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Ocius KL, Kolli SH, Ahmad SS, Dressler JM, Chordia MD, Jutras BL, Rutkowski MR, Pires MM. Noninvasive Analysis of Peptidoglycan from Living Animals. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:489-498. [PMID: 38591251 PMCID: PMC11036361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal microbiota in host health is increasingly revealed in its contributions to disease states. The host-microbiome interaction is multifactorial and dynamic. One of the factors that has recently been strongly associated with host physiological responses is peptidoglycan from bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan from gut commensal bacteria activates peptidoglycan sensors in human cells, including the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2. When present in the gastrointestinal tract, both the polymeric form (sacculi) and depolymerized fragments can modulate host physiology, including checkpoint anticancer therapy efficacy, body temperature and appetite, and postnatal growth. To utilize this growing area of biology toward therapeutic prescriptions, it will be critical to directly analyze a key feature of the host-microbiome interaction from living hosts in a reproducible and noninvasive way. Here we show that metabolically labeled peptidoglycan/sacculi can be readily isolated from fecal samples collected from both mice and humans. Analysis of fecal samples provided a noninvasive route to probe the gut commensal community including the metabolic synchronicity with the host circadian clock. Together, these results pave the way for noninvasive diagnostic tools to interrogate the causal nature of peptidoglycan in host health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl L. Ocius
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Sree H. Kolli
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Saadman S. Ahmad
- Department
of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Fralin
Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jules M. Dressler
- Department
of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Fralin
Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mahendra D. Chordia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Brandon L. Jutras
- Department
of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Fralin
Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center
for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Melanie R. Rutkowski
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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2
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Ocius KL, Kolli SH, Ahmad SS, Dressler JM, Chordia MD, Jutras BL, Rutkowski MR, Pires MM. Non-invasive Analysis of Peptidoglycan from Living Animals. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.21.549941. [PMID: 37693563 PMCID: PMC10491127 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.549941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal microbiota in host health is increasingly revealed in its contributions to disease states. The host-microbiome interaction is multifactorial and dynamic. One of the factors that has recently been strongly associated with host physiological responses is peptidoglycan from bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan from gut commensal bacteria activate peptidoglycan sensors in human cells, including the Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2). When present in the gastrointestinal tract, both the polymeric form (sacculi) and de-polymerized fragments can modulate host physiology, including checkpoint anticancer therapy efficacy, body temperature and appetite, and postnatal growth. To leverage this growing area of biology towards therapeutic prescriptions, it will be critical to directly analyze a key feature of the host-microbiome interaction from living hosts in a reproducible and non-invasive way. Here we show that metabolically labeled peptidoglycan/sacculi can be readily isolated from fecal samples collected from both mice and humans. Analysis of fecal samples provided a non-invasive route to probe the gut commensal community including the metabolic synchronicity with the host circadian clock. Together, these results pave the way for non-invasive diagnostic tools to interrogate the causal nature of peptidoglycan in host health and disease.
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3
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Apostolos AJ, Chordia MD, Kolli SH, Dalesandro BE, Rutkowski MR, Pires MM. Real-time non-invasive fluorescence imaging of gut commensal bacteria to detect dynamic changes in the microbiome of live mice. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:S2451-9456(22)00416-0. [PMID: 36516833 PMCID: PMC10239791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, gut commensal microbiota interact extensively with the host, and the same interactions can be dysregulated in diseased states. Animal imaging is a powerful technique that is widely used to diagnose, measure, and track biological changes in model organisms such as laboratory mice. Several imaging techniques have been discovered and adopted by the research community that provide dynamic, non-invasive assessment of live animals, but these gains have not been universal across all fields of biology. Herein, we describe a method to non-invasively image commensal bacteria based on the specific metabolic labeling of bacterial cell walls to illuminate the gut bacteria of live mice. This tagging strategy may additionally provide unprecedented insight into cell wall turnover of gut commensals, which has implications for bacterial cellular growth and division, in a live animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Mahendra D Chordia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Sree H Kolli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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Feng TY, Azar FN, Dreger SA, Buchta Rosean C, McGinty MT, Putelo AM, Kolli SH, Carey MA, Greenfield S, Fowler WJ, Robinson SD, Rutkowski MR. Reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiome and mammary tissue mast cells promote metastatic dissemination of HR+ breast tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1309-1325. [PMID: 36040846 PMCID: PMC9633553 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Establishing commensal dysbiosis, defined as an inflammatory gut microbiome with low biodiversity, prior to breast tumor initiation, enhances early dissemination of hormone-receptor-positive (HR+) mammary tumor cells. Here, we sought to determine whether cellular changes occurring in normal mammary tissues, prior to tumor initiation and in response to dysbiosis, enhanced dissemination of HR+ tumors. Commensal dysbiosis increased both the frequency and pro-fibrogenicity of mast cells in normal, non-tumor-bearing mammary tissues, a phenotypic change that persisted after tumor implantation. Pharmacological and adoptive transfer approaches demonstrated that pro-fibrogenic mammary tissue mast cells from dysbiotic animals were sufficient to enhance dissemination of HR+ tumor cells. Using archival HR+ patient samples, we determined that enhanced collagen levels in tumor-adjacent mammary tissue positively correlated with mast cell abundance and HR+ breast cancer recurrence. Together, these data demonstrate that mast cells programmed by commensal dysbiosis activate mammary tissue fibroblasts and orchestrate early dissemination of HR+ breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Feng
- University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Francesca N Azar
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | | | | | - Mitchell T McGinty
- University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Audrey M Putelo
- University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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5
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Rivera-Escalera F, McGinty MT, Rutkowski MR, Murphy PS, Elliott MR. Role of CD73 on peritoneal macrophages in age-associated immune dysfunction and tumor immunity. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.163.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for cancer and many other life-threatening diseases due in part to a wide range of age-associated immune dysfunctions. In the context of cancer, chronic, low-grade inflammation seen with aging is thought to contribute to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Tissue resident macrophages (TRM) are key innate immune regulators of the inflammatory milieu in all tissues, and studies from our laboratory have shown that expression of the 5’-ectonucleotidase CD73 on macrophages suppresses inflammatory responses and promotes the resolution of tissue inflammation in the lung and peritoneum. However, the role of CD73 on TRM in modulating inflammation during aging or how age-associated changes in CD73 on TRM contribute to cancer development are not known. We have found that large peritoneal macrophages from aged mice (18+ months) show significantly increased levels of surface CD73 compared to young mice (<4 months). To test the role of CD73 in regulating inflammation in vivo, we utilized mouse models of ovarian cancer and peritonitis. Our preliminary studies suggest that blocking CD73 in aged mice reduces LPS-mediated production of TNF-a in vivo and ex vivo when compared to young mice. In addition, we found that treatment of ID8-Def29/Vegf-a tumor-bearing mice with anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody significantly prolongs the survival of aged mice compared to young mice. In ongoing experiments, we are utilizing conditional deletion approaches to address the role of CD73 specifically on macrophages in these models. Results from this study will provide insight into the immunoregulatory role of CD73 on TRM during aging and cancer, and will help refine therapeutic approaches targeting CD73 in cancer immunotherapy.
Supported by NIH grants T32 AI007496 and R01 AI114554.
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McKee AM, Kirkup BM, Madgwick M, Fowler WJ, Price CA, Dreger SA, Ansorge R, Makin KA, Caim S, Le Gall G, Paveley J, Leclaire C, Dalby M, Alcon-Giner C, Andrusaite A, Feng TY, Di Modica M, Triulzi T, Tagliabue E, Milling SW, Weilbaecher KN, Rutkowski MR, Korcsmáros T, Hall LJ, Robinson SD. Antibiotic-induced disturbances of the gut microbiota result in accelerated breast tumor growth. iScience 2021; 24:103012. [PMID: 34522855 PMCID: PMC8426205 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota's function in regulating health has seen it linked to disease progression in several cancers. However, there is limited research detailing its influence in breast cancer (BrCa). This study found that antibiotic-induced perturbation of the gut microbiota significantly increases tumor progression in multiple BrCa mouse models. Metagenomics highlights the common loss of several bacterial species following antibiotic administration. One such bacteria, Faecalibaculum rodentium, rescued this increased tumor growth. Single-cell transcriptomics identified an increased number of cells with a stromal signature in tumors, and subsequent histology revealed an increased abundance of mast cells in the tumor stromal regions. We show that administration of a mast cell stabilizer, cromolyn, rescues increased tumor growth in antibiotic treated animals but has no influence on tumors from control cohorts. These findings highlight that BrCa-microbiota interactions are different from other cancers studied to date and suggest new research avenues for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M. McKee
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Benjamin M. Kirkup
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Matthew Madgwick
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Wesley J. Fowler
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Christopher A. Price
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Sally A. Dreger
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Rebecca Ansorge
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Kate A. Makin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Shabhonam Caim
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Gwenaelle Le Gall
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jack Paveley
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Charlotte Leclaire
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Matthew Dalby
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Cristina Alcon-Giner
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
| | - Anna Andrusaite
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Tzu-Yu Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Martina Di Modica
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Instituto Nazionale di Tumori, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Tiziana Triulzi
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Instituto Nazionale di Tumori, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Instituto Nazionale di Tumori, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Simon W.F. Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Katherine N. Weilbaecher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Melanie R. Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Chair of Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephen D. Robinson
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7AU, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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7
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Feng TY, Azar FN, McGinty MT, Rutkowski MR. Reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiome and mammary tissue microenvironment promote distant regulation of breast tumor metastasis. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.56.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Establishing commensal dysbiosis, defined as an inflammatory gut microbiome with low biodiversity, prior to breast tumor initiation enhances early dissemination of hormone-receptor positive (HR+) mammary tumor cells into the circulation, distal lymph nodes, and lungs. Here, we sought to define mammary tissue mediators of dysbiosis-induced tumor dissemination. Commensal dysbiosis increased mast cell numbers in the pre-malignant mammary tissue, with numbers remaining elevated in the presence of a tumor. During early tumor progression, increased mast cell numbers correlated with increased numbers of activated fibroblasts and collagen I protein levels in mammary tissues. Fibroblast activation and tissue remodeling are associated with enhanced breast tumor metastasis. Although mast cell degranulation is known to trigger fibrosis in other disease models, it is unknown whether mammary tissue mast cells influence dissemination of tumor cells. To investigate the role of mast cells during tumor dissemination, mice were treated with mast cell stabilizers ketotifen or cromolyn. Notably, inhibition of mast cell degranulation significantly reduced fibroblast activation and dissemination of tumor cells into the blood of dysbiotic animals. Collagen levels in mammary tissues from women diagnosed with HR+ breast cancer also correlated with mast cell abundance, suggesting mast cell-mediated fibroblast activation is relevant to human disease. Together, these data demonstrate that mast cells recruited into the pre-malignant mammary tissue in response to commensal dysbiosis orchestrate early dissemination of HR+ breast tumors through activation of tissue fibroblasts.
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8
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Melssen MM, Lindsay RS, Stasiak K, Rodriguez AB, Briegel AM, Cyranowski S, Rutkowski MR, Conaway MR, Melief CJM, van der Burg SH, Eyo U, Slingluff CL, Engelhard VH. Differential Expression of CD49a and CD49b Determines Localization and Function of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:583-597. [PMID: 33619119 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell infiltration and effector activity in tumors are correlated with better overall survival of patients, suggesting that the ability of T cells to enter and remain in contact with tumor cells supports tumor control. CD8+ T cells express the collagen-binding integrins CD49a and CD49b, but little is known about their function or how their expression is regulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we found that tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells initially expressed CD49b, gained CD49a, and then lost CD49b over the course of tumor outgrowth. This differentiation sequence was driven by antigen-independent elements in the TME, although T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation further increased CD49a expression. Expression of exhaustion markers and CD49a associated temporally but not mechanistically. Intratumoral CD49a-expressing CD8+ T cells failed to upregulate TCR-dependent Nur77 expression, whereas CD69 was constitutively expressed, consistent with both a lack of productive antigen engagement and a tissue-resident memory-like phenotype. Imaging T cells in live tumor slices revealed that CD49a increased their motility, especially of those in close proximity to tumor cells, suggesting that it may interfere with T-cell recognition of tumor cells by distracting them from productive engagement, although we were not able to augment productive engagement by short-term CD49a blockade. CD49b also promoted relocalization of T cells at a greater distance from tumor cells. Thus, our results demonstrate that expression of these integrins affects T-cell trafficking and localization in tumors via distinct mechanisms, and suggests a new way in which the TME, and likely collagen, could promote tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Melssen
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin S Lindsay
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Katarzyna Stasiak
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Anthony B Rodriguez
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amanda M Briegel
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Salwador Cyranowski
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mark R Conaway
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,ISA Pharmaceutical, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ukpong Eyo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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9
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Bishop RC, Boretto M, Rutkowski MR, Vankelecom H, Derré I. Murine Endometrial Organoids to Model Chlamydia Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:416. [PMID: 32923409 PMCID: PMC7456808 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. Once internalized in host cells, C. trachomatis undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle within a membrane-bound compartment, known as the inclusion. Successful establishment of the intracellular niche relies on bacterial Type III effector proteins, such as Inc proteins. In vitro and in vivo systems have contributed to elucidating the intracellular lifestyle of C. trachomatis, but additional models combining the archetypal environment of infection with the advantages of in vitro systems are needed. Organoids are three-dimensional structures that recapitulate the microanatomy of an organ's epithelial layer, bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo systems. Organoids are emerging as relevant model systems to study interactions between bacterial pathogens and their hosts. Here, we took advantage of recently developed murine endometrial organoids (EMOs) and present a C. trachomatis-murine EMO infection model system. Confocal microscopy of EMOs infected with fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria revealed that inclusions are formed within the cytosol of epithelial cells. Moreover, infection with a C. trachomatis strain that allows for the tracking of RB to EB transition indicated that the bacteria undergo a full developmental cycle, which was confirmed by harvesting infectious bacteria from infected EMOs. Finally, the inducible gene expression and cellular localization of a Chlamydia Inc protein within infected EMOs further demonstrated that this model is compatible with the study of Type III secreted effectors. Altogether, we describe a novel and relevant system for the study of Chlamydia-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Clayton Bishop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Matteo Boretto
- Unit of Stem Cell Research, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regenerations, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Unit of Stem Cell Research, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regenerations, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Derré
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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10
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Rosean CB, Bostic R, Feng TY, Rutkowski MR. Abstract A64: Commensal dysbiosis alters the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer and diminishes efficacy of PD-L1 blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm18-a64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer is largely nonresponsive to checkpoint blockade therapy. Alterations in the composition of commensal microbes influence the systemic immune environment and can diminish responses to checkpoint blockade. Reduced diversity of commensal microbes, known as dysbiosis, has been demonstrated in women with advanced breast cancer and is associated with increases of systemic immunosuppressive mediators that are detrimental in the context of breast cancer, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This bioactive lipid promotes the differentiation of myeloid cells that can exert immunosuppressive effects in the tumor microenvironment. In a novel, clinically relevant model of HR+ breast cancer, PD-L1 blockade was effective when combined with meloxicam, a drug that targets PGE2 synthesis through inhibition of COX-2. However, this combination therapy was ineffective in mice that were previously treated with antibiotics to induce dysbiosis, despite elevated levels of PGE2 in these animals. Commensal dysbiosis altered the cellular composition within the tumor microenvironment, promoting the recruitment of suppressive myeloid populations and driving significant and irreversible T-cell dysfunction. Importantly, COX-1 also regulates PGE2 synthesis, and mammary glands from dysbiotic mice showed significantly enhanced COX-1 activity, suggesting a previously unknown mechanism by which dysbiosis can affect breast tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Targeting COX-1-mediated PGE2 synthesis resulted in decreased tumor burden only in dysbiotic mice, suggesting that dysbiosis-induced COX-1-mediated tissue inflammation is sufficient to drive immune suppression in advanced breast cancer. This work provides important insights on the premalignant environment in the breast, enhances our understanding of the mechanisms driving failure of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, and identifies novel targets that may provide clinical benefit for women with breast cancer.
Citation Format: Claire Buchta Rosean, Raegan Bostic, Tzu Yu Feng, Melanie R. Rutkowski. Commensal dysbiosis alters the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer and diminishes efficacy of PD-L1 blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A64.
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Martinez LM, Robila V, Clark NM, Du W, Idowu MO, Rutkowski MR, Bos PD. Regulatory T Cells Control the Switch From in situ to Invasive Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1942. [PMID: 31555258 PMCID: PMC6727150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor of breast cancer, and it only progresses to invasive breast cancer in around 40% of patients. While immune infiltrates have been observed in these early cancer lesions, their potential prognostic value is still unclear. Regulatory T (Treg) cells accumulate in advanced breast cancers, and predict poor outcome. We have shown before that ablation of Treg cells in established tumors leads to significant decrease in primary and metastatic tumor burden. In this work, we sought to investigate Treg cell function in the progression from non-invasive to invasive breast cancer lesions. To this end, we used the murine mammary tumor virus polyoma middle T (MMTV-PyMT) murine model of spontaneous, stage-wise breast carcinogenesis crossed to Foxp3 DTR knock in mice, allowing Treg cell ablation by administration of diphtheria toxin. Transient targeting of Treg cells at the in situ carcinoma stage resulted in a significant increase in the number of tumor-bearing mammary glands and size of growing tumors compared with control mice. Whole mammary gland mounts and histological examination confirmed larger emergent tumor area in Treg cell-ablated mice, and revealed that these tumors were characterized by a more advanced tumor staging, with presence of early invasion, increased desmoplasia and collagen deposition. Furthermore, Treg cell ablation increased the percentage of cancer stem/progenitor cells in the mammary compartment. Interestingly, Treg cell ablation resulted in increased inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 with a concomitant reduction in classically activated tumor associated macrophages. This TH2-biased immune regulatory mammary inflammation was consistent with the enhancement in tumor promotion that we observed. Overall, our study demonstrates that Treg cells oppose breast cancer progression at early stages, raising a cautionary note regarding the consideration of immune intervention targeted at boosting immune responses for DCIS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/immunology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/physiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Staging/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/pathology
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M. Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Valentina Robila
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Clark
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael O. Idowu
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Melanie R. Rutkowski
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Paula D. Bos
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
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12
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Buchta Rosean C, Bostic RR, Ferey JCM, Feng TY, Azar FN, Tung KS, Dozmorov MG, Smirnova E, Bos PD, Rutkowski MR. Preexisting Commensal Dysbiosis Is a Host-Intrinsic Regulator of Tissue Inflammation and Tumor Cell Dissemination in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3662-3675. [PMID: 31064848 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown why some patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer present with more aggressive and invasive disease. Metastatic dissemination occurs early in disease and is facilitated by cross-talk between the tumor and tissue environment, suggesting that undefined host-intrinsic factors enhance early dissemination and the probability of developing metastatic disease. Here, we have identified commensal dysbiosis as a host-intrinsic factor associated with metastatic dissemination. Using a mouse model of HR+ mammary cancer, we demonstrate that a preestablished disruption of commensal homeostasis results in enhanced circulating tumor cells and subsequent dissemination to the tumor-draining lymph nodes and lungs. Commensal dysbiosis promoted early inflammation within the mammary gland that was sustained during HR+ mammary tumor progression. Furthermore, dysbiosis enhanced fibrosis and collagen deposition both systemically and locally within the tumor microenvironment and induced significant myeloid infiltration into the mammary gland and breast tumor. These effects were recapitulated both by directly targeting gut microbes using nonabsorbable antibiotics and by fecal microbiota transplantation of dysbiotic cecal contents, demonstrating the direct impact of gut dysbiosis on mammary tumor dissemination. This study identifies dysbiosis as a preexisting, host-intrinsic regulator of tissue inflammation, myeloid recruitment, fibrosis, and dissemination of tumor cells in HR+ breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Identification of commensal dysbiosis as a host-intrinsic factor mediating evolution of metastatic breast cancer allows for development of interventions or diagnostic tools for patients at highest risk for developing metastatic disease.See related commentary by Ingman, p. 3539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Buchta Rosean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Raegan R Bostic
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joshua C M Ferey
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Tzu-Yu Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Francesca N Azar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ekaterina Smirnova
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paula D Bos
- Department of Pathology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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13
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Rutkowski MR, Rosean CM, Bostic R, Feng TY. Commensal dysbiosis modulates the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer and diminishes efficacy of PD-L1 inhibition. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.122.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
For patients with HR+ breast cancer, non-responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade cannot be attributed to poor immunogenicity, as immune-stimulatory gene signatures are associated with greater long-term survival and enhanced responsiveness to therapy. Targeting myeloid-driven immune suppression has also been shown to enhance efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in non-responsive tumors. However, we find that in HR+ breast cancer, synergy with PD-L1 blockade is negatively influenced by a pre-established loss of commensal homeostasis, or commensal dysbiosis. Using a clinically relevant non-responsive HR+ breast tumor model, establishing commensal dysbiosis prior to breast tumor initiation drives significant and irreversible T cell dysfunction within primary tumors. Additionally, commensal dysbiosis alters the cellular composition within the tumor microenvironment, culminating in the recruitment and polarization of M2-like macrophages with distinct tumor-suppressive attributes. Systemically, tumor-bearing animals with established commensal dysbiosis have significantly higher levels of prostaglandin E2 with the serum, which is independent of tumor volume. However, blockade of COX-2 only synergizes with PD-L1 blockade in animals without commensal dysbiosis. Unexpectedly, we found that commensal dysbiosis enhances COX-1/PGE2 signaling within the mammary epithelium during early tumor progression. Inhibition of COX-1-mediated PGE2 synthesis during early stages of tumor progression resulted in delayed tumor progression only in dysbiotic tumor-bearing mice, suggesting that dysbiosis-induced COX-1 mediated tissue inflammation is sufficient to drive irreversible immune suppression during advanced breast cancer.
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14
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Perales-Puchalt A, Perez-Sanz J, Payne KK, Svoronos N, Allegrezza MJ, Chaurio RA, Anadon C, Calmette J, Biswas S, Mine JA, Costich TL, Nickels L, Wickramasinghe J, Rutkowski MR, Conejo-Garcia JR. Frontline Science: Microbiota reconstitution restores intestinal integrity after cisplatin therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:799-805. [PMID: 29537705 PMCID: PMC6004318 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5hi1117-446rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their cytotoxic activities, many anticancer drugs cause extensive damage to the intestinal mucosa and have antibiotic activities. Here, we show that cisplatin induces significant changes in the repertoire of intestinal commensal bacteria that exacerbate mucosal damage. Restoration of the microbiota through fecal-pellet gavage drives healing of cisplatin-induced intestinal damage. Bacterial translocation to the blood stream is correspondingly abrogated, resulting in a significant reduction in systemic inflammation, as evidenced by decreased serum IL-6 and reduced mobilization of granulocytes. Mechanistically, reversal of dysbiosis in response to fecal gavage results in the production of protective mucins and mobilization of CD11b+ myeloid cells to the intestinal mucosa, which promotes angiogenesis. Administration of Ruminococcus gnavus, a bacterial strain selectively depleted by cisplatin treatment, could only partially restore the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and reduce systemic inflammation, without measurable increases in the accumulation of mucin proteins. Together, our results indicate that reconstitution of the full repertoire of intestinal bacteria altered by cisplatin treatment accelerates healing of the intestinal epithelium and ameliorates systemic inflammation. Therefore, fecal microbiota transplant could paradoxically prevent life-threatening bacteremia in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jairo Perez-Sanz
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kyle K Payne
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ricardo A Chaurio
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Carmen Anadon
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph Calmette
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Subir Biswas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica A Mine
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tara Lee Costich
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Logan Nickels
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jayamanna Wickramasinghe
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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15
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Allegrezza MJ, Rutkowski MR, Stephen TL, Svoronos N, Perales-Puchalt A, Nguyen JM, Payne KK, Singhal S, Eruslanov EB, Tchou J, Conejo-Garcia JR. Trametinib Drives T-cell-Dependent Control of KRAS-Mutated Tumors by Inhibiting Pathological Myelopoiesis. Cancer Res 2017; 76:6253-6265. [PMID: 27803104 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies elicit seemingly paradoxical and poorly understood effects on tumor immunity. Here, we show that the MEK inhibitor trametinib abrogates cytokine-driven expansion of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mMDSC) from human or mouse myeloid progenitors. MEK inhibition also reduced the production of the mMDSC chemotactic factor osteopontin by tumor cells. Together, these effects reduced mMDSC accumulation in tumor-bearing hosts, limiting the outgrowth of KRas-driven breast tumors, even though trametinib largely failed to directly inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Accordingly, trametinib impeded tumor progression in vivo through a mechanism requiring CD8+ T cells, which was paradoxical given the drug's reported ability to inhibit effector lymphocytes. Confirming our observations, adoptive transfer of tumor-derived mMDSC reversed the ability of trametinib to control tumor growth. Overall, our work showed how the effects of trametinib on immune cells could partly explain its effectiveness, distinct from its activity on tumor cells themselves. More broadly, by providing a more incisive view into how MEK inhibitors may act against tumors, our findings expand their potential uses to generally block mMDSC expansion, which occurs widely in cancers to drive their growth and progression. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6253-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle K Payne
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy B Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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16
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Buchta CM, Bostic RR, Kearney JE, Rutkowski MR. Commensal dysbiosis alters the tumor microenvironment in luminal breast cancer. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.66.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many factors, including diet, race, and recurrent use of antibiotics, have been associated with an adverse outcome in breast cancer. These extrinsic factors also significantly impact the composition of commensal microbes. This is relevant, as a recent clinical trial demonstrated that patients with advanced hormone receptor+breast cancer had commensal dysbiosis, or significantly reduced composition of commensal microbes, supporting previous studies demonstrating that commensal microbes influence both the systemic immune environment and breast cancer progression. Dysbiosis was additionally shown to promote liver fibrosis in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. As collagen deposition in mammary tissue is known to associate with breast cancer aggressiveness and metastasis, we hypothesized that dysbiosis enhances metastatic disease in luminal breast cancer through systemic changes to the immune environment, ultimately altering the extracellular matrix of tumors and mediating metastatic disease. To investigate this, we utilized a transplantable model of luminal HR+breast cancer where tumor fragments are transplanted into recipients with or without established commensal dysbiosis. We demonstrate that although the growth of primary tumors is not affected, commensal dysbiosis increases collagen deposition and macrophage infiltration in transplanted tumor fragments. Systemically, dysbiosis amplifies the production of CCL2, a chemokine associated with macrophage infiltration and metastatic potential. These data suggest that commensal dysbiosis enhances collagen deposition in breast tumors and influences the tumor microenvironment, potentially promoting metastatic disease.
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17
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Svoronos N, Perales-Puchalt A, Allegrezza MJ, Rutkowski MR, Payne KK, Tesone AJ, Nguyen JM, Curiel TJ, Cadungog MG, Singhal S, Eruslanov EB, Zhang P, Tchou J, Zhang R, Conejo-Garcia JR. Tumor Cell-Independent Estrogen Signaling Drives Disease Progression through Mobilization of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Cancer Discov 2016; 7:72-85. [PMID: 27694385 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of estrogens in antitumor immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that estrogen signaling accelerates the progression of different estrogen-insensitive tumor models by contributing to deregulated myelopoiesis by both driving the mobilization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and enhancing their intrinsic immunosuppressive activity in vivo Differences in tumor growth are dependent on blunted antitumor immunity and, correspondingly, disappear in immunodeficient hosts and upon MDSC depletion. Mechanistically, estrogen receptor alpha activates the STAT3 pathway in human and mouse bone marrow myeloid precursors by enhancing JAK2 and SRC activity. Therefore, estrogen signaling is a crucial mechanism underlying pathologic myelopoiesis in cancer. Our work suggests that new antiestrogen drugs that have no agonistic effects may have benefits in a wide range of cancers, independently of the expression of estrogen receptors in tumor cells, and may synergize with immunotherapies to significantly extend survival. SIGNIFICANCE Ablating estrogenic activity delays malignant progression independently of the tumor cell responsiveness, owing to a decrease in the mobilization and immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs, which boosts T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Our results provide a mechanistic rationale to block estrogen signaling with newer antagonists to boost the effectiveness of anticancer immunotherapies. Cancer Discov; 7(1); 72-85. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Welte et al., p. 17This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle K Payne
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mark G Cadungog
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy B Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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18
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Perales-Puchalt A, Svoronos N, Rutkowski MR, Allegrezza MJ, Tesone AJ, Payne KK, Wickramasinghe J, Nguyen JM, O'Brien SW, Gumireddy K, Huang Q, Cadungog MG, Connolly DC, Tchou J, Curiel TJ, Conejo-Garcia JR. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Is Expressed by Most Ovarian Cancer Subtypes and Is a Safe and Effective Immunotherapeutic Target. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:441-453. [PMID: 27435394 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the safety and effectiveness of T cells redirected against follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR)-expressing ovarian cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FSHR expression was determined by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qPCR in 77 human ovarian cancer specimens from 6 different histologic subtypes and 20 human healthy tissues. The effectiveness of human T cells targeted with full-length FSH in vivo was determined against a panel of patient-derived xenografts. Safety and effectiveness were confirmed in immunocompetent tumor-bearing mice, using constructs targeting murine FSHR and syngeneic T cells. RESULTS FSHR is expressed in gynecologic malignancies of different histologic types but not in nonovarian healthy tissues. Accordingly, T cells expressing full-length FSHR-redirected chimeric receptors mediate significant therapeutic effects (including tumor rejection) against a panel of patient-derived tumors in vivo In immunocompetent mice growing syngeneic, orthotopic, and aggressive ovarian tumors, fully murine FSHR-targeted T cells also increased survival without any measurable toxicity. Notably, chimeric receptors enhanced the ability of endogenous tumor-reactive T cells to abrogate malignant progression upon adoptive transfer into naïve recipients subsequently challenged with the same tumor. Interestingly, FSHR-targeted T cells persisted as memory lymphocytes without noticeable PD-1-dependent exhaustion during end-stage disease, in the absence of tumor cell immunoediting. However, exosomes in advanced tumor ascites diverted the effector activity of this and other chimeric receptor-transduced T cells away from targeted tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS T cells redirected against FSHR+ tumor cells with full-length FSH represent a promising therapeutic alternative against a broad range of ovarian malignancies, with negligible toxicity even in the presence of cognate targets in tumor-free ovaries. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 441-53. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle K Payne
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shane W O'Brien
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kiranmai Gumireddy
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qihong Huang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark G Cadungog
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
| | - Denise C Connolly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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19
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Conejo-Garcia JR, Rutkowski MR, Cubillos-Ruiz JR. State-of-the-art of regulatory dendritic cells in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:97-104. [PMID: 27118338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) with robust immunosuppressive activity are commonly found in the microenvironment of advanced solid tumors. These innate immune cells are generically termed regulatory DCs and include various subsets such as plasmacytoid, conventional and monocyte-derived/inflammatory populations whose normal function is subverted by tumor-derived signals. This review summarizes recent findings on the nature and function of regulatory DCs, their relationship with other myeloid subsets and unique therapeutic opportunities to abrogate malignant progression through their targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Conejo-Garcia JR, Rutkowski MR. Small but Mighty: Selected Commensal Bacterial Species Determine the Effectiveness of Anti-cancer Immunotherapies. Immunity 2016; 43:1037-9. [PMID: 26682980 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms influence malignant progression by altering systemic inflammation. New data from two groups (Vétizou et al., 2015; Sivan et al., 2015) indicate that the abundance of specific commensal bacterial species enhances the anti-cancer activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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21
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Allegrezza MJ, Rutkowski MR, Stephen TL, Svoronos N, Tesone AJ, Perales-Puchalt A, Nguyen JM, Sarmin F, Sheen MR, Jeng EK, Tchou J, Wong HC, Fiering SN, Conejo-Garcia JR. IL15 Agonists Overcome the Immunosuppressive Effects of MEK Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2561-72. [PMID: 26980764 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many signal transduction inhibitors are being developed for cancer therapy target pathways that are also important for the proper function of antitumor lymphocytes, possibly weakening their therapeutic effects. Here we show that most inhibitors targeting multiple signaling pathways have especially strong negative effects on T-cell activation at their active doses on cancer cells. In particular, we found that recently approved MEK inhibitors displayed potent suppressive effects on T cells in vitro However, these effects could be attenuated by certain cytokines that can be administered to cancer patients. Among them, clinically available IL15 superagonists, which can activate PI3K selectively in T lymphocytes, synergized with MEK inhibitors in vivo to elicit potent and durable antitumor responses, including by a vaccine-like effect that generated resistance to tumor rechallenge. Our work identifies a clinically actionable approach to overcome the T-cell-suppressive effects of MEK inhibitors and illustrates how to reconcile the deficiencies of signal transduction inhibitors, which impede desired immunologic effects in vivo Cancer Res; 76(9); 2561-72. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fahmida Sarmin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mee R Sheen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Emily K Jeng
- Research & Development, Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hing C Wong
- Research & Development, Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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22
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Rutkowski MR, Conejo-Garcia JR. Abstract IA32: Commensal microorganisms and polymorphic mucosal surfaces determine the evolution of distal metastatic tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr15-ia32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Humans are symbiotic organisms in which bacteria outnumber eukaryotic cells in a ratio of 10 to 1. Interactions between commensal microorganisms and immune cells at mucosal surfaces forge the orchestration of a robust immune system that is able to defend us from infections. Critical for these interactions are pattern recognition receptors, including TLRs, which exhibit functional polymorphisms in at least 30% of individuals in the general population.
We show that TLR5 recognition of commensal bacteria drives malignant progression at distant, extra-mucosal locations by promoting systemic up-regulation of IL-6, which is further increased through an autocrine loop in reactive tumor cells and drives MDSC mobilization. MDSCs expanded in response to systemic IL-6 elevation produce adenosine to transform T cells into immunosuppressive players that secrete higher levels of galectin-1 on a per cell basis than any other cell type in the tumor microenvironment.
In contrast, in TLR5-unresponsive individuals, there is systemic up-regulation of IL-17 during tumor development. However, this is only relevant for tumor growth when tumors generate relatively low levels of circulating IL-6, resulting in accelerated malignant progression in the absence of TLR5 signaling.
Importantly, depletion of commensal bacteria abrogates any variations in tumor progression and has opposite effects in tumors that grow faster in TLR5-competent individuals (delaying malignant progression) vs. tumors that progress faster in the absence of TLR5 signaling (where malignant progression is accelerated).
Shockingly, depletion of commensal bacteria has opposite effects in the progression of primary vs. metastatic breast tumors, thus opening new avenues to understand breast cancer recurrence and tumor dormancy.
Together, our data indicate that both tumor-promoting inflammation and anti-tumor immunity are influenced by TLR5 signaling, which depends on a common genetic polymorphism in cancer patients.
Citation Format: Melanie R. Rutkowski, Jose R. Conejo-Garcia. Commensal microorganisms and polymorphic mucosal surfaces determine the evolution of distal metastatic tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA32.
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23
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Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Silberman PC, Rutkowski MR, Chopra S, Perales-Puchalt A, Song M, Zhang S, Bettigole SE, Gupta D, Holcomb K, Ellenson LH, Caputo T, Lee AH, Conejo-Garcia JR, Glimcher LH. ER Stress Sensor XBP1 Controls Anti-tumor Immunity by Disrupting Dendritic Cell Homeostasis. Cell 2015; 161:1527-38. [PMID: 26073941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are required to initiate and sustain T cell-dependent anti-cancer immunity. However, tumors often evade immune control by crippling normal DC function. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response factor XBP1 promotes intrinsic tumor growth directly, but whether it also regulates the host anti-tumor immune response is not known. Here we show that constitutive activation of XBP1 in tumor-associated DCs (tDCs) drives ovarian cancer (OvCa) progression by blunting anti-tumor immunity. XBP1 activation, fueled by lipid peroxidation byproducts, induced a triglyceride biosynthetic program in tDCs leading to abnormal lipid accumulation and subsequent inhibition of tDC capacity to support anti-tumor T cells. Accordingly, DC-specific XBP1 deletion or selective nanoparticle-mediated XBP1 silencing in tDCs restored their immunostimulatory activity in situ and extended survival by evoking protective type 1 anti-tumor responses. Targeting the ER stress response should concomitantly inhibit tumor growth and enhance anti-cancer immunity, thus offering a unique approach to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pedro C Silberman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sahil Chopra
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sarah E Bettigole
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Divya Gupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin Holcomb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lora H Ellenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Caputo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ann-Hwee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurie H Glimcher
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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24
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Rutkowski MR, Conejo-Garcia JR. TLR5 signaling, commensal microbiota and systemic tumor promoting inflammation: the three parcae of malignant progression. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1021542. [PMID: 26405577 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1021542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that TLR5-mediated recognition of commensal microbiota modulates systemic tumor-promoting inflammation and malignant progression of tumors at distal locations. Approximately 7-10% of the general population harbors a deleterious single nucleotide polymorphism in TLR5, implicating a novel role for genetic variation during the initiation and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program; The Wistar Institute ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program; The Wistar Institute ; Philadelphia, PA USA
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25
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Abstract
During tumor progression, alterations within the systemic tumor environment, or macroenvironment, result in the promotion of tumor growth, tumor invasion to distal organs, and eventual metastatic disease. Distally produced hormones, commensal microbiota residing within mucosal surfaces, myeloid cells and even the bone marrow impact the systemic immune system, tumor growth, and metastatic spread. Understanding the reciprocal interactions between the cells and soluble factors within the macroenvironment and the primary tumor will enable the design of specific therapies that have the potential to prevent dissemination and metastatic spread. This chapter will summarize recent findings detailing how the primary tumor and systemic tumor macroenvironment coordinate malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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26
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Rutkowski MR, Conejo-Garcia JR. Size does not matter: commensal microorganisms forge tumor-promoting inflammation and anti-tumor immunity. Oncoscience 2015; 2:239-46. [PMID: 25897427 PMCID: PMC4394129 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the commensal microbiota are indispensable for the maintenance of immune homeostasis, orchestration of immune responses against pathogens and most recently during cancer immunotherapy and malignant progression of extraintestinal tumors. Here we discuss the recent findings that a common genetic variation in TLR5 influences the progression and outcome of ovarian, sarcoma, and luminal breast tumors and the implications of these findings in light of recent publications describing the role of the commensal microbiota in control of the systemic immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, USA
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27
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Rutkowski MR, Stephen TL, Svoronos N, Allegrezza MJ, Tesone AJ, Perales-Puchalt A, Brencicova E, Escovar-Fadul X, Nguyen JM, Cadungog MG, Zhang R, Salatino M, Tchou J, Rabinovich GA, Conejo-Garcia JR. Microbially driven TLR5-dependent signaling governs distal malignant progression through tumor-promoting inflammation. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:27-40. [PMID: 25533336 PMCID: PMC4293269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dominant TLR5(R392X) polymorphism abrogates flagellin responses in >7% of humans. We report that TLR5-dependent commensal bacteria drive malignant progression at extramucosal locations by increasing systemic IL-6, which drives mobilization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Mechanistically, expanded granulocytic MDSCs cause γδ lymphocytes in TLR5-responsive tumors to secrete galectin-1, dampening antitumor immunity and accelerating malignant progression. In contrast, IL-17 is consistently upregulated in TLR5-unresponsive tumor-bearing mice but only accelerates malignant progression in IL-6-unresponsive tumors. Importantly, depletion of commensal bacteria abrogates TLR5-dependent differences in tumor growth. Contrasting differences in inflammatory cytokines and malignant evolution are recapitulated in TLR5-responsive/unresponsive ovarian and breast cancer patients. Therefore, inflammation, antitumor immunity, and the clinical outcome of cancer patients are influenced by a common TLR5 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eva Brencicova
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ximena Escovar-Fadul
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark G Cadungog
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mariana Salatino
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA; Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Stephen TL, Rutkowski MR, Allegrezza MJ, Perales-Puchalt A, Tesone AJ, Svoronos N, Nguyen JM, Sarmin F, Borowsky ME, Tchou J, Conejo-Garcia JR. Transforming growth factor β-mediated suppression of antitumor T cells requires FoxP1 transcription factor expression. Immunity 2014; 41:427-439. [PMID: 25238097 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-reactive T cells become unresponsive in advanced tumors. Here we have characterized a common mechanism of T cell unresponsiveness in cancer driven by the upregulation of the transcription factor Forkhead box protein P1 (Foxp1), which prevents CD8⁺ T cells from proliferating and upregulating Granzyme-B and interferon-γ in response to tumor antigens. Accordingly, Foxp1-deficient lymphocytes induced rejection of incurable tumors and promoted protection against tumor rechallenge. Mechanistically, Foxp1 interacted with the transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3 in preactivated CD8⁺ T cells in response to microenvironmental transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and was essential for its suppressive activity. Therefore, Smad2 and Smad3-mediated c-Myc repression requires Foxp1 expression in T cells. Furthermore, Foxp1 directly mediated TGF-β-induced c-Jun transcriptional repression, which abrogated T cell activity. Our results unveil a fundamental mechanism of T cell unresponsiveness different from anergy or exhaustion, driven by TGF-β signaling on tumor-associated lymphocytes undergoing Foxp1-dependent transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fahmida Sarmin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark E Borowsky
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA; Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA; Abramson Cancer Center Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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29
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Stephen TL, Rutkowski MR, Allegrezza MJ, Perales-Puchalt A, Tesone AJ, Svoronos N, Nguyen JM, Sarmin F, Borowsky ME, Tchou J, Conejo-Garcia JR. Transforming growth factor β-mediated suppression of antitumor T cells requires FoxP1 transcription factor expression. Immunity 2014. [PMID: 25238097 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.08.012.pmid:25238097;pmcid:pmc4174366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-reactive T cells become unresponsive in advanced tumors. Here we have characterized a common mechanism of T cell unresponsiveness in cancer driven by the upregulation of the transcription factor Forkhead box protein P1 (Foxp1), which prevents CD8⁺ T cells from proliferating and upregulating Granzyme-B and interferon-γ in response to tumor antigens. Accordingly, Foxp1-deficient lymphocytes induced rejection of incurable tumors and promoted protection against tumor rechallenge. Mechanistically, Foxp1 interacted with the transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3 in preactivated CD8⁺ T cells in response to microenvironmental transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and was essential for its suppressive activity. Therefore, Smad2 and Smad3-mediated c-Myc repression requires Foxp1 expression in T cells. Furthermore, Foxp1 directly mediated TGF-β-induced c-Jun transcriptional repression, which abrogated T cell activity. Our results unveil a fundamental mechanism of T cell unresponsiveness different from anergy or exhaustion, driven by TGF-β signaling on tumor-associated lymphocytes undergoing Foxp1-dependent transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alfredo Perales-Puchalt
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fahmida Sarmin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark E Borowsky
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA; Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA; Abramson Cancer Center Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-1693, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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30
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Rutkowski MR, Allegrezza MJ, Svoronos N, Tesone AJ, Stephen TL, Perales-Puchalt A, Nguyen J, Zhang PJ, Fiering SN, Tchou J, Conejo-Garcia JR. Initiation of metastatic breast carcinoma by targeting of the ductal epithelium with adenovirus-cre: a novel transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24748051 PMCID: PMC4027029 DOI: 10.3791/51171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of αβ and γδ T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | - Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | | | - Jenny Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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31
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Baird JR, Fox BA, Sanders KL, Lizotte PH, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Scarlett UK, Rutkowski MR, Conejo-Garcia JR, Fiering S, Bzik DJ. Avirulent Toxoplasma gondii generates therapeutic antitumor immunity by reversing immunosuppression in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3842-51. [PMID: 23704211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reversing tumor-associated immunosuppression seems necessary to stimulate effective therapeutic immunity against lethal epithelial tumors. Here, we show this goal can be addressed using cps, an avirulent, nonreplicating uracil auxotroph strain of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which preferentially invades immunosuppressive CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells in the ovarian carcinoma microenvironment. Tumor-associated CD11c(+) cells invaded by cps were converted to immunostimulatory phenotypes, which expressed increased levels of the T-cell receptor costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. In response to cps treatment of the immunosuppressive ovarian tumor environment, CD11c(+) cells regained the ability to efficiently cross-present antigen and prime CD8(+) T-cell responses. Correspondingly, cps treatment markedly increased tumor antigen-specific responses by CD8(+) T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that these antitumor T-cell responses were effective in suppressing solid tumor development. Indeed, intraperitoneal cps treatment triggered rejection of established ID8-VegfA tumors, an aggressive xenograft model of ovarian carcinoma, also conferring a survival benefit in a related aggressive model (ID8-Defb29/Vegf-A). The therapeutic benefit of cps treatment relied on expression of IL-12, but it was unexpectedly independent of MyD88 signaling as well as immune experience with T. gondii. Taken together, our results establish that cps preferentially invades tumor-associated antigen-presenting cells and restores their ability to trigger potent antitumor CD8(+) T-cell responses. Immunochemotherapeutic applications of cps might be broadly useful to reawaken natural immunity in the highly immunosuppressive microenvironment of most solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Baird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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32
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Hampton TH, Ballok AE, Bomberger JM, Rutkowski MR, Barnaby R, Coutermarsh B, Conejo-Garcia JR, O'Toole GA, Stanton BA. Does the F508-CFTR mutation induce a proinflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L509-18. [PMID: 22821996 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00226.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinical setting, mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene enhance the inflammatory response in the lung to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection. However, studies on human airway epithelial cells in vitro have produced conflicting results regarding the effect of mutations in CFTR on the inflammatory response to P. aeruginosa, and there are no comprehensive studies evaluating the effect of P. aeruginosa on the inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells with the ΔF508/ΔF508 genotype and their matched CF cell line rescued with wild-type (wt)-CFTR. CFBE41o- cells (ΔF508/ΔF508) and CFBE41o- cells complemented with wt-CFTR (CFBE-wt-CFTR) have been used extensively as an experimental model to study CF. Thus the goal of this study was to examine the effect of P. aeruginosa on gene expression and cytokine/chemokine production in this pair of cells. P. aeruginosa elicited a more robust increase in cytokine and chemokine expression (e.g., IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL2 and TNF-α) in CFBE-wt-CFTR cells compared with CFBE-ΔF508-CFTR cells. These results demonstrate that CFBE41o- cells complemented with wt-CFTR mount a more robust inflammatory response to P. aeruginosa than CFBE41o-ΔF508/ΔF508-CFTR cells. Taken together with other published studies, our data demonstrate that there is no compelling evidence to support the view that mutations in CFTR induce a hyperinflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells in vivo. Although the lungs of patients with CF have abundant levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, because the lung is populated by immune cells and epithelial cells there is no way to know, a priori, whether airway epithelial cells in the CF lung in vivo are hyperinflammatory in response to P. aeruginosa compared with non-CF lung epithelial cells. Thus studies on human airway epithelial cell lines and primary cells in vitro that propose to examine the effect of mutations in CFTR on the inflammatory response to P. aeruginosa have uncertain clinical significance with regard to CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hampton
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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33
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Rutkowski MR, Stephen TL, Conejo-Garcia JR. Anti-tumor immunity: myeloid leukocytes control the immune landscape. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:21-6. [PMID: 23121972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The immune surveillance hypothesis proposed over 50 years ago that many precancerous lesions are eliminated without a histological trace due to immunological pressure. Since then, it has become apparent that both the tumor and the anti-cancer immune response evolve over a long period to allow the eventual escape of nascent precancerous lesions into full-blown tumors. Although primarily focusing on loss of antigenicity, the immunoediting hypothesis has gradually evolved to appreciate the role of active immunosuppression in tumor progression, where myeloid leukocytes are increasingly recognized as the major driving force. This review highlights recent studies implicating how myeloid cells with antigen-presenting capabilities are co-opted by tumors to promote malignant progression. Because at least some advanced tumors remain significantly immunogenic, these new studies add a tweak to the immunoediting hypothesis as well as a rationale to block immunosuppressive mechanisms as a first-line intervention in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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34
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Scarlett UK, Rutkowski MR, Rauwerdink AM, Fields J, Escovar-Fadul X, Baird J, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Jacobs AC, Gonzalez JL, Weaver J, Fiering S, Conejo-Garcia JR. Ovarian cancer progression is controlled by phenotypic changes in dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2012; 209:495-506. [PMID: 22351930 PMCID: PMC3302234 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the initiation and evolution of the immune response against a new inducible p53-dependent model of aggressive ovarian carcinoma that recapitulates the leukocyte infiltrates and cytokine milieu of advanced human tumors. Unlike other models that initiate tumors before the development of a mature immune system, we detect measurable anti-tumor immunity from very early stages, which is driven by infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) and prevents steady tumor growth for prolonged periods. Coinciding with a phenotypic switch in expanding DC infiltrates, tumors aggressively progress to terminal disease in a comparatively short time. Notably, tumor cells remain immunogenic at advanced stages, but anti-tumor T cells become less responsive, whereas their enduring activity is abrogated by different microenvironmental immunosuppressive DCs. Correspondingly, depleting DCs early in the disease course accelerates tumor expansion, but DC depletion at advanced stages significantly delays aggressive malignant progression. Our results indicate that phenotypically divergent DCs drive both immunosurveillance and accelerated malignant growth. We provide experimental support for the cancer immunoediting hypothesis, but we also show that aggressive cancer progression after a comparatively long latency period is primarily driven by the mobilization of immunosuppressive microenvironmental leukocytes, rather than loss of tumor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam M. Rauwerdink
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Jennifer Fields
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | | | - Jason Baird
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Ana C. Jacobs
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Jorge L. Gonzalez
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - John Weaver
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Radiology, Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
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Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Baird JR, Tesone AJ, Rutkowski MR, Scarlett UK, Camposeco-Jacobs AL, Anadon-Arnillas J, Harwood NM, Korc M, Fiering SN, Sempere LF, Conejo-Garcia JR. Reprogramming tumor-associated dendritic cells in vivo using miRNA mimetics triggers protective immunity against ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1683-93. [PMID: 22307839 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulating the activity of miRNAs provides opportunities for novel cancer interventions. However, low bioavailability and poor cellular uptake are major challenges for delivering miRNA mimetics specifically to tumor cells. Here, we took advantage of the spontaneous enhanced endocytic activity of ovarian cancer-associated dendritic cells (DC) to selectively supplement the immunostimulatory miRNA miR-155. In vivo processing of nanoparticles carrying oligonucleotide duplexes mimicking the bulged structure of endogenous pre-miRNA (but not siRNA-like oligonucleotides) dramatically augmented miR-155 activity without saturating the RNA-induced silencing complex. Endogenous processing of synthetic miR-155 favored Ago2 and, to a lesser extent, Ago4 loading, resulting in genome-wide transcriptional changes that included silencing of multiple immunosuppressive mediators. Correspondingly, tumor-infiltrating DCs were transformed from immunosuppressive to highly immunostimulatory cells capable of triggering potent antitumor responses that abrogated the progression of established ovarian cancers. Our results show both the feasibility and therapeutic potential of supplementing/replenishing miRNAs in vivo using nonviral approaches to boost protective immunity against lethal tumors. Thus, we provide a platform, an optimized design, and a mechanistic rationale for the clinical testing of nonviral miRNA mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Martinez D, Scarlett UK, Rutkowski MR, Nesbeth YC, Camposeco-Jacobs AL, Conejo-Garcia JR. CD277 is a negative co-stimulatory molecule universally expressed by ovarian cancer microenvironmental cells. Oncotarget 2011; 1:329-38. [PMID: 21113407 PMCID: PMC2992324 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD277, a member of the butyrophilin subfamily 3 (BTN3), shares significant sequence similarities and predicted common structural features with inhibitory B7-H4 and other members of the B7 superfamily. Here we report that CD277 is consistently expressed in stromal, as well as tumor cells in the microenvironment of human advanced ovarian carcinoma specimens, both of primary and metastatic origin. MHC-II+ myeloid antigenpresenting leukocytes (dendritic cells and macrophages) express significantly higher levels of surface CD277, compared to other tumor-infiltrating leukocyte subsets, and this expression is significantly up-regulated by multiple common tumor microenvironmental signals, including VEGF and CCL3. Most importantly, engagement of CD277 on the surface of TCR-stimulated T cells inhibits their otherwise robust expansion and production of Th1 cytokines by preventing the up-regulation of cFLIP. Our results point to a role for CD277 up-regulated by microenvironmental signals in the acquisition of a regulatory phenotype by tumor-associated myeloid cells. Consequently, CD277, and likely other butyrophilins and butyrophilin-like molecules, emerge as regular players in the orchestration of immunosuppressive networks in ovarian cancer, and therefore new targets for interventions to overcome immune evasion and boost anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Rutkowski MR, Stevens CA, Green WR. Impaired memory CD8 T cell responses against an immunodominant retroviral cryptic epitope. Virology 2011; 412:256-68. [PMID: 21295815 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunodominant cryptic epitope SYNTGRFPPL, encoded within open reading frame 2 of the LP-BM5 retroviral gag gene, is critical for protection against retroviral-induced pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to dissect the memory response against this unique immunodominant cryptic epitope. Unlike the protective acute effector population of SYNTGRFPPL-specific CD8 T cells, long-lived SYNTGRFPPL-specific CD8 T cells lacked the ability to protect susceptible mice infected with LP-BM5 retrovirus. Compared to memory CD8 T cells against a conventional epitope with similar MHC-I specificity, primed and restimulated using similar conditions, long-lived SYNTGRFPPL-specific CD8 T cells were impaired in their ability to recall against antigen, with reduced cytolytic capabilities and cytokine production. Since similar priming and restimulation regimes were utilized to generate each effector CD8 T cell population, this study has potentially broad implications with regard to the selection criteria of potent, highly conserved cryptic epitopes for use in epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Borwell Bldg, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Nesbeth YC, Martinez DG, Toraya S, Scarlett UK, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Rutkowski MR, Conejo-Garcia JR. CD4+ T cells elicit host immune responses to MHC class II-negative ovarian cancer through CCL5 secretion and CD40-mediated licensing of dendritic cells. J Immunol 2010; 184:5654-62. [PMID: 20400704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cell adoptive transfer strategies that have produced clinical remissions against specific tumors have so far produced disappointing results against ovarian cancer. Recent evidence suggests that adoptively transferred CD4(+) T cells can trigger endogenous immune responses in particular patients with ovarian cancer through unknown mechanisms. However, conflicting reports suggest that ovarian cancer-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells are associated with negative outcomes. In this study, we elucidate the phenotypic attributes that enable polyclonal CD4(+) T cells briefly primed against tumor Ags to induce therapeutically relevant endogenous antitumor immune responses. Our results unveil a therapeutic mechanism whereby tumor-primed CD4(+) T cells transferred into ovarian cancer-bearing mice secrete high levels of CCL5, which recruits endogenous CCR5(+) dendritic cells to tumor locations and activate them through CD40-CD40L interactions. These newly matured dendritic cells are then able to prime tumor-specific endogenous CD8(+) T cells, which mediate long-term protection. Correspondingly, administration of tumor-primed CD4(+) T cells significantly delayed progression of MHC class II(-) ovarian cancers, similarly to CD8(+) T cells only, and directly activated wild-type but not CD40-deficient dendritic cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Our results unveil a CCL5- and CD40L-dependent mechanism of transferring immunity from exogenously activated CD4(+) T cells to tumor-exposed host cells, resulting in sustained antitumor effects. Our data provide a mechanistic rationale for incorporating tumor-reactive CD4(+) T cells in adoptive cell transfer immunotherapies against ovarian cancer and underscore the importance of optimizing immunotherapeutic strategies for the specific microenvironment of individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda C Nesbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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39
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Rutkowski MR, Ho O, Green WR. Defining the mechanism(s) of protection by cytolytic CD8 T cells against a cryptic epitope derived from a retroviral alternative reading frame. Virology 2009; 390:228-38. [PMID: 19539970 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological significance of protective CD8 T-cell-mediated responses against non-traditional alternative reading frame epitopes remains relatively unknown. Cytolytic CD8 T cells (CTL) specific for a non-traditional cryptic MHC class I epitope, SYNTGRFPPL, are critically involved in the protection of mice during infection with the LP-BM5 murine retrovirus. The goal of this study was to determine the functional properties of the protective SYNTGRFPPL-specific CTL during LP-BM5 infection of susceptible BALB/c CD8(-/-) mice. Direct infection experiments and adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells derived from perforin (pfp)(-/-), IFN gamma(-/-), FasL(-/-) and, as a positive control, wild-type BALB/c mice, were utilized to assess the effector mechanisms responsible for protection. Our results indicate that SYNTGRFPPL-specific effector CTL preferentially utilize perforin-mediated cytolysis to provide protection against LP-BM5-induced pathogenesis, whereas CTL production of IFN gamma is not required. Our results also suggest a minimal contribution of FasL/Fas-mediated lysis during the effector response. Collectively, these results provide insight into effector mechanisms utilized by protective CTL directed against non-traditional cryptic epitopes during disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA
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40
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Pittet LA, Hall-Stoodley L, Rutkowski MR, Harmsen AG. Influenza virus infection decreases tracheal mucociliary velocity and clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:450-60. [PMID: 19520922 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0417oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumococcal pneumonia, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Influenza-induced tissue damage is hypothesized to increase susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by increasing adherence to the respiratory epithelium. Using a mouse model of influenza infection followed by S. pneumoniae infection, we found that an influenza infection does not increase the number of pneumococci initially present within the trachea, but does inhibit pneumococcal clearance by 2 hours after infection. To determine whether influenza damage increases pneumococcal adherence, we developed a novel murine tracheal explant system to determine influenza-induced tissue damage and subsequent pneumococcal adherence. Murine tracheas were kept viable ex vivo as shown by microscopic examination of ciliary beating and cellular morphology using continuous media flow for up to 8 days. Tracheas were infected with influenza virus for 0.5-5 days ex vivo, and influenza-induced tissue damage and the early stages of repair to the epithelium were assessed histologically. A prior influenza infection did not increase pneumococcal adherence, even when the basement membrane was maximally denuded or during the repopulation of the basement membrane with undifferentiated epithelial cells. We measured mucociliary clearance in vivo and found it was decreased in influenza-infected mice. Together, our results indicate that exposure of the tracheal basement membrane contributes minimally to pneumococcal adherence. Instead, an influenza infection results in decreased tracheal mucociliary velocity and initial clearance of pneumococci, leading to an increased pneumococcal burden as early as 2 hours after pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnelle A Pittet
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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41
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Rutkowski MR, Ho O, Green WR. Defining the mechanism(s) of protection by cytolytic CD8 T cells against a cryptic epitope derived from a retroviral alternative reading frame. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.855.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - On Ho
- University of WashingtonSeattleWA
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42
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Rutkowski MR, McNamee LA, Harmsen AG. Neutrophils and inducible nitric-oxide synthase are critical for early resistance to the establishment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection. J Parasitol 2007; 93:562-74. [PMID: 17626348 DOI: 10.1645/ge-976r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is the cause of trichomoniasis in cattle. Severe infection is often associated with heavy neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, although it is not known how this response protects during early parasite colonization. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of an early host response upon initial T. foetus colonization within the murine reproductive tract. Mice depleted of neutrophils before T. foetus infection had a significantly higher parasite burden within the reproductive tract compared with mock-depleted control mice. Additionally, gp91(phox-/-)/ iNOS(-/-), and iNOS(-/-) mice had substantially larger parasite burdens than C57BL/6 control mice, whereas gp91l(Phox-/-) mice had similar parasite burden to C57BL/6 control mice. Interestingly, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils and macrophages isolated from all groups of mice were unable to kill T. foetus in vitro. However, macrophages isolated from gp91l(phox-/-) and C57BL/6 mice stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide were able to kill T. foetus in vitro, whereas macrophages isolated from gp91(phox(-/-)/ iNOS(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice were unable to kill T. foetus, suggesting the ability of macrophages to produce reactive nitrogen species but not reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for parasite killing during early infection in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, neutrophils seem to control early dissemination of T. foetus throughout the reproductive tract, although production of ROS is not critical for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Rutkowski MR, Harmsen AG. Tritrichomonas foetus: Pathogenesis of acute infection in normal, estradiol-treated, and stressed mice. Exp Parasitol 2007; 115:143-59. [PMID: 17014850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress and endocrine control can affect pathogenesis of sexually transmitted diseases such as trichomoniasis. Acute Tritrichomonas foetus infection was compared in female BALB/c mice to infections in mice treated with high doses of estradiol or housed in constant bright illumination (stressed). In untreated mice, T. foetus readily colonized the reproductive tract, causing minimal epithelial damage and inflammation. Several fold increases of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-6 cytokines were detected after estradiol-treatment of mice, resulting in greatly enhanced inflammation and tissue damage throughout the reproductive tract. Interestingly, estradiol-treatment of mice resulted in reduced T. foetus colonization compared to untreated mice. Infection in stressed mice resulted in increased tissue damage, inflammation, and inflammatory cytokine expression, although parasite colonization within the reproductive tract was similar to that in untreated mice. These results indicate that either estradiol-treatment or stress result in pathogenesis often observed during severe disease. Alternatively, infection in non-treated mice results in chronic colonization, with little inflammation or pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Molecular Biosciences Building, 960 Technology Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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Doyle EF, Arumugham P, Lara E, Rutkowski MR, Kiely B. Sudden death in young patients with congenital aortic stenosis. Pediatrics 1974; 53:481-9. [PMID: 4274661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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