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Rybska M, Billert M, Skrzypski M, Wojciechowicz T, Kubiak M, Łukomska A, Nowak T, Włodarek J, Wąsowska B. Expression and localization of the neuropeptide phoenixin-14 and its receptor GRP173 in the canine reproductive organs and periovarian adipose tissue. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 255:107282. [PMID: 37356348 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) is a regulatory neuropeptide encoded by the SMIM20 gene, which has been implicated in the reproductive cycle by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Recently, we showed that PNX-14 is downregulated in bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of Smim20, PNX-14, and its putative receptor GRP173 in the canine ovary (both healthy and those with ovarian cysts), periovarian adipose tissue (PAT) and in the endometrium during the oestrous cycle. The expression was analysed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. In tissue sections, peptides were localised by immunofluorescent assays, and blood plasma concentrations of PNX-14 were detected by EIA. The results demonstrated increased levels of PNX in bitches in the anestrus groups compared to diestrus animals. The expression of GPR173 increased in PAT during the diestrus phase and endometrial tissue in late diestrus bitches. In the ovary, strong signals of PNX-14 and GPR173 were detected in the luteal and follicular cells. Furthermore, bitches with cystic ovaries were characterised by elevated circulating PNX levels and a significantly higher expression of PNX and GPR173 in gonadal tissues, when compared with healthy animals. Moreover, a positive correlation between PNX and progesterone in the blood of healthy bitches was noted, which changed to a negative correlation in females affected by cystic ovaries. These studies expand the knowledge regarding the expression and localization of the PNX/GRP173 system in canine reproductive organs during physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rybska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tatiana Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kubiak
- Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Łukomska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Wąsowska
- Department of Local Physiological Regulations, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
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Niewiadomska Z, Adib-Lesaux A, Reyes-Gomez E, Gandoin C, Bouillin C, Gaillard V, Fontbonne A. Uterine issues in infertile queens: nine cases. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 251:107225. [PMID: 37003062 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This prospective case series investigated potential uterine causes of infertility in queens. Purebred queens with infertility (failure to conceive, embryonic death, or failure to maintain pregnancy and produce viable kittens), but no other reproductive disorders were examined approximately 1-8 weeks before mating (Visit 1), 21 days after mating (Visit 2), and 45 days after mating (Visit 3) if pregnant at Visit 2. Investigations included vaginal cytology and bacteriology, urine bacteriology, and ultrasonography. At Visit 2 or 3, uterine biopsy or ovariohysterectomy was performed for histology. Of nine eligible queens, seven were non-pregnant by ultrasound at Visit 2 and two had lost pregnancies by Visit 3. Ovulation was confirmed by serum progesterone concentration in all queens. Ultrasonic appearance of the ovaries and uterus was compatible with a healthy status except for one queen with signs of cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra, a follicular cyst in another, and fetal resorptions in two queens. Six cats had histologic lesions of endometrial hyperplasia, including CEH (n=1). Only one cat had no histologic uterine lesions. Bacteria were cultured from vaginal samples in seven queens at Visit 1, (two were non-evaluable), and in five of seven queens sampled at Visit 2. Uterine cultures were negative except for the cat with pyometra. All urine cultures were negative. In summary, the most frequent pathology observed in these infertile queens was histologic endometrial hyperplasia, which can potentially inhibit embryo implantation and healthy placental development. This suggests that uterine disease might contribute substantially to infertility in purebred queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Unité de Médecine de L'Elevage et du Sport (UMES), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Achraf Adib-Lesaux
- Royal Canin Research Center, 650 Avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470 Aimargues, France
| | - Edouard Reyes-Gomez
- Unité d'Histologie et d'Anatomie Pathologique, Laboratoire d'Anatomo-Cytopathologie, Biopôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christelle Gandoin
- Unité de Bactériologie, Biopôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Bouillin
- Unité de Bactériologie, Biopôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Gaillard
- Royal Canin Research Center, 650 Avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470 Aimargues, France.
| | - Alain Fontbonne
- Unité de Médecine de L'Elevage et du Sport (UMES), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Praderio RG, Rearte R, Stornelli MC, Mitacek MCG, de la Sota RL, Stornelli MA. The importance of the diestrus stages (early, middle, late) to the diagnosis of the endometrial disease in the bitch. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-022-00589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Rybska M, Billert M, Skrzypski M, Kubiak M, Woźna-Wysocka M, Łukomska A, Nowak T, Błaszczyk-Cichoszewska J, Pomorska-Mól M, Wąsowska B. Canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra may downregulate neuropeptide phoenixin and GPR173 receptor expression. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 238:106931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Aires LPN, Gasser B, Silva P, Del Aguila Da Silva P, Silveira MV, Carneiro RK, IwaoYamada D, Padilha-Nakaghi LC, Uscategui RAR, Spada S, Russo M, Feliciano MAR. High-definition ultrasonography in the evaluation of the reproductive tract of bitches during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 234:106870. [PMID: 34673364 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to sonographically evaluate the reproductive tract of bitches during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle using High Density (HD) ultrasonic techniques. Females (n = 8) were evaluated at five different times throughout the follicular phase, as determined by vaginal cytology and blood progesterone concentrations. Ultrasonic exams were performed using the ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS device utilizing a multifrequency HD transducer (5.5-18 MHz). Videos of the ovaries were obtained and recordings were evaluated using a DICOM viewer software for counting and measuring the ovarian structures, which were assigned to groups based on diameter in mm: G1: ≤ 1; G2: from 1.01 to 3.5; G3 from 3.51 to 5.5; G4: from 5.51 to 10. There was a greater uterine thickness with the progression of the follicular phase (P < 0.05). Six distinct regions were identified in the uterine wall. The ovarian dimensions increased (P < 0.05) as stage of the follicular phase advanced. There was fluid detected around the ovaries after ovulation. There was a characteristic fat tissue hyperechogenicity around the ovaries at all timepoints. There was a difference in the number of ovarian structures of each dimension group at each time there were assessments (P < 0.05). There was a difference in diameter of the largest ovarian structure and in average value of wall thickness at all timepoints when there were evaluations (P < 0.05). The HD ultrasonography technique provides for excellent image resolution, allowing for a more precise characterization of the bitch's reproductive structures and changes occurring during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Paulo Nogueira Aires
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Del Aguila Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Kretzer Carneiro
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego IwaoYamada
- Hospital Carlos Fernando Rossato, College Dr. Francisco Maeda - FAFRAM, Ituverava, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Cristina Padilha-Nakaghi
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrés Ramirez Uscategui
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stefano Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Diagnostic Imaging Sector, Department of Large Animals Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Expression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Isoforms in Canine Endometrium with Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra Complex. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061844. [PMID: 34205820 PMCID: PMC8234116 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathomorphological changes and functional disorders of the uterus have long been a significant problem in the reproduction of dogs. The most commonly identified uterine disorders leading to permanent loss of fertility in dogs include cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra. These diseases may occur jointly as a CEH–pyometra complex. Despite numerous studies, the etiology of this disease remains unclear. TGF-β is considered to be one of the key factors in pathophysiological uterine disorders. The results indicate the significant expression of TGF-β1 in endometrial tissues in bitches affected by CEH–pyometra complex. Consequently, among all TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1 is a potential biomarker involved in the regulation of a dog’s endometrium with proliferative and degenerative changes. Abstract Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra are the most frequently diagnosed uterine diseases affecting bitches of different ages. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been classified in females as a potential regulator of many endometrial changes during the estrous cycle or may be involved in pathological disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3 in the endometrium of bitches suffering from CEH or a CEH–pyometra complex compared to clinically healthy females (control group; CG). A significantly increased level of TGF-β1 mRNA expression was observed in the endometrium with CEH–pyometra compared to CEH and CG. Protein production of TGF-β1 was identified only in the endometrium of bitches with CEH–pyometra. An increase in TGF-β3 mRNA expression was observed in all the studied groups compared to CG. The expression of TGF-β2 mRNA was significantly higher in CEH and lower in CEH–pyometra uteri. The results indicate the presence of TGF-β cytokines in canine endometrial tissues affected by proliferative and degenerative changes. However, among all TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1 could potentially be a key factor involved in the regulation of the endometrium in bitches with CEH–pyometra complex.
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Woźna-Wysocka M, Rybska M, Błaszak B, Jaśkowski BM, Kulus M, Jaśkowski JM. Morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia - pyometra complex - the value of histopathological examination. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:174. [PMID: 33902588 PMCID: PMC8077759 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH-P) is one of the most common uteropathies in bitches. In diseases with mild or obscure clinical signs and normal uterine size, a diagnosis based on a clinical assessment might be incorrect. The main aim of the research was to determine the morphological variables accompanying uterine diseases in bitches in microscopic evaluation. Consequently, the obtained results can be used to create a new classification system for uterine pathological changes during the development of the CEH-P, diagnosed by microscopic examination in bitches. Material for the study consisted of the uteri of 120 female dogs, aged 1-16 years, obtained during routine ovariohysterectomies. Macroscopic observation after a longitudinal incision of the uterine horns, allowed a preliminary classification of the uteri into research groups: control group (physiological uteri), and groups GI-III uteri collected form bitches with varying degrees of endometrial pathology. These preliminary classifications were then verified by histological analysis (H&E stain). RESULTS The obtained results made it possible to determine and describe the prevalence (%) of pathological changes characteristic of the analyzed uterine diseases in the examined bitches. Histopathological analyses that were conducted have confirmed preliminary macroscopic evaluation for the control group, group GII (CEH), and group GIII (pyometra). In the uteri of the GI group, a severe congestion of the endometrium has been observed - this is typical of inflammation - which was not confirmed during histopathological examinations. However, these examinations revealed acute endometrial haemorrhage of varying severity. CONCLUSIONS Early reproduction disorders in bitches are, in general, not confirmed by clinical signs in the examined animals. The results show that during classification of typical morphological changes in the endometrium over the development of the CEH-P complex in bitches microscopic examinations are required. The obtained results indicate a frequent lack of consistency in the macroscopic assessment and histological analysis of the endometrium, observed in the analyzed uterine diseases, which in most cases is not followed by clinical symptoms. The presented classification of uterine diseases may be useful as a diagnostic tool in reproductive disorders in bitches and in examination in the field of basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Woźna-Wysocka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Rybska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Błaszak
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Grater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej M Jaśkowski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jędrzej M Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
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Salemi Z, Rezaie A, Goorani Nejad S, Mohammadian B. Histopathological and cytological analyses of endometrium in water buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) to detect estrus and endometritis. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:409-414. [PMID: 33643595 PMCID: PMC7904126 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.92037.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine cytological, histopathological and cytomorphometrical characteristics of endometrium in healthy and endometritic uterus in the water buffalo. Fifty eight non-pregnant reproductive systems were collected from slaughterhouse. Efficiency of three methods of sampling including cotton swab, smear, and aspiration were compared for cytologic study. Concurrent histopathologic examination revealed endometritis in 38 uteri including 8 (21.00%) with mild endometritis, 7 (18.42%) with moderate endometritis, 6 (15.90%) with severe endometritis and 17 (44.73%) with chronic endometritis. Cyto-morphometrical results showed significant relationship between diameter and area of epithelial nuclei with phases of estrus cycle. Neutrophil and lymphocytes densities in swab and aspiration samples were significantly higher in severe endometritis than normal and chronic endometritis samples. Similarly, lymphocytes density in smear and aspiration methods was significant between normal and moderates, and also severe and chronic endometritis. Cytomorphometric analysis of epithelial nuclei characteristics (diameter and area) in buffalo were performed for the first time and it could be valuable to identify estrus cycle in this species. Aspiration had the most efficiency to identify endometritis in comparison with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salemi
- DVM Graduate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Annahita Rezaie
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saad Goorani Nejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Babak Mohammadian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Quartuccio M, Cristarella S, Medica P, Fazio E, Mazzullo G, Rifici C, Liotta L, Satué K. Endometrial Cytology During the Different Phases of the Estrous Cycle in Jennies: New Evidences. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061062. [PMID: 32575538 PMCID: PMC7341222 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since in the mare and other animal species such as bitches and cats, the endometrial cell pattern varies depending on the phase of the estrous cycle, the aim of this study was to describe and quantify the endometrial cytological (EC) findings in cycling jennies. EC of eight nonpregnant jennies by cytobrush (CB) at diestrus (day 1 and day 14) and estrous (day 21) were evaluated. All slides were stained with Wright´s stain and microscopically examined at both 400× and 1000× magnification. Seven high-power fields (400×) were assessed in each smear and the endometrial epithelial cells and neutrophils (PMNs) were counted. Endometrial epithelial cells were classified as intact, distorted or fragmented and, on the basis of the presence of dense groups, in monolayer or single clusters. Cytoplasmic characteristics, such as vacuolation or streaming and size, form, position of nuclear characteristics, including karyorrhexis, were recorded. Background aspect, as clear, proteinaceous, or debris, was also considered. In general, sampling by CB provided a yield of cells and clumped endometrial epithelial cells in many smears, being more abundant in estrus than early and late diestrus. Individual endometrial epithelial cells, during estrous, presented a columnar morphology, ciliated or not ciliated and basal nuclei. During diestrus phase, endometrial epithelial cells presented a more cuboidal ciliated or not ciliated morphology. Moderate amount of proteinacious material and red blood cells (RBC) was also observed. Non variation in the percentage of PMNs during diestrus was obtained, but lower and segmented PMNs in CB smears were shown in estrous. This study provides new insights on the physiological changes of endometrial epithelial cells in cycling jennies during the estrus cycle. The CB technique represents a suitable and adequate method for endometrial evaluation, taking into account cytological and/or cytopathological purposes also in jennies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.Q.); (S.C.); (P.M.); (E.F.); (G.M.); (C.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Santo Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.Q.); (S.C.); (P.M.); (E.F.); (G.M.); (C.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.Q.); (S.C.); (P.M.); (E.F.); (G.M.); (C.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.Q.); (S.C.); (P.M.); (E.F.); (G.M.); (C.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Mazzullo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.Q.); (S.C.); (P.M.); (E.F.); (G.M.); (C.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Claudia Rifici
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.Q.); (S.C.); (P.M.); (E.F.); (G.M.); (C.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.Q.); (S.C.); (P.M.); (E.F.); (G.M.); (C.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961-36-90-00
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Praderio RG, García Mitacek MC, Núñez Favre R, Rearte R, de la Sota RL, Stornelli MA. Uterine endometrial cytology, biopsy, bacteriology, and serum C-reactive protein in clinically healthy diestrus bitches. Theriogenology 2019; 131:153-161. [PMID: 30974392 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the agreement between endometrial cytology and uterine biopsy for the diagnosis of endometritis (END), the bacterial populations isolated from the vagina and uterus of bitches having END, and the measurement of C- reactive protein as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of END in clinically healthy bitches. Fifty privately-owned intact, clinically healthy bitches, in diestrus, without a history of progestin administration, aged between 8 months and 6 years old and weighing between 5 and 28 kg were used in this study. Bitches were included in a program for breeding control at a municipal pet public shelter. Before ovariohysterectomy (OVX) samples for vaginal cytology and bacteriology, and blood samples were taken. After OVX endometrial cytology, bacteriological samples and biopsy were collected. Histologic examination was performed to confirm the uterine condition. Blood samples were centrifuged and stored at -20 °C until progesterone (P4) and C-reactive protein was measured. Samples for bacteriological culture were collected, and swabs were placed into Stuart's transport medium and transported to the laboratory. On histopathologic examination, the most common observation was END (27/50), followed by normal endometrium (NE; 18/50), cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH; 2/50), atrophy (2/50) and fibrosis with degeneration of the endometrial glands (1/50). Low degree of agreement was observed between results obtained by endometrial cytology samples and results obtained by biopsy in endometrial diagnosis (Kappa Coefficient: -0.19). In vaginal samples, β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the bacteria most often found. In uterine samples, only four samples from END showed bacterial grow. C-reactive protein frequency was higher in END (6/23, 23%) vs NE (0/16, 0%; Van der Waerden P-value = 0,0302). Our results support the hypothesis that END is a frequent finding in uterine biopsy and could be associated with subfertility and infertility in the bitch. A low degree of agreement was observed between the diagnostic results from the uterine biopsy and endometrial cytology. Bacteriology would not be recommended as a diagnostic tool because no bacteria highly associated with uterine diseases were isolated from bitches with END. Finally, the usefulness of C-reactive protein concentration as a marker for END in bitches could not be conclusively demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Praderio
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - M C García Mitacek
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R Núñez Favre
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R Rearte
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R L de la Sota
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - M A Stornelli
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina.
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11
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Rautela R, Katiyar R. Review on canine pyometra, oxidative stress and current trends in diagnostics. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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12
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Maya-Pulgarin D, Gonzalez-Dominguez MS, Aranzazu-Taborda D, Mendoza N, Maldonado-Estrada JG. Histopathologic findings in uteri and ovaries collected from clinically healthy dogs at elective ovariohysterectomy: a cross-sectional study. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:407-414. [PMID: 27515261 PMCID: PMC5639094 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Opinions on ovariohysterectomy (OHE) of bitches vary depending on region and country. In this descriptive, prospective cross-sectional study, uterine tracts and ovaries exhibiting gross pathologic findings (n = 76) were collected post-surgery from a reference population of 3,600 bitches (2.11% incidence) that underwent elective OHE during September to November 2013 and evaluated by histopathology examination. Data were evaluated by using descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests. Bitches were of crossbred background with average age 5 years (range 0.6–8.0 years) and most were nulliparous (69.7%) with no anamnesis of reproductive diseases (81.6%). Frequencies of proestrus, estrus, and diestrus were 42.1%, 6.6%, and 19.7%, respectively. The presence of mammary gland masses (5.3%) significantly correlated with histopathologic findings in ovaries and age of the bitch (p < 0.05). Predominant uterine histopathologies included cystic endometrial hyperplasia, periglandular fibrosis, lymphoplasmocytary endometritis, and adenomyosis (19.7%, 14.5%, 4.0%, and 2.6%, respectively). In ovaries, hyperplasia of rete ovarii, follicular cysts, oophoritis, adenoma of the rete ovarii, cysts of superficial structures, and granulosa cell tumors (10.5%, 10.5%, 7.9%, 4.0%, 2.6%, and 2.6%, respectively) were observed. The results reveal the presence of subclinical pathologies in healthy bitches, suggesting that OHE at an early age is beneficial for prevention of reproductive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maya-Pulgarin
- INCA-CES Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia
| | - María Soledad Gonzalez-Dominguez
- INCA-CES Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, CES University, Envigado 0555427, Colombia
| | - Diego Aranzazu-Taborda
- Research Group on Veterinary Sciences Centauro School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Natalia Mendoza
- INCA-CES Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia
| | - Juan Guillermo Maldonado-Estrada
- Research Group on Veterinary Sciences Centauro School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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13
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Abstract
Uterine diseases are common in dogs, particularly in countries where elective spaying is not usually performed. The associated clinical illnesses may be of varying degree ranging from merely decreased fertility to a critical pyometra requiring intensive care to survive. The diagnosis of some uterine diseases is generally uncomplicated, such as in a classic pyometra presenting with enlarged, fluid-filled uterus, purulent vaginal discharge and characteristic signs of illness or in other disorders associated with uterine enlargement. However, it can be more puzzling in diseases with normal uterine size and very mild or obscure clinical signs. It is important to recognize the uterine diseases early because of the risk of potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis developing if treatment is delayed in cases where bacterial infection is present. In breeding bitches, an early diagnosis, that is when the disease has not developed extensively, will increase the possibility of non-surgical treatment options without increased risk and thereby also increasing chances of maintained fertility. Early diagnosis and treatment initiation are thus favourable for complete recovery, also in less severe uterine diseases and those without infection. Molecular markers are molecules in biological samples that can be measured for diagnostic purposes, outcome prediction, and for gaining more information about different physiological and pathological conditions. Examples of commonly evaluated markers include laboratory variables analysed in blood, urine, cytological or tissue biopsy samples. Regarding the genetic pre-disposition for different uterine diseases in dogs, information is lacking. Recently, the global gene expression in uterine tissue in dogs has been investigated more closely, and newly developed technologies provide excellent opportunities for identifying molecular markers worth exploring further. The focus of this review article is to highlight findings on markers relevant for diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and treatment outcome in the most common uterine diseases in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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15
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16
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Gajęcka M, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki M. The Effect of Low Monotonic Doses of Zearalenone on Selected Reproductive Tissues in Pre-Pubertal Female Dogs--A Review. Molecules 2015; 20:20669-87. [PMID: 26610443 PMCID: PMC6331970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in toxic substances combined with advancements in biological sciences has shed a new light on the problem of mycotoxins contaminating feeds and foods. An interdisciplinary approach was developed by identifying dose-response relationships in key research concepts, including the low dose theory of estrogen-like compounds, hormesis, NOAEL dose, compensatory response and/or food tolerance, and effects of exposure to undesirable substances. The above considerations increased the researchers’ interest in risk evaluation, namely: (i) clinical symptoms associated with long-term, daily exposure to low doses of a toxic compound; and (ii) dysfunctions at cellular or tissue level that do not produce clinical symptoms. Research advancements facilitate the extrapolation of results and promote the use of novel tools for evaluating the risk of exposure, for example exposure to zearalenone in pre-pubertal female dogs. The arguments presented in this paper suggest that low doses of zearalenone in commercial feeds stimulate metabolic processes and increase weight gains. Those processes are accompanied by lower proliferation rates in the ovaries, neoangiogenesis and vasodilation in the ovaries and the uterus, changes in the steroid hormone profile, and changes in the activity of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. All of the above changes result from exogenous hyperestrogenizm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/01, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland.
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17
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Hagman R. Diagnostic and prognostic markers for uterine diseases in dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 49 Suppl 2:16-20. [PMID: 24947856 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Common uterine diseases in female dogs include cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), mucometra, hydrometra and pyometra. It is important in clinical practice to recognize pyometra because it is potentially life-threatening due to the systemic illness induced by bacterial infection of the uterus. In contrast, the uterine content is sterile in CEH and mucometra/hydrometra, and clinical signs are mostly mild or absent. Optimal treatment depends on the type of uterine disease and its severity, but diagnosis and prognosis determination may be challenging and the diseases difficult to separate clinically. Diagnostic findings or biomarkers that may aid in the differentiation of the diseases are valuable, especially when several bitches are admitted with a fluid-filled uterus during night-time, and it has to be decided which patient to operate on first. Additionally, some variables may indicate outcome as measured by mortality or morbidity. If the uterus is not enlarged or fluid-filled, detection of uterine disease can be even more difficult. In this study, clinically useful variables with possible diagnostic or prognostic value for uterine diseases in dogs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Henriques S, Silva E, Cruz S, Silva MF, Ferreira-Dias G, Lopes-da-Costa L, Mateus L. Oestrous cycle-dependent expression of Fas and Bcl2 family gene products in normal canine endometrium. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14245. [PMID: 25707315 DOI: 10.1071/rd14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During the oestrous cycle canine endometrium undergoes cyclical cellular proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. To study the regulation of endometrial apoptosis and proliferation events the expression of apoptosis-related genes was analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and cellular expression of their proteins was identified through immunohistochemistry. Cellular apoptosis and proliferation events were detected by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and proliferation marker Ki67 immunostaining, respectively. The highest proliferative index was observed in the follicular phase (all endometrial cellular components) and at early dioestrus (basal glands). This was associated with a low apoptotic index and a strong expression of anti- (Bcl2) and pro-apoptotic proteins (Fas, FasL, Bax). Subsequently (Days 11-45 of dioestrus), basal glandular epithelium experienced the highest apoptotic index, coincidental with a decrease of Bcl2 expression and a low ratio of Bcl2/Bax transcription. An increase in the apoptotic index of crypts, stromal and endothelial cells was observed at late dioestrus and the beginning of anoestrus. These results indicate that pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins regulate the balance between cell proliferation and death in the canine endometrium during the oestrous cycle. High Bcl2 expression in both the follicular and early dioestrous phases stimulate glandular proliferation and prevent apoptosis but, in the non-pregnant uterus, a decrease in Bcl2 expression together with an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins induces apoptosis of basal glandular epithelium cells.
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Groppetti D, Aralla M, Bronzo V, Bosi G, Pecile A, Arrighi S. Periovulatory time in the bitch: what's new to know?: Comparison between ovarian histology and clinical features. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 152:108-16. [PMID: 25510561 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to recognize specific events happening in the ovaries during periovulatory time allows optimal management of canine reproduction. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of vaginal cytology and blood progesterone (P4) assay to identify accurately the changes occurring at the ovarian structures, mainly during the fertile period. Tertiary follicles, corpora hemorrhagica (CHs) and corpora lutea (CLs) from forty healthy bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy were evaluated by histo-morphometry based on their aspect, number and size. The tertiary follicles distribution (small, medium and large) was statistically different (P<0.002) among all the stages of the reproductive cycle, except for small follicles (<2mm), which were always observed from proestrus to anestrus. Very large follicles (>4mm) were predominant (P=0.008) around ovulation when P4 mean level was 6.1±1.7ng/mL. The early postovulatory estrous period was characterized by CHs (P<0.002) and P4 level of 16.7±5.9ng/mL. The end of the fertile period - start of diestrus - coincided with the development of CLs (P=0.001) associated with a P4 mean level of 73.9±9.9ng/mL. The small (P<0.001) and medium (P<0.05) follicle diameters were positively correlated with the bitch size. The number of follicles larger than 4mm was significantly lower in bitches younger than 4 years (P<0.02). This study provides insight into some critical steps in the canine reproductive processes in the periovulatory phase and the end of the fertile period, essential to plan breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 10, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Aralla
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, via D. Trentacoste 2, I-20134 Milano, Italy
| | - V Bronzo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, via D. Trentacoste 2, I-20134 Milano, Italy
| | - G Bosi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, via D. Trentacoste 2, I-20134 Milano, Italy
| | - A Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 10, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - S Arrighi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, via D. Trentacoste 2, I-20134 Milano, Italy.
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20
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Romagnoli S, Lopate C. Transcervical Artificial Insemination in Dogs and Cats: Review of the Technique and Practical Aspects. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 4:56-63. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padova; Legnaro PD Italy
| | - C Lopate
- Reproductive Revolutions and Wilsonville Veterinary Clinic; Wilsonville OR USA
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21
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Stopa E, Gajęcka M, Babińska I, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki M. The effect of experimental exposure to low doses of zearalenone on uterine histology and morphometry in prepubertal bitches. Theriogenology 2014; 82:537-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Kidney
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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23
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Freeman S, Green M, England G. Uterine fluid from bitches with mating-induced endometritis reduces the attachment of spermatozoa to the uterine epithelium. Vet J 2013; 198:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Freeman SL, Green MJ, England GCW. Prevalence and effect of uterine luminal free fluid on pregnancy and litter size in bitches. Theriogenology 2013; 80:73-6. [PMID: 23622942 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Free fluid within the uterine lumen has been identified ultrasonographically as a transient finding in normal bitches in the period immediately after mating, and delayed clearance of the fluid has been documented in bitches with endometrial hyperplasia. This study used B-mode ultrasonography to investigate the prevalence of free fluid in the uterine lumen in normal bitches (n = 53) and bitches with endometrial hyperplasia (n = 10) on Days -7, 0, +5, and +14 in relation to estimated ovulation. For normal bitches without endometrial hyperplasia, 47 (86.6%) bitches become pregnant, whereas for bitches with endometrial hyperplasia, 3 (30%) become pregnant. In both the groups, the presence of uterine fluid on Days -7 and 0 was not associated with the probability of a bitch becoming pregnant, whereas the presence of uterine fluid on either Day +5 or +14 was significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of pregnancy. In pregnant bitches, uterine luminal fluid present on Day 0 was associated with a smaller litter size. This is the first study to establish the prevalence and effect of uterine luminal free fluid in bitches. We postulate that as the uterine luminal free fluid may be detected in normal bitches before mating and has no effect on the pregnancy rate or litter size in either group, this fluid is "physiological." However, it seems that the later in estrus the uterine fluid is present, the more likely it is to have an adverse effect on fertility. In some cases, this is manifest as a reduced litter size, while, importantly, the presence of fluid 5 to 14 days after ovulation is strongly associated with an absence of pregnancy, both in bitches with and without endometrial hyperplasia. We propose that ultrasonographic detection of uterine luminal free fluid after mating may be a useful prognostic indicator for pregnancy outcome, which may allow the targeting of treatments specifically to a population of animals that presumably develop mating-induced endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Freeman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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25
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Perturbed sperm–epithelial interaction in bitches with mating-induced endometritis. Vet J 2012; 194:314-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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England G, Moxon R, Freeman S. Delayed uterine fluid clearance and reduced uterine perfusion in bitches with endometrial hyperplasia and clinical management with postmating antibiotic. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1611-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Bartoskova A, Turanek-Knotigova P, Matiasovic J, Oreskovic Z, Vicenova M, Stepanova H, Ondrackova P, Vitasek R, Leva L, Moore PF, Faldyna M. γδ T lymphocytes are recruited into the inflamed uterus of bitches suffering from pyometra. Vet J 2012; 194:303-8. [PMID: 22771147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about the occurrence of immune system cells in the canine uterus. The aim of this study was to generate information about lymphocyte subsets that are present in the healthy canine uterus and that are recruited under inflammatory conditions caused by pyometra. Using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, a significant influx of γδ T lymphocytes was found in pyometra samples mainly due to recruitment of γδ(+)/CD8(-) T lymphocytes. The relative expression of genes encoding selected cytokines/chemokines was evaluated in samples from healthy and pyometra-affected uteri. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17 and IFN-γ) and chemokines (including CXCL10, CCL4 and CCL5) was upregulated in pyometra samples confirming the presence of inflammation. In contrast, the expression of the homeostatic chemokine CCL25 and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was downregulated and unchanged, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartoskova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Groppetti D, Pecile A, Barbero C, Martino PA. Vaginal bacterial flora and cytology in proestrous bitches: role on fertility. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1549-56. [PMID: 22289216 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of canine vaginal cytology underwent limited evolution over the years. Presence and significance of inflammatory cells in vaginal smears are little considered aspects in the bitch. Moreover, occurrence of vaginal bacteria in breeding bitches during follicular phase of the reproductive cycle, in absence of clinical signs of infection, involves the difficult question of antibiotics administration. The aim of this study was to relate findings in vaginal cytology (presence of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, erytrocytes and bacteria) and microbial environment during proestrus with fertility outcomes (development of pregnancy, uterine infection, resorption, abortion and neonatal mortality). Bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics normally used in small animal practice was also evaluated. Bacteria isolated from vagina, in order of frequency, were Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus β-haemolyticus, Pasteurella multocida, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli haemolyticus, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. No mycoplasmas were observed. The present study showed that proestrous cytological aspects do not affect fertility. Eosinophils were never detected, while erythrocytes were always detected. During diestrus, E. coli was found in all pregnant bitches that developed clinical symptoms of uterine disorders (n = 3), resulting in uterine infection, resorption or abortion, but without statistical significance. Vaginal presence of Streptococcus spp. in proestrus was instead negatively associated with development of uterine infections (P = 0.005). Therefore, Streptococcus spp. could have a protective competitive role against more dangerous pathogens affecting fertility of the bitch. Among the 12 antibiotics tested, Gram-negative bacteria showed a significant sensitivity towards the amoxicillin and clavulanic acid association (P = 0.038). However, antibiotic treatment before mating, on the basis of positive culture, yet in the absence of clinical signs, seems to be unnecessary besides harmful leading to imbalance in vaginal commensal flora with adverse effects on fertility. In conclusion, vaginal bacteria, neutrophils, lymphocytes and erytrocytes should be considered as physiological aspect in the bitch during proestrus that does not require antibiotic therapy when asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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