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Xiang X, Xie L, Lin J, Pare R, Huang G, Huang J, Wang Y, Song S, Ruan Y. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates 17β-estradiol, up-regulates autophagy and alleviates hydrogen peroxide-induced vascular senescence. Biogerontology 2023; 24:783-799. [PMID: 36683095 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis threatens human health by developing cardiovascular diseases, the deadliest disease world widely. The major mechanism contributing to the formation of atherosclerosis is mainly due to vascular endothelial cell (VECs) senescence. We have shown that 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) may protect VECs from senescence by upregulating autophagy. However, little is known about how 17β-E2 activates the autophagy pathway to alleviate cellular senescence. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the role of estrogen receptor (ER) α and β in the effects of 17β-E2 on vascular autophagy and aging through in vitro and in vivo models. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to establish Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) senescence. Autophagy activity was measured through immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining of light chain 3 (LC3) expression. Inhibition of ER activity was established using shRNA gene silencing and ER antagonist. Compared with ER-β knockdown, we found that knockdown of ER-α resulted in a significant increase in the extent of HUVEC senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) secretion. ER-α-specific shRNA was found to reduce 17β-E2-induced autophagy, promote HUVEC senescence, disrupt the morphology of HUVECs, and increase the expression of Rb dephosphorylation and SASP. These in vitro findings were found consistent with the in vivo results. In conclusion, our data suggest that 17β-E2 activates the activity of ER-α and then increases the formation of autophagosomes (LC3 high expression) and decreases the fusion of lysosomes with autophagic vesicles (P62 low expression), which in turn serves to decrease the secretion of SASP caused by H2O2 and consequently inhibit H2O2-induced senescence in HUVEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - LiangZhen Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieqi Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Rahmawati Pare
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Guanshen Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shicong Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunjun Ruan
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Jain A, Casanova D, Padilla AV, Paniagua Bojorges A, Kotla S, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Chau K, Nguyen MTH, Wen J, Hernandez Gonzalez SL, Rodgers SP, Olmsted-Davis EA, Hamilton DJ, Reyes-Gibby C, Yeung SCJ, Cooke JP, Herrmann J, Chini EN, Xu X, Yusuf SW, Yoshimoto M, Lorenzi PL, Hobbs B, Krishnan S, Koutroumpakis E, Palaskas NL, Wang G, Deswal A, Lin SH, Abe JI, Le NT. Premature senescence and cardiovascular disease following cancer treatments: mechanistic insights. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1212174. [PMID: 37781317 PMCID: PMC10540075 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1212174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among the aging population. The "response-to-injury" model proposed by Dr. Russell Ross in 1999 emphasizes inflammation as a critical factor in atherosclerosis development, with atherosclerotic plaques forming due to endothelial cell (EC) injury, followed by myeloid cell adhesion and invasion into the blood vessel walls. Recent evidence indicates that cancer and its treatments can lead to long-term complications, including CVD. Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, is implicated in CVD pathogenesis, particularly in cancer survivors. However, the precise mechanisms linking premature senescence to CVD in cancer survivors remain poorly understood. This article aims to provide mechanistic insights into this association and propose future directions to better comprehend this complex interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashita Jain
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Diego Casanova
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kyung Ae Ko
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Khanh Chau
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Minh T. H. Nguyen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jake Wen
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Shaefali P. Rodgers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Dale J. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cielito Reyes-Gibby
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sai-Ching J. Yeung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P. Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Cardio Oncology Clinic, Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eduardo N. Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Syed Wamique Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Division of VP Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brain Hobbs
- Department of Population Health, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Efstratios Koutroumpakis
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas L. Palaskas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anita Deswal
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H. Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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Ayyoub S, Orriols R, Oliver E, Ceide OT. Thrombosis Models: An Overview of Common In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2569. [PMID: 36768891 PMCID: PMC9917341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Occlusions in the blood vessels caused by blood clots, referred to as thrombosis, and the subsequent outcomes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In vitro and in vivo models of thrombosis have advanced our understanding of the complex pathways involved in its development and allowed the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches for its management. This review summarizes different commonly used approaches to induce thrombosis in vivo and in vitro, without detailing the protocols for each technique or the mechanism of thrombus development. For ease of flow, a schematic illustration of the models mentioned in the review is shown below. Considering the number of available approaches, we emphasize the importance of standardizing thrombosis models in research per study aim and application, as different pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in each model, and they exert varying responses to the same carried tests. For the time being, the selection of the appropriate model depends on several factors, including the available settings and research facilities, the aim of the research and its application, and the researchers' experience and ability to perform surgical interventions if needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ayyoub
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and the Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon Orriols
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and the Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Oliver
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tura Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and the Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sun Y, Wang X, Liu T, Zhu X, Pan X. The multifaceted role of the SASP in atherosclerosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:74. [PMID: 35642067 PMCID: PMC9153125 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global population of older individuals is growing, and ageing is a key risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal accumulation of senescent cells can cause potentially deleterious effects on the organism with age. As a vital marker of cellular senescence, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is a novel mechanism to link cellular senescence with atherosclerosis. MAIN BODY In this review, we concretely describe the characteristics of the SASP and its regulation mechanisms. Importantly, we provide novel perspectives on how the SASP can promote atherosclerosis. The SASP from different types of senescent cells have vital roles in atherosclerosis progression. As a significant mediator of the harmful effects of senescent cells, it can play a pro-atherogenic role by producing inflammation and immune dysfunction. Furthermore, the SASP can deliver senescence signals to the surrounding vascular cells, gradually contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. Finally, we focus on a variety of novel therapeutic strategies aimed to reduce the burden of atherosclerosis in elderly individuals by targeting senescent cells and inhibiting the regulatory mechanisms of the SASP. CONCLUSION This review systematically summarizes the multiple roles of the SASP in atherosclerosis and can contribute to the exploration of new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Badran M, Gozal D. PAI-1: A Major Player in the Vascular Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5516. [PMID: 35628326 PMCID: PMC9141273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a chronic and prevalent condition that is associated with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and imposes excess overall cardiovascular risk and mortality. Despite its high prevalence and the susceptibility of CVD patients to OSA-mediated stressors, OSA is still under-recognized and untreated in cardiovascular practice. Moreover, conventional OSA treatments have yielded either controversial or disappointing results in terms of protection against CVD, prompting the need for the identification of additional mechanisms and associated adjuvant therapies. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is a key regulator of fibrinolysis and cell migration. Indeed, elevated PAI-1 expression is associated with major cardiovascular adverse events that have been attributed to its antifibrinolytic activity. However, extensive evidence indicates that PAI-1 can induce endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis through complex interactions within the vasculature in an antifibrinolytic-independent matter. Elevated PAI-1 levels have been reported in OSA patients. However, the impact of PAI-1 on OSA-induced CVD has not been addressed to date. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which OSA and its most detrimental perturbation, intermittent hypoxia (IH), can enhance the transcription of PAI-1. We also propose causal pathways by which PAI-1 can promote atherosclerosis in OSA, thereby identifying PAI-1 as a potential therapeutic target in OSA-induced CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Kumar R, Sonkar VK, Swamy J, Ahmed A, Sharathkumar AA, Pierce GL, Dayal S. DNase 1 Protects From Increased Thrombin Generation and Venous Thrombosis During Aging: Cross-Sectional Study in Mice and Humans. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e021188. [PMID: 35023342 PMCID: PMC9238525 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Human aging is associated with increased risk of thrombosis, but the mechanisms are poorly defined. We hypothesized that aging induces peroxide-dependent release of neutrophil extracellular traps that contribute to thrombin generation and thrombosis. Methods and Results We studied C57BL6J mice and littermates of glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic and wild-type mice at young (4 month) and old (20 month) ages and a healthy cohort of young (18-39 years) or middle-aged/older (50-72 years) humans. In plasma, we measured thrombin generation potential and components of neutrophil extracellular traps (cell-free DNA and citrullinated histone). Aged wild-type mice displayed a significant increase in thrombin generation that was decreased in aged glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic mice. Both aged wild-type and aged glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic mice demonstrated similar elevation of plasma cell-free DNA compared with young mice. In contrast, plasma levels of citrullinated histone were not altered with age or genotype. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps from neutrophils in vitro was also similar between young and aged wild-type or glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic mice. Treatment of plasma or mice with DNase 1 decreased age-associated increases in thrombin generation, and DNase 1 treatment blocked the development of experimental venous thrombi in aged C57BL6J mice. Similarly, thrombin generation potential and plasma cell-free DNA, but not citrullinated histone, were higher in middle-aged/older humans, and treatment of plasma with DNase 1 reversed the increase in thrombin generation. Conclusions We conclude that DNase 1 limits thrombin generation and protects from venous thrombosis during aging, likely by hydrolyzing cell-free DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Vijay K Sonkar
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Jagadish Swamy
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | | | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
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Banerjee P, Kotla S, Reddy Velatooru L, Abe RJ, Davis EA, Cooke JP, Schadler K, Deswal A, Herrmann J, Lin SH, Abe JI, Le NT. Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype as a Hinge Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:763930. [PMID: 34746270 PMCID: PMC8563837 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.763930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overlapping risks for cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the two leading causes of mortality worldwide, suggest a shared biology between these diseases. The role of senescence in the development of cancer and CVD has been established. However, its role as the intersection between these diseases remains unclear. Senescence was originally characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest after a high number of divisions, namely replicative senescence (RS). However, it is becoming clear that senescence can also be instigated by cellular stress, so-called stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS). Telomere shortening is a hallmark of RS. The contribution of telomere DNA damage and subsequent DNA damage response/repair to SIPS has also been suggested. Although cellular senescence can mediate cell cycle arrest, senescent cells can also remain metabolically active and secrete cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), so-called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The involvement of SASP in both cancer and CVD has been established. In patients with cancer or CVD, SASP is induced by various stressors including cancer treatments, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ROS. Therefore, SASP can be the intersection between cancer and CVD. Importantly, the conventional concept of senescence as the mediator of cell cycle arrest has been challenged, as it was recently reported that chemotherapy-induced senescence can reprogram senescent cancer cells to acquire “stemness” (SAS: senescence-associated stemness). SAS allows senescent cancer cells to escape cell cycle arrest with strongly enhanced clonogenic growth capacity. SAS supports senescent cells to promote both cancer and CVD, particularly in highly stressful conditions such as cancer treatments, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. As therapeutic advances have increased overlapping risk factors for cancer and CVD, to further understand their interaction may provide better prevention, earlier detection, and safer treatment. Thus, it is critical to study the mechanisms by which these senescence pathways (SAS/SASP) are induced and regulated in both cancer and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Banerjee
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Loka Reddy Velatooru
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rei J Abe
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anita Deswal
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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Liu H, Lu Z, Lin B, Zhan JY, Gui S, Chen W, Tang P, Li P, Yang W, Lin B. Inferior vena cava stenosis-induced deep vein thrombosis is influenced by multiple factors in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Song P, Zhao Q, Zou MH. Targeting senescent cells to attenuate cardiovascular disease progression. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 60:101072. [PMID: 32298812 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common disease to increase as life expectancy increases. Most high-profile pharmacological treatments for age-related CVD have led to inefficacious results, implying that novel approaches to treating these pathologies are needed. Emerging data have demonstrated that senescent cardiovascular cells, which are characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest and a distinct senescence-associated secretory phenotype, accumulate in aged or diseased cardiovascular systems, suggesting that they may impair cardiovascular function. This review discusses the evidence implicating senescent cells in cardiovascular ageing, the onset and progression of CVD, and the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular cell senescence. We also review eradication of senescent cardiovascular cells by small-molecule-drug-mediated apoptosis and immune cell-mediated efferocytosis and toxicity as promising and precisely targeted therapeutics for CVD prevention and treatment.
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10
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The endothelial tumor suppressor p53 is essential for venous thrombus formation in aged mice. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1300-1314. [PMID: 29891592 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Increased expression of tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) has been implicated in vascular senescence. Here, we examined the importance of endothelial p53 for venous thrombosis and whether endothelial senescence and p53 overexpression are involved in the exponential increase of VTE with age. Mice with conditional, endothelial-specific deletion of p53 (End.p53-KO) and their wild-type littermates (End.p53-WT) underwent subtotal inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation to induce venous thrombosis. IVC ligation in aged (12-month-old) End.p53-WT mice resulted in higher rates of thrombus formation and greater mean thrombus size vs adult (12-week-old) End.p53-WT mice, whereas aged End.p53-KO mice were protected from vein thrombosis. Analysis of primary endothelial cells from aged mice or human vein endothelial cells after induction of replicative senescence revealed significantly increased early growth response gene-1 (Egr1) and heparanase expression, and plasma factor Xa levels were elevated in aged End.p53-WT, but not in End.p53-KO mice. Increased endothelial Egr1 and heparanase expression also was observed after doxorubicin-induced p53 overexpression, whereas p53 inhibition using pifithrin-α reduced tissue factor (TF) expression. Importantly, inhibition of heparanase activity using TF pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI2) peptides prevented the enhanced venous thrombus formation in aged mice and restored it to the thrombotic phenotype of adult mice. Our findings suggest that p53 accumulation and heparanase overexpression in senescent endothelial cells are critically involved in mediating the increased risk of venous thrombosis with age and that heparanase antagonization may be explored as strategy to ameliorate the prothrombotic endothelial phenotype with age.
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Landers-Ramos RQ, Serra MC, Blumenthal JB, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Prior SJ. Type 2 diabetes and older age contribute to elevated plasma microparticle concentrations independent of chronic stroke. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1560-1570. [PMID: 30062787 DOI: 10.1113/ep087116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of chronic stroke on circulating microparticle populations, accounting for potential effects of age and type 2 diabetes? What is the main finding and its importance? Elevated concentrations of CD31+ /CD42b- and CD62E+ microparticles appear to be driven by type 2 diabetes but not chronic stroke and are associated with fasting glucose and triglyceride levels. Older age results in elevations in CD62E+ and CD34+ microparticle concentrations. These microparticles have been proposed as potential targets for diagnosing, treating and identifying the clinical progression and complications of type 2 diabetes. ABSTRACT The elevated circulating concentration of endothelial microparticles (MPs) may provide an index of the extent and nature of cellular damage in chronic stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine the circulating concentrations of CD31+ /CD42b- , CD62E+ and CD34+ MPs in chronic stroke subjects, focusing on the effects of chronic stroke by comparison with both older adults without a history of stroke but with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and older and young healthy controls. Plasma from three groups of sedentary older (50-75 years) men and women (chronic stroke, T2DM or older healthy) as well as a group of younger (18-39 years) healthy controls was isolated from fasting blood, and CD31+ /CD42b- , CD62E+ and CD34+ MPs were quantified using flow cytometry (n = 17/group). Concentrations of CD31+ /CD42b- and CD62E+ MPs were higher in the T2DM group (P < 0.05), but not chronic stroke, compared to older and younger healthy adults. CD62E+ MP and CD34+ MP concentrations were elevated in the older compared to younger adults (P < 0.05 for both). Sub-analyses excluding chronic stroke subjects who were also diagnosed with diabetes [stroke (diabetes- )] revealed lower CD31+ /CD42b- (P < 0.05) and CD62E+ (P = 0.08) MPs in the stroke (diabetes- ) group compared to the T2DM group. CD31+ /CD42b- MP and CD62E+ MP concentrations were each associated with fasting glucose levels and CD31+ /CD42b- MPs also were associated with triglyceride levels. As MPs have been proposed as potential targets for diagnosing, treating and identifying the clinical progression of T2DM, our study provides further support for the use of CD31+ /CD42b- and CD62E+ MPs in the clinical progression of T2DM and associated vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rian Q Landers-Ramos
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimor, MD, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Monica C Serra
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimor, MD, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob B Blumenthal
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimor, MD, USA
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimor, MD, USA
| | - Charlene E Hafer-Macko
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimor, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Prior
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimor, MD, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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12
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Czaplicki C, Albadawi H, Partovi S, Gandhi RT, Quencer K, Deipolyi AR, Oklu R. Can thrombus age guide thrombolytic therapy? Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2017; 7:S186-S196. [PMID: 29399522 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2017.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Venous thrombosis (VT) is a common yet complex clinical condition that has shown minimal alteration in clinical management for decades. It is well known that thrombus evolves structurally over time, with complex changes resulting from the interplay between coagulation factors, cytokines, leukocytes and a myriad of other factors. Our current treatment options are most effective in the acute thrombus, which is composed predominantly of a loose mesh of fibrin and red blood cells (RBCs), making current anticoagulation therapies and thrombolytics quite effective in treatment. Later stages of thrombus are more cellular containing leukocytes, and develop a fibrotic collagenous framework that is more resistant to our current treatments. Understanding the biology of an evolving thrombus will allow us to tailor our treatment and optimize outcomes, as well as focus on novel therapies for the treatment of chronic thrombus. Given the morbidity and mortality of both post thrombotic syndrome (PTS) in patients with deep VT, as well as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), new and innovative therapies must continue to be explored to help prevent these potentially devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sasan Partovi
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ripal T Gandhi
- Miami Cardiac and Vascular Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Kendall, FL, USA
| | - Keith Quencer
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy R Deipolyi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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13
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Age-related diagnostic value of D-dimer testing and the role of inflammation in patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4591. [PMID: 28676651 PMCID: PMC5496875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have investigated the impact of age on D-Dimer testing in elderly individuals with suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT), but data on the age-related diagnostic value of D-dimer in a sample covering a broad age range are limited. The present study determined age-specifically the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer and compared it to C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, in 500 patients with suspected DVT from the VTEval project (NCT02156401). Sensitivity of D-dimer was lower in patients < 60 years in comparison to patients ≥ 60 years (∆-16.8%), whereas specificity was 27.9% higher. Lowest levels of sensitivity were detected for female sex, unprovoked DVT, low thrombotic burden, and distal DVT. A fixed D-dimer threshold of 0.25 mg/L FEU resulted in elevated sensitivity for patients < 60 with a reduction of false negatives by 40.0% for proximal DVT and by 50.0% for distal DVT. In patients < 60 years, D-dimer and CRP demonstrated comparable diagnostic performance for both proximal and distal DVT (p > 0.05). In conclusion, these data outline a clinically-relevant limitation of D-dimer testing among younger patients with suspected DVT indicating a necessity for age-adapted cut-off values. Further research is required to decrypt the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of venous thrombosis.
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14
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Vaughan DE, Rai R, Khan SS, Eren M, Ghosh AK. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Is a Marker and a Mediator of Senescence. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1446-1452. [PMID: 28572158 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) is a member of the evolutionarily conserved serine protease inhibitor family and a potent and rapid-acting inhibitor of both of the mammalian plasminogen activators. Organismal homeostasis requires physiological levels of endogenous PAI-1, and increased PAI-1 production guides the onset and progression of numerous human diseases and contributes to the multimorbidity of aging. Both chronological and stress-induced accelerated aging are associated with cellular senescence and accompanied by marked increases in PAI-1 expression in tissues. Recent studies suggest that PAI-1 is not only a marker but also a key mediator of cellular senescence and organismal aging. Here, we review the significance of PAI-1 as a bonafide marker, as well as a critical mediator, of cellular senescence associated with aging and aging-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Vaughan
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| | - Rahul Rai
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sadiya S Khan
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Mesut Eren
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Asish K Ghosh
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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15
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Luther N, Shahneh F, Brähler M, Krebs F, Jäckel S, Subramaniam S, Stanger C, Schönfelder T, Kleis-Fischer B, Reinhardt C, Probst HC, Wenzel P, Schäfer K, Becker C. Innate Effector-Memory T-Cell Activation Regulates Post-Thrombotic Vein Wall Inflammation and Thrombus Resolution. Circ Res 2016; 119:1286-1295. [PMID: 27707800 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Immune cells play an important role during the generation and resolution of thrombosis. T cells are powerful regulators of immune and nonimmune cell function, however, their role in sterile inflammation in venous thrombosis has not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the recruitment, activation, and inflammatory activity of T cells in deep vein thrombosis and its consequences for venous thrombus resolution. METHODS AND RESULTS CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate the thrombus and vein wall rapidly on deep vein thrombosis induction and remain in the tissue throughout the thrombus resolution. In the vein wall, recruited T cells largely consist of effector-memory T (TEM) cells. Using T-cell receptor transgenic reporter mice, we demonstrate that deep vein thrombosis-recruited TEM receive an immediate antigen-independent activation and produce IFN-γ (interferon) in situ. Mapping inflammatory conditions in the thrombotic vein, we identify a set of deep vein thrombosis upregulated cytokines and chemokines that synergize to induce antigen-independent IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ TEM cells. Reducing the number of TEM cells through a depletion recovery procedure, we show that intravenous TEM activation determines neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and delays thrombus neovascularization and resolution. Examining T-cell recruitment in human venous stasis, we show that superficial varicose veins preferentially contain activated memory T cells. CONCLUSIONS TEM orchestrate the inflammatory response in venous thrombosis affecting thrombus resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Luther
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Melanie Brähler
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Franziska Krebs
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Sven Jäckel
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Christian Stanger
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Tanja Schönfelder
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Bettina Kleis-Fischer
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Philip Wenzel
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Christian Becker
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.).
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16
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mTORC1 promotes aging-related venous thrombosis in mice via elevation of platelet volume and activation. Blood 2016; 128:615-24. [PMID: 27288518 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-672964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Platelet hyperactivation is linked to aging-related VTE. However, the mechanisms through which aging enhances platelet activation and susceptibility to VTE are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling is essential for aging-related platelet hyperactivation and VTE. mTORC1 was hyperactivated in platelets and megakaryocytes (MKs) from aged mice, accompanied by elevated mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet activation. Inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin led to a significant reduction in susceptibility to experimental deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in aged mice (P < .01). To ascertain the specific role of platelet mTORC1 activation in DVT, we generated mice with conditional ablation of the mTORC1-specific component gene Raptor in MKs and platelets (Raptor knockout). These mice developed markedly smaller and lighter thrombi, compared with wild-type littermates (P < .01) in experimental DVT. Mechanistically, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with aging induced activation of mTORC1 in MKs and platelets, which, in turn, enhanced bone marrow MK size, MPV, and platelet activation to promote aging-related VTE. ROS scavenger administration induced a significant decrease (P < .05) in MK size, MPV, and platelet activation in aged mice. Our findings collectively demonstrate that mTORC1 contributes to enhanced venous thrombotic susceptibility in aged mice via elevation of platelet size and activation.
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17
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Obi AT, Stringer KA, Diaz JA, Finkel MA, Farris DM, Yeomans L, Wakefield T, Myers DD. 1D-¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics reveals age-related changes in metabolites associated with experimental venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2015; 4:221-30. [PMID: 26993871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age is a significant risk factor for the development of venous thrombosis (VT), but the mechanism(s) that underlie this risk remain(s) undefined and poorly understood. Aging is known to adversely influence inflammation and affect metabolism. Untargeted metabolomics permits an agnostic assessment of the physiological landscape and lends insight into the mechanistic underpinnings of clinical phenotypes. The objective of this exploratory study was to test the feasibility of a metabolomics approach for identifying potential metabolic mechanisms of age-related VT. METHODS We subjected whole blood samples collected from young and old nonthrombosed controls and VT mice 2 days after thrombus induction using the electrolytic inferior vena cava, to a methanol:chloroform extraction and assayed the resulting aqueous fractions using 1D-(1)H- nuclear magnetic resonance. Normalized mouse metabolite data were compared across groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Holm-Sidak post-testing. In addition, associations between metabolite concentrations and parameters of thrombosis such as thrombus and vein wall weights, and markers of inflammation, vein wall P- and E-selectin levels, were assessed using linear regression. The relatedness of the found significant metabolites was visually assessed using a bioinformatics tool, Metscape, which generates compound-reaction-enzyme-gene networks to aid in the interpretation of metabolomics data. RESULTS Old mice with VT had a greater mean vein wall weight compared with young mice with VT (P < .05). Clot weight differences between old and young mice followed the same trend as vein wall weight (0.011 ± 0.04 g vs 0.008 ± 0.003 g; P = not significant). Glutamine (ANOVA, P < .01), proline (ANOVA, P < .01), and phenylalanine (ANOVA, P < .05) levels were increased in old VT mice compared with age-matched controls and young VT mice. Betaine and/or trimethylamine N-oxide levels were increased in aged mice compared with young animals. Vein wall weight was strongly associated with glutamine (P < .05), and phenylalanine (P < .01) concentrations and there was a trend toward an association with proline (P = .09) concentration. Vein wall P-selectin, but not E-selectin levels, were increased in old VT mice and were associated with the three found metabolites of age-related VT. Collectively, with the addition of glutamate, these metabolites form a single compound-reaction-enzyme-gene network that was generated by Metscape. CONCLUSIONS We used 1D-(1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance-metabolite profiling to identify, for the first time, in an experimental model, three potential metabolites, glutamine, phenylalanine, and proline, associated with age-related VT. These metabolites are metabolically related and their levels are associated with vein wall weight and P-selectin concentrations. In aggregate, these findings provide a "roadmap" of pathways that could be interrogated in future studies, which could include provocation of the glutamine, phenylalanine, and proline pathways in the vein wall. This study introduces metabolomics as a new approach to furthering knowledge about the mechanisms of age-related VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Obi
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Kathleen A Stringer
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory and the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Jose A Diaz
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Michael A Finkel
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory and the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Diana M Farris
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Larisa Yeomans
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory and the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Thomas Wakefield
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Daniel D Myers
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich; Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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18
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Cao Z, Yende S, Kellum JA, Angus DC, Robinson RAS. Proteomics reveals age-related differences in the host immune response to sepsis. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:422-32. [PMID: 24266763 DOI: 10.1021/pr400814s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is commonly caused by community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and may develop into severe sepsis, characterized by multiple organ failure. The risk of severe sepsis among CAP patients and subsequent mortality increases sharply after the age of 65. The molecular mechanisms associated with this age-related risk are not fully understood. To better understand factors involved with increased incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the elderly, we used a nested case-control study of patients enrolled in a multicenter observational cohort of 2320 participants with CAP. We identified a total of 39 CAP patients 50-65 and 70-85 years old who did or did not develop severe sepsis. Plasma samples were obtained on presentation to the emergency department and prior to therapeutic interventions. A semiquantitative plasma proteomics workflow was applied which incorporated tandem immunoaffinity depletion, iTRAQ labeling, strong cation exchange fractionation, and nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. In total, 772 proteins were identified, of which 58 proteins exhibit statistically significant differences in expression levels among patients with severe sepsis as a function of age. Differentially expressed proteins are involved in pathways such as acute phase response, coagulation signaling, atherosclerosis signaling, lipid metabolism, and production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. This study provides insight into factors that may explain age-related differences in incidence of severe sepsis in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Cao
- Department of Chemistry and ‡The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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19
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Cardenas JC, Aleman MM, Wang JG, Whinna HC, Wolberg AS, Church FC. Murine models do not recapitulate the pathophysiology of age-related venous thrombosis in humans. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:990-2. [PMID: 23480546 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Marín C, Yubero-Serrano EM, López-Miranda J, Pérez-Jiménez F. Endothelial aging associated with oxidative stress can be modulated by a healthy mediterranean diet. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8869-89. [PMID: 23615475 PMCID: PMC3676761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14058869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a condition which favors the development of atherosclerosis, which has been associated with a breakdown in repair processes that occurs in response to cell damage. The dysregulation of the biological systems associated with aging are produced partly through damage which accumulates over time. One major source of this injury is oxidative stress, which can impair biological structures and the mechanisms by which they are repaired. These mechanisms are based on the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, which in turn is associated with cardiovascular disease, carcinogenesis and aging. The dependent dysfunction of aging has been correlated with a reduction in the number and/or functional activity of endothelial progenitor cells, which could hinder the repair and regeneration of the endothelium. In addition, aging, inflammation and oxidative stress are endogenous factors that cause telomere shortening, which is dependent on oxidative cell damage. Moreover, telomere length correlates with lifestyle and the consumption of a healthy diet. Thus, diseases associated with aging and age may be caused by the long-term effects of oxidative damage, which are modified by genetic and environmental factors. Considering that diet is a very important source of antioxidants, in this review we will analyze the relationship between oxidative stress, aging, and the mechanisms which may be involved in a higher survival rate and a lower incidence of the diseases associated with aging in populations which follow a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Marín
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicina at Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, 14004, Spain.
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Dayal S, Wilson KM, Motto DG, Miller FJ, Chauhan AK, Lentz SR. Hydrogen peroxide promotes aging-related platelet hyperactivation and thrombosis. Circulation 2013; 127:1308-16. [PMID: 23426106 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of thrombotic events increases during aging, but the mechanisms are not well understood. To investigate the prothrombotic role of oxidative stress during aging, we tested the hypothesis that aged mice overexpressing the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) are protected from experimental thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Susceptibility to carotid artery thrombosis was first examined in wild-type C57BL/6J mice. After photochemical injury of the carotid artery, the time to stable occlusion was significantly shorter in 12- and 18-month-old mice compared with 4-month-old mice (P<0.01). Unlike wild-type mice, transgenic mice overexpressing Gpx1 (Gpx1 Tg) did not exhibit shortened times to occlusion of the carotid artery at 12 or 18 months of age. Wild-type mice also exhibited increased susceptibility to venous thrombosis after inferior vena cava ligation at 12 or 18 months of age (P<0.05 versus 4 months of age). Gpx1 Tg mice were protected from this aging-related enhanced susceptibility to venous thrombosis. Age-dependent platelet hyperactivation, evidenced by increased hydrogen peroxide, fibrinogen binding, and activation of fibrinogen receptor αIIbβ3, was observed in thrombin-activated platelets from wild-type but not Gpx1 Tg mice (P<0.05). Enhanced platelet activation responses in aged mice were also prevented by polyethylene glycol-catalase or apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. Aged mice displayed increased intraplatelet expression of p47(phox) and superoxide dismutase-1, suggesting a mechanistic pathway for increased hydrogen peroxide generation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide is a key mediator of platelet hyperactivity and enhanced thrombotic susceptibility in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr, 3160 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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22
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Culmer DL, Diaz JA, Hawley AE, Jackson TO, Shuster KA, Sigler RE, Wakefield TW, Myers DD. Circulating and vein wall P-selectin promote venous thrombogenesis during aging in a rodent model. Thromb Res 2012; 131:42-8. [PMID: 23174624 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to identify the direct relationship between aging and selectin activation during acute venous thrombosis in mice of varying ages. We hypothesized that older animals would have increased venous thrombus formation as a result of age associated-increases of pro-inflammatory molecules within the vein wall when compared to younger animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was induced in 4 and 18month old C57BL/6 mice using the electrolytic inferior vena cava model (EIM) of DVT. Blood and tissue samples were collected at baseline (TC), 6hours, and 2days post-thrombosis induction. RESULTS Older mice had significantly larger thrombi versus younger mice at 6H (18.4±6.21 vs. 13.0±4.29×10(-3) grams, p=0.0033) and 2D (18.4±4.27 vs. 13.0±5.01×10(-3) grams, p=0.0005), higher soluble P-selectin levels at 6H (13±2.5 vs. 8.4±2.7ng/mg p=0.0010) and 2D (12.7±5.0 vs. 5.9±1.3ng/mg p=0.0020), and higher vein wall P-selectin levels at 6H (1.94×10(5)±3.56×10(4) vs. 4.81±2.29×10(4) pg/mg p=0.0001) and 2D (1.38×10(5)±5.65×10(4) vs. 3.73±1.66×10(4) pg/mg p=0.0177). Older animals also had significantly higher platelet numbers at 6H (841±203.8 vs. 564±164.8K/μL p=0.0001), and 2D (1002±342.9 vs. 690±186.1K/μL p=0.0003), with corresponding increases in mean platelet volume versus younger mice post thrombosis (p≤0.01). CONCLUSIONS Older animals had significantly larger venous thrombi versus younger animals post-thombosis, as a result of high levels of P-selectin both in the circulation and locally at the level of the vein wall. Expression of local and soluble P-selectin increased with age, resulting in a pro-thrombotic environment not represented in younger mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Laird Culmer
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.
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23
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Burger D, Kwart DG, Montezano AC, Read NC, Kennedy CRJ, Thompson CS, Touyz RM. Microparticles induce cell cycle arrest through redox-sensitive processes in endothelial cells: implications in vascular senescence. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e001842. [PMID: 23130145 PMCID: PMC3487329 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.001842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic disease accelerates endothelial dysfunction in aging, a process associated with cell senescence. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. We examined whether endothelial cell (EC)-derived microparticles (MPs) facilitate EC senescence and questioned the role of reactive oxygen species in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Senescence was induced by sequential passaging of primary mouse ECs. Cells retained phenotypic characteristics of ECs from passage 4 through passage 21. Passage 21 ECs exhibited features of senescence, including increased staining of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βgal), a greater percentage of cells in G(1)/G(0) phase of the cell cycle, and increased phosphorylation of p66(Shc) (P<0.05). Microparticle formation from passage 21 ECs was increased versus passage 4 ECs (∼2.2-fold increase versus passage 4, P<0.05), and the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil blocked this increase. Exposure of passage 4 ECs to MPs shifted cells from a proliferating to a nonproliferating phenotype, as indicated by cell cycle analysis and increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. MPs increased EC generation of O(2) (•-) (∼2.7-fold) and H(2)O(2) (∼2.6-fold), effects blocked by apocynin (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor) and rotenone (mitochondrial oxidase inhibitor) but not by allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor). MPs increased expression of cell cycle proteins p 21 cip1 and p16ink4a and stimulated phosphorylation of p66(Shc) in ECs (P<0.05 versus untreated ECs). Pretreatment with the reactive oxygen species scavenger sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonate (tiron) abrogated the prosenescent effects of MPs. CONCLUSIONS MPs promote EC senescence through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase- and mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species. Such redox-sensitive processes may be important in vascular dysfunction in aging. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001842 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.001842.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.B., D.G.K., A.C.M., N.C.R., C.R.J.K., R.M.T.)
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Paradoxical absence of a prothrombotic phenotype in a mouse model of severe hyperhomocysteinemia. Blood 2011; 119:3176-83. [PMID: 22186991 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-380568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia confers a high risk for thrombotic vascular events, but homocysteine-lowering therapies have been ineffective in reducing the incidence of secondary vascular outcomes, raising questions regarding the role of homocysteine as a mediator of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, to determine the contribution of elevated homocysteine to thrombosis susceptibility, we studied Cbs(-/-) mice conditionally expressing a zinc-inducible mutated human CBS (I278T) transgene. Tg-I278T Cbs(-/-) mice exhibited severe hyperhomocysteinemia and endothelial dysfunction in cerebral arterioles. Surprisingly, however, these mice did not display increased susceptibility to arterial or venous thrombosis as measured by photochemical injury in the carotid artery, chemical injury in the carotid artery or mesenteric arterioles, or ligation of the inferior vena cava. A survey of hemostatic and hemodynamic parameters revealed no detectible differences between control and Tg-I278T Cbs(-/-) mice. Our data demonstrate that severe elevation in homocysteine leads to the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction but is not sufficient to promote thrombosis. These findings may provide insights into the failure of homocysteine-lowering trials in secondary prevention from thrombotic vascular events.
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Oishi K, Koyanagi S, Ohkura N. Circadian mRNA expression of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors is organ-dependently disrupted in aged mice. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:994-9. [PMID: 21963655 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of aging on the circadian gene expression of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in the mouse tissues, we examined temporal mRNA expression profiles of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), tissue factor (TF), and thrombomodulin (TM) genes together with circadian clock genes in the brains, hearts and livers of young (5weeks old) and aged (15months old) mice. Cardiac mRNA expression of β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), a molecular marker of cardiac hypertrophy, was obviously increased in the aged mice. Rhythmic expression of the clock genes mPer2 and BMAL1 in these organs was almost identical between young and aged mice, whereas that of PAI-1, TF and TM mRNAs and of clock-controlled genes such as DBP and Dec1 were damped to low levels in the livers of aged mice. Expression levels of tPA mRNA were significantly decreased and those of TF were significantly elevated throughout the day in the brain of aged mice. Expression levels of PAI-1 in the heart of aged mice were continuously elevated over 2-fold the peak levels of young mice throughout the day. However, day/night fluctuations in plasma PAI-1 levels were unaffected by aging. Aging tissue- and time-dependently affects the mRNA expression of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. Aging-dependent constitutive PAI-1 induction in the heart might be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases that is independent of plasma PAI-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Wrobleski SK, Farris DM, Diaz JA, Myers DD, Wakefield TW. Mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis. J Vis Exp 2011:2738. [PMID: 21712794 DOI: 10.3791/2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and mortality rates make VTE a serious health concern (1-2). After heart disease and stroke, VTE is the third most common vascular disease (3). In the U.S. alone, there is an estimated 900,000 people affected each year, with 300,000 deaths occurring annually (3). A reliable in vivo animal model to study the mechanisms of this disease is necessary. The advantages of using the mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis are several. The mouse model allows for the administration of very small volumes of limited availability test agents, reducing costs dramatically. Most promising is the potential for mice with gene knockouts that allow specific inflammatory and coagulation factor functions to be delineated. Current molecular assays allow for the quantitation of vein wall, thrombus, whole blood, and plasma for assays. However, a major concern involving this model is the operative size constraints and the friability of the vessels. Also, due to the small IVC sample weight (mean 0.005 grams) it is necessary to increase animal numbers for accurate statistical analysis for tissue, thrombus, and blood assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), zymography, vein wall and thrombus cellular analysis, and whole blood and plasma assays (4-8). The major disadvantage with the stasis model is that the lack of blood flow inhibits the maximal effect of administered systemic therapeutic agents on the thrombus and vein wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley K Wrobleski
- Conrad Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, USA
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Cardenas JC, Owens AP, Krishnamurthy J, Sharpless NE, Whinna HC, Church FC. Overexpression of the cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4a promotes a prothrombotic phenotype following vascular injury in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:827-33. [PMID: 21233453 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.221721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age-associated cellular senescence is thought to promote vascular dysfunction. p16(INK4a) is a cell cycle inhibitor that promotes senescence and is upregulated during normal aging. In this study, we examine the contribution of p16(INK4a) overexpression to venous thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice overexpressing p16(INK4a) were studied with 4 different vascular injury models: (1) ferric chloride (FeCl(3)) and (2) Rose Bengal to induce saphenous vein thrombus formation; (3) FeCl(3) and vascular ligation to examine thrombus resolution; and (4) lipopolysaccharide administration to initiate inflammation-induced vascular dysfunction. p16(INK4a) transgenic mice had accelerated occlusion times (13.1 ± 0.4 minutes) compared with normal controls (19.7 ± 1.1 minutes) in the FeCl(3) model and 12.7 ± 2.0 and 18.6 ± 1.9 minutes, respectively in the Rose Bengal model. Moreover, overexpression of p16(INK4a) delayed thrombus resolution compared with normal controls. In response to lipopolysaccharide treatment, the p16(INK4a) transgenic mice showed enhanced thrombin generation in plasma-based calibrated automated thrombography assays. Finally, bone marrow transplantation studies suggested increased p16(INK4a) expression in hematopoietic cells contributes to thrombosis, demonstrating a role for p16(INK4a) expression in venous thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS Venous thrombosis is augmented by overexpression of the cellular senescence protein p16(INK4a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Cardenas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035, USA
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Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and therefore plays an important role in the plasminogen/plasmin system. PAI-1 is involved in a variety of cardiovascular diseases (mainly through inhibition of t-PA) as well as in cell migration and tumor development (mainly through inhibition of u-PA and interaction with vitronectin). PAI-1 is a unique member of the serpin superfamily, exhibiting particular unique conformational and functional properties. Since its involvement in various biological and pathophysiological processes PAI-1 has been the subject of many in vivo studies in mouse models. We briefly discuss structural and physiological differences between human and mouse PAI-1 that should be taken into account prior to extrapolation of data obtained in mouse models to the human situation. The current review provides an overview of the various models, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and cancer, using wild-type mice or genetically modified mice, either deficient in PAI-1 or overexpressing different variants of PAI-1.
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The effects of age on inflammatory and coagulation-fibrinolysis response in patients hospitalized for pneumonia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13852. [PMID: 21085465 PMCID: PMC2973976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether inflammatory and hemostasis response in patients hospitalized for pneumonia varies by age and whether these differences explain higher mortality in the elderly. METHODS In an observational cohort of subjects with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) recruited from emergency departments (ED) in 28 hospitals, we divided subjects into 5 age groups (<50, 51-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85). We measured circulating levels of inflammatory (TNF, IL-6, and IL-10), hemostasis (D-dimer, Factor IX, thrombin-antithrombin complex, antithrombin and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1), and cell-surface markers (TLR-2, TLR-4, and HLA-DR) during the first week of hospitalization and at discharge and compared 90-day mortality. We used logistic regression to compare odds ratios (OR) for 90-day mortality between age groups, adjusting for differences in pre-infection factors alone and then additionally adjusting for immune markers. RESULTS Of 2,183 subjects, 495, 444, 403, 583, and 258 subjects were <50, 51-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years of age, respectively. Large age-related differences were observed in 90-day mortality (0.82% vs. 3.2% vs. 6.4% vs. 12.8% vs. 13.6%, p<0.01). No age-related differences in inflammatory and cell surface markers occurred during the first week. Older subjects had higher pro-coagulant markers on ED presentation and over first week (p ≤ 0.03), but these differences were modest (1.0-1.7-fold differences). Odds of death for older adults changed minimally in models incorporating differences in hemostasis and inflammatory markers (for subjects ≥ 85 compared to those <50, OR = 4.36, when adjusted for pre-infection factors and OR = 3.49 when additionally adjusted for hemostasis markers). At discharge, despite clinical recovery as evidenced by normal vital signs in >85% subjects, older subjects had modestly increased hemostasis markers and IL-6 levels (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Modest age-related increases in coagulation response occur during hospitalization for CAP; however these differences do not explain the large differences in mortality. Despite clinical recovery, immune resolution may be delayed in older adults at discharge.
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