1
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Mariottini D, Bracaglia S, Barbero L, Fuchs SW, Saal C, Moniot S, Knuehl C, Baranda L, Ranallo S, Ricci F. Bispecific Antibody Detection Using Antigen-Conjugated Synthetic Nucleic Acid Strands. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4014-4019. [PMID: 37856082 PMCID: PMC10683503 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
We report here the development of two different sensing strategies based on the use of antigen-conjugated nucleic acid strands for the detection of a bispecific antibody against the tumor-related proteins Mucin1 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Both approaches work well in serum samples (nanomolar sensitivity), show high specificity against the two monospecific antibodies, and are rapid. The results presented here demonstrate the versatility of DNA-based platforms for the detection of bispecific antibodies and could represent a versatile alternative to other more reagent-intensive and time-consuming analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mariottini
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bracaglia
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Barbero
- RBM-Merck
(an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Via Ribes 1, 10010 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck
KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Lorena Baranda
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ranallo
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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2
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Ballarò C, Quaranta V, Giannelli G. Colorectal Liver Metastasis: Can Cytokines Make the Difference? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5359. [PMID: 38001618 PMCID: PMC10670198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Metastasis is the prime driver of CRC-related mortality, and the liver is the organ most frequently involved. Despite the overall success of current treatments, colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is associated with poor prognoses and a survival rate of only 14%. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the crosstalk within it in determining the invasion of distant organs by circulating cancer cells. In the TME, cellular communication is mediated via soluble molecules, among which cytokines have recently emerged as key regulators, involved in every aspect of tumor progression and the metastatic cascade. Indeed, in the serum of CRC patients elevated levels of several cytokines are associated with cancer development and progression. The current review evaluates the role of different cytokines during CRLM development. Additionally, considering the increasing amount of data concerning the importance of cytokine complex networks, we outline the potential of combination treatments using targeted cytokines together with other well-established therapies, such as immune checkpoint blockades, chemotherapy, or gene therapy, to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Ballarò
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Quaranta
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
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3
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Sebastião MJ, Hoffman M, Escandell J, Tousi F, Zhang J, Figueroa B, DeMaria C, Gomes-Alves P. Identification of Mispairing Omic Signatures in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells Producing a Tri-Specific Antibody. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2890. [PMID: 38001891 PMCID: PMC10669571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapy has shown efficacy against cancer, autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Multispecific antibodies (MsAbs), including trispecifics (tsAbs), offer enhanced therapeutic potential by targeting different epitopes. However, when co-expressed from three or more different polypeptide chains, MsAb production can lead to incorrect chain assembly and co-production of mispaired species with impaired biological activity. Moreover, mispairing carries significant challenges for downstream purification, decreasing yields and increasing the cost of bioprocess development. In this study, quantitative transcriptomics and proteomics analyses were employed to investigate which signaling pathways correlated with low and high mispairing clone signatures. Gene and protein expression profiles of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clones producing an tsAb were analyzed in the exponential growth and stationary (tsAb production) phase of fed-batch culture. Functional analysis revealed activated endoplasmic reticulum stress in high mispairing clones in both culture phases, while low mispairing clones exhibited expression profiles indicative of activated protein translation, as well as higher endocytosis and target protein degradation, suggesting the clearance of unfolded proteins through ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms. In addition, through transcriptomic profiling, we identified a group of genes that have the potential to be used as a biomarker panel tool for identifying high mispairing levels in the early stages of bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Sebastião
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Michael Hoffman
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - José Escandell
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fatemeh Tousi
- Sanofi Bioanalytics Development, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Christine DeMaria
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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4
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Tamaru Y, Nakanishi S, Tanaka K, Umetsu M, Nakazawa H, Sugiyama A, Ito T, Shimokawa N, Takagi M. Recent research advances on non-linear phenomena in various biosystems. J Biosci Bioeng 2023:S1389-1723(23)00107-X. [PMID: 37246137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
All biological phenomena can be classified as open, dissipative and non-linear. Moreover, the most typical phenomena are associated with non-linearity, dissipation and openness in biological systems. In this review article, four research topics on non-linear biosystems are described to show the examples from various biological systems. First, membrane dynamics of a lipid bilayer for the cell membrane is described. Since the cell membrane separates the inside of the cell from the outside, self-organizing systems that form spatial patterns on membranes often depend on non-linear dynamics. Second, various data banks based on recent genomics analysis supply the data including vast functional proteins from many organisms and their variable species. Since the proteins existing in nature are only a very small part of the space represented by amino acid sequence, success of mutagenesis-based molecular evolution approach crucially depends on preparing a library with high enrichment of functional proteins. Third, photosynthetic organisms depend on ambient light, the regular and irregular changes of which have a significant impact on photosynthetic processes. The light-driven process proceeds through many redox couples in the cyanobacteria constituting chain of redox reactions. Forth topics focuses on a vertebrate model, the zebrafish, which can help to understand, predict and control the chaos of complex biological systems. In particular, during early developmental stages, developmental differentiation occurs dynamically from a fertilized egg to divided and mature cells. These exciting fields of complexity, chaos, and non-linear science have experienced impressive growth in recent decades. Finally, future directions for non-liner biosystems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tamaru
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenya Tanaka
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Aruto Sugiyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shimokawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takagi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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5
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Yan X, Liu X, Zhao C, Chen GQ. Applications of synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:199. [PMID: 37169742 PMCID: PMC10173249 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology aims to design or assemble existing bioparts or bio-components for useful bioproperties. During the past decades, progresses have been made to build delicate biocircuits, standardized biological building blocks and to develop various genomic/metabolic engineering tools and approaches. Medical and pharmaceutical demands have also pushed the development of synthetic biology, including integration of heterologous pathways into designer cells to efficiently produce medical agents, enhanced yields of natural products in cell growth media to equal or higher than that of the extracts from plants or fungi, constructions of novel genetic circuits for tumor targeting, controllable releases of therapeutic agents in response to specific biomarkers to fight diseases such as diabetes and cancers. Besides, new strategies are developed to treat complex immune diseases, infectious diseases and metabolic disorders that are hard to cure via traditional approaches. In general, synthetic biology brings new capabilities to medical and pharmaceutical researches. This review summarizes the timeline of synthetic biology developments, the past and present of synthetic biology for microbial productions of pharmaceutics, engineered cells equipped with synthetic DNA circuits for diagnosis and therapies, live and auto-assemblied biomaterials for medical treatments, cell-free synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields, and DNA engineering approaches with potentials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- PhaBuilder Biotech Co. Ltd., Shunyi District, Zhaoquan Ying, 101309, Beijing, China
| | - Cuihuan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- MOE Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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6
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Shukla AK, Misra S. Bispecific antibodies and its applications: a novel approach for targeting SARS-Cov-2. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:161-168. [PMID: 36607905 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic remains a severe global threat, with the world engulfed in the struggle against the disease's second or third waves, which are approaching frightening proportions in terms of cases and mortality in many nations. Despite the critical need for effective therapy, there is still uncertainty about the optimal practices for treating COVID-19 with various pharmaceutical approaches. This being third year, global immunity and eradication of SARS-CoV-2 is currently seems to be out of reach. Efforts to produce safe and effective vaccinations have shown promise, and progress is being made. Additional therapeutic modalities, as well as vaccine testing in children, are required for prophylaxis and treatment of high-risk individuals. As a result, neutralising antibodies and other comparable therapeutic options offer a lot of promise as immediate and direct antiviral medications. Bispecific antibodies offer a lot of potential in COVID-19 treatment because of their qualities including stability, small size and ease of manufacture. These can be used to control the virus's infection of the lungs because they are available in an inhalational form. To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, innovative approaches with effective nanobodies, high-expression yield and acceptable costs may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Saurav Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal, India
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7
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Raeisi H, Azimirad M, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Rapid-format recombinant antibody-based methods for the diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection: Recent advances and perspectives. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1043214. [PMID: 36523835 PMCID: PMC9744969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1043214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile, the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea, has been continuously reported as a worldwide problem in healthcare settings. Additionally, the emergence of hypervirulent strains of C. difficile has always been a critical concern and led to continuous efforts to develop more accurate diagnostic methods for detection of this recalcitrant pathogen. Currently, the diagnosis of C. difficile infection (CDI) is based on clinical manifestations and laboratory tests for detecting the bacterium and/or its toxins, which exhibit varied sensitivity and specificity. In this regard, development of rapid diagnostic techniques based on antibodies has demonstrated promising results in both research and clinical environments. Recently, application of recombinant antibody (rAb) technologies like phage display has provided a faster and more cost-effective approach for antibody production. The application of rAbs for developing ultrasensitive diagnostic tools ranging from immunoassays to immunosensors, has allowed the researchers to introduce new platforms with high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, DNA encoding antibodies are directly accessible in these approaches, which enables the application of antibody engineering to increase their sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the latest studies about the antibody-based ultrasensitive diagnostic platforms for detection of C. difficile bacteria, with an emphasis on rAb technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Hosseinalizadeh H, Habibi Roudkenar M, Mohammadi Roushandeh A, Kuwahara Y, Tomita K, Sato T. Natural killer cell immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:113. [PMID: 36305981 PMCID: PMC9616998 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most difficult cancers to treat because GBM has the high therapeutic resistance. Recently, immunotherapies for GBM have been used instead of conventional treatments. Among them, Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy has the potential to treat GBM due to its properties such as the absence of restriction by antigen-antibody reaction and deep penetration into the tumor microenvironment. Especially, genetically engineered NK cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells, dual antigen-targeting CAR NK cells, and adapter chimeric antigen receptor NK cells are considered to be an important tool for GBM immunotherapy. Therefore, this review describes the recent efforts of NK cell-based immunotherapy in GBM patients. We also describe key receptors expressing on NK cells such as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, CD16, and natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2DL) receptor and discuss the function and importance of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hosseinalizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kuwahara
- Division of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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9
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Mulero F. ImmunoPET in oncology. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2022; 41:332-339. [PMID: 35961857 DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to increase of immunotherapy in oncology, it is essential to have a biological characterization of tumors. Knowing which antigens are expressed both on the surface of the tumor cell and at tumor microenvironment in order to predict the tretment response different therapeutic antibodies, has become a need. ImmunoPET is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool that combines the high specificity of antibodies against antigens with the high sensitivity, resolution and quantification capacity of PET imaging. With ImmunoPET we obtain a virtual biopsy of tumors, it has a big present and future in preclinical-clinical research, being already a reality in predicting and monitoring the response to treatments with monoclonal antibodies, allowing a selection of patients and therapies reaching a personalized medicine contributing to improve clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Mulero
- Unidad de Imagen Molecular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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InmunoPET en oncología. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Raeisi H, Azimirad M, Nabavi-Rad A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: Current status and future perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972930. [PMID: 36081500 PMCID: PMC9445313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), known as the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is regarded as one of the most common healthcare-associated bacterial infections worldwide. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains, development of new therapeutic methods for C. difficile infection (CDI) has become crucially important. In this context, antibodies have been introduced as valuable tools in the research and clinical environments, as far as the effectiveness of antibody therapy for CDI was reported in several clinical investigations. Hence, production of high-performance antibodies for treatment of CDI would be precious. Traditional approaches of antibody generation are based on hybridoma technology. Today, application of in vitro technologies for generating recombinant antibodies, like phage display, is considered as an appropriate alternative to hybridoma technology. These techniques can circumvent the limitations of the immune system and they can be exploited for production of antibodies against different types of biomolecules in particular active toxins. Additionally, DNA encoding antibodies is directly accessible in in vitro technologies, which enables the application of antibody engineering in order to increase their sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the application of antibodies for CDI treatment with an emphasis on recombinant fragment antibodies. Also, this review highlights the current and future prospects of the aforementioned approaches for antibody-mediated therapy of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Segués A, Huang S, Sijts A, Berraondo P, Zaiss DM. Opportunities and challenges of bi-specific antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:45-70. [PMID: 35777864 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent clinical approval of different Bi-specific antibodies (BsAbs) has revealed the great therapeutic potential of this novel class of biologicals. For example, the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE), Blinatumomab, demonstrated the unique capacity of BsAbs to link T-cells with tumor cells, inducing targeted tumor cell removal. Additionally, Amivantamab, recognizing the EGFR and cMet in cis, revealed a substantial improvement of therapeutic efficacy by concomitantly targeting two tumor antigens. Cis-targeting BsAbs furthermore allow discerning cell populations which concurrently express two antigens, for which each antigen expression pattern in itself might not be selective. In this way, BsAbs harbor the great prospect of being more specific and showing fewer side effects than monoclonal antibodies. Nevertheless, BsAbs have also faced major obstacles, for instance, in ensuring reliable assembly and clinical-grade purification. In this review, we summarize the different available antibody platforms currently used for the generation of IgG-like and non-IgG-like BsAbs and explain which approaches have been used to assemble those BsAbs which are currently approved for clinical application. By focusing on the example of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the different, ongoing approaches to develop BsAbs specifically targeting Tregs within the tumor microenvironment, our review highlights the huge potential as well as the pitfalls BsAb face in order to emerge as one of the most effective therapeutic biologicals targeting desired cell populations in a highly selective way. Such BsAb may improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects, thereby opening novel treatment opportunities for a range of different diseases, such as cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Segués
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shuyu Huang
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Immune Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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13
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Lu D, Wang X, Su R, Cheng Y, Wang H, Luo L, Xiao Z. Preparation of an Immunoaffinity Column Based on Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody for Aflatoxin B 1 and Ochratoxin A Detection Combined with ic-ELISA. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030335. [PMID: 35159486 PMCID: PMC8833996 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel and efficient immunoaffinity column (IAC) based on bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsMAb) recognizing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was prepared and applied in simultaneous extraction of AFB1 and OTA from food samples and detection of AFB1/OTA combined with ic-ELISA (indirect competitive ELISA). Two deficient cell lines, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) deficient anti-AFB1 hybridoma cell line and thymidine kinase (TK) deficient anti-OTA hybridoma cell line, were fused to generate a hybrid-hybridoma producing BsMAb against AFB1 and OTA. The subtype of the BsMAb was IgG1 via mouse antibody isotyping kit test. The purity and molecular weight of BsMAb were confirmed by SDS-PAGE method. The cross-reaction rate with AFB2 was 37%, with AFG1 15%, with AFM1 48%, with AFM2 10%, and with OTB 36%. Negligible cross-reaction was observed with other tested compounds. The affinity constant (Ka) was determined by ELISA. The Ka (AFB1) and Ka (OTA) was 2.43 × 108 L/mol and 1.57 × 108 L/mol, respectively. Then the anti-AFB1/OTA BsMAb was coupled with CNBr-Sepharose, and an AFB1/OTA IAC was prepared. The coupling time and elution conditions of IAC were optimized. The coupling time was 1 h with 90% coupling rate, the eluent was methanol–water (60:40, v:v, pH 2.3) containing 1 mol/L NaCl, and the eluent volume was 4 mL. The column capacities of AFB1 and OTA were 165.0 ng and 171.3 ng, respectively. After seven times of repeated use, the preservation rates of column capacity for AFB1 and OTA were 69.3% and 68.0%, respectively. The ic-ELISA for AFB1 and OTA were applied combined with IAC. The IC50 (50% inhibiting concentration) of AFB1 was 0.027 ng/mL, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.004 ng/mL (0.032 µg/kg), and the linear range was 0.006 ng/mL~0.119 ng/mL. The IC50 of OTA was 0.878 ng/mL, the LOD was 0.126 ng/mL (1.008 µg/kg), and the linear range was 0.259 ng/mL~6.178 ng/mL. Under optimum conditions, corn and wheat samples were pretreated with AFB1-OTA IAC. The recovery rates of AFB1 and OTA were 95.4%~105.0% with ic-ELISA, and the correlations between the detection results and LC-MS were above 0.9. The developed IAC combined with ic-ELISA is reliable and could be applied to the detection of AFB1 and OTA in grains.
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14
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Boykoff N, Freage L, Lenn J, Mallikaratchy P. Bispecific Aptamer Sensor toward T-Cell Leukemia Detection in the Tumor Microenvironment. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32563-32570. [PMID: 34901605 PMCID: PMC8655784 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current detection methods of malignant cells are mainly based on the high expression levels of certain surface proteins on these cells. However, many of the same surface marker proteins are also expressed in normal cells. Growing evidence suggests that the molecular signatures of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are related to the biological state of a diseased cell. Exploiting the unique molecular signature of the TME, we have designed a molecular sensing agent consisting of a molecular switch that can sense the elevated concentration of a small molecule in the TME and promote precise recognition of a malignant cell. We accomplished this by designing and developing a bispecific aptamer that takes advantage of a high concentration of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the TME. Thus, we report a prototype of a bispecific aptamer molecule, which serves as a dual detection platform and recognizes tumor cells only when a given metabolite concentration is elevated in the TME. This system overcomes hurdles in detecting tumor cells solely based on the elevated expression of cell surface markers, providing a universal platform for tumor targeting and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Boykoff
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United
States
| | - Lina Freage
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University
of New York, 250 Bedford
Park Blvd., West, Bronx, New York 10468, United
States
| | - Jared Lenn
- The
Bronx High School of Science, 75 W 205th Street, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
| | - Prabodhika Mallikaratchy
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University
of New York, 250 Bedford
Park Blvd., West, Bronx, New York 10468, United
States
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United
States
- Ph.D.
Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United
States
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15
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Si Y, Pei X, Wang X, Han Q, Xu C, Zhang B. An anti-EGFR/anti- HER2 Bispecific Antibody with Enhanced Antitumor Activity Against Acquired Gefitinib-Resistant NSCLC Cells. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1290-1297. [PMID: 34602035 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210930170624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is a recurrent phenomenon during clinical therapy of non‑small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have shown that HER2 is a key factor contributing to drug resistance in a variety of cancers. Furthermore, we have observed that HER2 is overexpressed in PC-9 NSCLC cells with acquired gefitinib-resistance (PC-9/GR) as compared to that in PC-9 cells. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that blocking both EGFR and HER2 may serve as a potential strategy for treatment of NSCLC with acquired gefitinib-resistance. METHODS To target both EGFR and HER2 simultaneously, we developed a bispecific antibody HECrossMAb, which was derived from a humanized Cetuximab and Trastuzumab. The binding affinity of HECrossMAb for EGFR and HER2 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MTT assay was used to determine the effect of HECrossMAb on the proliferation of PC‑9 and PC‑9/GR cells in vitro. Finally, the effect of HECrossMAb on PI3K/AKT signaling and associated transcription factors was measured using western blot analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that HECrossMAb exerts enhanced cytotoxicity in both PC-9 and PC-9/GR cells by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling and expression of relevant transcription factors such as AEG-1, c-Myc, and c-Fos. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HECrossMAb may function as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC overexpressing EGFR and HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Si
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Xinxin Pei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Xiangfang Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Qianqian Han
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Changzhi Xu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Buchang Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
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16
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A single homogeneous assay for simultaneous measurement of bispecific antibody target binding. J Immunol Methods 2021; 496:113099. [PMID: 34224737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered to simultaneously bind two different antigens, and offer promising clinical outcomes for various diseases. The dual binding properties of BsAbs may enable superior efficacies and/or potencies compared to standard monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or combination mAb therapies. Characterizing BsAb binding properties is critical during biotherapeutic development, where data is leveraged to predict efficacy and potency, assess critical quality attributes and improve antibody design. Traditional single-target, single-readout approaches (e.g., ELISA) have limited usefulness for interpreting complex bispecific binding, and double the benchwork. To address these deficiencies, we developed and implemented a new dual-target/readout binding assay that accurately dissects the affinities of both BsAb binding domains directly and simultaneously. This new assay uses AlphaPlex® technology, which eliminates traditional ELISA wash steps and can be miniaturized for automated workflows. The optimized BsAb AlphaPlex assay demonstrates 99-107% accuracy within a 50-150% linear range, and detected >50% binding degradation from photo- and thermal stress conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance of a dual-target/readout BsAb AlphaPlex assay with GMP-suitable linear range, accuracy, specificity, and stability-indicating properties. As a highly customizable and efficient assay, BsAb AlphaPlex may be applicable to numerous bispecific formats and/or co-formulations against a variety of antigens beyond the clinical therapeutic space.
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17
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Jiang H, Ni H, Zhang P, Guo X, Wu M, Shen H, Wang J, Wu W, Wu Z, Ding J, Tang R, Zhou S, Chen B, Yu M, Jing H, Liu J. PD-L1/LAG-3 bispecific antibody enhances tumor-specific immunity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1943180. [PMID: 34239776 PMCID: PMC8237984 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1943180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand-1 (PD-L1) treatments are effective in a fraction of patients with advanced malignancies. However, the majority of patients do not respond to it. Resistance to cancer immunotherapy can be mediated by additional immune checkpoints. We hypothesized that co-targeting of PD-L1 and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) could provide an alternative therapeutic approach. Here, we developed IBI323, a dual blockade bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and LAG-3. We assessed the binding affinity, blocking activity, cell bridging effect, and immunomodulation function of IBI323 using in vitro assays. We also evaluated, in two humanized mouse models, anti-tumor effects and antitumor T cell immunity induced by IBI323. IBI323 bound to PD-L1 and LAG-3 with similar potency as its parental antibodies and blocked the interaction of PD-1/PD-L1, CD80/PD-L1, and LAG-3/MHC-II. Moreover, IBI323 mediated the bridging of PD-L1+ cells and LAG-3+ cells and demonstrated superior immune stimulatory activity compared to each parent antibody in mixed leukocyte reaction. In PD-L1/LAG-3 double knock-in mice bearing human PD-L1 knock-in MC38 tumors, IBI323 showed stronger anti-tumor activity compared to each parental antibody. The better antitumor response correlated with increased tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. IBI323 also induced stronger anti-tumor effect against established A375 tumors compared with combination in mice reconstituted with human immune cells. Collectively, these data demonstrated that IBI323 preserved the blockade activities of parental antibodies while processing a novel cell bridging function. Based on the encouraging preclinical results, IBI323 has significant value in further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiqing Ni
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoran Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiazheng Ding
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuaixiang Zhou
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Michael Yu
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Jing
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjian Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co, Suzhou, China
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18
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Ma J, Mo Y, Tang M, Shen J, Qi Y, Zhao W, Huang Y, Xu Y, Qian C. Bispecific Antibodies: From Research to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626616. [PMID: 34025638 PMCID: PMC8131538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are antibodies with two binding sites directed at two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. The clinical therapeutic effects of BsAbs are superior to those of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), with broad applications for tumor immunotherapy as well as for the treatment of other diseases. Recently, with progress in antibody or protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology, various platforms for generating different types of BsAbs based on novel strategies, for various uses, have been established. More than 30 mature commercial technology platforms have been used to create and develop BsAbs based on the heterologous recombination of heavy chains and matching of light chains. The detailed mechanisms of clinical/therapeutic action have been demonstrated with these different types of BsAbs. Three kinds of BsAbs have received market approval, and more than 110 types of BsAbs are at various stages of clinical trials. In this paper, we elaborate on the classic platforms, mechanisms, and applications of BsAbs. We hope that this review can stimulate new ideas for the development of BsAbs and improve current clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Mo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglin Tang
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- IND Center, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yanan Qi
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxu Zhao
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- IND Center, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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19
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Zhou J, Krishnan N, Jiang Y, Fang RH, Zhang L. Nanotechnology for virus treatment. NANO TODAY 2021; 36:101031. [PMID: 33519948 PMCID: PMC7836394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The continued emergence of novel viruses poses a significant threat to global health. Uncontrolled outbreaks can result in pandemics that have the potential to overburden our healthcare and economic systems. While vaccination is a conventional modality that can be employed to promote herd immunity, antiviral vaccines can only be applied prophylactically and do little to help patients who have already contracted viral infections. During the early stages of a disease outbreak when vaccines are unavailable, therapeutic antiviral drugs can be used as a stopgap solution. However, these treatments do not always work against emerging viral strains and can be accompanied by adverse effects that sometimes outweigh the benefits. Nanotechnology has the potential to overcome many of the challenges facing current antiviral therapies. For example, nanodelivery vehicles can be employed to drastically improve the pharmacokinetic profile of antiviral drugs while reducing their systemic toxicity. Other unique nanomaterials can be leveraged for their virucidal or virus-neutralizing properties. In this review, we discuss recent developments in antiviral nanotherapeutics and provide a perspective on the application of nanotechnology to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and future virus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nishta Krishnan
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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20
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Gstöttner C, Vergoossen DLE, Wuhrer M, Huijbers MGM, Domínguez-Vega E. Sheathless CE-MS as a tool for monitoring exchange efficiency and stability of bispecific antibodies. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:171-176. [PMID: 32901958 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) are receiving great attention due to their extensive benefits as biopharmaceuticals and their involvement in IgG4 mediated autoimmune diseases. While the production of BsAbs is getting more accessible, their analytical characterization remains challenging. We explored the potential of sheathless CE-MS for monitoring exchange efficiency and stability of in-house produced bispecific antibodies. Two IgG4 bispecific antibodies with different molecular characteristics were prepared using controlled Fragment antigen binding (Fab)-arm exchange. Separation of BsAbs from their parent monospecific antibodies was achieved using a polyethyleniimine (PEI)-coated capillary and acidic background electrolytes permitting reliable assessment of the exchange efficiency. This was especially valuable for a Fab-glycosylated BsAb where the high glycan heterogeneity resulted in an overlap of masses with the monospecific parent antibody, hindering their discrimination by MS only. The method showed also good capabilities to monitor the stability of the generated BsAbs under different storage conditions. The levels of degradation products were different for the studied antibodies indicating pronounced differences in stability. Overall, the proposed method represents a useful analytical tool for exchange efficiency and stability studies of bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana L E Vergoossen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje G M Huijbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Balibegloo M, Rezaei N. Development and clinical application of bispecific antibody in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:689-709. [PMID: 32536227 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1783249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of colorectal cancer as one of the most commonly diagnosed and a frequent cause of cancer-related deaths is of great challenges in health-related issues. AREAS COVERED Immunotherapy is the fourth pillar of cancer treatment which provides more novel therapeutic options with expanding investigational potentials. One of the modalities in immunotherapy is the use of bispecific antibodies. Despite demonstrating many promising roles, it still needs more advanced studies to identify the actual pros and cons. In this review, the application of bispecific antibody in the treatment of colorectal cancer has been explained, based on preclinical and clinical studies. The literature search was conducted mainly through PubMed in June and September 2019. EXPERT OPINION Bispecific antibody is in its early stages in colorectal cancer treatment, requiring modern technologies in manufacturing, better biomarkers and more specific target antigens, more studies on individual genetic variations, and conducting later phase clinical trials and systematic reviews to achieve better survival benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Balibegloo
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN) , Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN) , Tehran, Iran
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23
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Guo Q, Zhang Z, Zhao P, Zou S, Li L, Li N, Sun W, Wei X, Hou L, Yang Z, Gao D. Bispecific antibody activated T cells: A newly developed T cells with enhanced proliferation ability and cytotoxicity. Immunol Lett 2020; 220:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Asano R, Hosokawa K, Taki S, Konno S, Shimomura I, Ogata H, Okada M, Arai K, Onitsuka M, Omasa T, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Build-up functionalization of anti-EGFR × anti-CD3 bispecific diabodies by integrating high-affinity mutants and functional molecular formats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4913. [PMID: 32188928 PMCID: PMC7080790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing non-natural antibody formats is a practical method for developing highly functional next-generation antibody drugs, particularly for improving the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatments. One approach is constructing bispecific antibodies (bsAbs). We previously reported a functional humanized bispecific diabody (bsDb) that targeted epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3 (hEx3-Db). We enhanced its cytotoxicity by constructing an Fc fusion protein and rearranging order of the V domain. In this study, we created an additional functional bsAb, by integrating the molecular formats of bsAb and high-affinity mutants previously isolated by phage display in the form of Fv. Introducing the high-affinity mutations into bsDbs successfully increased their affinities and enhanced their cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. However, there were some limitations to affinity maturation of bsDb by integrating high-affinity Fv mutants, particularly in Fc-fused bsDb with intrinsic high affinity, because of their bivalency. The tetramers fractionated from the bsDb mutant exhibited the highest in vitro growth inhibition among the small bsAbs and was comparable to the in vivo anti-tumor effects of Fc-fused bsDbs. This molecule shows cost-efficient bacterial production and high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan. .,Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Hosokawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shintaro Taki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shota Konno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimomura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mai Okada
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Single chain variable fragments (scFvs) are generated by joining together the variable heavy and light chain of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) via a peptide linker. They offer some advantages over the parental mAb such as low molecular weight, heterologous production, multimeric form, and multivalency. The scFvs were produced against more than 50 antigens till date using 10 different plant species as the expression system. There were considerable improvements in the expression and purification strategies of scFv in the last 24 years. With the growing demand of scFv in therapeutic and diagnostic fields, its biosynthesis needs to be increased. The easiness in development, maintenance, and multiplication of transgenic plants make them an attractive expression platform for scFv production. The review intends to provide comprehensive information about the use of plant expression system to produce scFv. The developments, advantages, pitfalls, and possible prospects of improvement for the exploitation of plants in the industrial level are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padikara Kutty Satheeshkumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
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T-cell Activating Tribodies as a Novel Approach for Efficient Killing of ErbB2-positive Cancer Cells. J Immunother 2020; 42:1-10. [PMID: 30520849 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Tyrosine Kinase Receptor ErbB2 (HER2) when overexpressed in breast cancer (BC) is associated with poor prognosis. The monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab has become a standard treatment of ErbB2+BC. The antibody treatment has limited efficacy, often meets resistance and induces cardiotoxicity. T-cell recruiting bispecific antibody derivatives (TRBA) offer a more effective alternative to standard antibody therapy. We evaluated a panel of TRBAs targeting 3 different epitopes on the ErbB2 receptor either in a bivalent targeting tribody structure or as a monovalent scFv-fusion (BiTE format) for binding, cytotoxicity on Trastuzumab-resistant cell lines, and induction of cardiotoxicity. All three TRBAs bind with high affinity to the ErbB2 extracellular domain and a large panel of ErbB2-positive tumor cells. Tribodies had an increased in vitro cytotoxic potency as compared to BiTEs. It is interesting to note that, Tribodies targeting the epitopes on ErbB2 receptor domains I and II bind and activate lysis of mammary and gastric tumor cells more efficiently than a Tribody targeting the Trastuzumab epitope on domain IV. The first 2 are also active on Trastuzumab-resistant cancer cells lacking or masking the epitope recognized by Trastuzumab. None of the Tribodies studied showed significant toxicity on human cardiomyocytes. Altogether these results make these novel anti-ErbB2 bispecific Tribodies candidates for therapeutic development for treating ErbB2-positive Trastuzumab-resistant cancer patients.
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Hemmi S, Asano R, Kimura K, Umetsu M, Nakanishi T, Kumagai I, Makabe K. Construction of a circularly connected VHH bispecific antibody (cyclobody) for the desirable positioning of antigen-binding sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:72-77. [PMID: 31831177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A bispecific antibody (bsAb) is an emerging class of next-generation biological therapeutics. BsAbs are engineered antibodies possessing dual antigen-binding paratopes in one molecule. The circular backbone topology has never been demonstrated, although an enormous number of bispecific constructs have been proposed. The circular topology is potentially beneficial for fixing the orientation of two paratopes and protection from exopeptidase digestion. We construct herein a circularly connected bispecific VHH, termed cyclobody, using the split-intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins. The constructed cyclobodies are protected from proteolysis with a retained bispecificity. The anti-EGFR × anti-GFP cyclobody can specifically stain EGFR-positive cells with GFP. The anti-EGFR × anti-CD16 cyclobody shows cytotoxic activity against EGFR-positive cancer cells with comparative activity of a tandem VHH construct. Successful demonstration of a new topology for the bispecific antibody will expand the construction strategy for developing antibody-based drugs and reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Hemmi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Kouki Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-606 Aoba-yama, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
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Kotani N, Yamaguchi A, Ohnishi T, Kuwahara R, Nakano T, Nakano Y, Ida Y, Murakoshi T, Honke K. Proximity proteomics identifies cancer cell membrane cis-molecular complex as a potential cancer target. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2607-2619. [PMID: 31228215 PMCID: PMC6676139 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer‐specific antigens expressed in the cell membrane have been used as targets for several molecular targeted strategies in the last 20 years with remarkable success. To develop more effective cancer treatments, novel targets and strategies for targeted therapies are needed. Here, we examined the cancer cell membrane‐resident “cis‐bimolecular complex” as a possible cancer target (cis‐bimolecular cancer target: BiCAT) using proximity proteomics, a technique that has attracted attention in the last 10 years. BiCAT were detected using a previously developed method termed the enzyme‐mediated activation of radical source (EMARS), to label the components proximal to a given cell membrane molecule. EMARS analysis identified some BiCAT, such as close homolog of L1 (CHL1), fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGFR3) and α2 integrin, which are commonly expressed in mouse primary lung cancer cells and human lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Analysis of cancer specimens from 55 lung cancer patients revealed that CHL1 and α2 integrin were highly co–expressed in almost all cancer tissues compared with normal lung tissues. As an example of BiCAT application, in vitro simulation of effective drug combinations used for multiple drug treatment strategies was performed using reagents targeted to BiCAT molecules. The combination treatment based on BiCAT information moderately suppressed cancer cell proliferation compared with single administration, suggesting that the information about BiCAT in cancer cells is useful for the appropriate selection of the combination among molecular targeted reagents. Thus, BiCAT has the potential to contribute to several molecular targeted strategies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kotani
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohnishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kuwahara
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yui Ida
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
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Foster LH, Lum LG. Treatment of hematological malignancies with T cell redirected bispecific antibodies: current status and future needs. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:707-720. [PMID: 31081696 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1604672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enthusiasm for developing therapeutic bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) for cancer applications has become intense in the past decade facilitated by advances in molecular biology, hybridoma technology, and protein engineering. The central strategy in BsAb engineering is to combine the specificities directed at effector cells, and at a tumor target associated antigen (TAA) into a single construct. AREAS COVERED This article highlights the clinical use of BsAbs to target effector cells to multiple myeloma (MM), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We discuss the successes, challenges, and future strategies. Secondary literature search was performed using Pubmed, clinicaltrials.gov and non-proprietary internet search engines. EXPERT OPINION The use of BsAb constructs to target hematologic malignancies has achieved limited success to date. There continues to be a high level of enthusiasm for developing and applying new constructs to overcome the challenges in engineering and clinical application for hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laahn H Foster
- a Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Lawrence G Lum
- a Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
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Liu J, Wu X, Lin L, Pan H, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang Z. Bp-Bs, a Novel T-cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody with Biparatopic Her2 Binding, Has Potent Anti-tumor Activities. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:66-73. [PMID: 31020038 PMCID: PMC6475711 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (Her2) overexpression are associated with aggressive tumor growth and poor clinical outcomes. Bispecific antibodies targeting Her2 have recently exhibited potent effects on Her2 signal inhibition. In this study, a novel biparatopic anti-Her2 bispecific antibody (Bp-Bs) was constructed by linking a single anti-CD3 Fab with two different anti-Her2 single-domain antibodies targeting non-overlapping epitopes of Her2. The Bp-Bs demonstrated strong binding on Her2-positive cells and potent cytotoxicity on Her2-positive tumor cells, even Her2-low expression cells, suggesting that biparatopic bispecific antibodies may have improved therapeutic benefits on broad Her2 patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Limin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haitao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yining Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Kholodenko RV, Kalinovsky DV, Doronin II, Ponomarev ED, Kholodenko IV. Antibody Fragments as Potential Biopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy: Success and Limitations. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:396-426. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170817152554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of therapeutic agents approved for the therapy of many types of malignancies. However, in certain cases applications of conventional mAbs have several limitations in anticancer immunotherapy. These limitations include insufficient efficacy and adverse effects. The antigen-binding fragments of antibodies have a considerable potential to overcome the disadvantages of conventional mAbs, such as poor penetration into solid tumors and Fc-mediated bystander activation of the immune system. Fragments of antibodies retain antigen specificity and part of functional properties of conventional mAbs and at the same time have much better penetration into the tumors and a greatly reduced level of adverse effects. Recent advantages in antibody engineering allowed to produce different types of antibody fragments with improved structure and properties for efficient elimination of tumor cells. These molecules opened up new perspectives for anticancer therapy. Here, we will overview the structural features of the various types of antibody fragments and their applications for anticancer therapy as separate molecules and as part of complex conjugates or structures. Mechanisms of antitumor action of antibody fragments as well as their advantages and disadvantages for clinical application will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Daniel V. Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I. Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Eugene D. Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Brain, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong
| | - Irina V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
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Zang B, Ren J, Li D, Huang C, Ma H, Peng Q, Ji F, Han L, Jia L. Freezing-assisted synthesis of covalent C-C linked bivalent and bispecific nanobodies. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:257-263. [PMID: 30357229 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bi-valent/specific antibodies are coming to the forefront of therapeutic and diagnostic applications for extending the functions of conventional antibodies. Nanobodies as building blocks, due to their small sizes, are prone to synthesizing these homo/hetero-dimers. However, the classical C-terminus to N-terminus (C-N) ligation manner for generating the dimer results in the inhibition of the antigen-binding capacity of the bivalent/specific antibodies. In this study, we designed and constructed several C-terminus to C-terminus (C-C) linked bivalent and bispecific nanobodies against the human β2-microglobulin via freezing, overcoming the biological function-disrupt raised by the C-N ligation. The nanobody modified by the formylglycine generating enzyme was ligated to a hydrazide or aminooxy bi-functionalized linker. During the process, we discovered that freezing significantly improved the efficiency of hydrazone or oxime formation between the linker and nanobodies, which could not take place at room temperature. By freezing from -10 to -20 °C, up to 50% yield of bivalent nanobodies was achieved within 24 h. The C-C linked nanobody-fusions maintained almost all of its binding activity and exhibited an increase by two orders of magnitudes in affinity kinetics, demonstrating the superiority of C-C over the C-N linking approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Zang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.
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Huang K, Hu S, Cheng K. A New Era of Cardiac Cell Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801011. [PMID: 30548836 PMCID: PMC6368830 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), caused by coronary heart disease (CHD), remains one of the most common causes of death in the United States. Over the last few decades, scientists have invested considerable resources on the study and development of cell therapies for myocardial regeneration after MI. However, due to a number of limitations, they are not yet readily available for clinical applications. Mounting evidence supports the theory that paracrine products are the main contributors to the regenerative effects attributed to these cell therapies. The next generation of cell-based MI therapies will identify and isolate cell products and derivatives, integrate them with biocompatible materials and technologies, and use them for the regeneration of damaged myocardial tissue. This review discusses the progress made thus far in pursuit of this new generation of cell therapies. Their fundamental regenerative mechanisms, their potential to combine with other therapeutic products, and their role in shaping new clinical approaches for heart tissue engineering, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- Pharmacoengineeirng and Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Site-Specific Photocrosslinking to Immunoglobulin G Using Photoreactive Antibody-Binding Domains. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2033:275-286. [PMID: 31332760 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9654-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The high specificity and strong binding affinity of antibodies, most commonly immunoglobulin G (IgG), have led to their use in a wide range of research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Many of these applications require the antibody to be labeled with additional chemical or biological moieties. Here, we describe a method for the rapid and site-specific labeling of nearly any "off-the-shelf" IgG. Our method utilizes small photoreactive antibody-binding domains (pAbBDs) that are produced by modifying the IgG-binding domains of Protein A and Protein G with the unnatural amino acid benzoylphenylalanine (BPA). The pAbBDs are covalently linked to IgG heavy chains upon exposure to ultraviolet light. Fusion of pAbBDs to a given protein of interest or conjugation of pAbBDs with drugs, fluorophores, and/or other chemical moieties, enables the facile production of a diverse range of antibody conjugates.
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35
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Ghagane SC, Puranik SI, Gan SH, Hiremath MB, Nerli RB, Ravishankar MV. Frontiers of monoclonal antibodies: Applications in medical practices. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:135-142. [PMID: 29060935 DOI: 10.3233/hab-170331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the flourishing of innovation in drug discovery into a new era of personalized therapy, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the treatment of various ailments lies at the forefront. Major improvements in genetic sequencing and biomedical techniques as well as research into mAbs emphasize on determining new targets for advanced therapy while maximizing efficacy for clinical application. However, a balance has to be achieved concerning developing a target with low toxicity combined with high specificity and versatility, to allow a specific antibody to facilitate several biotic effects, ranging from neutralization of virus mechanisms to modulation of immune response and maintaining low global economic cost. Presently, there are approximately 30 mAbs' permitted for therapeutic use with many more being tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the heavy cost of mAbs' production, stowage and management as well as the subsequent hindrances to their development are outweighed by mAbs' clinical advantages. Compared to conventional drugs, since mAbs use as pharmacologic iotas have specific physical features and modes of action, they should be considered as a discrete therapeutic category. In this review, the history of mAb generation and the innovative technological applications of mAbs that has advanced in clinical practices is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar C Ghagane
- Department of Urology, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Belagavi-590010, India.,Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003, India
| | - Sridevi I Puranik
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003, India.,Department of Biotechnology, KLES R. L. Science Institute (Autonomous), Belagavi-590001, India
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Medical Sciences, USM, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Murigendra B Hiremath
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003, India
| | - R B Nerli
- Department of Urology, KLE University's JN Medical College, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Belagavi-590010, India
| | - M V Ravishankar
- Department of Anatomy USM-KLE, IMP, JNMC Campus, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, India
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Mabfilin and Fabfilin - New antibody-scaffold fusion formats for multispecific targeting concepts. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 149:51-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Krah S, Kolmar H, Becker S, Zielonka S. Engineering IgG-Like Bispecific Antibodies-An Overview. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7030028. [PMID: 31544880 PMCID: PMC6640676 DOI: 10.3390/antib7030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapeutics have proven to be successful treatment options for patients in various indications. Particularly in oncology, therapeutic concepts involving antibodies often rely on the so-called effector functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which are programed in the antibody Fc region. However, Fc-mediated effector mechanisms often seem to be insufficient in properly activating the immune system to act against tumor cells. Furthermore, long term treatments can lead to resistance against the applied drug, which is monospecific by nature. There is promise in using specific antibodies to overcome such issues due to their capability of recruiting and activating T-cells directly at the tumor site, for instance. During the last decade, two of these entities, which are referred to as Blinatumomab and Catumaxomab, have been approved to treat patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and malignant ascites. In addition, Emicizumab, which is a bispecific antibody targeting clotting factors IXa and X, was recently granted market approval by the FDA in 2017 for the treatment of hemophilia A. However, the generation of these next generation therapeutics is challenging and requires tremendous engineering efforts as two distinct paratopes need to be combined from two different heavy and light chains. This mini review summarizes technologies, which enable the generation of antibodies with dual specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Vaks L, Litvak-Greenfeld D, Dror S, Shefet-Carasso L, Matatov G, Nahary L, Shapira S, Hakim R, Alroy I, Benhar I. Design Principles for Bispecific IgGs, Opportunities and Pitfalls of Artificial Disulfide Bonds. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:E27. [PMID: 31544879 PMCID: PMC6640675 DOI: 10.3390/antib7030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are antibodies with two binding sites directed at different antigens, enabling therapeutic strategies not achievable with conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Since bispecific antibodies are regarded as promising therapeutic agents, many different bispecific design modalities have been evaluated, but as many of them are small recombinant fragments, their utility could be limited. For some therapeutic applications, full-size IgGs may be the optimal format. Two challenges should be met to make bispecific IgGs; one is that each heavy chain will only pair with the heavy chain of the second specificity and that homodimerization be prevented. The second is that each heavy chain will only pair with the light chain of its own specificity and not with the light chain of the second specificity. The first solution to the first criterion (knobs into holes, KIH) was presented in 1996 by Paul Carter's group from Genentech. Additional solutions were presented later on. However, until recently, out of >120 published bsAb formats, only a handful of solutions for the second criterion that make it possible to produce a bispecific IgG by a single expressing cell were suggested. We present a solution for the second challenge-correct pairing of heavy and light chains of bispecific IgGs; an engineered (artificial) disulfide bond between the antibodies' variable domains that asymmetrically replaces the natural disulfide bond between CH1 and CL. We name antibodies produced according to this design "BIClonals". Bispecific IgGs where the artificial disulfide bond is placed in the CH1-CL interface are also presented. Briefly, we found that an artificial disulfide bond between VH position 44 to VL position 100 provides for effective and correct H-L chain pairing while also preventing the formation of wrong H-L chain pairs. When the artificial disulfide bond links the CH1 with the CL domain, effective H-L chain pairing also occurs, but in some cases, wrong H-L pairing is not totally prevented. We conclude that H-L chain pairing seems to be driven by VH-VL interfacial interactions that differ between different antibodies, hence, there is no single optimal solution for effective and precise assembly of bispecific IgGs, making it necessary to carefully evaluate the optimal solution for each new antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Vaks
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Dana Litvak-Greenfeld
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Stav Dror
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - LeeRon Shefet-Carasso
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Galia Matatov
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Limor Nahary
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Shiran Shapira
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel.
| | - Rahely Hakim
- FusiMab, Ltd., 14 Shenkar St. POB 4093 Herzelia, Israel.
| | - Iris Alroy
- FusiMab, Ltd., 14 Shenkar St. POB 4093 Herzelia, Israel.
| | - Itai Benhar
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Chowdhury R, Allan MF, Maranas CD. OptMAVEn-2.0: De novo Design of Variable Antibody Regions against Targeted Antigen Epitopes. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7030023. [PMID: 31544875 PMCID: PMC6640672 DOI: 10.3390/antib7030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are becoming increasingly important therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancers, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders. However, laboratory-based methods of developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (e.g., immunized mice, hybridomas, and phage display) are time-consuming and are often unable to target a specific antigen epitope or reach (sub)nanomolar levels of affinity. To this end, we developed Optimal Method for Antibody Variable region Engineering (OptMAVEn) for de novo design of humanized monoclonal antibody variable regions targeting a specific antigen epitope. In this work, we introduce OptMAVEn-2.0, which improves upon OptMAVEn by (1) reducing computational resource requirements without compromising design quality; (2) clustering the designs to better identify high-affinity antibodies; and (3) eliminating intra-antibody steric clashes using an updated set of clashing parts from the Modular Antibody Parts (MAPs) database. Benchmarking on a set of 10 antigens revealed that OptMAVEn-2.0 uses an average of 74% less CPU time and 84% less disk storage relative to OptMAVEn. Testing on 54 additional antigens revealed that computational resource requirements of OptMAVEn-2.0 scale only sub-linearly with respect to antigen size. OptMAVEn-2.0 was used to design and rank variable antibody fragments targeting five epitopes of Zika envelope protein and three of hen egg white lysozyme. Among the top five ranked designs for each epitope, recovery of native residue identities is typically 45–65%. MD simulations of two designs targeting Zika suggest that at least one would bind with high affinity. OptMAVEn-2.0 can be downloaded from our GitHub repository and webpage as (links in Summary and Discussion section).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Matthew F Allan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA.
- Computational and Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA.
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Zhu S, Zhu J, Song Y, Chen J, Wang L, Zhou M, Jiang P, Li W, Xue X, Zhao KN, Zhang L. Bispecific affibody molecule targeting HPV16 and HPV18E7 oncoproteins for enhanced molecular imaging of cervical cancer. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7429-7439. [PMID: 29938318 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV16 and HPV18) are now widely recognized as responsible for cervical cancer, which remains to be the most common gynecologic malignancy in women worldwide. It is well known that viral oncoproteins E6/E7 play key roles in HPV-associated cervical carcinogenesis. Thus, in vivo detection of the two oncoproteins may provide important diagnostic information influencing patient management. More recently, affibody molecules have been demonstrated to be a promising candidate for development as molecular imaging probes. Based on the two monomeric affibody molecules (ZHPV16E7 and ZHPV18E7) generated in our laboratory, here, we used a peptide linker (Gly4Ser)3 to link ZHPV16E7 and ZHPV18E7 to develop a novel heterodimeric affibody ZHPV16E7-(Gly4Ser)3-ZHPV18E7. Both biosensor and immunofluorescence assays have proved that the heterodimeric affibody molecule targeted simultaneously HPV16 and HPV18E7 proteins by binding to the viral oncoproteins. In vivo tumor-imaging experiments using the Dylight755-labeled heterodimeric affibody revealed that strongly high-contrast tumor retention of the heterodimers occurred in both HPV16- and HPV18-derived tumors of nude mice 0.5 h post-injection. The accumulation of Dylight755-labeled heterodimers in tumors was achieved over 48 h. Therefore, we believe that this novel heterodimeric affibody molecule has great potential utility in molecular imaging in vivo and diagnosis of HPV-associated cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Song
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lude Wang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshu Li
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Karaoglu Hanzatian D, Schwartz A, Gizatullin F, Erickson J, Deng K, Villanueva R, Stedman C, Harris C, Ghayur T, Goodearl A. Brain uptake of multivalent and multi-specific DVD-Ig proteins after systemic administration. MAbs 2018; 10:765-777. [PMID: 29771629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1465159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and endogenous IgG antibodies show limited uptake into the central nervous system (CNS) due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which regulates and controls the selective and specific transport of both exogenous and endogenous materials to the brain. The use of natural transport mechanisms, such as receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), to deliver antibody therapeutics into the brain have been studied in rodents and monkeys. Recent successful examples include monovalent bispecific antibodies and mono- or bivalent fusion proteins; however, these formats do not have the capability to bind to both the CNS target and the BBB transport receptor in a bivalent fashion as a canonical antibody would. Dual-variable-domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) proteins offer a bispecific format where monoclonal antibody-like bivalency to both the BBB receptor and the therapeutic target is preserved, enabling independent engineering of binding affinity, potency, valency, epitope and conformation, essential for successful generation of clinical candidates for CNS applications with desired drug-like properties. Each of these parameters can affect the binding and transcytosis ability mediated by different receptors on the brain endothelium differentially, allowing exploration of diverse properties. Here, we describe generation and characterization of several different DVD-Ig proteins, specific for four different CNS targets, capable of crossing the BBB through transcytosis mediated by the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). After systemic administration of each DVD-Ig, we used two independent methods in parallel to observe specific uptake into the brain. An electrochemiluminescent-based sensitive quantitative assay and a semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry technique were used for brain concentration determination and biodistribution/localization in brain, respectively. Significantly enhanced brain uptake and retention was observed for all TfR1 DVD-Ig proteins regardless of the CNS target or the systemic administration route selected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Schwartz
- b AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 100 Research Drive, Worcester , MA
| | - Farid Gizatullin
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Jamie Erickson
- b AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 100 Research Drive, Worcester , MA
| | - Kangwen Deng
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Ruth Villanueva
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | | | - Cristina Harris
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Tariq Ghayur
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Andrew Goodearl
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
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Setiawan D, Brender J, Zhang Y. Recent advances in automated protein design and its future challenges. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:587-604. [PMID: 29695210 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1465922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein function is determined by protein structure which is in turn determined by the corresponding protein sequence. If the rules that cause a protein to adopt a particular structure are understood, it should be possible to refine or even redefine the function of a protein by working backwards from the desired structure to the sequence. Automated protein design attempts to calculate the effects of mutations computationally with the goal of more radical or complex transformations than are accessible by experimental techniques. Areas covered: The authors give a brief overview of the recent methodological advances in computer-aided protein design, showing how methodological choices affect final design and how automated protein design can be used to address problems considered beyond traditional protein engineering, including the creation of novel protein scaffolds for drug development. Also, the authors address specifically the future challenges in the development of automated protein design. Expert opinion: Automated protein design holds potential as a protein engineering technique, particularly in cases where screening by combinatorial mutagenesis is problematic. Considering solubility and immunogenicity issues, automated protein design is initially more likely to make an impact as a research tool for exploring basic biology in drug discovery than in the design of protein biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Setiawan
- a Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Jeffrey Brender
- b Radiation Biology Branch , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute - NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- a Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,c Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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Feldmann A, Arndt C, Bergmann R, Loff S, Cartellieri M, Bachmann D, Aliperta R, Hetzenecker M, Ludwig F, Albert S, Ziller-Walter P, Kegler A, Koristka S, Gärtner S, Schmitz M, Ehninger A, Ehninger G, Pietzsch J, Steinbach J, Bachmann M. Retargeting of T lymphocytes to PSCA- or PSMA positive prostate cancer cells using the novel modular chimeric antigen receptor platform technology "UniCAR". Oncotarget 2018; 8:31368-31385. [PMID: 28404896 PMCID: PMC5458214 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment options especially of solid tumors including for metastasized prostate cancer (PCa) are urgently needed. Recent treatments of leukemias with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) underline their impressive therapeutic potential. However CARs currently applied in the clinics cannot be repeatedly turned on and off potentially leading to severe life threatening side effects. To overcome these problems, we recently described a modular CAR technology termed UniCAR: UniCAR T cells are inert but can be turned on by application of one or multiple target modules (TMs). Here we present preclinical data summarizing the retargeting of UniCAR T cells to PCa cells using TMs directed to prostate stem cell- (PSCA) or/and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). In the presence of the respective TM(s), we see a highly efficient target-specific and target-dependent activation of UniCAR T cells, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and PCa cell lysis both in vitro and experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Feldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Loff
- UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany.,GEMoaB Monoclonals GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Cartellieri
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Cellex Patient Treatment GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominik Bachmann
- UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberta Aliperta
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirjam Hetzenecker
- UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Ludwig
- UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Albert
- UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Ziller-Walter
- UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kegler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gärtner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Ehninger
- UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany.,Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany.,Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, 'Carl Gustav Carus' TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Sugiyama A, Umetsu M, Nakazawa H, Niide T, Asano R, Hattori T, Kumagai I. High-throughput cytotoxicity and antigen-binding assay for screening small bispecific antibodies without purification. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:153-161. [PMID: 29548844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of T cell-recruiting antibodies with their potential to damage late-stage tumor masses is critically dependent on their structural and functional properties. Recently, we reported a semi-high-throughput process for screening highly cytotoxic small bispecific antibodies (i.e., diabodies). In the present study, we improved the high-throughput performance of this screening process by removing the protein purification stage and adding a stage for determining the concentrations of the diabodies in culture supernatant. The diabodies were constructed by using an Escherichia coli expression system, and each diabody contained tandemly arranged peptide tags at the C-terminus, which allowed the concentration of diabodies in the culture supernatant to be quantified by using a tag-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When estimated diabody concentrations were used to determine the cytotoxicity of unpurified antibodies, results comparable to those of purified antibodies were obtained. In a surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy-based target-binding assay, contaminants in the culture supernatant prevented us from conducting a quantitative binding analysis; however, this approach did allow relative binding affinity to be determined, and the relative binding affinities of the unpurified diabodies were comparable to those of the purified antibodies. Thus, we present here an improved high-throughput process for the simultaneous screening and determination of the binding parameters of highly cytotoxic bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruto Sugiyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Teppei Niide
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hattori
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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45
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Tustian AD, Laurin L, Ihre H, Tran T, Stairs R, Bak H. Development of a novel affinity chromatography resin for platform purification of bispecific antibodies with modified protein a binding avidity. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:650-658. [PMID: 29464924 PMCID: PMC6099419 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is strong interest in the production of bispecific monoclonal antibodies that can simultaneously bind two distinct targets or epitopes to achieve novel mechanisms of action and efficacy. Regeneron's bispecific technology, based upon a standard IgG, consists of a heterodimer of two different heavy chains, and a common light chain. Coexpression of two heavy chains leads to the formation of two parental IgG impurities, the removal of which is facilitated by a dipeptide substitution in the Fc portion of one of the heavy chains that ablates Fc Protein A binding. Therefore, the affinity capture (Protein A) step of the purification process must perform both bulk capture and high resolution of these mAb impurities, a task current commercially available resins are not designed for. Resolution can be further impaired by the ability of Protein A to bind some antibodies in the variable region of the heavy chain (VH ). This article details development of a novel Protein A resin. This resin combines an alkali stable ligand with a base matrix exhibiting excellent mass transfer properties to allow high capacity single step capture and resolution of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) with high yields. The developed resin, named MabSelect SuRe™ pcc, is implemented in GMP production processes for several bsAbs. © 2018 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:650-658, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Travis Tran
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591
| | - Robert Stairs
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591
| | - Hanne Bak
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591
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46
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Tzani I, Monger C, Kelly P, Barron N, Kelly RM, Clarke C. Understanding biopharmaceutical production at single nucleotide resolution using ribosome footprint profiling. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 53:182-190. [PMID: 29471208 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies have revolutionised the treatment of a variety of diseases. The production of recombinant therapeutic proteins, however, remains expensive due to the manufacturing complexity of mammalian expression systems and the regulatory burden associated with administrating these medicines to patients in a safe and efficacious manner. In recent years, academic and industrial groups have begun to develop a greater understanding of the biology of host cell lines, such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and utilise that information for process development and cell line engineering. In this review, we focus on ribosome footprint profiling (RiboSeq), an exciting next generation sequencing (NGS) method that provides genome-wide information on translation, and discuss how its application can transform our understanding of therapeutic protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tzani
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Craig Monger
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Kelly
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan M Kelly
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, LTC-North, 1200 Kentucky Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - Colin Clarke
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland.
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Asano R, Nagai K, Makabe K, Takahashi K, Kumagai T, Kawaguchi H, Ogata H, Arai K, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Structural considerations for functional anti-EGFR × anti-CD3 bispecific diabodies in light of domain order and binding affinity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13884-13893. [PMID: 29568402 PMCID: PMC5862623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a functional humanized bispecific diabody (bsDb) that targeted EGFR and CD3 (hEx3-Db) and enhancement of its cytotoxicity by rearranging the domain order in the V domain. Here, we further dissected the effect of domain order in bsDbs on their cross-linking ability and binding kinetics to elucidate general rules regarding the design of functional bsDbs. Using Ex3-Db as a model system, we first classified the four possible domain orders as anti-parallel (where both chimeric single-chain components are variable heavy domain (VH)-variable light domain (VL) or VL-VH order) and parallel types (both chimeric single-chain components are mixed with VH-VL and VL-VH order). Although anti-parallel Ex3-Dbs could cross-link the soluble target antigens, their cross-linking ability between soluble targets had no correlation with their growth inhibitory effects. In contrast, the binding affinity of one of the two constructs with a parallel-arrangement V domain was particularly low, and structural modeling supported this phenomenon. Similar results were observed with E2x3-Dbs, in which the V region of the anti-EGFR antibody clone in hEx3 was replaced with that of another anti-EGFR clone. Only anti-parallel types showed affinity-dependent cancer inhibitory effects in each molecule, and E2x3-LH (both components in VL-VH order) showed the most intense anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that, in addition to rearranging the domain order of bsDbs, increasing their binding affinity may be an ideal strategy for enhancing the cytotoxicity of anti-parallel constructs and that E2x3-LH is particularly attractive as a candidate next-generation anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Present Address: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kento Takahashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kawaguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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48
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Sedykh SE, Prinz VV, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Bispecific antibodies: design, therapy, perspectives. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:195-208. [PMID: 29403265 PMCID: PMC5784585 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s151282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) containing two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule are called bispecific. Bispecific Abs (BsAbs) were first described in the 1960s, the first monoclonal BsAbs were generated in the 1980s by hybridoma technology, and the first article describing the therapeutic use of BsAbs was published in 1992, but the number of papers devoted to BsAbs has increased significantly in the last 10 years. Particular interest in BsAbs is due to their therapeutic use. In the last decade, two BsAbs - catumaxomab in 2009 and blinatumomab in 2014, were approved for therapeutic use. Papers published in recent years have been devoted to various methods of BsAb generation by genetic engineering and chemical conjugation, and describe preclinical and clinical trials of these drugs in a variety of diseases. This review considers diverse BsAb-production methods, describes features of therapeutic BsAbs approved for medical use, and summarizes the prospects of practical application of promising new BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E Sedykh
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor V Prinz
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Current Status of Immuno-Oncology in Hematologic Cancers. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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