quenching agents, to give (Z)-β-fluoroallyllic alcohols, ethers, esters, and amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Nihei
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- 606-8585 Japan
| | - T. Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- 606-8585 Japan
| | - T. Konno
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- 606-8585 Japan
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18
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19
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Balogun MO, Huws EH, Sirhan MM, Saleh AD, Dulayymi JRA, Pilcher L, Verschoor JA, Baird MS. Thiol modified mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 172-173:40-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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