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Martarelli CS, Weibel D, Popic D, Wolff W. Time in suspense: investigating boredom and related states in a virtual waiting room. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38738651 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2349279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We studied the role of time in the experience of boredom and its relationship with various psychological states using virtual reality. Sixty-six participants visited nine virtual waiting rooms and evaluated their perception of time and psychological experiences, including boredom, exhaustion, restlessness, amotivation, frustration, anger, unhappiness, spontaneous and deliberate mind-wandering, fantasy, and absorption. Results confirmed the relationship between boredom and time perception, showing that the higher the levels of boredom, the slower time seems to pass. However, manipulating time-related information via a slower/faster ticking clock did not affect boredom. We also found that boredom increased as participants progressed through the nine virtual rooms, and its affective characterisation over time remained stable, while its cognitive characterisation fluctuated. While boredom was consistently associated with exhaustion, restlessness, amotivation, and frustration, its relationship with fantasy, absorption, spontaneous mind-wandering and deliberate mind-wandering, evolved over time. These findings provide novel insights into the intricate and differentiated cognitive and affective consequences of being bored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Weibel
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deian Popic
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Cantarella G, Mioni G, Bisiacchi PS. Young adults and multisensory time perception: Visual and auditory pathways in comparison. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:1386-1399. [PMID: 37674041 PMCID: PMC11093818 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain continuously encodes information about time, but how sensorial channels interact to achieve a stable representation of such ubiquitous information still needs to be determined. According to recent research, children show a potential interference in multisensory conditions, leading to a trade-off between two senses (sight and audition) when considering time-perception tasks. This study aimed to examine how healthy young adults behave when performing a time-perception task. In Experiment 1, we tested the effects of temporary sensory deprivation on both visual and auditory senses in a group of young adults. In Experiment 2, we compared the temporal performances of young adults in the auditory modality with those of two samples of children (sighted and sighted but blindfolded) selected from a previous study. Statistically significant results emerged when comparing the two pathways: young adults overestimated and showed a higher sensitivity to time in the auditory modality compared to the visual modality. Restricting visual and auditory input did not affect their time sensitivity. Moreover, children were more accurate at estimating time than young adults after a transient visual deprivation. This implies that as we mature, sensory deprivation does not constitute a benefit to time perception, and supports the hypothesis of a calibration process between senses with age. However, more research is needed to determine how this calibration process affects the developmental trajectories of time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cantarella
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mioni
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Silvia Bisiacchi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy.
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3
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Mokhtarinejad E, Tavakoli M, Ghaderi AH. Exploring the correlation and causation between alpha oscillations and one-second time perception through EEG and tACS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8035. [PMID: 38580671 PMCID: PMC10997657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha oscillations have been implicated in time perception, yet a consensus on their precise role remains elusive. This study directly investigates this relationship by examining the impact of alpha oscillations on time perception. Resting-state EEG recordings were used to extract peak alpha frequency (PAF) and peak alpha power (PAP) characteristics. Participants then performed a time generalization task under transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at frequencies of PAF-2, PAF, and PAF+2, as well as a sham condition. Results revealed a significant correlation between PAP and accuracy, and between PAF and precision of one-second time perception in the sham condition. This suggests that alpha oscillations may influence one-second time perception by modulating their frequency and power. Interestingly, these correlations weakened with real tACS stimulations, particularly at higher frequencies. A second analysis aimed to establish a causal relationship between alpha peak modulation by tACS and time perception using repeated measures ANOVAs, but no significant effect was observed. Results were interpreted according to the state-dependent networks and internal clock model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mokhtarinejad
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahgol Tavakoli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Ghaderi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, USA
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4
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Morin A, Grondin S. Mindfulness and time perception: A systematic integrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105657. [PMID: 38583653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Several recent studies have explored the relationships between mindfulness and time perception, an area of research that has become increasingly popular in the last 10-15 years. In this article, we present a systematic integrative review of the evidence on this subject. We also integrate the field's findings into a conceptual framework which considers the multifaceted nature of both mindfulness, and time perception research. To identify the relevant literature, we searched the following databases using relevant keywords: PsycINFO; Medline; EBSCO Host Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection; and Web of Science. These searches were last performed on the 4th of May 2022, and additional hand searches were also conducted. To be included, articles had to be in English and contain original data about the potential relationship(s) between mindfulness and time perception. Articles which did not present usable data about the relationship(s) between the variables of interest were excluded. In total, 47 research articles were included in the review (combined sample size of ∼5800 participants). Risks of bias in the selected studies were evaluated using two separate assessment tools designed for this purpose. Through an integrative narrative synthesis, this article reviews how mindfulness may relate to time perception for various reference frames, and for various time perception measures and methods. It also provides new insights by exploring how a wide range of findings can be integrated into a coherent whole, in light of some relevant time perception models and mindfulness theories. Altogether, the reviewed data suggest the existence of complex and multifaceted relationships between mindfulness and time perception, highlighting the importance of considering many factors when planning research or interpreting data in this field. Limitations of the current review include the scarceness of data for certain categories of findings, and the relatively low prevalence of studies with a randomized controlled design in the source literature. This research was partly funded by a grant from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Morin
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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5
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Singhal I, Srinivasan N. Temporal correspondence in perceptual organization: Reciprocal interactions between temporal sensitivity and figure-ground segregation. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:819-827. [PMID: 37726597 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
How do visual representations account for time? Is it the case that they represent time by themselves possessing temporal properties (temporal mirroring) or by atemporal markers/tags (temporal tagging)? This question has been asked for the past 5 decades and more, in neuroscience, philosophy, and psychology. To address this debate, we designed a study to test temporal correspondence. We tested whether a temporal property (flicker frequency) could influence figure-ground segregation, and in turn, reciprocally, whether a figure-ground segregation would alter a temporal property (here, temporal resolution). We manipulated flicker frequency of dots on either side of an ambiguous edge in Experiment 1 and asked participants to indicate the figural region. In Experiment 2, we measured temporal sensitivity using a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task in both figural and ground regions. We showed temporal correspondence by showing specifically that figure-ground segregation depends on flicker frequency differences between two regions in ambiguous displays, where slow-flickering regions are seen as figural (Experiment 1). Reciprocally, in Experiment 2, we showed that participants performed a temporal-order judgment task better when the task had to be performed on a region seen as background compared with the same region seen as a figure. We show how relatively slower flickering regions are seen as figural, and correspondingly, seeing a region as figural is associated with a poorer temporal resolution. Our results collectively allow us to demonstrate a tight temporal correspondence in figure-ground perception, which could be explained using the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways, the two major retino-geniculo-cortical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Singhal
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208106, India
| | - Narayanan Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208106, India.
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Xu R, Walsh EG, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. Shift in excitation-inhibition balance underlies perceptual learning of temporal discrimination. Neuropsychologia 2024; 195:108814. [PMID: 38316210 PMCID: PMC10923091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Temporal perceptual learning (TPL) constitutes a unique and profound demonstration of neural plasticity within the brain. Our understanding for the neurometabolic changes associated with TPL on the other hand has been limited in part by the use of traditional fMRI approaches. Since plasticity in the visual cortex has been shown to underlie perceptual learning of visual information, we tested the hypothesis that TPL of an auditory interval involves a similar change in plasticity of the auditory pathway and if so, whether these changes take place in a lower-order sensory-specific brain area such as the primary auditory cortex (A1), or a higher-order modality-independent brain area such as the inferior parietal cortex (IPC). This distinction will inform us of the mechanisms underlying perceptual learning as well as the locus of change as it relates to TPL. In the present study, we took advantage of a new technique: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in combination with psychophysical measures to provide the first evidence of changes in neurometabolic processing following 5 days of temporal discrimination training. We measured the (E)xcitation-to-(I)nhibition ratio as an index of learning in the right IPC and left A1 while participants learned an auditory two-tone discrimination task. During the first day of training, we found a significant task-related increase in functional E/I ratio within the IPC. While the A1 exhibited the opposite pattern of neurochemical activity, this relationship did not reach statistical significance. After timing performance has reached a plateau, there were no further changes to functional E/I. These findings support the hypothesis that improvements in temporal discrimination relies on neuroplastic changes in the IPC, but it is possible that both areas work synergistically to acquire a temporal interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannie Xu
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, United States.
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, 02912, United States
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, United States
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, United States
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7
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Xu Z, Si W, Ren Y, Jiang Y, Guo T. Effect of tempo on the age-related changes in temporal expectation driven by rhythms. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297368. [PMID: 38329980 PMCID: PMC10852340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Temporal expectation refers to the capacity to allocate resources at a particular point in time, enabling us to enhance our behavior performance. Empirical evidence indicates that, among younger adults, temporal expectation can be driven by rhythm (i.e., regular sequences of stimuli). However, whether there are age-related changes in rhythm-based temporal expectation has not been clearly established. Furthermore, whether tempo can influence the relationship between rhythm-based temporal expectation and aging remains unexplored. To address these questions, both younger and older participants took part in a rhythm-based temporal expectation task, engaging three distinct tempos: 600 ms (fast), 1800 ms (moderate), or 3000 ms (slow). The results demonstrated that temporal expectation effects (i.e., participants exhibited significantly faster responses during the regular trials compared to the irregular trials) were observed in both the younger and older participants under the moderate tempo condition. However, in the fast and slow tempo conditions, the temporal expectation effects were solely observed in the younger participants. These findings revealed that rhythm-based temporal expectations can be preserved during aging but within a specific tempo range. When the tempo falls within the range of either being too fast or too slow, it can manifest age-related declines in temporal expectations driven by rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Xu
- Department of Foreign Language, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenying Si
- Department of Foreign Language, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanna Ren
- Department of Psychology, Medical Humanities College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- Department of Foreign Language, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Foreign Language, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Tokushige SI, Matsuda S, Tada M, Yabe I, Takeda A, Tanaka H, Hatakenaka M, Enomoto H, Kobayashi S, Shimizu K, Shimizu T, Kotsuki N, Inomata-Terada S, Furubayashi T, Ichikawa Y, Hanajima R, Tsuji S, Ugawa Y, Terao Y. Roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in temporal integration: Insights from a synchronized tapping task. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 158:1-15. [PMID: 38113692 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia for temporal integration. METHODS We studied 39 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD), comprising spinocerebellar atrophy 6 (SCA6), SCA31, Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also called SCA3), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Thirteen normal subjects participated as controls. Participants were instructed to tap on a button in synchrony with isochronous tones. We analyzed the inter-tap interval (ITI), synchronizing tapping error (STE), negative asynchrony, and proportion of delayed tapping as indicators of tapping performance. RESULTS The ITI coefficient of variation was increased only in MSA patients. The standard variation of STE was larger in SCD patients than in normal subjects, especially for MSA. Negative asynchrony, which is a tendency to tap the button before the tones, was prominent in SCA6 and MSA patients, with possible basal ganglia involvement. SCA31 patients exhibited normal to supranormal performance in terms of the variability of STE, which was surprising. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar patients generally showed greater STE variability, except for SCA31. The pace of tapping was affected in patients with possible basal ganglia pathology. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that interaction between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia is essential for temporal processing. The cerebellum and basal ganglia and their interaction regulate synchronized tapping, resulting in distinct tapping pattern abnormalities among different SCD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tada
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Sendai Nishitaga Hospital, 2-11-11, Kagitori-honcho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Sendai Nishitaga Hospital, 2-11-11, Kagitori-honcho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8555, Japan
| | - Megumi Hatakenaka
- Department of Neurology, Morinomiya Hospital, 2-1-88, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-0025, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Enomoto
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimizu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1, Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitazato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Naoki Kotsuki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Furubayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Environment Science, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, 6-45-1 Kunimi, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8551, Japan
| | - Yaeko Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1, Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, the University of Tokyo and International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba-ken 286-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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Sarodo A, Yamamoto K, Watanabe K. Face adaptation induces duration distortion of subsequent face stimuli in a face category-specific manner. J Vis 2024; 24:7. [PMID: 38386341 PMCID: PMC10896233 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that duration perception depends on several visual processes. However, the stages of visual processes that contribute to duration perception remain unclear. This study examined the effects of categorical differences in face adaptation on perceived duration. In all the experiments, we compared the perceived durations of human, monkey, and cat faces (comparison stimuli) after adapting to a human face. Results revealed that the human comparison stimuli were perceived shorter than the monkey and cat comparison stimuli (categorical face adaptation on duration perception [CFAD]). The difference between the face categories disappeared when the adapting stimulus was rendered unrecognizable by phase scrambling, indicating that adaptation to low-level visual properties cannot fully account for the CFAD effect. Furthermore, CFAD was preserved but attenuated when the adapting stimulus was inverted or a 1,000-ms interval was inserted before the comparison stimuli, which implied that CFAD occurred as long as the adapting stimulus was perceived as a face and not simply based on conceptual category processes. These findings indicate that face adaptation affects perceived duration in a category-specific manner (the CFAD effect) and highlights the involvement of visual categorical processes in duration perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sarodo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Schwartze M, Kotz SA. Time-travel to "A review and proposal for a model of sensory predictability in auditory language perception". Cortex 2024; 170:53-56. [PMID: 38101972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception 60 years ago, the mission of Cortex has been to foster a better understanding of cognition and the relationship between the nervous system, behavior in general, and mental processes in particular. Almost 15 years ago, we submitted "a review and proposal" along these lines to the journal, in which we sought to integrate two components that are not often discussed together, namely the basal ganglia and syntactic language functions (Kotz et al., 2009). One of the main motivations was to find potential explanations for two relatively straightforward earlier empirical observations: (i) electroencephalographic event-related potential responses (EEG/ERPs) known to be sensitive markers of syntactic violations in auditory language processing were found to be absent in persons with focal basal ganglia lesions (Friederici et al., 1999; Frisch et al., 2003; Kotz et al., 2003), and (ii) temporally regular rhythmic tone sequences presented before language stimuli were found to compensate for this effect (Kotz et al., 2005; Kotz & Gunter, 2015; Kotz & Schmidt-Kassow, 2015). The critical question was how to reconcile these specific components, the basal ganglia typically associated with motor behavior and language-related syntactic processes, under one hood to foster a better understanding of how the basal ganglia system contributes to auditory language processing. This core question was the starting point for further own research and trying to solve it, unsurprisingly, led to many more questions and rather few answers. It also changed perspectives and established collaborative efforts, sometimes in unsuspected ways and directions. In light of the journal's anniversary, we therefore want to take this exciting opportunity for some time travel, looking back at our original conception while linking it to more recent considerations, thereby providing some insights that might be useful for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwartze
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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11
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Ordás CM, Alonso-Frech F. The neural basis of somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold as a paradigm for time processing in the sub-second range: An updated review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105486. [PMID: 38040074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The temporal aspect of somesthesia is a feature of any somatosensory process and a pre-requisite for the elaboration of proper behavior. Time processing in the milliseconds range is crucial for most of behaviors in everyday life. The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is the ability to perceive two successive stimuli as separate in time, and deals with time processing in this temporal range. Herein, we focus on the physiology of STDT, on a background of the anatomophysiology of somesthesia and the neurobiological substrates of timing. METHODS A review of the literature through PubMed & Cochrane databases until March 2023 was performed with inclusion and exclusion criteria following PRISMA recommendations. RESULTS 1151 abstracts were identified. 4 duplicate records were discarded before screening. 957 abstracts were excluded because of redundancy, less relevant content or not English-written. 4 were added after revision. Eventually, 194 articles were included. CONCLUSIONS STDT encoding relies on intracortical inhibitory S1 function and is modulated by the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical interplay through circuits involving the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and probably the superior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ordás
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Alonso-Frech
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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12
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Thibault N, Albouy P, Grondin S. Distinct brain dynamics and networks for processing short and long auditory time intervals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22018. [PMID: 38086944 PMCID: PMC10716402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychophysical studies suggest that time intervals above and below 1.2 s are processed differently in the human brain. However, the neural underpinnings of this dissociation remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether distinct or common brain networks and dynamics support the passive perception of short (below 1.2 s) and long (above 1.2 s) empty time intervals. Twenty participants underwent an EEG recording during an auditory oddball paradigm with .8- and 1.6-s standard time intervals and deviant intervals either shorter (early) or longer (delayed) than the standard interval. We computed the auditory ERPs for each condition at the sensor and source levels. We then performed whole brain cluster-based permutation statistics for the CNV, N1 and P2, components, testing deviants against standards. A CNV was found only for above 1.2 s intervals (delayed deviants), with generators in temporo-parietal, SMA, and motor regions. Deviance detection of above 1.2 s intervals occurred during the N1 period over fronto-central sensors for delayed deviants only, with generators in parietal and motor regions. Deviance detection of below 1.2 s intervals occurred during the P2 period over fronto-central sensors for delayed deviants only, with generators in primary auditory cortex, SMA, IFG, cingulate and parietal cortex. We then identified deviance related changes in directed connectivity using bivariate Granger causality to highlight the networks dynamics associated with interval processing above and below 1.2. These results suggest that distinct brain dynamics and networks support the perception of time intervals above and below 1.2 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Thibault
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | - Philippe Albouy
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, G1J 2G3, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), CRBLM, Montreal, QC, H2V 2J2, Canada
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, G1J 2G3, Canada
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13
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Bracca V, Cantoni V, Gadola Y, Rivolta J, Cosseddu M, Turrone R, Caratozzolo S, Di Luca M, Padovani A, Borroni B, Benussi A. Neurophysiological correlates of altered time awareness in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3515-3522. [PMID: 37247033 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in time awareness have been reported in dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, the neurophysiological correlates underlying these alterations remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the neurophysiological correlates of altered time awareness in AD and FTD patients. METHODS A total of 150 participants (50 AD patients, 50 FTD patients, and 50 healthy controls [HC]) underwent a standardized neuropsychological assessment, an altered time awareness survey, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to assess cholinergic (short latency afferent inhibition-SAI), GABAergic (short interval intracortical inhibition-SICI), and glutamatergic (intracortical facilitation-ICF) circuits. RESULTS In AD patients, the most frequent symptom was difficulty in ordering past events (52.0%), while FTD patients primarily struggled with estimating temporal intervals between events (40.0%). Significant differences were observed between HC and both patient groups, as well as between AD and FTD patients in their tendency to re-live past events. Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that impairments in glutamatergic and cholinergic circuits significantly predicted the likelihood of participants manifesting altered time awareness symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel insights into the neurophysiological correlates of altered time awareness in AD and FTD patients, highlighting the involvement of specific neurotransmitter circuits, particularly glutamatergic and cholinergic circuits. Further research is needed to explore the potential clinical implications and therapeutic targets arising from these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bracca
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Cantoni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Yasmine Gadola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jasmine Rivolta
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maura Cosseddu
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Turrone
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caratozzolo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
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14
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Kang H, Auksztulewicz R, Chan CH, Cappotto D, Rajendran VG, Schnupp JWH. Cross-modal implicit learning of random time patterns. Hear Res 2023; 438:108857. [PMID: 37639922 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Perception is sensitive to statistical regularities in the environment, including temporal characteristics of sensory inputs. Interestingly, implicit learning of temporal patterns in one modality can also improve their processing in another modality. However, it is unclear how cross-modal learning transfer affects neural responses to sensory stimuli. Here, we recorded neural activity of human volunteers using electroencephalography (EEG), while participants were exposed to brief sequences of randomly timed auditory or visual pulses. Some trials consisted of a repetition of the temporal pattern within the sequence, and subjects were tasked with detecting these trials. Unknown to the participants, some trials reappeared throughout the experiment across both modalities (Transfer) or only within a modality (Control), enabling implicit learning in one modality and its transfer. Using a novel method of analysis of single-trial EEG responses, we showed that learning temporal structures within and across modalities is reflected in neural learning curves. These putative neural correlates of learning transfer were similar both when temporal information learned in audition was transferred to visual stimuli and vice versa. The modality-specific mechanisms for learning of temporal information and general mechanisms which mediate learning transfer across modalities had distinct physiological signatures: temporal learning within modalities relied on modality-specific brain regions while learning transfer affected beta-band activity in frontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- HiJee Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryszard Auksztulewicz
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chi Hong Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Drew Cappotto
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R; UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vani G Rajendran
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, NM
| | - Jan W H Schnupp
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R.
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15
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Pourmohammadi A, Sanayei M. Context-specific and context-invariant computations of interval timing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1249502. [PMID: 37799342 PMCID: PMC10547875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1249502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction An accurate sense of time is crucial in flexible sensorimotor control and other cognitive functions. However, it remains unknown how multiple timing computations in different contexts interact to shape our behavior. Methods We asked 41 healthy human subjects to perform timing tasks that differed in the sensorimotor domain (sensory timing vs. motor timing) and effector (hand vs. saccadic eye movement). To understand how these different behavioral contexts contribute to timing behavior, we applied a three-stage Bayesian model to behavioral data. Results Our results demonstrate that the Bayesian model for each effector could not describe bias in the other effector. Similarly, in each task the model-predicted data could not describe bias in the other task. These findings suggest that the measurement stage of interval timing is context-specific in the sensorimotor and effector domains. We also showed that temporal precision is context-invariant in the effector domain, unlike temporal accuracy. Discussion This combination of context-specific and context-invariant computations across sensorimotor and effector domains suggests overlapping and distributed computations as the underlying mechanism of timing in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Pourmohammadi
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sanayei
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
- Center for Translational Neuroscience (CTN), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Petritis A, Maffucci A, Currà A, Trompetto C, Marinelli L, Fattapposta F. The role of cerebellum in timing processing: a contingent negative variation study. Neurosci Lett 2023:137301. [PMID: 37244448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Time management is an important aspect of human behaviour and cognition. Several brain regions are thought to be involved in motor timing and time estimation tasks. However, subcortical regions such as the basal nuclei and cerebellum seem to play a role in timing control. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the cerebellum in temporal processing. For this purpose, we transitorily inhibited cerebellar activity by means of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and studied the effects of this inhibition on contingent negative variation (CNV) parameters elicited during a S1-S2 motor task in healthy subjects. Sixteen healthy subjects underwent a S1-S2 motor task prior to and after cathodal and sham cerebellar tDCS in separate sessions. The CNV task consisted of a duration discrimination task in which subjects had to determine whether the duration of a probe interval trial was shorter (800 ms), longer (1600 ms), or equal to the target interval of 1200 ms. A reduction in total CNV amplitude emerged only after cathodal tDCS for short and target interval trials, while no differences were detected for the long interval trial. Errors were significantly higher after cathodal tDCS than at baseline evaluation of short and target intervals. No reaction time differences were found for any time interval after the cathodal and sham sessions. These results point to a role of the cerebellum in time perception. In particular, the cerebellum seems to regulate temporal interval discrimination for second and sub-second ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Petritis
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Maffucci
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, A. Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, LT, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fattapposta
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Nandi B, Ostrand A, Johnson V, Ford TJ, Gazzaley A, Zanto TP. Musical Training Facilitates Exogenous Temporal Attention via Delta Phase Entrainment within a Sensorimotor Network. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3365-3378. [PMID: 36977585 PMCID: PMC10162458 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0220-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal orienting of attention plays an important role in our day-to-day lives and can use timing information from exogenous or endogenous sources. Yet, it is unclear what neural mechanisms give rise to temporal attention, and it is debated whether both exogenous and endogenous forms of temporal attention share a common neural source. Here, older adult nonmusicians (N = 47, 24 female) were randomized to undergo 8 weeks of either rhythm training, which places demands on exogenous temporal attention, or word search training as a control. The goal was to assess (1) the neural basis of exogenous temporal attention and (2) whether training-induced improvements in exogenous temporal attention can transfer to enhanced endogenous temporal attention abilities, thereby providing support for a common neural mechanism of temporal attention. Before and after training, exogenous temporal attention was assessed using a rhythmic synchronization paradigm, whereas endogenous temporal attention was evaluated via a temporally cued visual discrimination task. Results showed that rhythm training improved performance on the exogenous temporal attention task, which was associated with increased intertrial coherence within the δ (1-4 Hz) band as assessed by EEG recordings. Source localization revealed increased δ-band intertrial coherence arose from a sensorimotor network, including premotor cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, postcentral gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobule. Despite these improvements in exogenous temporal attention, such benefits were not transferred to endogenous attentional ability. These results support the notion that exogenous and endogenous temporal attention uses independent neural sources, with exogenous temporal attention relying on the precise timing of δ band oscillations within a sensorimotor network.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Allocating attention to specific points in time is known as temporal attention, and may arise from external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) sources. Despite its importance to our daily lives, it is unclear how the brain gives rise to temporal attention and whether exogenous- or endogenous-based sources for temporal attention rely on shared brain regions. Here, we demonstrate that musical rhythm training improves exogenous temporal attention, which was associated with more consistent timing of neural activity in sensory and motor processing brain regions. However, these benefits did not extend to endogenous temporal attention, indicating that temporal attention relies on different brain regions depending on the source of timing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijurika Nandi
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Avery Ostrand
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Vinith Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Tiffany J Ford
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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18
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Wang T, Luo Y, Ivry RB, Tsay JS, Pöppel E, Bao Y. A unitary mechanism underlies adaptation to both local and global environmental statistics in time perception. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011116. [PMID: 37146089 PMCID: PMC10191274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our duration estimation flexibly adapts to the statistical properties of the temporal context. Humans and non-human species exhibit a perceptual bias towards the mean of durations previously observed as well as serial dependence, a perceptual bias towards the duration of recently processed events. Here we asked whether those two phenomena arise from a unitary mechanism or reflect the operation of two distinct systems that adapt separately to the global and local statistics of the environment. We employed a set of duration reproduction tasks in which the target duration was sampled from distributions with different variances and means. The central tendency and serial dependence biases were jointly modulated by the range and the variance of the prior, and these effects were well-captured by a unitary mechanism model in which temporal expectancies are updated after each trial based on perceptual observations. Alternative models that assume separate mechanisms for global and local contextual effects failed to capture the empirical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhe Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Yingrui Luo
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Tsay
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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19
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Kawai Y, Park J, Tsuda I, Asada M. Learning long-term motor timing/patterns on an orthogonal basis in random neural networks. Neural Netw 2023; 163:298-311. [PMID: 37087852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the brain to generate complex spatiotemporal patterns with specific timings is essential for motor learning and temporal processing. An approach that can model this function, using the spontaneous activity of a random neural network (RNN), is associated with orbital instability. We propose a simple system that learns an arbitrary time series as the linear sum of stable trajectories produced by several small network modules. New finding in computer experiments is that the trajectories of the module outputs are orthogonal to each other. They created a dynamic orthogonal basis acquiring a high representational capacity, which enabled the system to learn the timing of extremely long intervals, such as tens of seconds for a millisecond computation unit, and also the complex time series of Lorenz attractors. This self-sustained system satisfies the stability and orthogonality requirements and thus provides a new neurocomputing framework and perspective for the neural mechanisms of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kawai
- Symbiotic Intelligent Systems Research Center, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jihoon Park
- Symbiotic Intelligent Systems Research Center, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences/Center for Mathematical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Asada
- Symbiotic Intelligent Systems Research Center, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences/Center for Mathematical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; International Professional University of Technology in Osaka, 3-3-1 Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0001, Japan
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20
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Cortical Patterns Shift from Sequence Feature Separation during Planning to Integration during Motor Execution. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1742-1756. [PMID: 36725321 PMCID: PMC10010461 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1628-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing sequences of movements from memory and adapting them to changing task demands is a hallmark of skilled human behavior, from handwriting to playing a musical instrument. Prior studies showed a fine-grained tuning of cortical primary motor, premotor, and parietal regions to motor sequences: from the low-level specification of individual movements to high-level sequence features, such as sequence order and timing. However, it is not known how tuning in these regions unfolds dynamically across planning and execution. To address this, we trained 24 healthy right-handed human participants (14 females, 10 males) to produce four five-element finger press sequences with a particular finger order and timing structure in a delayed sequence production paradigm entirely from memory. Local cortical fMRI patterns during preparation and production phases were extracted from separate No-Go and Go trials, respectively, to tease out activity related to these perimovement phases. During sequence planning, premotor and parietal areas increased tuning to movement order or timing, regardless of their combinations. In contrast, patterns reflecting the unique integration of sequence features emerged in these regions during execution only, alongside timing-specific tuning in the ventral premotor, supplementary motor, and superior parietal areas. This was in line with the participants' behavioral transfer of trained timing, but not of order to new sequence feature combinations. Our findings suggest a general informational state shift from high-level feature separation to low-level feature integration within cortical regions for movement execution. Recompiling sequence features trial-by-trial during planning may enable flexible last-minute adjustment before movement initiation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Musicians and athletes can modify the timing and order of movements in a sequence trial-by-trial, allowing for a vast repertoire of flexible behaviors. How does the brain put together these high-level sequence features into an integrated whole? We found that, trial-by-trial, the control of sequence features undergoes a state shift from separation during planning to integration during execution across a network of motor-related cortical areas. These findings have implications for understanding the hierarchical control of skilled movement sequences, as well as how information in brain areas unfolds across planning and execution.
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21
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Li B, Wang B, Zaidel A. Modality-specific sensory and decisional carryover effects in duration perception. BMC Biol 2023; 21:48. [PMID: 36882836 PMCID: PMC9993637 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain uses recent history when forming perceptual decisions. This results in carryover effects in perception. Although separate sensory and decisional carryover effects have been shown in many perceptual tasks, their existence and nature in temporal processing are unclear. Here, we investigated whether and how previous stimuli and previous choices affect subsequent duration perception, in vision and audition. RESULTS In a series of three experiments, participants were asked to classify visual or auditory stimuli into "shorter" or "longer" duration categories. In experiment 1, visual and auditory stimuli were presented in separate blocks. Results showed that current duration estimates were repelled away from the previous trial's stimulus duration, but attracted towards the previous choice, in both vision and audition. In experiment 2, visual and auditory stimuli were pseudorandomly presented in one block. We found that sensory and decisional carryover effects occurred only when previous and current stimuli were from the same modality. Experiment 3 further investigated the stimulus dependence of carryover effects within each modality. In this experiment, visual stimuli with different shape topologies (or auditory stimuli with different audio frequencies) were pseudorandomly presented in one visual (or auditory) block. Results demonstrated sensory carryover (within each modality) despite task-irrelevant differences in visual shape topology or audio frequency. By contrast, decisional carryover was reduced (but still present) across different visual topologies and completely absent across different audio frequencies. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that serial dependence in duration perception is modality-specific. Moreover, repulsive sensory carryover effects generalize within each modality, whereas attractive decisional carryover effects are contingent on contextual details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Li
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 Chang'an South Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| | - Biyao Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 Chang'an South Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Adam Zaidel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
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22
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Arslanova I, Kotsaris V, Tsakiris M. Perceived time expands and contracts within each heartbeat. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1389-1395.e4. [PMID: 36905931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Perception of passing time can be distorted.1 Emotional experiences, particularly arousal, can contract or expand experienced duration via their interactions with attentional and sensory processing mechanisms.2,3 Current models suggest that perceived duration can be encoded from accumulation processes4,5 and from temporally evolving neural dynamics.6,7 Yet all neural dynamics and information processing ensue at the backdrop of continuous interoceptive signals originating from within the body. Indeed, phasic fluctuations within the cardiac cycle impact neural and information processing.8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 Here, we show that these momentary cardiac fluctuations distort experienced time and that their effect interacts with subjectively experienced arousal. In a temporal bisection task, durations (200-400 ms) of an emotionally neutral visual shape or auditory tone (experiment 1) or of an image displaying happy or fearful facial expressions (experiment 2) were categorized as short or long.16 Across both experiments, stimulus presentation was time-locked to systole, when the heart contracts and baroreceptors fire signals to the brain, and to diastole, when the heart relaxes, and baroreceptors are quiescent. When participants judged the duration of emotionally neural stimuli (experiment 1), systole led to temporal contraction, whereas diastole led to temporal expansion. Such cardiac-led distortions were further modulated by the arousal ratings of the perceived facial expressions (experiment 2). At low arousal, systole contracted while diastole expanded time, but as arousal increased, this cardiac-led time distortion disappeared, shifting duration perception toward contraction. Thus, experienced time contracts and expands within each heartbeat-a balance that is disrupted under heightened arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Arslanova
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EY, UK.
| | | | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EY, UK; Centre for the Politics of Feeling, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
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23
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The Functional Brain Network of Subcortical and Cortical Regions Underlying Time Estimation: An Functional MRI Study. Neuroscience 2023; 519:23-30. [PMID: 36871882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Time estimation is fundamental for human survival. There have been increasing studies suggesting that distributed brain regions, such as the basal ganglia, cerebellum and the parietal cortex, may contribute to a dedicated neural mechanism of time estimation. However, evidence on the specific function of the subcortical and cortical brain regions and the interplay of them is scare. In this work, we explored how the subcortical and cortical networks function in time estimation during a time reproduction task using functional MRI (fMRI). Thirty healthy participants performed the time reproduction task in both auditory and visual modalities. Results showed that time estimation in visual and auditory modality recruited a subcortical-cortical brain network including the left caudate, left cerebellum, and right precuneus. Besides, the superior temporal gyrus (STG) was found essential in the difference between time estimation in visual and auditory modality. Using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, we observed an increase in the connection between left caudate and left precuneus using the left caudate as the seed region in temporal reproduction task than control task. This suggested that the left caudate is the key region connecting and transmitting information to other brain regions in the dedicated brain network of time estimation.
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Zoefel B, Gilbert RA, Davis MH. Intelligibility improves perception of timing changes in speech. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279024. [PMID: 36634109 PMCID: PMC9836318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Auditory rhythms are ubiquitous in music, speech, and other everyday sounds. Yet, it is unclear how perceived rhythms arise from the repeating structure of sounds. For speech, it is unclear whether rhythm is solely derived from acoustic properties (e.g., rapid amplitude changes), or if it is also influenced by the linguistic units (syllables, words, etc.) that listeners extract from intelligible speech. Here, we present three experiments in which participants were asked to detect an irregularity in rhythmically spoken speech sequences. In each experiment, we reduce the number of possible stimulus properties that differ between intelligible and unintelligible speech sounds and show that these acoustically-matched intelligibility conditions nonetheless lead to differences in rhythm perception. In Experiment 1, we replicate a previous study showing that rhythm perception is improved for intelligible (16-channel vocoded) as compared to unintelligible (1-channel vocoded) speech-despite near-identical broadband amplitude modulations. In Experiment 2, we use spectrally-rotated 16-channel speech to show the effect of intelligibility cannot be explained by differences in spectral complexity. In Experiment 3, we compare rhythm perception for sine-wave speech signals when they are heard as non-speech (for naïve listeners), and subsequent to training, when identical sounds are perceived as speech. In all cases, detection of rhythmic regularity is enhanced when participants perceive the stimulus as speech compared to when they do not. Together, these findings demonstrate that intelligibility enhances the perception of timing changes in speech, which is hence linked to processes that extract abstract linguistic units from sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Zoefel
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Rebecca A. Gilbert
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew H. Davis
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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25
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Feng Z, Zhu S, Duan J, Lu Y, Li L. Cross-modality effect in implicit learning of temporal sequence. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Teghil A, Bonavita A, Procida F, Giove F, Boccia M. Intrinsic hippocampal connectivity is associated with individual differences in retrospective duration processing. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:687-695. [PMID: 36695891 PMCID: PMC9944733 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of incidentally encoded durations of time intervals (retrospective duration processing) is thought to rely on the retrieval of contextual information associated with a sequence of events, automatically encoded in medial temporal lobe regions. "Time cells" have been described in the hippocampus (HC), encoding the temporal progression of events and their duration. However, whether the HC supports explicit retrospective duration judgments in humans, and which neural dynamics are involved, is still poorly understood. Here we used resting-state fMRI to test the relation between variations in intrinsic connectivity patterns of the HC, and individual differences in retrospective duration processing, assessed using a novel task involving the presentation of ecological stimuli. Results showed that retrospective duration discrimination performance predicted variations in the intrinsic connectivity of the bilateral HC with the right precentral gyrus; follow-up exploratory analyses suggested a role of the CA1 and CA4/DG subfields in driving the observed pattern. Findings provide insights on neural networks associated with implicit processing of durations in the second range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Teghil
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Bonavita
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy ,Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Procida
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Giove
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,MARBILab, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy ,Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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D’Agostino O, Castellotti S, Del Viva MM. Time estimation during motor activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1134027. [PMID: 37151903 PMCID: PMC10160443 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1134027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies on time estimation showed that the estimation of temporal intervals is related to the amount of attention devoted to time. This is explained by the scalar timing theory, which assumes that attention alters the number of pulses transferred by our internal clock to an accumulator that keeps track of the elapsed time. In a previous study, it was found that time underestimation during cognitive-demanding tasks was more pronounced while walking than while sitting, whereas no clear motor-induced effects emerged without a concurrent cognitive task. What remains unclear then is the motor interference itself on time estimation. Here we aim to clarify how the estimation of time can be influenced by demanding motor mechanisms and how different motor activities interact with concurrent cognitive tasks during time estimation. To this purpose, we manipulated simultaneously the difficulty of the cognitive task (solving arithmetic operations) and the motor task. We used an automated body movement that should require no motor or mental effort, a more difficult movement that requires some motor control, and a highly demanding movement requiring motor coordination and attention. We compared the effects of these three types of walking on time estimation accuracy and uncertainty, arithmetic performance, and reaction times. Our findings confirm that time estimation is affected by the difficulty of the cognitive task whereas we did not find any evidence that time estimation changes with the complexity of our motor task, nor an interaction between walking and the concurrent cognitive tasks. We can conclude that walking, although highly demanding, does not have the same effects as other mental tasks on time estimation.
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Izadifar M. Lack of a timing system in the old but still new theory: towards elucidating schizophrenia. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100842. [PMID: 36688008 PMCID: PMC9806003 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Izadifar
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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29
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Effect of food cues on time perception: influence of calories and diet control. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20342. [PMID: 36434088 PMCID: PMC9700849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence on individuals' time perception of observing a range of foods differing in calorific content. In a first experiment, 92 adult participants performed a temporal bisection task with stimulus durations presented in the form of high- or low-calorie food pictures as well as matched non-food control pictures. In a second experiment, 102 participants performed a strict replication of Experiment 1, without the low-calorie pictures condition as it showed less pronounced effects. Across the two experiments, the data revealed common results. An overestimation of time was observed in relation to high-calorie food pictures when compared with non-food pictures (Experiment 2), and the effect was a function of participants' diet control (Experiments 1 & 2). Contrary to our hypothesis, the more the participants reported controlling their diet, the less they overestimated the time when presented with food stimuli. The participants who controlled their diet reported being less aroused by the high-calorie food pictures, allowing the assumption that the modulation in time overestimation relies on the arousal response generated by high-calorie food pictures.
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Zhou S, Buonomano DV. Neural population clocks: Encoding time in dynamic patterns of neural activity. Behav Neurosci 2022; 136:374-382. [PMID: 35446093 PMCID: PMC9561006 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict and prepare for near- and far-future events is among the most fundamental computations the brain performs. Because of the importance of time for prediction and sensorimotor processing, the brain has evolved multiple mechanisms to tell and encode time across scales ranging from microseconds to days and beyond. Converging experimental and computational data indicate that, on the scale of seconds, timing relies on diverse neural mechanisms distributed across different brain areas. Among the different encoding mechanisms on the scale of seconds, we distinguish between neural population clocks and ramping activity as distinct strategies to encode time. One instance of neural population clocks, neural sequences, represents in some ways an optimal and flexible dynamic regime for the encoding of time. Specifically, neural sequences comprise a high-dimensional representation that can be used by downstream areas to flexibly generate arbitrarily simple and complex output patterns using biologically plausible learning rules. We propose that high-level integration areas may use high-dimensional dynamics such as neural sequences to encode time, providing downstream areas information to build low-dimensional ramp-like activity that can drive movements and temporal expectation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanglin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dean V. Buonomano
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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31
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Ofir N, Landau AN. Neural signatures of evidence accumulation in temporal decisions. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4093-4100.e6. [PMID: 36007527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models of interval timing can be formulated as an accumulation-to-bound process.1-5 However, the physiological manifestation of such processes has not yet been identified. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to measure the neural responses of participants while they performed a temporal bisection task in which they were requested to categorize the duration of visual stimuli as short or long.6 We found that the stimulus-offset and response-locked activity depends on both stimulus duration and the participants' decision. To relate this activity to the underlying cognitive processes, we used a drift-diffusion model.7 The model includes a noisy accumulator starting with the stimulus onset and a decision threshold. According to the model, a stimulus duration will be categorized as "long" if the accumulator reaches the threshold during stimulus presentation. Otherwise, it will be categorized as "short." We found that at the offset of stimulus presentation, an EEG response marks the distance of the accumulator from the threshold. Therefore, this model offers an accurate description of our behavioral data as well as the EEG response using the same two model parameters. We then replicated this finding in an identical experiment conducted in the tactile domain. We also extended this finding to two different temporal ranges (sub- and supra-second). Taken together, the work provides a new way to study the cognitive processes underlying temporal decisions, using a combination of behavior, EEG, and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Ofir
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel; Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Ayelet N Landau
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel; Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.
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Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity of the left temporal parietal junction is associated with visual temporal order threshold. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15933. [PMID: 36153359 PMCID: PMC9509386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the relationship between the millisecond timing, measured by visual temporal order threshold (TOT), i.e. a minimum gap between two successive stimuli necessary to judge a before-after relation, and resting-state fMRI functional connectivity (rsFC). We assume that the TOT reflects a relatively stable feature of local internal state networks and is associated with rsFC of the temporal parietal junction (TPJ). Sixty five healthy young adults underwent the visual TOT, fluid intelligence (Gf) and an eyes-open resting-state fMRI examination. After controlling for the influence of gender, the higher the TOT, the stronger was the left TPJ’s rsFC with the left postcentral and the right precentral gyri, bilateral putamen and the right supplementary motor area. When the effects of Gf and TOT × Gf interaction were additionally controlled, the TOT—left TPJ’s rsFC relationship survived for almost all above regions with the exception of the left and right putamen. This is the first study demonstrating that visual TOT is associated with rsFC between the areas involved both in sub-second timing and motor control. Current outcomes indicate that the local neural networks are prepared to process brief, rapidly presented, consecutive events, even in the absence of such stimulation.
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33
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Tsao A, Yousefzadeh SA, Meck WH, Moser MB, Moser EI. The neural bases for timing of durations. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:646-665. [PMID: 36097049 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Durations are defined by a beginning and an end, and a major distinction is drawn between durations that start in the present and end in the future ('prospective timing') and durations that start in the past and end either in the past or the present ('retrospective timing'). Different psychological processes are thought to be engaged in each of these cases. The former is thought to engage a clock-like mechanism that accurately tracks the continuing passage of time, whereas the latter is thought to engage a reconstructive process that utilizes both temporal and non-temporal information from the memory of past events. We propose that, from a biological perspective, these two forms of duration 'estimation' are supported by computational processes that are both reliant on population state dynamics but are nevertheless distinct. Prospective timing is effectively carried out in a single step where the ongoing dynamics of population activity directly serve as the computation of duration, whereas retrospective timing is carried out in two steps: the initial generation of population state dynamics through the process of event segmentation and the subsequent computation of duration utilizing the memory of those dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Tsao
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - May-Britt Moser
- Centre for Neural Computation, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Edvard I Moser
- Centre for Neural Computation, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Amadeo MB, Esposito D, Escelsior A, Campus C, Inuggi A, Pereira Da Silva B, Serafini G, Amore M, Gori M. Time in schizophrenia: a link between psychopathology, psychophysics and technology. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:331. [PMID: 35961974 PMCID: PMC9374791 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely demonstrated that time processing is altered in patients with schizophrenia. This perspective review delves into such temporal deficit and highlights its link to low-level sensory alterations, which are often overlooked in rehabilitation protocols for psychosis. However, if temporal impairment at the sensory level is inherent to the disease, new interventions should focus on this dimension. Beyond more traditional types of intervention, here we review the most recent digital technologies for rehabilitation and the most promising ones for sensory training. The overall aim is to synthesise existing literature on time in schizophrenia linking psychopathology, psychophysics, and technology to help future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bianca Amadeo
- U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy. .,Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa - Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC-Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE), Italy.
| | - Davide Esposito
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Escelsior
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
| | - Alberto Inuggi
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
| | - Beatriz Pereira Da Silva
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
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Singhal I, Srinivasan N. A wrinkle in and of time: Contraction of felt duration with a single perceptual switch. Cognition 2022; 225:105151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Coelho P, Rodrigues JA, Nascimento Alves P, Fonseca AC. Time perception changes in stroke patients: A systematic literature review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:938367. [PMID: 35928126 PMCID: PMC9343772 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.938367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Time perception comprises the subjective experience of passing of time and of the duration of an event. Although already described in some neurological and psychiatric conditions, there is a paucity of details regarding this neurocognitive change in stroke patients. We aimed to describe time perception dysfunction in stroke patient. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature in Pubmed, PsycInfo and EMBASE including manuscripts from their inception until December 2020. We collected data regarding the type of time perception that was detected, type of stroke, most common location of lesions, evaluation tests that were used and time of evaluation after stroke onset. Results A total of 27 manuscripts were selected, concerning a total of 418 patients (n = 253 male; 60.5%). Most manuscripts (n = 21) evaluated patients with ischaemic lesions (n = 407; 97.4%). The majority referred to evaluations between 2 months and seven years after stroke. Underestimation in temporal evaluation in sub- and supra-second was the most common dysfunction (n = 165; 41.7%). Overestimation of time (n = 116; 27.8%) and impaired time interval comparison (n = 88; 22.2%) were also found. Most patients had right hemisphere lesions (n = 219 patients; 52.4%). Common reported lesion locations included the thalamus, insula, basal ganglia, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex including supramarginal, angular gyrus and right inferior parietal cortex and cerebellum. Conclusion There are multiple stroke locations associated with time perception dysfunction, which highlights the complex system involved in time perception. There is still scarce knowledge about specific time perception deficits after stroke. Most studies rely in psychometric analysis without clear clinical and functional translation, namely regarding impact on daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Coelho
- Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Pedro Coelho
| | - Joana Amado Rodrigues
- Clínica Universitária de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Nascimento Alves
- Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório de Estudos de Linguagem, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Fonseca
- Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Visual timing-tuned responses in human association cortices and response dynamics in early visual cortex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3952. [PMID: 35804026 PMCID: PMC9270326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the timing (duration and frequency) of brief visual events is vital to human perception, multisensory integration and action planning. Tuned neural responses to visual event timing have been found in association cortices, in areas implicated in these processes. Here we ask how these timing-tuned responses are related to the responses of early visual cortex, which monotonically increase with event duration and frequency. Using 7-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging and neural model-based analyses, we find a gradual transition from monotonically increasing to timing-tuned neural responses beginning in the medial temporal area (MT/V5). Therefore, across successive stages of visual processing, timing-tuned response components gradually become dominant over inherent sensory response modulation by event timing. This additional timing-tuned response component is independent of retinotopic location. We propose that this hierarchical emergence of timing-tuned responses from sensory processing areas quantifies sensory event timing while abstracting temporal representations from spatial properties of their inputs. Early visual cortical responses increase with event duration and frequency, while later timing-tuned responses quantify event timing. Here, the authors show timing tuning gradually emerges up the visual hierarchy, and separates temporal and spatial event features.
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38
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Li WO, Yu CKC, Yuen KSL. A systematic examination of the neural correlates of subjective time perception with fMRI and tDCS. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119368. [PMID: 35853318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to keep track of time is one of the fundamental human behaviours that enhance survival in the wild. It is still an essential skill that enables an individual to function well in modern society. In the present study, we tested the attentional gate model, one of the most common conceptual frameworks in studies of subjective time perception. Its utility has been well established, but it has been criticised for its lack of neurophysiological support; few studies attempted to systematically identify its components and their neural correlates. Previous studies established that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was associated with working memory tasks and a correlation between activity in the cerebellum and the timing of tasks. An fMRI study was conducted to confirm that these two cortical regions were activated during the execution of a new time discrimination task that considers individual variations in subjective time perception. Simulations were conducted to optimize the electrode placement in order to maximize the electric fields of tDCS perturbation to these two areas. According to the attentional gate model, hypotheses about tDCS perturbation to subjective time perception, attention and working memory were formulated and tested. Attention and working memory were measured by the attention network and N-back tasks. There are weak effects to the perceived subjective equivalent and the reaction time in the attention network task, but both are not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Exploration analyses show a link between attention and subjective time perception after tDCS perturbation. To conclude, the results do not support the attentional gate model, but show a linkage between attention and subjective time perception in terms of similar neural circuits and their relationships under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang On Li
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University.
| | | | - Kenneth Sung Lai Yuen
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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39
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Sannita WG. Time, Consciousness, and the Readiness Potential. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter G. Sannita
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother/child sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Italy
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40
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A supramodal and conceptual representation of subsecond time revealed with perceptual learning of temporal interval discrimination. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10668. [PMID: 35739220 PMCID: PMC9226181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Subsecond time perception has been frequently attributed to modality-specific timing mechanisms that would predict no cross-modal transfer of temporal perceptual learning. In fact, perceptual learning of temporal interval discrimination (TID) reportedly shows either no cross-modal transfer, or asymmetric transfer from audition to vision, but not vice versa. However, here we demonstrate complete cross-modal transfer of auditory and visual TID learning using a double training paradigm. Specifically, visual TID learning transfers to and optimizes auditory TID when the participants also receive exposure to the auditory temporal interval by practicing a functionally orthogonal near-threshold tone frequency discrimination task at the same trained interval. Auditory TID learning also transfers to and optimizes visual TID with additional practice of an orthogonal near-threshold visual contrast discrimination task at the same trained interval. Practicing these functionally orthogonal tasks per se has no impact on TID thresholds. We interpret the transfer results as indications of a supramodal representation of subsecond time. Moreover, because TID learning shows complete transfer between modalities with vastly different temporal precisions, the sub-second time presentation must be conceptual. Double training may refine this supramodal and conceptual subsecond time representation and connect it to a new sense to improve time perception.
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41
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Basgol H, Ayhan I, Ugur E. Time Perception: A Review on Psychological, Computational, and Robotic Models. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2021.3059045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Basgol
- Department of Cognitive Science, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Inci Ayhan
- Department of Psychology, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Ugur
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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42
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Lin B, Chen Y, Pan L, Du G, Huang X. Color Sensitivity of the Duration Aftereffect Depends on Sub- and Supra-second Durations. Front Psychol 2022; 13:858457. [PMID: 35391952 PMCID: PMC8980474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of duration becomes biased after repetitive duration adaptation; this is known as the duration aftereffect. The duration aftereffect exists in both the sub-second and supra-second ranges. However, it is unknown whether the properties and mechanisms of the adaptation aftereffect differ between sub-second and supra-second durations. In the present study, we addressed this question by investigating the color sensitivity of the duration aftereffect in the sub-second (Experiment 1) and supra-second (Experiment 2) ranges separately. We found that the duration aftereffect in the sub-second range could only partly transfer across different visual colors, whereas the duration aftereffect in the supra-second range could completely transfer across different visual colors. That is, the color-sensitivity of the duration aftereffect in the sub-second duration was stronger than that in the supra-second duration. These results imply that the mechanisms underlying the adaptation aftereffects of the sub-second and supra-second ranges are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Lin
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Time Psychology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Time Psychology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Pan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Time Psychology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Du
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Time Psychology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiting Huang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Time Psychology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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43
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Rodríguez Villar AJ. A Neuroscientific and Cognitive Literary Approach to the Treatment of Time in Calderón's Autos sacramentales. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:780701. [PMID: 35418840 PMCID: PMC8996133 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.780701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Time processing is a fundamental subject in cognitive sciences and neuroscience. Current research is deepening how our brains process time, revealing its essential role in human functionality and survival. In his autos sacramentales, Early Modern Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca portrays the relationships between human inner workings and the Christian concept of time. These plays portray the experience of the present, the perception of the flow of time, the measure of time raging from seconds to eternity, and the mental travel necessary to inhabit the past and future with the help of memory and imagination. Calderón explores how the dramatic form can portray all these temporal phenomena and how that portrait of time can constrain the dramatic structure. The different parts of the brain in charge of executive decisions, projections, memories, computation, and calibration are the basis that leads these characters to make the choices that will take them to the future they have cast for themselves. This paper analyzes how the processes that Calderón ascribed to the soul of his characters in the 17th century relate to ongoing cognitive and neuroscientific findings.
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Influence of Motor and Cognitive Tasks on Time Estimation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030404. [PMID: 35326362 PMCID: PMC8946194 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The passing of time can be precisely measured by using clocks, whereas humans’ estimation of temporal durations is influenced by many physical, cognitive and contextual factors, which distort our internal clock. Although it has been shown that temporal estimation accuracy is impaired by non-temporal tasks performed at the same time, no studies have investigated how concurrent cognitive and motor tasks interfere with time estimation. Moreover, most experiments only tested time intervals of a few seconds. In the present study, participants were asked to perform cognitive tasks of different difficulties (look, read, solve simple and hard mathematical operations) and estimate durations of up to two minutes, while walking or sitting. The results show that if observers pay attention only to time without performing any other mental task, they tend to overestimate the durations. Meanwhile, the more difficult the concurrent task, the more they tend to underestimate the time. These distortions are even more pronounced when observers are walking. Estimation biases and uncertainties change differently with durations depending on the task, consistent with a fixed relative uncertainty. Our findings show that cognitive and motor systems interact non-linearly and interfere with time perception processes, suggesting that they all compete for the same resources.
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Linear vector models of time perception account for saccade and stimulus novelty interactions. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09036. [PMID: 35265767 PMCID: PMC8899236 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various models (e.g., scalar, state-dependent network, and vector models) have been proposed to explain the global aspects of time perception, but they have not been tested against specific visual phenomena like perisaccadic time compression and novel stimulus time dilation. Here, in two separate experiments (N = 31), we tested how the perceived duration of a novel stimulus is influenced by 1) a simultaneous saccade, in combination with 2) a prior series of repeated stimuli in human participants. This yielded a novel behavioral interaction: pre-saccadic stimulus repetition neutralizes perisaccadic time compression. We then tested these results against simulations of the above models. Our data yielded low correlations against scalar model simulations, high but non-specific correlations for our feedforward neural network, and correlations that were both high and specific for a vector model based on identity of objective and subjective time. These results demonstrate the power of global time perception models in explaining disparate empirical phenomena and suggest that subjective time has a similar essence to time's physical vector.
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Schlichting N, Kartashova T, Wiesing M, Zimmermann E. Temporal perturbations cause movement-context independent but modality specific sensorimotor adaptation. J Vis 2022; 22:18. [PMID: 35201280 PMCID: PMC8883149 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.2.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex, goal-directed and time-critical movements require the processing of temporal features in sensory information as well as the fine-tuned temporal interplay of several effectors. Temporal estimates used to produce such behavior may thus be obtained through perceptual or motor processes. To disentangle the two options, we tested whether adaptation to a temporal perturbation in an interval reproduction task transfers to interval reproduction tasks with varying sensory information (visual appearance of targets, modality, and virtual reality [VR] environment or real-world) or varying movement types (continuous arm movements or brief clicking movements). Halfway through the experiments we introduced a temporal perturbation, such that continuous pointing movements were artificially slowed down in VR, causing participants to adapt their behavior to sustain performance. In four experiments, we found that sensorimotor adaptation to temporal perturbations is independent of environment context and movement type, but modality specific. Our findings suggest that motor errors induced by temporal sensorimotor adaptation affect the modality specific perceptual processing of temporal estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schlichting
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.,
| | - Tatiana Kartashova
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.,
| | - Michael Wiesing
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.,
| | - Eckart Zimmermann
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.,
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da Silva K, Curvina M, Araújo S, Rocha K, Victor Marinho F, Elezier Magalhães F, Teixeira S, Bastos V, Ribeiro P, Silva-Júnior F. Male practitioners of physical activity present lower absolute power of beta band in time perception test. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136210. [PMID: 34481000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cortical changes resulting from physical activity and differences in the estimation of the time of practitioners and non-practitioners of physical activity have already been documented. However, there aren't studies that compare the cortical responses of the time estimate between these groups. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of the level of physical activity in time estimation and beta band activity in frontal regions, specifically in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal cortex during the task of estimating time in practitioners and non-practitioners of physical activity. After characterizing the sample, the signal was captured using an electroencephalogram during a task to estimate the time of four intervals of supraseconds. The results indicated that the practitioners of physical activity had lower errors in the evaluation of time for the intervals of 1 s, 7 s, and 9 s. The beta band showed less activity among practitioners of physical activity. The correlation between task performance and the absolute power of the beta band proved to be positive in the task of estimating time in the 7 s, and 9 s intervals. It was concluded that participants involved in the regular practice of physical activity showed underestimation in the temporal judgment and lower absolute power of the beta band during the time estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila da Silva
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Maria Curvina
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Araújo
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Kaline Rocha
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Victor Bastos
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva-Júnior
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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48
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Neuronal activity in the monkey prefrontal cortex during a duration discrimination task with visual and auditory cues. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17520. [PMID: 34471190 PMCID: PMC8410858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate neuronal processing involved in the integration of auditory and visual signals for time perception, we examined neuronal activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of macaque monkeys during a duration discrimination task with auditory and visual cues. In the task, two cues were consecutively presented for different durations between 0.2 and 1.8 s. Each cue was either auditory or visual and was followed by a delay period. After the second delay, subjects indicated whether the first or the second cue was longer. Cue- and delay-responsive neurons were found in PFC. Cue-responsive neurons mostly responded to either the auditory or the visual cue, and to either the first or the second cue. The neurons responsive to the first delay showed activity that changed depending on the first cue duration and were mostly sensitive to cue modality. The neurons responsive to the second delay exhibited activity that represented which cue, the first or second cue, was presented longer. Nearly half of this activity representing order-based duration was sensitive to cue modality. These results suggest that temporal information with visual and auditory signals was separately processed in PFC in the early stage of duration discrimination and integrated for the final decision.
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49
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Breska A, Ivry RB. The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations. eLife 2021; 10:66743. [PMID: 34165079 PMCID: PMC8245126 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional benefit of attention is to proactively enhance perceptual sensitivity in space and time. Although attentional orienting has traditionally been associated with cortico-thalamic networks, recent evidence has shown that individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD) show a reduced reaction time benefit from cues that enable temporal anticipation. The present study examined whether the cerebellum contributes to the proactive attentional modulation in time of perceptual sensitivity. We tested CD participants on a non-speeded, challenging perceptual discrimination task, asking if they benefit from temporal cues. Strikingly, the CD group showed no duration-specific perceptual sensitivity benefit when cued by repeated but aperiodic presentation of the target interval. In contrast, they performed similar to controls when cued by a rhythmic stream. This dissociation further specifies the functional domain of the cerebellum and establishes its role in the attentional adjustment of perceptual sensitivity in time in addition to its well-documented role in motor timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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50
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Rosso M, Leman M, Moumdjian L. Neural Entrainment Meets Behavior: The Stability Index as a Neural Outcome Measure of Auditory-Motor Coupling. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:668918. [PMID: 34177492 PMCID: PMC8219856 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.668918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding rhythmic behavior in the context of coupled auditory and motor systems has been of interest to neurological rehabilitation, in particular, to facilitate walking. Recent work based on behavioral measures revealed an entrainment effect of auditory rhythms on motor rhythms. In this study, we propose a method to compute the neural component of such a process from an electroencephalographic (EEG) signal. A simple auditory-motor synchronization paradigm was used, where 28 healthy participants were instructed to synchronize their finger-tapping with a metronome. The computation of the neural outcome measure was carried out in two blocks. In the first block, we used Generalized Eigendecomposition (GED) to reduce the data dimensionality to the component which maximally entrained to the metronome frequency. The scalp topography pointed at brain activity over contralateral sensorimotor regions. In the second block, we computed instantaneous frequency from the analytic signal of the extracted component. This returned a time-varying measure of frequency fluctuations, whose standard deviation provided our "stability index" as a neural outcome measure of auditory-motor coupling. Finally, the proposed neural measure was validated by conducting a correlation analysis with a set of behavioral outcomes from the synchronization task: resultant vector length, relative phase angle, mean asynchrony, and tempo matching. Significant moderate negative correlations were found with the first three measures, suggesting that the stability index provided a quantifiable neural outcome measure of entrainment, with selectivity towards phase-correction mechanisms. We address further adoption of the proposed approach, especially with populations where sensorimotor abilities are compromised by an underlying pathological condition. The impact of using stability index can potentially be used as an outcome measure to assess rehabilitation protocols, and possibly provide further insight into neuropathological models of auditory-motor coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Rosso
- Institute of Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music (IPEM), Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Leman
- Institute of Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music (IPEM), Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lousin Moumdjian
- Institute of Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music (IPEM), Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,UMSC Hasselt-Pelt, Limburg, Belgium.,REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Limburg, Belgium
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