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Liu L, Wang H, Chen R, Song Y, Wei W, Baek D, Gillin M, Kurabayashi K, Chen W. Cancer-on-a-chip for precision cancer medicine. LAB ON A CHIP 2025. [PMID: 40376718 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc01043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2025]
Abstract
Many cancer therapies fail in clinical trials despite showing potent efficacy in preclinical studies. One of the key reasons is the adopted preclinical models cannot recapitulate the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) and reflect the heterogeneity and patient specificity in human cancer. Cancer-on-a-chip (CoC) microphysiological systems can closely mimic the complex anatomical features and microenvironment interactions in an actual tumor, enabling more accurate disease modeling and therapy testing. This review article concisely summarizes and highlights the state-of-the-art progresses in CoC development for modeling critical TME compartments including the tumor vasculature, stromal and immune niche, as well as its applications in therapying screening. Current dilemma in cancer therapy development demonstrates that future preclinical models should reflect patient specific pathophysiology and heterogeneity with high accuracy and enable high-throughput screening for anticancer drug discovery and development. Therefore, CoC should be evolved as well. We explore future directions and discuss the pathway to develop the next generation of CoC models for precision cancer medicine, such as patient-derived chip, organoids-on-a-chip, and multi-organs-on-a-chip with high fidelity. We also discuss how the integration of sensors and microenvironmental control modules can provide a more comprehensive investigation of disease mechanisms and therapies. Next, we outline the roadmap of future standardization and translation of CoC technology toward real-world applications in pharmaceutical development and clinical settings for precision cancer medicine and the practical challenges and ethical concerns. Finally, we overview how applying advanced artificial intelligence tools and computational models could exploit CoC-derived data and augment the analytical ability of CoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Huishu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Yujing Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - William Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - David Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Mahan Gillin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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2
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Saffar S, Ghiaseddin A, Irani S, Hamidieh AA. Optimization of In-Situ Exosome Enrichment Methodology On-a-Chip to Mimic Tumor Microenvironment Induces Cancer Stemness in Glioblastoma Tumor Model. Cells 2025; 14:676. [PMID: 40358200 PMCID: PMC12071966 DOI: 10.3390/cells14090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2025] [Revised: 04/26/2025] [Accepted: 04/26/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Understanding cancer etiology requires replicating the tumor microenvironment (TME), which significantly differs from standard in vitro cultures due to nutrient limitations, acidic pH, and oxidative stress. To address this, a microfluidic bioreactor (µBR) with an expanded culture surface was designed to optimize exosome enrichment and glioblastoma cell behavior. Using response surface methodology (RSM), key parameters-including medium exchange volume and interval time-were optimized, leading to about a six-fold increase in exosome concentration without artificial inducers. Characterization techniques (SEM, AFM, DLS, RT-qPCR, and ELISA) confirmed significant alterations in exosome profiles, cancer stemness, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers. Notably, EMT was induced in the µBR system, with a six-fold increase in HIF-1α protein despite normoxic conditions, suggesting activation of compensatory signaling pathways. Molecular analysis showed upregulation of SOX2, OCT4, and Notch1, with SOX2 protein reaching 28 ng/mL, while it was undetectable in traditional culture. Notch1 concentration tripled in the µBR system, correlating with enhanced stemness and phenotypic heterogeneity. Immunofluorescent microscopy confirmed nuclear SOX2 accumulation and co-expression of SOX2 and HIF-1α in dedifferentiated CSC-like cells, demonstrating tumor heterogeneity. These findings highlight the µBR's ability to enhance stemness and mimic glioblastoma's aggressive phenotype, establishing it as a valuable platform for tumor modeling and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleheh Saffar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran; (S.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Ali Ghiaseddin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran; (S.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733151, Iran;
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3
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Sousa MGC, Brasino DSK, Krieger M, Dindar DA, Duhen R, Zhang Z, Franca CM, Bertassoni LE. Host-microbe-cancer interactions on-a-chip. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2025; 13:1505963. [PMID: 40230461 PMCID: PMC11994592 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1505963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The tumor microbiota has emerged as a pivotal contributor to a variety of cancers, impacting disease development, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, reproducing the interactions between the microbes, tumor cells, and the immune system remains a great challenge for both in vitro and in vivo studies. To this end, significant progress has been made toward leveraging tumor-on-a-chip model systems to replicate critical hallmarks of the native disease in vitro. These microfluidic platforms offer the ability to mimic essential components of the tumor microenvironment, including controllable fluid flow conditions, manipulable extracellular matrix dynamics, and intricate 3D multi-cellular communication. The primary objective of this review is to discuss recent challenges and advances in engineering host-microbiota and tumor interactions on-a-chip. Ultimately, overcoming these obstacles will help us gain deeper insights into tumor-microbe interactions and enhance avenues for developing more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G. C. Sousa
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Danielle S. K. Brasino
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Madeline Krieger
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Duygu A. Dindar
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rebekka Duhen
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Cristiane Miranda Franca
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Luiz E. Bertassoni
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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4
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Morgaenko K, Arneja A, Ball AG, Putelo AM, Munson JM, Rutkowski MR, Pompano RR. Ex Vivo Model of Breast Cancer Cell Invasion in Live Lymph Node Tissue. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2025; 8:690-705. [PMID: 40109746 PMCID: PMC11915036 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are common sites of metastatic invasion in breast cancer, often preceding spread to distant organs and serving as key indicators of clinical disease progression. However, the mechanisms of cancer cell invasion into LNs are not well understood. Existing in vivo models struggle to isolate the specific impacts of the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) milieu on cancer cell invasion due to the coevolving relationship between TDLNs and the upstream tumor. To address these limitations, we used live ex vivo LN tissue slices with intact chemotactic function to model cancer cell spread within a spatially organized microenvironment. After showing that BRPKp110 breast cancer cells were chemoattracted to factors secreted by naïve LN tissue in a 3D migration assay, we demonstrated that ex vivo LN slices could support cancer cell seeding, invasion, and spread. This novel approach revealed dynamic, preferential cancer cell invasion within specific anatomical regions of LNs, particularly the subcapsular sinus (SCS) and cortex, as well as chemokine-rich domains of immobilized CXCL13 and CCL1. While CXCR5 was necessary for a portion of BRPKp110 invasion into naïve LNs, disruption of CXCR5/CXCL13 signaling alone was insufficient to prevent invasion toward CXCL13-rich domains. Finally, we extended this system to premetastatic TDLNs, where the ex vivo model predicted a lower invasion of cancer cells that was not due to diminished chemokine secretion. In summary, this innovative ex vivo model of cancer cell spread in live LN slices provides a platform to investigate cancer invasion within the intricate tissue microenvironment, supporting time-course analysis and parallel read-outs. We anticipate that this system will enable further research into cancer-immune interactions and allow for isolation of specific factors that make TDLNs resistant to cancer cell invasion, which is challenging to dissect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Morgaenko
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Carter
Immunology Center and University of Virginia Cancer Center, University
of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Abhinav Arneja
- Department
of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Alexander G. Ball
- Carter
Immunology Center and University of Virginia Cancer Center, University
of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Audrey M. Putelo
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Melanie R. Rutkowski
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Carter
Immunology Center and University of Virginia Cancer Center, University
of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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5
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Miller PG, Huang E, Fisher R, Shuler ML. Development of a Microphysiological System to Model Human Cancer Metastasis From the Colon to the Liver. Biotechnol Bioeng 2025; 122:481-494. [PMID: 39587032 PMCID: PMC11810609 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/10/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
We describe a novel device to mimic the metastasis of cancer cells from the colon into the liver in a human model. The colon mimic is connected to the liver model by a gravity-driven recirculating unidirectional flow of a blood surrogate and can mimic the five steps of the metastatic cascade: invasion in the colon, intravasation into the bloodstream, systemic transportation, extravasation into the liver, and colonization in the liver. The colon mimic uses established normal colon epithelial organoid cells (NL) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) plated on opposite sides of a membrane. To better mimic the colon structure the NL side of the membrane is exposed to air to establish an air-liquid interface. The liver mimic consists of human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (HHSEC) and epithelial hepatic cells (HepG2 C3A) plated in Matrigel on opposite sides of a membrane. Labeled colorectal cancer cells/clusters (CA) from organoids are introduced into an established normal colon epithelial cell (NL) layer from the same patient before assembly of the system or alternatively NL organoids and fluorescently labeled CA organoids from the same patient were prepared as a ratio of 10:1 NL:CA and established together before assembly of the system. Cell viability is greater than 85% in this system. We demonstrate that over 5 days of operation that the five steps of the metastatic cascade are replicated. This novel device allows an in vitro estimate of metastatic capability (as measured by using percentages of the labeled areas per device through ImageJ) in response to selected variables. In this study, the metastatic capability depends on the source of cancer cells (e.g., the patient), the clumping of cancer cells, glucose concentration, and oxygen levels (hypoxia). For the first time, this new in vitro system mimics all five steps of the metastatic cascade in a single device and provides a new device to probe and observe the process of metastasis in a human-based model in only 5 days. The rapid observation is due to the use of a high concentration of cancer cells in the colon (e.g. 10%) and the absence of the immune system. Our device makes it possible to probe aspects of each step of metastasis and interactions between steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14883, USA
| | - Emina Huang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NB5.226, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-8845
| | - Robert Fisher
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NB5.226, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-8845
| | - Michael L. Shuler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14883, USA
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6
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An L, Liu Y, Liu Y. Organ-on-a-Chip Applications in Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2025; 16:201. [PMID: 40047688 PMCID: PMC11857120 DOI: 10.3390/mi16020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology plays a crucial role in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems by replicating human physiological processes and disease states, significantly advancing biomedical research and drug discovery. This article reviews the design and fabrication processes of microfluidic devices. It also explores how these technologies are integrated into OoC platforms to simulate human physiological environments, highlighting key principles, technological advances, and diverse applications. Through case studies involving the simulation of multiple organs such as the heart, liver, and lungs, the article evaluates the impact of OoC systems' integrated microfluidic technology on drug screening, toxicity assessment, and personalized medicine. In addition, this article considers technical challenges, ethical issues, and future directions, and looks ahead to further optimizing the functionality and biomimetic precision of OoCs through innovation, emphasizing its critical role in promoting personalized medicine and precision treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling An
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China;
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China;
| | - Yaling Liu
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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7
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Zimina TM, Sitkov NO, Gareev KG, Mikhailova NV, Combs SE, Shevtsov MA. Hybrid-integrated devices for mimicking malignant brain tumors ("tumor-on-a-chip") for in vitro development of targeted drug delivery and personalized therapy approaches. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1452298. [PMID: 39629230 PMCID: PMC11611596 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1452298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute and requiring attention problem of oncotheranostics is a necessity for the urgent development of operative and precise diagnostics methods, followed by efficient therapy, to significantly reduce disability and mortality of citizens. A perspective way to achieve efficient personalized treatment is to use methods for operative evaluation of the individual drug load, properties of specific tumors and the effectiveness of selected therapy, and other actual features of pathology. Among the vast diversity of tumor types-brain tumors are the most invasive and malignant in humans with poor survival after diagnosis. Among brain tumors glioblastoma shows exceptionally high mortality. More studies are urgently needed to understand the risk factors and improve therapy approaches. One of the actively developing approaches is the tumor-on-a-chip (ToC) concept. This review examines the achievements of recent years in the field of ToC system developments. The basics of microfluidic chips technologies are considered in the context of their applications in solving oncological problems. Then the basic principles of tumors cultivation are considered to evaluate the main challengers in implementation of microfluidic devices, for growing cell cultures and possibilities of their treatment and observation. The main achievements in the culture types diversity approaches and their advantages are being analyzed. The modeling of angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) on a chip, being a principally important elements of the life system, were considered in detail. The most interesting examples and achievements in the field of tumor-on-a-chip developments have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M. Zimina
- Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI” (ETU), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikita O. Sitkov
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kamil G. Gareev
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Mikhailova
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stephanie E. Combs
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim A. Shevtsov
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Sorrentino C, Ciummo SL, Fieni C, Di Carlo E. Nanomedicine for cancer patient-centered care. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e767. [PMID: 39434967 PMCID: PMC11491554 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and an increase in incidence is estimated in the next future, due to population aging, which requires the development of highly tolerable and low-toxicity cancer treatment strategies. The use of nanotechnology to tailor treatments according to the genetic and immunophenotypic characteristics of a patient's tumor, and to allow its targeted release, can meet this need, improving the efficacy of treatment and minimizing side effects. Nanomedicine-based approach for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a rapidly evolving field. Several nanoformulations are currently in clinical trials, and some have been approved and marketed. However, their large-scale production and use are still hindered by an in-depth debate involving ethics, intellectual property, safety and health concerns, technical issues, and costs. Here, we survey the key approaches, with specific reference to organ-on chip technology, and cutting-edge tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, through which nanosystems can meet the needs for personalized diagnostics and therapy in cancer patients. An update is provided on the nanopharmaceuticals approved and marketed for cancer therapy and those currently undergoing clinical trials. Finally, we discuss the emerging avenues in the field and the challenges to be overcome for the transfer of nano-based precision oncology into clinical daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sorrentino
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging“G. d'Annunzio” University” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Anatomic Pathology and Immuno‐Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)“G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Stefania Livia Ciummo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging“G. d'Annunzio” University” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Anatomic Pathology and Immuno‐Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)“G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Cristiano Fieni
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging“G. d'Annunzio” University” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Anatomic Pathology and Immuno‐Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)“G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Emma Di Carlo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging“G. d'Annunzio” University” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Anatomic Pathology and Immuno‐Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)“G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
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9
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Xu H, Wen J, Yang J, Zhou S, Li Y, Xu K, Li W, Li S. Tumor-microenvironment-on-a-chip: the construction and application. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:515. [PMID: 39438954 PMCID: PMC11515741 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, despite the vast amounts of time and money invested in cancer treatment, cancer remains one of the primary threats to human life. The primary factor contributing to the low treatment efficacy is cancer heterogeneity. The unclear molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis, coupled with the complexity of human physiology, and the inability of animal models to accurately replicate the human tumor microenvironment, pose significant hurdles in the development of novel cancer therapies. Tumor-microenvironment-on-chip (TMOC) represents a research platform that integrates three-dimensional cell culture with microfluidic systems, simulating the essential components and physiological traits of the in vivo tumor microenvironment. It offers a dynamic setting within the chip system to study tumor progression, potentially heralding a breakthrough in cancer research. In this review, we will summarize the current advancements in this platform, encompassing various types of TMOCs and their applications in different types of cancer. From our perspective, the TMOC platform necessitates enhanced integration with tissue engineering techniques and microphysiological environments before it can evolve into a more refined preclinical model for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzheng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiangtao Wen
- Linfen People's Hospital, The Seventh Clinical School of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 041000, China
| | - Jiahua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shufen Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yijie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Sen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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10
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Neagu AN, Whitham D, Bruno P, Versaci N, Biggers P, Darie CC. Tumor-on-chip platforms for breast cancer continuum concept modeling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1436393. [PMID: 39416279 PMCID: PMC11480020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1436393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous article entitled "Proteomics and its applications in breast cancer", proposed a Breast Cancer Continuum Concept (BCCC), including a Breast Cancer Cell Continuum Concept as well as a Breast Cancer Proteomic Continuum Concept. Breast cancer-on-chip (BCoC), breast cancer liquid biopsy-on-chip (BCLBoC), and breast cancer metastasis-on-chip (BCMoC) models successfully recapitulate and reproduce in vitro the principal mechanisms and events involved in BCCC. Thus, BCoC, BCLBoC, and BCMoC platforms allow for multiple cell lines co-cultivation to reproduce BC hallmark features, recapitulating cell proliferation, cell-to-cell communication, BC cell-stromal crosstalk and stromal activation, effects of local microenvironmental conditions on BC progression, invasion/epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)/migration, intravasation, dissemination through blood and lymphatic circulation, extravasation, distant tissues colonization, and immune escape of cancer cells. Moreover, tumor-on-chip platforms are used for studying the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs/nano-drugs or nutraceuticals. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize and analyse the main bio-medical roles of on-chip platforms that can be used as powerful tools to study the metastatic cascade in BC. As future direction, integration of tumor-on-chip platforms and proteomics-based specific approaches can offer important cues about molecular profile of the metastatic cascade, alowing for novel biomarker discovery. Novel microfluidics-based platforms integrating specific proteomic landscape of human milk, urine, and saliva could be useful for early and non-invasive BC detection. Also, risk-on-chip models may improve BC risk assessment and prevention based on the identification of biomarkers of risk. Moreover, multi-organ-on-chip systems integrating patient-derived BC cells and patient-derived scaffolds have a great potential to study BC at integrative level, due to the systemic nature of BC, for personalized and precision medicine. We also emphasized the strengths and weaknesses of BCoC and BCMoC platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Iasi, Romania
| | - Danielle Whitham
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Pathea Bruno
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas Versaci
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Peter Biggers
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
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11
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Gaebler D, Hachey SJ, Hughes CCW. Improving tumor microenvironment assessment in chip systems through next-generation technology integration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1462293. [PMID: 39386043 PMCID: PMC11461320 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1462293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises a diverse array of cells, both cancerous and non-cancerous, including stromal cells and immune cells. Complex interactions among these cells play a central role in driving cancer progression, impacting critical aspects such as tumor initiation, growth, invasion, response to therapy, and the development of drug resistance. While targeting the TME has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy, there is a critical need for innovative approaches that accurately replicate its complex cellular and non-cellular interactions; the goal being to develop targeted, personalized therapies that can effectively elicit anti-cancer responses in patients. Microfluidic systems present notable advantages over conventional in vitro 2D co-culture models and in vivo animal models, as they more accurately mimic crucial features of the TME and enable precise, controlled examination of the dynamic interactions among multiple human cell types at any time point. Combining these models with next-generation technologies, such as bioprinting, single cell sequencing and real-time biosensing, is a crucial next step in the advancement of microfluidic models. This review aims to emphasize the importance of this integrated approach to further our understanding of the TME by showcasing current microfluidic model systems that integrate next-generation technologies to dissect cellular intra-tumoral interactions across different tumor types. Carefully unraveling the complexity of the TME by leveraging next generation technologies will be pivotal for developing targeted therapies that can effectively enhance robust anti-tumoral responses in patients and address the limitations of current treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaebler
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie J. Hachey
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Christopher C. W. Hughes
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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12
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Ewell DJ, Vue N, Moinuddin SM, Sarkar T, Ahsan F, Vinall RL. Development of a Bladder Cancer-on-a-Chip Model to Assess Bladder Cancer Cell Invasiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2657. [PMID: 39123388 PMCID: PMC11311651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We have developed a bladder cancer-on-a-chip model which supports the 3D growth of cells and can be used to assess and quantify bladder cancer cell invasiveness in a physiologically appropriate environment. Three bladder cancer cell lines (T24, J82, and RT4) were resuspended in 50% Matrigel® and grown within a multi-channel organ-on-a-chip system. The ability of live cells to invade across into an adjacent 50% Matrigel®-only channel was assessed over a 2-day period. Cell lines isolated from patients with high-grade bladder cancer (T24 and J82) invaded across into the Matrigel®-only channel at a much higher frequency compared to cells isolated from a patient with low-grade cancer (RT4) (p < 0.001). The T24 and J82 cells also invaded further distances into the Matrigel®-only channel compared to the RT4 cells (p < 0.001). The cell phenotype within the model was maintained as assessed by cell morphology and immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin. Treatment with ATN-161, an α5β1 integrin inhibitor and well-known migrastatic drug, caused a dose-dependent decrease in the invasiveness of the J82 cells (p < 0.01). The combined data demonstrate that our bladder cancer-on-a-chip model supports the retention of the bladder cancer cell phenotype and can be used to reproducibly assess and quantify the invasiveness of live bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruth L. Vinall
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (D.J.E.); (N.V.); (S.M.M.); (T.S.); (F.A.)
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13
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Morgaenko K, Arneja A, Ball AG, Putelo AM, Munson JM, Rutkowski MR, Pompano RR. Ex vivo model of breast cancer cell invasion in live lymph node tissue. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.18.601753. [PMID: 39091774 PMCID: PMC11291011 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.18.601753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are common sites of metastatic invasion in breast cancer, often preceding spread to distant organs and serving as key indicators of clinical disease progression. However, the mechanisms of cancer cell invasion into LNs are not well understood. Existing in vivo models struggle to isolate the specific impacts of the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) milieu on cancer cell invasion due to the co-evolving relationship between TDLNs and the upstream tumor. To address these limitations, we used live ex vivo LN tissue slices with intact chemotactic function to model cancer cell spread within a spatially organized microenvironment. After showing that BRPKp110 breast cancer cells were chemoattracted to factors secreted by naïve LN tissue in a 3D migration assay, we demonstrated that ex vivo LN slices could support cancer cell seeding, invasion, and spread. This novel approach revealed dynamic, preferential cancer cell invasion within specific anatomical regions of LNs, particularly the subcapsular sinus (SCS) and cortex, as well as chemokine-rich domains of immobilized CXCL13 and CCL1. While CXCR5 was necessary for a portion of BRPKp110 invasion into naïve LNs, disruption of CXCR5/CXCL13 signaling alone was insufficient to prevent invasion towards CXCL13-rich domains. Finally, we extended this system to pre-metastatic TDLNs, where the ex vivo model predicted a lower invasion of cancer cells. The reduced invasion was not due to diminished chemokine secretion, but it correlated with elevated intranodal IL-21. In summary, this innovative ex vivo model of cancer cell spread in live LN slices provides a platform to investigate cancer invasion within the intricate tissue microenvironment, supporting time-course analysis and parallel read-outs. We anticipate that this system will enable further research into cancer-immune interactions and allow isolation of specific factors that make TDLNs resistant to cancer cell invasion, which are challenging to dissect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Morgaenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Carter Immunology Center and University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Abhinav Arneja
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alexander G Ball
- Carter Immunology Center and University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Audrey M Putelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer M Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Carter Immunology Center and University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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14
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Shukla AK, Yoon S, Oh SO, Lee D, Ahn M, Kim BS. Advancement in Cancer Vasculogenesis Modeling through 3D Bioprinting Technology. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:306. [PMID: 38786516 PMCID: PMC11118135 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vasculogenesis is a pivotal focus of cancer research and treatment given its critical role in tumor development, metastasis, and the formation of vasculogenic microenvironments. Traditional approaches to investigating cancer vasculogenesis face significant challenges in accurately modeling intricate microenvironments. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology present promising solutions to these challenges. This review provides an overview of cancer vasculogenesis and underscores the importance of precise modeling. It juxtaposes traditional techniques with 3D bioprinting technologies, elucidating the advantages of the latter in developing cancer vasculogenesis models. Furthermore, it explores applications in pathological investigations, preclinical medication screening for personalized treatment and cancer diagnostics, and envisages future prospects for 3D bioprinted cancer vasculogenesis models. Despite notable advancements, current 3D bioprinting techniques for cancer vasculogenesis modeling have several limitations. Nonetheless, by overcoming these challenges and with technological advances, 3D bioprinting exhibits immense potential for revolutionizing the understanding of cancer vasculogenesis and augmenting treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Shukla
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Ock Oh
- Research Center for Molecular Control of Cancer Cell Diversity, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjun Ahn
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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15
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Gaebler D, Hachey SJ, Hughes CCW. Microphysiological systems as models for immunologically 'cold' tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1389012. [PMID: 38711620 PMCID: PMC11070549 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1389012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a diverse milieu of cells including cancerous and non-cancerous cells such as fibroblasts, pericytes, endothelial cells and immune cells. The intricate cellular interactions within the TME hold a central role in shaping the dynamics of cancer progression, influencing pivotal aspects such as tumor initiation, growth, invasion, response to therapeutic interventions, and the emergence of drug resistance. In immunologically 'cold' tumors, the TME is marked by a scarcity of infiltrating immune cells, limited antigen presentation in the absence of potent immune-stimulating signals, and an abundance of immunosuppressive factors. While strategies targeting the TME as a therapeutic avenue in 'cold' tumors have emerged, there is a pressing need for novel approaches that faithfully replicate the complex cellular and non-cellular interactions in order to develop targeted therapies that can effectively stimulate immune responses and improve therapeutic outcomes in patients. Microfluidic devices offer distinct advantages over traditional in vitro 3D co-culture models and in vivo animal models, as they better recapitulate key characteristics of the TME and allow for precise, controlled insights into the dynamic interplay between various immune, stromal and cancerous cell types at any timepoint. This review aims to underscore the pivotal role of microfluidic systems in advancing our understanding of the TME and presents current microfluidic model systems that aim to dissect tumor-stromal, tumor-immune and immune-stromal cellular interactions in various 'cold' tumors. Understanding the intricacies of the TME in 'cold' tumors is crucial for devising effective targeted therapies to reinvigorate immune responses and overcome the challenges of current immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaebler
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie J. Hachey
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Christopher C. W. Hughes
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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16
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Jackson CE, Green NH, English WR, Claeyssens F. The use of microphysiological systems to model metastatic cancer. Biofabrication 2024; 16:032002. [PMID: 38579739 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3b70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the 21st century, with metastasis of cancer attributing to 90% of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, to improve patient outcomes there is a need for better preclinical models to increase the success of translating oncological therapies into the clinic. Current traditional staticin vitromodels lack a perfusable network which is critical to overcome the diffusional mass transfer limit to provide a mechanism for the exchange of essential nutrients and waste removal, and increase their physiological relevance. Furthermore, these models typically lack cellular heterogeneity and key components of the immune system and tumour microenvironment. This review explores rapidly developing strategies utilising perfusable microphysiological systems (MPS) for investigating cancer cell metastasis. In this review we initially outline the mechanisms of cancer metastasis, highlighting key steps and identifying the current gaps in our understanding of the metastatic cascade, exploring MPS focused on investigating the individual steps of the metastatic cascade before detailing the latest MPS which can investigate multiple components of the cascade. This review then focuses on the factors which can affect the performance of an MPS designed for cancer applications with a final discussion summarising the challenges and future directions for the use of MPS for cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Jackson
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola H Green
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - William R English
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR3 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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17
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Yoon H, Sabaté Del Río J, Cho SW, Park TE. Recent advances in micro-physiological systems for investigating tumor metastasis and organotropism. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1351-1366. [PMID: 38303676 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis involves complex processes that traditional 2D cultures and animal models struggle to fully replicate. Metastatic tumors undergo a multitude of transformations, including genetic diversification, adaptation to diverse microenvironments, and modified drug responses, contributing significantly to cancer-related mortality. Micro-physiological systems (MPS) technology emerges as a promising approach to emulate the metastatic process by integrating critical biochemical, biomechanical, and geometrical cues at a microscale. These systems are particularly advantageous simulating metastasis organotropism, the phenomenon where tumors exhibit a preference for metastasizing to particular organs. Organotropism is influenced by various factors, such as tumor cell characteristics, unique organ microenvironments, and organ-specific vascular conditions, all of which can be effectively examined using MPS. This review surveys the recent developments in MPS research from the past five years, with a specific focus on their applications in replicating tumor metastasis and organotropism. Furthermore, we discuss the current limitations in MPS-based studies of organotropism and propose strategies for more accurately replicating and analyzing the intricate aspects of organ-specific metastasis, which is pivotal in the development of targeted therapeutic approaches against metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jonathan Sabaté Del Río
- Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Elton E, Strelez C, Ung N, Perez R, Ghaffarian K, Matasci N, Mumenthaler SM. A novel thin plate spline methodology to model tissue surfaces and quantify tumor cell invasion in organ-on-chip models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567272. [PMID: 38045424 PMCID: PMC10690199 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OOC) models can be useful tools for cancer drug discovery. Advances in OOC technology have led to the development of more complex assays, yet analysis of these systems does not always account for these advancements, resulting in technical challenges. A challenging task in the analysis of these two-channel microfluidic models is to define the boundary between the channels so objects moving within and between channels can be quantified. We propose a novel imaging-based application of a thin plate spline method - a generalized cubic spline that can be used to model coordinate transformations - to model a tissue boundary and define compartments for quantification of invaded objects, representing the early steps in cancer metastasis. To evaluate its performance, we applied our analytical approach to an adapted OOC developed by Emulate, Inc., utilizing a two-channel system with endothelial cells in the bottom channel and colorectal cancer (CRC) patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in the top channel. Initial application and visualization of this method revealed boundary variations due to microscope stage tilt and ridge and valley-like contours in the endothelial tissue surface. The method was functionalized into a reproducible analytical process and web tool - the Chip Invasion and Contour Analysis (ChICA) - to model the endothelial surface and quantify invading tumor cells across multiple chips. To illustrate applicability of the analytical method, we applied the tool to CRC organoid-chips seeded with two different endothelial cell types and measured distinct variations in endothelial surfaces and tumor cell invasion dynamics. Since ChICA utilizes only positional data output from imaging software, the method is applicable to and agnostic of the imaging tool and image analysis system used. The novel thin plate spline method developed in ChICA can account for variation introduced in OOC manufacturing or during the experimental workflow, can quickly and accurately measure tumor cell invasion, and can be used to explore biological mechanisms in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nolan Ung
- Ellison Institute of Technology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rachel Perez
- Ellison Institute of Technology, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Naim Matasci
- Ellison Institute of Technology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Ellison Institute of Technology, Los Angeles, CA
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