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Robinson AD, Hill-Casey F, Duckett SB, Halse ME. Quantitative reaction monitoring using parahydrogen-enhanced benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14317-14328. [PMID: 38695736 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The parahydrogen-induced polarisation (PHIP) NMR signal enhancement technique is used to study H2 addition to Vaska's complex (trans-[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2]) with both standard high-field (9.4 T) NMR and benchtop (1 T) NMR detection. Accurate and repeatable rate constants of (0.84 ± 0.03) dm3 mol-1 s-1 and (0.89 ± 0.03) dm3 mol-1 s-1 were obtained for this model system using standard high-field and benchtop NMR, respectively. The high-field NMR approach is shown to be susceptible to systematic errors associated with interference from non-hyperpolarised signals, which can be overcome through a multiple-quantum filtered acquisition scheme. This challenge is avoided when using benchtop NMR detection because the non-hyperpolarised signals are much weaker due to the lower magnetic field, enabling the use of a simpler and more efficient single RF pulse detection scheme. Method validation against several experimental parameters (NMR relaxation, %pH2 enrichment and temperature) demonstrates the robustness of the benchtop NMR approach but also highlights the need for sample temperature control throughout reaction monitoring. A simple temperature equilibration protocol, coupled with use of an insulated sample holder while manipulating the sample outside the spectrometer, is found to provide sufficient temperature stabilisation to ensure that accurate and repeatable rate constants are obtained. Finally, the benchtop NMR reaction monitoring protocol is applied to the analysis of a complex mixture, where multiple reaction products form simultaneously. H2 addition to a mixture of three Vaska's complex derivatives was monitored, revealing the presence of competitive reaction pathways within the mixture.
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2
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Kircher R, Xu J, Barskiy DA. In Situ Hyperpolarization Enables 15N and 13C Benchtop NMR at Natural Isotopic Abundance. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:514-520. [PMID: 38126275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Without employing isotopic labeling, we demonstrate the generation of 15N and 13C NMR signals for molecules containing -NH2 motifs using benchtop NMR spectrometers (1-1.4 T). Specifically, high-SNR (>50) detection of ammonia, 4-aminopyridine, benzylamine, and phenethylamine dissolved in methanol or dichloromethane is demonstrated after only 10 s of parahydrogen bubbling using signal amplification by reversible exchange and applying a pulse sequence based on spin-lock-induced crossing. Optimization of the sequence parameters allows us to achieve up to 12% 15N and 0.4% 13C polarization in situ without the need for the sample transfer typically employed in other hyperpolarization methods. Moreover, hyperpolarization is generated continuously without having to stop the parahydrogen bubbling to reset magnetization, paving the way toward fast 2D spectroscopic methods and relaxometry. The provided methodology may find application for the identification of diluted chemicals relevant to industry and research with the aid of affordable benchtop NMR spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kircher
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jingyan Xu
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Danila A Barskiy
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Berry DBG, Clegg I, Codina A, Lyall CL, Lowe JP, Hintermair U. Convenient and accurate insight into solution-phase equilibria from FlowNMR titrations. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solution phase titrations are made easy by multi-nuclear FlowNMR spectroscopy with automated, continuous titre addition to give accurate insights into Brønsted acid/base, hydrogen bonding, Lewis acid/base and metal/ligand binding equilibria under native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ian Clegg
- Bruker UK Ltd, Banner Lane, CV4 9GH Coventry, UK
| | - Anna Codina
- Bruker UK Ltd, Banner Lane, CV4 9GH Coventry, UK
| | - Catherine L. Lyall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
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4
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Bornemann‐Pfeiffer M, Wolf J, Meyer K, Kern S, Angelone D, Leonov A, Cronin L, Emmerling F. Standardisierung und Kontrolle von Grignard‐Reaktionen mittels Online‐NMR in einer universellen chemischen Syntheseplattform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bornemann‐Pfeiffer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering Technische Universität Berlin Marchstr. 23 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Jakob Wolf
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Klas Meyer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Simon Kern
- S-PACT GmbH Burtscheiderstr. 1 52064 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Davide Angelone
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Artem Leonov
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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5
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Bornemann‐Pfeiffer M, Wolf J, Meyer K, Kern S, Angelone D, Leonov A, Cronin L, Emmerling F. Standardization and Control of Grignard Reactions in a Universal Chemical Synthesis Machine using online NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23202-23206. [PMID: 34278673 PMCID: PMC8597166 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A big problem with the chemistry literature is that it is not standardized with respect to precise operational parameters, and real time corrections are hard to make without expert knowledge. This lack of context means difficult reproducibility because many steps are ambiguous, and hence depend on tacit knowledge. Here we present the integration of online NMR into an automated chemical synthesis machine (CSM aka. "Chemputer" which is capable of small-molecule synthesis using a universal programming language) to allow automated analysis and adjustment of reactions on the fly. The system was validated and benchmarked by using Grignard reactions which were chosen due to their importance in synthesis. The system was monitored in real time using online-NMR, and spectra were measured continuously during the reactions. This shows that the synthesis being done in the Chemputer can be dynamically controlled in response to feedback optimizing the reaction conditions according to the user requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bornemann‐Pfeiffer
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
- Chair of Chemical and Process EngineeringTechnische Universität BerlinMarchstr. 2310587BerlinGermany
| | - Jakob Wolf
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Klas Meyer
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Simon Kern
- S-PACT GmbHBurtscheiderstr. 152064AachenGermany
| | | | - Artem Leonov
- School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
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6
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Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses small permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields and therefore offers the advantages of operational simplicity and reasonable cost, presenting a viable alternative to high-field NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the use of benchtop NMR spectroscopy for rapid in-field analysis, e.g., for quality control or forensic science purposes, has attracted considerable attention. As benchtop NMR spectrometers are sufficiently compact to be operated in a fume hood, they can be efficiently used for real-time reaction and process monitoring. This review introduces the recent applications of benchtop NMR spectroscopy in diverse fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, process and reaction monitoring, metabolomics, and polymer materials.
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium: A Hexane-Soluble Reagent for Br/Na-Exchanges and Directed Metalations in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14296-14301. [PMID: 33826212 PMCID: PMC8252725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the on-demand generation of hexane-soluble (2-ethylhexyl)sodium (1) from 3-(chloromethyl)heptane (2) using a sodium-packed-bed reactor under continuous flow conditions. Thus, the resulting solution of 1 is free of elemental sodium and therefore suited for a range of synthetic applications. This new procedure avoids the storage of an alkylsodium and limits the handling of metallic sodium to a minimum. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium (1) proved to be a very useful reagent and undergoes in-line Br/Na-exchanges as well as directed sodiations. The resulting arylsodium intermediates are subsequently trapped in batch with various electrophiles such as ketones, aldehydes, Weinreb-amides, imines, allyl bromides, disulfides and alkyl iodides. A reaction scale-up of the Br/Na-exchange using an in-line electrophile quench was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | | | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2‐Ethylhexyl)natrium: Ein hexanlösliches Reagenz für Br/Na‐Austauschreaktionen und dirigierte Metallierungen im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Rajasekar Reddy Annapureddy
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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Kircher R, Hasse H, Münnemann K. High Flow-Rate Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy Enabled by Continuous Overhauser DNP. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8897-8905. [PMID: 34137586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of a fast-flowing liquid with NMR spectroscopy is challenging because short residence times in the magnetic field of the spectrometer result in inefficient polarization buildup and thus poor signal intensity. This is particularly problematic for benchtop NMR spectrometers because of their compact design. Therefore, in the present work, different methods to counteract this prepolarization problem in benchtop NMR spectroscopy were studied experimentally. The tests were carried out with an equimolar acetonitrile + water mixture flowing through a capillary with a 0.25 mm inner diameter at flow rates up to 2.00 mL min-1, corresponding to mean velocities of up to 0.7 m s-1. Established approaches gave only poor results at high flow rates, namely, using a prepolarization magnet, using a loopy flow cell, and using a T1 relaxation agent. To overcome this, signal enhancement by Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) was used, which is based on polarization transfer from unpaired electron spins to nuclear spins and happens on very short time scales, resulting in high signal enhancements, also in fast-flowing liquids. A corresponding setup was developed and used for the studies: the line leading to the 1 T benchtop NMR spectrometer first passes through a fixed bed with a radical matrix placed in a Halbach magnet equipped with a microwave cavity to facilitate the spin transfer. With this ODNP setup, excellent results were obtained even for the highest studied flow rates. This shows that ODNP is an enabler for fast-flow benchtop NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kircher
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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10
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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11
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Maschmeyer T, Prieto PL, Grunert S, Hein JE. Exploration of continuous-flow benchtop NMR acquisition parameters and considerations for reaction monitoring. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1234-1248. [PMID: 32870524 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on fundamental data acquisition parameter selection for a benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system with continuous flow, applicable for reaction monitoring. The effect of flow rate on the mixing behaviors within a flow cell was observed, along with an exponential decay relationship between flow rate and the apparent spin-lattice relaxation time (T1*) of benzaldehyde. We also monitored sensitivity (as determined by signal-to-noise ratios; SNRs) under various flow rates, analyte concentrations, and temperatures of the analyte flask. Results suggest that a maximum SNR can be achieved with low to medium flow rates and higher analyte concentrations. This was consistent with data collected with parameters that promote either slow or fast data acquisition. We further consider the effect of these conditions on the analyte's residence time, T1*, and magnetic field inhomogeneity that is a product of continuous flow. Altogether, our results demonstrate how fundamental acquisition parameters can be manipulated to achieve optimal data acquisition in continuous-flow NMR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Maschmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paloma L Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shad Grunert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Nestle N, Lim ZJ, Böhringer T, Abtmeyer S, Arenz S, Leinweber FC, Weiß T, von Harbou E. Taking compact NMR to monitoring real reactions in large-scale chemical industries-General considerations and learnings from a lab-scale test case. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1213-1221. [PMID: 32526070 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The considerations for use of compact nuclear magnetic resonance in a large-scale industrial environment clearly differ from those in academic and educational settings and even from those in smaller companies. In the first part of this article, these differences will be discussed along with the additional requirements that need to be fulfilled for successful applicability in different use cases. In the second part of the article, outcomes from different research activities aiming to fulfill these requirements will be presented with a focus on an online reaction-monitoring study on a lab-scale nucleophilic chlorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Zi Jian Lim
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Tobias Böhringer
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Sarah Abtmeyer
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Sven Arenz
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Felix C Leinweber
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiß
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Erik von Harbou
- Process Research and Chemical Engineering, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
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13
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Lee WG, Zell MT, Ouchi T, Milton MJ. NMR spectroscopy goes mobile: Using NMR as process analytical technology at the fume hood. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1193-1202. [PMID: 32364631 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is potentially a very powerful process analytical technology (PAT) tool as it gives an atomic resolution picture of the reaction mixture without the need for chromatography. NMR is well suited for interrogating transient intermediates, providing kinetic information via NMR active nuclei, and most importantly provides universally quantitative information for all species in solution. This contrasts with commonly used PAT instruments, such as Raman or Flow-infrared (IR), which requires a separate calibration curve for every component of the reaction mixture. To date, the large footprint of high-field (≥400 MHz) NMR spectrometers and the immobility of superconducting magnets, coupled with strict requirements for the architecture for the room it is to be installed, have been a major obstacle to using this technology right next to fume hoods where chemists perform synthetic work. Here, we describe the use of a small, lightweight 60 MHz Benchtop NMR system (Nanalysis Pro-60) located on a mobile platform, that was used to monitor both small and intermediate scale Grignard formation and coupling reactions. We also show how low field NMR can provide a deceptively simple yes/no answer (for a system that would otherwise require laborious off-line testing) in the enrichment of one component versus another in a kilogram scale distillation. Benchtop NMR was also used to derive molecule specific information from Flow-IR, a technology found in most manufacturing sites, and compare the ease at which the concentrations of the reaction mixtures can be derived by NMR versus IR.
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14
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Zaquen N, Rubens M, Corrigan N, Xu J, Zetterlund PB, Boyer C, Junkers T. Polymer Synthesis in Continuous Flow Reactors. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Berton M, Sheehan K, Adamo A, McQuade DT. Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel-Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1343-1356. [PMID: 32595782 PMCID: PMC7308606 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium organometallic reagents occupy a central position in organic synthesis. The freshness of these compounds is the key for achieving a high conversion and reproducible results. Common methods for the synthesis of Grignard reagents from metallic magnesium present safety issues and exhibit a batch-to-batch variability. Tubular reactors of solid reagents combined with solution-phase reagents enable the continuous-flow preparation of organomagnesium reagents. The use of stratified packed-bed columns of magnesium metal and lithium chloride for the synthesis of highly concentrated turbo Grignards is reported. A low-cost pod-style synthesizer prototype, which incorporates single-use prepacked perfluorinated cartridges and bags of reagents for the automated on-demand lab-scale synthesis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen turbo magnesium bases is presented. This concept will provide access to fresh organomagnesium reagents on a discovery scale and will do so independent from the operator’s experience in flow and/or organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Berton
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Kevin Sheehan
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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16
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Friebel A, Specht T, von Harbou E, Münnemann K, Hasse H. Prediction of flow effects in quantitative NMR measurements. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 312:106683. [PMID: 32014660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the prediction of the magnetization in flow NMR experiments is presented, which can be applied to mixtures. It enables a quantitative evaluation of NMR spectra of flowing liquid samples even in cases in which the magnetization is limited by the flow. A transport model of the nuclei's magnetization, which is based on the Bloch-equations, is introduced into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. This code predicts the velocity field and relative magnetization of different nuclei for any chosen flow cell geometry, fluid and flow rate. The prediction of relative magnetization is used to correct the observed reduction of signal intensity caused by incomplete premagnetization in fast flowing liquids. By means of the model, quantitative NMR measurements at high flow rates are possible. The method is predictive and enables calculating correction factors for any flow cell design and operating condition based on simple static T1 time measurements. This makes time-consuming calibration measurements for assessing the influence of flow effects obsolete, which otherwise would have to be carried out for each studied condition. The new method is especially interesting for flow measurements with compact medium field NMR spectrometers, which have small premagnetization volumes. In the present work, experiments with three different flow cells in a medium field NMR spectrometer were carried out. Acetonitrile, water, and mixtures of these components were used as model fluids. The experimental results for the magnetization were compared to the predictions from the CFD model and good agreement was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Friebel
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Specht
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erik von Harbou
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
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17
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Yu Z, Xu Q, Liu L, Wu Z, Huang J, Lin J, Su W. Dinitration of o-toluic acid in continuous-flow: process optimization and kinetic study. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Menges-Flanagan G, Deitmann E, Gössl L, Hofmann C, Löb P. Scalable Continuous Synthesis of Grignard Reagents from in Situ-Activated Magnesium Metal. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Deitmann
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Emden Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, 26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Löb
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Sagmeister P, Poms J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Multivariate analysis of inline benchtop NMR data enables rapid optimization of a complex nitration in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multivariate analysis is applied to inline benchtop NMR data for a complex nitration in flow. This rapid quantification enables reaction optimization using advanced techniques in flow, such as design of experiments and dynamic experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Johannes Poms
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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20
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Tijssen KCH, van Weerdenburg BJA, Zhang H, Janssen JWG, Feiters MC, van Bentum PJM, Kentgens APM. Monitoring Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions at Elevated Pressures Using In-Line Flow NMR. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12636-12643. [PMID: 31508941 PMCID: PMC6796828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel setup that can be used for the in-line monitoring of solid-catalyzed gas-liquid reactions. The method combines the high sensitivity and resolution of a stripline NMR detector with a microfluidic network that can withstand elevated pressures. In our setup we dissolve hydrogen gas in the solvent, then flow it with the added substrate through a catalyst cartridge, and finally flow the reaction mixture directly through the stripline NMR detector. The method is quantitative and can be used to determine the solubility of hydrogen gas in liquids; it allows in-line monitoring of hydrogenation reactions and can be used to determine the reaction kinetics of these reactions. In this work, as proof of concept we demonstrate the optimization of the Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions of styrene, phenylacetylene, cyclohexene, and hex-5-en-2-one in a microfluidic context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hainan Zhang
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Laurent Micouin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Riccardo Piccardi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
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22
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Friebel A, von Harbou E, Münnemann K, Hasse H. Reaction Monitoring by Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy Using a Novel Stationary Flow Reactor Setup. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Friebel
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erik von Harbou
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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23
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Beillard A, Bantreil X, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7529-7609. [PMID: 31059243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes: these two words jump to the mind of the chemist and are directly associated with their utility in catalysis or as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, to be able to use them, it is necessary to synthesize them, and it is not always a small matter. Typically, synthesis is via solution chemistry, using a round-bottom flask and a magnetic or mechanical stirrer. This review takes stock of alternative technologies currently available in laboratories that facilitate the synthesis of such complexes. We highlight five such technologies: mechanochemistry, also known as solvent-free chemistry, uses a mortar and pestle or a ball mill; microwave activation can drastically reduce reaction times; ultrasonic activation promotes chemical reactions because of cavitation phenomena; photochemistry, which uses light radiation to initiate reactions; and continuous flow chemistry, which is increasingly used to simplify scale-up. While facilitating the synthesis of organometallic compounds, these enabling technologies also allow access to compounds that cannot be obtained in any other way. This shows how the paradigm is changing and evolving toward new technologies, without necessarily abandoning the round-bottom flask. A bright future is ahead of the organometallic chemist, thanks to these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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24
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Abdiaj I, Horn CR, Alcazar J. Scalability of Visible-Light-Induced Nickel Negishi Reactions: A Combination of Flow Photochemistry, Use of Solid Reagents, and In-Line NMR Monitoring. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4748-4753. [PMID: 30336017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scale up of light-induced nickel-catalyzed Negishi reactions is reported herein, with output rates reaching multigram quantities per hour. This level of throughput is suitable to support preclinical medicinal chemistry programs in late lead optimization, where tens of grams to hundreds of grams of final product is needed. Adjusting reaction times and concentrations was critical in achieving this robust output. This example demonstrates how visible photochemistry and use of solid metal reagent can be used and how the progress of the reaction can be followed by in-line NMR monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Abdiaj
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research and Development , Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Clemens R Horn
- Corning S.A.S , Corning European Technology Center , 7 bis avenue de Valvins , CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, Avon , 77215 Cedex , France
| | - Jesus Alcazar
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research and Development , Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
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25
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Tosso NP, Desai BK, De Oliveira E, Wen J, Tomlin J, Gupton BF. A Consolidated and Continuous Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin from a Vinylogous Cyclopropyl Amide. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3370-3376. [PMID: 30786209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is recognized as one of the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines. It is particularly effective in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections associated with urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tract infections. A streamlined and high yielding continuous synthesis of ciprofloxacin has been developed, which employs a chemoselective C-acylation step that precludes the need for intermediate isolations, extractions, or purifications. The end-to-end process has a residence time of 4.7 min with a 15.8 g/h throughput at laboratory scale and an overall isolated yield of 83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Perrer Tosso
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 West Main Street , Richmond , Virginia 23220 , United States
| | - Bimbisar K Desai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 West Main Street , Richmond , Virginia 23220 , United States
| | - Eliseu De Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 West Main Street , Richmond , Virginia 23220 , United States
| | - Juekun Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 West Main Street , Richmond , Virginia 23220 , United States
| | - John Tomlin
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 West Main Street , Richmond , Virginia 23220 , United States
| | - B Frank Gupton
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 West Main Street , Richmond , Virginia 23220 , United States
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26
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Leutzsch M, Sederman AJ, Gladden LF, Mantle MD. In situ reaction monitoring in heterogeneous catalysts by a benchtop NMR spectrometer. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 56:138-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
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28
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Mahajan B, Aand D, Singh AK. Silver‐Catalyzed Arylation of (Hetero)arenes via Oxidative Benzylic C−C Bond Cleavage of Benzyl Alcohols/ Benzaldehyde. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Mahajan
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process ChemistryCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007 India
| | - Dnyaneshwar Aand
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process ChemistryCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007 India
| | - Ajay K. Singh
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process ChemistryCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007 India
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29
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Schotten C, Howard JL, Jenkins RL, Codina A, Browne DL. A continuous flow-batch hybrid reactor for commodity chemical synthesis enabled by inline NMR and temperature monitoring. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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30
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31
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Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec); Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec); Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- IMEC division IMOMEC; Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
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33
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Sharma R, Abdullaha M, Bharate SB. Oxidant-Controlled C-sp 2/sp 3-H Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Benzylamines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9786-9793. [PMID: 28820259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant controlled ionic liquid mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of benzylamines with N-heterocycles having sp2 or sp3 carbon resulted in the formation of C-benzoylated or alkenylated products. Benzoylation of N-heterocycles occurs via (NH4)2S2O8 catalyzed benzoyl radical formation. An oxidative alkenylation of N-heterocycles having C-sp3 carbon (2-methylaza-arenes) occurs via deamination of benzylamine followed by C-sp3-H bond activation in high stereoselectivity. Both benzoylation and alkenylation protocols are metal-free, green, simple, efficient, and tolerate a wide variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mohd Abdullaha
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
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34
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Huck L, de la Hoz A, Díaz-Ortiz A, Alcázar J. Grignard Reagents on a Tab: Direct Magnesium Insertion under Flow Conditions. Org Lett 2017; 19:3747-3750. [PMID: 28657761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An on-demand preparation of organomagnesium reagents is presented using a new flow protocol. The risks associated with the activation of magnesium are circumvented by a new on-column initiation procedure. Required amounts of solutions with a precise titration were obtained. Telescoped flow or batch reactions allow access to a diverse set of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Huck
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio de la Hoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Angel Díaz-Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jesus Alcázar
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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35
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Gomez MV, de la Hoz A. NMR reaction monitoring in flow synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:285-300. [PMID: 28326137 PMCID: PMC5331343 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the use of flow chemistry with in-line and on-line analysis by NMR are presented. The use of macro- and microreactors, coupled with standard and custom made NMR probes involving microcoils, incorporated into high resolution and benchtop NMR instruments is reviewed. Some recent selected applications have been collected, including synthetic applications, the determination of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and reaction optimization, even in single experiments and on the μL scale. Finally, software that allows automatic reaction monitoring and optimization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gomez
- Área Química Orgánica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela nº 10, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain and Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio de la Hoz
- Área Química Orgánica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela nº 10, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain and Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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36
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Rehm TH, Hofmann C, Reinhard D, Kost HJ, Löb P, Besold M, Welzel K, Barten J, Didenko A, Sevenard DV, Lix B, Hillson AR, Riegel SD. Continuous-flow synthesis of fluorine-containing fine chemicals with integrated benchtop NMR analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00023e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine fine chemical synthesis takes a step ahead using integrated NMR online-analysis with a benchtop NMR spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Barten
- Hansa Fine Chemicals GmbH, BITZ
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
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37
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Bana P, Örkényi R, Lövei K, Lakó Á, Túrós GI, Éles J, Faigl F, Greiner I. The route from problem to solution in multistep continuous flow synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:6180-6189. [PMID: 28087127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of continuous flow chemistry allow the multistep preparation of complex molecules such as APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) in a telescoped manner. Numerous examples of laboratory-scale applications are described, which are pointing towards novel manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical compounds, in accordance with recent regulatory, economical and quality guidances. The chemical and technical knowledge gained during these studies is considerable; nevertheless, connecting several individual chemical transformations and the attached analytics and purification holds hidden traps. In this review, we summarize innovative solutions for these challenges, in order to benefit chemists aiming to exploit flow chemistry systems for the synthesis of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bana
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Örkényi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Lövei
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lakó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
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38
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Archambault CM, Leadbeater NE. A benchtop NMR spectrometer as a tool for monitoring mesoscale continuous-flow organic synthesis: equipment interface and assessment in four organic transformations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach is reported for monitoring continuous-flow reactions by means of a low-field benchtop NMR spectrometer.
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39
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Hall AMR, Chouler JC, Codina A, Gierth PT, Lowe JP, Hintermair U. Practical aspects of real-time reaction monitoring using multi-nuclear high resolution FlowNMR spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FlowNMR spectroscopy is an excellent technique for non-invasive real-time reaction monitoring under relevant conditions that avoids many of the limitations that bedevil other reaction monitoring techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. R. Hall
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Jonathan C. Chouler
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | | | | | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
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