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Darmasaputra GS, Geerlings CC, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Clevers H, Galli M. Binucleated human hepatocytes arise through late cytokinetic regression during endomitosis M phase. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202403020. [PMID: 38727809 PMCID: PMC11090133 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202403020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Binucleated polyploid cells are common in many animal tissues, where they arise by endomitosis, a non-canonical cell cycle in which cells enter M phase but do not undergo cytokinesis. Different steps of cytokinesis have been shown to be inhibited during endomitosis M phase in rodents, but it is currently unknown how human cells undergo endomitosis. In this study, we use fetal-derived human hepatocyte organoids (Hep-Orgs) to investigate how human hepatocytes initiate and execute endomitosis. We find that cells in endomitosis M phase have normal mitotic timings, but lose membrane anchorage to the midbody during cytokinesis, which is associated with the loss of four cortical anchoring proteins, RacGAP1, Anillin, SEPT9, and citron kinase (CIT-K). Moreover, reduction of WNT activity increases the percentage of binucleated cells in Hep-Orgs, an effect that is dependent on the atypical E2F proteins, E2F7 and E2F8. Together, we have elucidated how hepatocytes undergo endomitosis in human Hep-Orgs, providing new insights into the mechanisms of endomitosis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella S. Darmasaputra
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cindy C. Geerlings
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Matilde Galli
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Poulain M, Rosinski E, Henri H, Balmand S, Delignette-Muller ML, Heddi A, Lasseur R, Vavre F, Zaidman-Rémy A, Kremer N. Development, feeding, and sex shape the relative quantity of the nutritional obligatory symbiont Wolbachia in bed bugs. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1386458. [PMID: 38774500 PMCID: PMC11106466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1386458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a hemipteran insect that feeds only on blood, and whose bites cause public health issues. Due to globalization and resistance to insecticides, this pest has undergone a significant and global resurgence in recent decades. Blood is an unbalanced diet, lacking notably sufficient B vitamins. Like all strict hematophagous arthropods, bed bugs host a nutritional symbiont supplying B vitamins. In C. lectularius, this nutritional symbiont is the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia (wCle). It is located in specific symbiotic organs, the bacteriomes, as well as in ovaries. Experimental depletion of wCle has been shown to result in longer nymphal development and lower fecundity. These phenotypes were rescued by B vitamin supplementation. Understanding the interaction between wCle and the bed bug may help to develop new pest control methods targeting the disruption of this symbiotic interaction. The objective of this work was thus to quantify accurately the density of wCle over the life cycle of the host and to describe potential associated morphological changes in the bacteriome. We also sought to determine the impact of sex, feeding status, and aging on the bacterial population dynamics. We showed that the relative quantity of wCle continuously increases during bed bug development, while the relative size of the bacteriome remains stable. We also showed that adult females harbor more wCle than males and that wCle relative quantity decreases slightly in adults with age, except in weekly-fed males. These results are discussed in the context of bed bug ecology and will help to define critical points of the symbiotic interaction during the bed bug life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Poulain
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, France
- Izinovation SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Rosinski
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Henri
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrice Vavre
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Natacha Kremer
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
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3
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Li F, Hou Z, Xu S, Han D, Li B, Hu H, Liu J, Cai S, Gan Z, Gu Y, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wang S, Zhao J, Mei Y, Zhang J, Wang Z, Wang J. Haplotype-resolved genomes of octoploid species in Phyllanthaceae family reveal a critical role for polyploidization and hybridization in speciation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38606539 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The Phyllanthaceae family comprises a diverse range of plants with medicinal, edible, and ornamental value, extensively cultivated worldwide. Polyploid species commonly occur in Phyllanthaceae. Due to the rather complex genomes and evolutionary histories, their speciation process has been still lacking in research. In this study, we generated chromosome-scale haplotype-resolved genomes of two octoploid species (Phyllanthus emblica and Sauropus spatulifolius) in Phyllanthaceae family. Combined with our previously reported one tetraploid (Sauropus androgynus) and one diploid species (Phyllanthus cochinchinensis) from the same family, we explored their speciation history. The three polyploid species were all identified as allopolyploids with subgenome A/B. Each of their two distinct subgenome groups from various species was uncovered to independently share a common diploid ancestor (Ancestor-AA and Ancestor-BB). Via different evolutionary routes, comprising various scenarios of bifurcating divergence, allopolyploidization (hybrid polyploidization), and autopolyploidization, they finally evolved to the current tetraploid S. androgynus, and octoploid S. spatulifolius and P. emblica, respectively. We further discuss the variations in copy number of alleles and the potential impacts within the two octoploids. In addition, we also investigated the fluctuation of metabolites with medical values and identified the key factor in its biosynthesis process in octoploids species. Our study reconstructed the evolutionary history of these Phyllanthaceae species, highlighting the critical roles of polyploidization and hybridization in their speciation processes. The high-quality genomes of the two octoploid species provide valuable genomic resources for further research of evolution and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhuangwei Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiqiang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Danlu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haifei Hu
- Rice Research Institute & Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding & Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shike Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhenpeng Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaokui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junliang Zhao
- Rice Research Institute & Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding & Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yu Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agric-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zefu Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Graham EL, Fernandez J, Gandhi S, Choudhry I, Kellam N, LaRocque JR. The impact of developmental stage, tissue type, and sex on DNA double-strand break repair in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011250. [PMID: 38683763 PMCID: PMC11057719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for the maintenance of genome integrity, as failure to repair DSBs can result in cell death. The cell has evolved two main mechanisms for DSB repair: non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR), which includes single-strand annealing (SSA) and homologous recombination (HR). While certain factors like age and state of the chromatin are known to influence DSB repair pathway choice, the roles of developmental stage, tissue type, and sex have yet to be elucidated in multicellular organisms. To examine the influence of these factors, DSB repair in various embryonic developmental stages, larva, and adult tissues in Drosophila melanogaster was analyzed through molecular analysis of the DR-white assay using Tracking across Indels by DEcomposition (TIDE). The proportion of HR repair was highest in tissues that maintain the canonical (G1/S/G2/M) cell cycle and suppressed in both terminally differentiated and polyploid tissues. To determine the impact of sex on repair pathway choice, repair in different tissues in both males and females was analyzed. When molecularly examining tissues containing mostly somatic cells, males and females demonstrated similar proportions of HR and NHEJ. However, when DSB repair was analyzed in male and female premeiotic germline cells utilizing phenotypic analysis of the DR-white assay, there was a significant decrease in HR in females compared to males. This study describes the impact of development, tissue-specific cycling profile, and, in some cases, sex on DSB repair outcomes, underscoring the complexity of repair in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Graham
- Department of Human Science, School of Health, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Joel Fernandez
- Department of Human Science, School of Health, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Shagun Gandhi
- Department of Human Science, School of Health, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Iqra Choudhry
- Department of Human Science, School of Health, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Natalia Kellam
- Department of Human Science, School of Health, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jeannine R. LaRocque
- Department of Human Science, School of Health, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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Timmons C, Le K, Rappaport HB, Sterner EG, Maurer-Alcalá XX, Goldstein ST, Katz LA. Foraminifera as a model of eukaryotic genome dynamism. mBio 2024; 15:e0337923. [PMID: 38329358 PMCID: PMC10936158 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03379-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the canonical view that genomes cycle only between haploid and diploid states, many eukaryotes have dynamic genomes that change content throughout an individual's life cycle. However, the few detailed studies of microeukaryotic life cycles render our understanding of eukaryotic genome dynamism incomplete. Foraminifera (Rhizaria) are an ecologically important, yet understudied, clade of microbial eukaryotes with complex life cycles that include changes in ploidy and genome organization. Here, we apply fluorescence microscopy and image analysis techniques to over 2,800 nuclei in 110 cells to characterize the life cycle of Allogromia laticollaris strain Cold Spring Harbor (CSH), one of few cultivable foraminifera species. We show that haploidy and diploidy are brief moments in the A. laticollaris life cycle and that A. laticollaris nuclei endoreplicate up to 12,000 times the haploid genome size. We find that A. laticollaris reorganizes a highly endoreplicated nucleus into thousands of haploid genomes through a non-canonical mechanism called Zerfall, in which the nuclear envelope degrades and extrudes chromatin into the cytoplasm. Based on these findings, along with changes in nuclear architecture across the life cycle, we believe that A. laticollaris uses spatio-temporal mechanisms to delineate germline and somatic DNA within a single nucleus. The analyses here extend our understanding of the genome dynamics across the eukaryotic tree of life.IMPORTANCEIn traditional depictions of eukaryotes (i.e., cells with nuclei), life cycles alternate only between haploid and diploid phases, overlooking studies of diverse microeukaryotic lineages (e.g., amoebae, ciliates, and flagellates) that show dramatic variation in DNA content throughout their life cycles. Endoreplication of genomes enables cells to grow to large sizes and perhaps to also respond to changes in their environments. Few microeukaryotic life cycles have been studied in detail, which limits our understanding of how eukaryotes regulate and transmit their DNA across generations. Here, we use microscopy to study the life cycle of Allogromia laticollaris strain CSH, an early-diverging lineage within the Foraminifera (an ancient clade of predominantly marine amoebae). We show that DNA content changes significantly throughout their life cycle and further describe an unusual process called Zerfall, by which this species reorganizes a large nucleus with up to 12,000 genome copies into hundreds of small gametic nuclei, each with a single haploid genome. Our results are consistent with the idea that all eukaryotes demarcate germline DNA to pass on to offspring amidst more flexible somatic DNA and extend the known diversity of eukaryotic life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Timmons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristine Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H. B. Rappaport
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elinor G. Sterner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xyrus X. Maurer-Alcalá
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Laura A. Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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White J, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Wounding increases nuclear ploidy in wound-proximal epidermal cells of the Drosophila pupal notum. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001067. [PMID: 38495588 PMCID: PMC10943363 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
After injury, tissues must replace cell mass and genome copy number. The mitotic cycle is one mechanism for replacement, but non-mitotic strategies have been observed in quiescent tissues to restore tissue ploidy after wounding. Here we report that nuclei of the mitotically capable Drosophila pupal notum enlarged following nearby laser ablation. Measuring DNA content, we determined that nuclei within 100 µm of a laser-wound increased their ploidy to ~8C, consistent with one extra S-phase. These data indicate non-mitotic repair strategies are not exclusively utilized by quiescent tissues and may be an underexplored wound repair strategy in mitotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Buddell T, Purdy AL, Patterson M. The genetics of cardiomyocyte polyploidy. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:245-295. [PMID: 38556425 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of ploidy in cardiomyocytes is a complex and tightly regulated aspect of cardiac development and function. Cardiomyocyte ploidy can range from diploid (2N) to 8N or even 16N, and these states change during key stages of development and disease progression. Polyploidization has been associated with cellular hypertrophy to support normal growth of the heart, increased contractile capacity, and improved stress tolerance in the heart. Conversely, alterations to ploidy also occur during cardiac pathogenesis of diseases, such as ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure and arrhythmia. Therefore, understanding which genes control and modulate cardiomyocyte ploidy may provide mechanistic insight underlying cardiac growth, regeneration, and disease. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge regarding the genes involved in the regulation of cardiomyocyte ploidy. We discuss genes that have been directly tested for their role in cardiomyocyte polyploidization, as well as methodologies used to identify ploidy alterations. These genes encode cell cycle regulators, transcription factors, metabolic proteins, nuclear scaffolding, and components of the sarcomere, among others. The general physiological and pathological phenotypes in the heart associated with the genetic manipulations described, and how they coincide with the respective cardiomyocyte ploidy alterations, are further discussed in this chapter. In addition to being candidates for genetic-based therapies for various cardiac maladies, these genes and their functions provide insightful evidence regarding the purpose of widespread polyploidization in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Buddell
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Alexandra L Purdy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michaela Patterson
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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Donati M, Kazakov DV. Beyond typical histology of BAP1-inactivated melanocytoma. Pathol Res Pract 2024:155162. [PMID: 38326181 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BAP1-inactivated melanocytoma (BIM) is a novel subgroup of melanocytic neoplasm listed in the 5th edition of WHO classification of skin tumor. BIM is characterized by two molecular alterations, including a mitogenic driver mutation (usually BRAF gene) and the loss of function of BAP1, a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 3p21, which encodes for BRCA1-associated protein (BAP1). The latter represents a nuclear-localized deubiquitinase involved in several cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA damage response, differentiation, senescence and cell death. BIMs are histologically characterized by a population of large epithelioid melanocytes with well-demarcated cytoplasmic borders and copious eosinophilic cytoplasm, demonstrating loss of BAP1 nuclear expression by immunohistochemistry. Recently, we have published a series of 50 cases, extending the morphological spectrum of the neoplasm and highlighting some new microscopic features. In the current article, we focus on some new histological features, attempting to explain and link them to certain mechanisms of tumor development, including senescence, endoreplication, endocycling, asymmetric cytokinesis, entosis and others. In light of the morphological and molecular findings observed in BIM, we postulated that this entity unmasks a fine mechanism of tumor in which both clonal/stochastic and hierarchical model can be unified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Donati
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Pathology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy.
| | - Dmitry V Kazakov
- IDP Dermatohistopathologie Institut, Pathologie Institut Enge, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang Y, Tamori Y. Polyploid Cancer Cell Models in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:96. [PMID: 38254985 PMCID: PMC10815460 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes have been found in more than 90% of solid tumors, and among these, polyploidy accounts for about 40%. Polyploidized cells most often have duplicate centrosomes as well as genomes, and thus their mitosis tends to promote merotelic spindle attachments and chromosomal instability, which produces a variety of aneuploid daughter cells. Polyploid cells have been found highly resistant to various stress and anticancer therapies, such as radiation and mitogenic inhibitors. In other words, common cancer therapies kill proliferative diploid cells, which make up the majority of cancer tissues, while polyploid cells, which lurk in smaller numbers, may survive. The surviving polyploid cells, prompted by acute environmental changes, begin to mitose with chromosomal instability, leading to an explosion of genetic heterogeneity and a concomitant cell competition and adaptive evolution. The result is a recurrence of the cancer during which the tenacious cells that survived treatment express malignant traits. Although the presence of polyploid cells in cancer tissues has been observed for more than 150 years, the function and exact role of these cells in cancer progression has remained elusive. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment directed against polyploid cells. This is due in part to the lack of suitable experimental models, but recently several models have become available to study polyploid cells in vivo. We propose that the experimental models in Drosophila, for which genetic techniques are highly developed, could be very useful in deciphering mechanisms of polyploidy and its role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Tamori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Xia F, Li B, Song K, Wang Y, Hou Z, Li H, Zhang X, Li F, Yang L. Polyploid Genome Assembly Provides Insights into Morphological Development and Ascorbic Acid Accumulation of Sauropus androgynus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:300. [PMID: 38203470 PMCID: PMC10778994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sauropus androgynus (S. androgynus) (2n = 4x = 52) is one of the most popular functional leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia. With its rich nutritional and pharmaceutical values, it has traditionally had widespread use for dietary and herbal purposes. Here, the genome of S. androgynus was sequenced and assembled, revealing a genome size of 1.55 Gb with 26 pseudo-chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis traced back the divergence of Sauropus from Phyllanthus to approximately 29.67 million years ago (Mya). Genome analysis revealed that S. androgynus polyploidized around 20.51 Mya and shared a γ event about 132.95 Mya. Gene function analysis suggested that the expansion of pathways related to phloem development, lignin biosynthesis, and photosynthesis tended to result in the morphological differences among species within the Phyllanthaceae family, characterized by varying ploidy levels. The high accumulation of ascorbic acid in S. androgynus was attributed to the high expression of genes associated with the L-galactose pathway and recycling pathway. Moreover, the expanded gene families of S. androgynus exhibited multiple biochemical pathways associated with its comprehensive pharmacological activity, geographic adaptation and distinctive pleasurable flavor. Altogether, our findings represent a crucial genomic asset for S. androgynus, casting light on the intricate ploidy within the Phyllanthaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fagang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bin Li
- Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (B.L.); (K.S.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Kangkang Song
- Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (B.L.); (K.S.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yankun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhuangwei Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Haozhen Li
- Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (B.L.); (K.S.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (B.L.); (K.S.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Fangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Long Yang
- Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (B.L.); (K.S.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
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11
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Vittoria MA, Quinton RJ, Ganem NJ. Whole-genome doubling in tissues and tumors. Trends Genet 2023; 39:954-967. [PMID: 37714734 PMCID: PMC10840902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of proliferating somatic human cells are diploid, and this genomic state is typically maintained across successive cell divisions. However, failures in cell division can induce a whole-genome doubling (WGD) event, in which diploid cells transition to a tetraploid state. While some WGDs are developmentally programmed to produce nonproliferative tetraploid cells with specific cellular functions, unscheduled WGDs can be catastrophic: erroneously arising tetraploid cells are ill-equipped to cope with their doubled cellular and chromosomal content and quickly become genomically unstable and tumorigenic. Deciphering the genetics that underlie the genesis, physiology, and evolution of whole-genome doubled (WGD+) cells may therefore reveal therapeutic avenues to selectively eliminate pathological WGD+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Vittoria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Ryan J Quinton
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neil J Ganem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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12
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Soni N, Bacete L. The interplay between cell wall integrity and cell cycle progression in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:367-382. [PMID: 38091166 PMCID: PMC10730644 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that play crucial roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Despite our growing understanding of cell wall biology, the connections between cell wall integrity (CWI) and cell cycle progression in plants remain poorly understood. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between CWI and cell cycle progression in plants, drawing insights from studies in yeast and mammals. We provide an overview of the plant cell cycle, highlight the role of endoreplication in cell wall composition, and discuss recent findings on the molecular mechanisms linking CWI perception to cell wall biosynthesis and gene expression regulation. Furthermore, we address future perspectives and unanswered questions in the field, such as the identification of specific CWI sensing mechanisms and the role of CWI maintenance in the growth-defense trade-off. Elucidating these connections could have significant implications for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Soni
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Laura Bacete
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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13
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Wilson SR, Duncan AW. The Ploidy State as a Determinant of Hepatocyte Proliferation. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:460-471. [PMID: 37967885 PMCID: PMC10862383 DOI: 10.1055/a-2211-2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver's unique chromosomal variations, including polyploidy and aneuploidy, influence hepatocyte identity and function. Among the most well-studied mammalian polyploid cells, hepatocytes exhibit a dynamic interplay between diploid and polyploid states. The ploidy state is dynamic as hepatocytes move through the "ploidy conveyor," undergoing ploidy reversal and re-polyploidization during proliferation. Both diploid and polyploid hepatocytes actively contribute to proliferation, with diploids demonstrating an enhanced proliferative capacity. This enhanced potential positions diploid hepatocytes as primary drivers of liver proliferation in multiple contexts, including homeostasis, regeneration and repopulation, compensatory proliferation following injury, and oncogenic proliferation. This review discusses the influence of ploidy variations on cellular activity. It presents a model for ploidy-associated hepatocyte proliferation, offering a deeper understanding of liver health and disease with the potential to uncover novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra R. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Long H, Lichtnekert J, Andrassy J, Schraml BU, Romagnani P, Anders HJ. Macrophages and fibrosis: how resident and infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes account for organ injury, regeneration or atrophy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194988. [PMID: 37868987 PMCID: PMC10587486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MP), i.e., monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), are essential for immune homeostasis via their capacities to clear pathogens, pathogen components, and non-infectious particles. However, tissue injury-related changes in local microenvironments activate resident and infiltrating MP towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes that contribute to inflammation by secreting additional inflammatory mediators. Efficient control of injurious factors leads to a switch of MP phenotype, which changes the microenvironment towards the resolution of inflammation. In the same way, MP endorses adaptive structural responses leading to either compensatory hypertrophy of surviving cells, tissue regeneration from local tissue progenitor cells, or tissue fibrosis and atrophy. Under certain circumstances, MP contribute to the reversal of tissue fibrosis by clearance of the extracellular matrix. Here we give an update on the tissue microenvironment-related factors that, upon tissue injury, instruct resident and infiltrating MP how to support host defense and recover tissue function and integrity. We propose that MP are not intrinsically active drivers of organ injury and dysfunction but dynamic amplifiers (and biomarkers) of specific tissue microenvironments that vary across spatial and temporal contexts. Therefore, MP receptors are frequently redundant and suboptimal targets for specific therapeutic interventions compared to molecular targets upstream in adaptive humoral or cellular stress response pathways that influence tissue milieus at a contextual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Long
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Andrassy
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara U. Schraml
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Firenze, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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15
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Xu H, Zeng S, Wang Y, Yang T, Wang M, Li X, He Y, Peng X, Li X, Qiao Q, Zhang J. Cytoplasmic SIRT1 promotes paclitaxel resistance in ovarian carcinoma through increased formation and survival of polyploid giant cancer cells. J Pathol 2023; 261:210-226. [PMID: 37565313 DOI: 10.1002/path.6167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance is a notable cause of death in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), commonly arising in tumor tissues following chemotherapy, have recently been considered to contribute to drug resistance. As a type III deacetylase, Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) plays essential roles in the cell cycle, cellular senescence, and drug resistance. Accumulating evidence has suggested that alteration in its subcellular localization via nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is a critical process influencing the functions of SIRT1. However, the roles of SIRT1 subcellular localization in PGCC formation and subsequent senescence escape remain unclear. In this study, we compared the differences in the polyploid cell population and senescence state of PGCCs following paclitaxel treatment between tumor cells overexpressing wild-type SIRT1 (WT SIRT1) and those expressing nuclear localization sequence (NLS)-mutated SIRT1 (SIRT1NLSmt ). We investigated the involvement of cytoplasmic SIRT1 in biological processes and signaling pathways, including the cell cycle and cellular senescence, in ovarian carcinoma cells' response to paclitaxel treatment. We found that the SIRT1NLSmt tumor cell population contained more polyploid cells and fewer senescent PGCCs than the SIRT1-overexpressing tumor cell population. Comparative proteomic analyses using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS showed the differences in the differentially expressed proteins related to PGCC formation, cell growth, and death, including CDK1 and CDK2, between SIRT1NLSmt and SIRT1 cells or PGCCs. Our results suggested that ovarian carcinoma cells utilize polyploidy formation as a survival mechanism during exposure to paclitaxel-based treatment via the effect of cytoplasmic SIRT1 on PGCC formation and survival, thereby boosting paclitaxel resistance. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shujun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Tong Yang
- Department of Pathology, No. 971 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Minmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yejun He
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qing Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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16
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Wang Y, Yemelyanov A, Go CD, Kim S, Quinn JM, Flozak AS, Le PM, Liang S, Claude-Gingras A, Ikura M, Ishiyama N, Gottardi CJ. α-catenin mechanosensitivity as a route to cytokinesis failure through sequestration of LZTS2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.25.554884. [PMID: 37662204 PMCID: PMC10473746 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells can become polyploid upon tissue injury, but mechanosensitive cues that trigger this state are poorly understood. Using α-catenin (α-cat) knock-out Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells reconstituted with wild-type and mutant forms of α-cat as a model system, we find that an established α-cat actin-binding domain unfolding mutant designed to reduce force-sensitive binding to F-actin (α-cat-H0-FABD+) can promote cytokinesis failure, particularly along epithelial wound-fronts. Enhanced α-cat coupling to cortical actin is neither sufficient nor mitotic cell-autonomous for cytokinesis failure, but critically requires the mechanosensitive Middle-domain (M1-M2-M3) and neighboring cells. Disease relevant α-cat M-domain missense mutations known to cause a form of retinal pattern dystrophy (α-cat E307K or L436P) are associated with elevated binucleation rates via cytokinesis failure. Similar binucleation rates are seen in cells expressing an α-cat salt-bridge destabilizing mutant (R551A) designed to promote M2-M3 domain unfurling at lower force thresholds. Since binucleation is strongly enhanced by removal of the M1 as opposed to M2-M3 domains, cytokinetic fidelity is most sensitive to α-cat M2-M3 domain opening. To identify α-cat conformation-dependent proximity partners that contribute to cytokinesis, we used a biotin-ligase approach to distinguished proximity partners that show enhanced recruitment upon α-cat M-domain unfurling (R551A). We identified Leucine Zipper Tumor Suppressor 2 (LZTS2), an abscission factor previously implicated in cytokinesis. We confirm that LZTS2 enriches at the midbody, but discover it also localizes to tight and tricellular junctions. LZTS2 knock-down promotes binucleation in both MDCK and Retinal Pigmented Epithelial (RPE) cells. α-cat mutants with persistent M2-M3 domain opening showed elevated junctional enrichment of LZTS2 from the cytosol compared α-cat wild-type cells. These data implicate LZTS2 as a mechanosensitive effector of α-cat that is critical for cytokinetic fidelity. This model rationalizes how persistent mechano-activation of α-cat may drive tension-induced polyploidization of epithelia post-injury and suggests an underlying mechanism for how pathogenic α-cat mutations drive macular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuou Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Alex Yemelyanov
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Christopher D. Go
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sun Kim
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jeanne M. Quinn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Annette S. Flozak
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Phuong M. Le
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Shannon Liang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Anne Claude-Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mitsu Ikura
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara J. Gottardi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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17
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Shaikh U, Sherlock K, Wilson J, Gilliland W, Lewellyn L. Lineage-based scaling of germline intercellular bridges during oogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553876. [PMID: 37645982 PMCID: PMC10462136 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The size of subcellular structures must be tightly controlled to maintain normal cell function; this is especially important when cells are part of developing tissues or organs. Despite its importance, few studies have determined how the size of organelles or other structures is maintained during tissue growth, when cells are growing, dividing, and rearranging. The developing egg chamber is a powerful model in which to study the relative growth rates of subcellular structures. The egg chamber contains a cluster of sixteen germ cells, which are connected through intercellular bridges called ring canals. Ring canals are formed following incomplete cytokinesis after each of four germ cell divisions. As the egg chamber grows, the nurse cells and the ring canals that connect them increase in size. Here, we demonstrate that ring canal size scaling is related to their lineage; the largest, "first born" ring canals grow at a relatively slower rate than ring canals derived from subsequent mitotic divisions. This lineage-based scaling relationship is maintained even if directed transport is reduced, ring canal size is altered, or if the germ cells go through an additional mitotic division. Further, we propose that changes in ring canal scaling could provide a mechanism to alter egg size.
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18
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Schvarzstein M, Alam F, Toure M, Yanowitz JL. An Emerging Animal Model for Querying the Role of Whole Genome Duplication in Development, Evolution, and Disease. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:26. [PMID: 37367480 PMCID: PMC10299280 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome duplication (WGD) or polyploidization can occur at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. At the cellular level, tetraploidization has been proposed as a driver of aneuploidy and genome instability and correlates strongly with cancer progression, metastasis, and the development of drug resistance. WGD is also a key developmental strategy for regulating cell size, metabolism, and cellular function. In specific tissues, WGD is involved in normal development (e.g., organogenesis), tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and regeneration. At the organismal level, WGD propels evolutionary processes such as adaptation, speciation, and crop domestication. An essential strategy to further our understanding of the mechanisms promoting WGD and its effects is to compare isogenic strains that differ only in their ploidy. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is emerging as an animal model for these comparisons, in part because relatively stable and fertile tetraploid strains can be produced rapidly from nearly any diploid strain. Here, we review the use of Caenorhabditis polyploids as tools to understand important developmental processes (e.g., sex determination, dosage compensation, and allometric relationships) and cellular processes (e.g., cell cycle regulation and chromosome dynamics during meiosis). We also discuss how the unique characteristics of the C. elegans WGD model will enable significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of polyploidization and its role in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Schvarzstein
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College at the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Department, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biochemistry Department, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fatema Alam
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College at the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Muhammad Toure
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College at the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Judith L. Yanowitz
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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19
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Fung HF, Bergmann DC. Function follows form: How cell size is harnessed for developmental decisions. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151312. [PMID: 36989838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell size has profound effects on biological function, influencing a wide range of processes, including biosynthetic capacity, metabolism, and nutrient uptake. As a result, size is typically maintained within a narrow, population-specific range through size control mechanisms, which are an active area of study. While the physiological consequences of cell size are relatively well-characterized, less is known about its developmental consequences, and specifically its effects on developmental transitions. In this review, we compare systems where cell size is linked to developmental transitions, paying particular attention to examples from plants. We conclude by proposing that size can offer a simple readout of complex inputs, enabling flexible decisions during plant development.
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20
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Zhou XL, Wei Y, Chen P, Yang X, Lu C, Pan MH. A novel transcription factor, BmZFP67, regulates endomitosis switch by controlling the expression of cyclin B in silk glands. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124931. [PMID: 37263320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endomitosis is involved in developmental processes associated with an increase in metabolic cell activity, which is characterized by repeated rounds of DNA replication without cytokinesis. Endomitosis cells are widespread in protozoa, plants, animals and humans. Endomitosis cell cycle is currently viewed as a variation of the canonical cell cycle and transformed from mitotic cell cycle. However, the meaningful question about how endomitosis transformed from mitosis is still unclear. Herein, we identified a novel transcription factor in silk glands, ZFP67, which is gradually reduced in silk glands during the transition of mitosis to endomitosis. In addition, over-expressed ZFP67 in silk glands led to the transition delayed. And, knock-out of ZFP67 led to abnormal chromatin division and unsuccessful cell division. These data reveled that ZFP67 played an important role in transition of mitosis to endomitosis. Furthermore, ZFP67 can regulate the transcription of cyclin B, a key cyclin related to cell division and G2/M phase, which is demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter system in this article. In conclusion, it can be speculated that the decreasing expression of ZFP67 in silk glands during the transition stage of mitosis-to-endomitosis resulted in the lack of cyclin B, which further led to unsuccessful cytokinesis and then promoted the transition from mitosis to endomitosis of silk gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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21
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Swift SK, Purdy AL, Kolell ME, Andresen KG, Lahue C, Buddell T, Akins KA, Rau CD, O'Meara CC, Patterson M. Cardiomyocyte ploidy is dynamic during postnatal development and varies across genetic backgrounds. Development 2023; 150:dev201318. [PMID: 36912240 PMCID: PMC10113957 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Somatic polyploidization, an adaptation by which cells increase their DNA content to support growth, is observed in many cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Although polyploidization is believed to be beneficial, progression to a polyploid state is often accompanied by loss of proliferative capacity. Recent work suggests that genetics heavily influence cardiomyocyte ploidy. However, the developmental course by which cardiomyocytes reach their final ploidy state has only been investigated in select backgrounds. Here, we assessed cardiomyocyte number, cell cycle activity, and ploidy dynamics across two divergent mouse strains: C57BL/6J and A/J. Both strains are born and reach adulthood with comparable numbers of cardiomyocytes; however, the end composition of ploidy classes and developmental progression to reach the final state differ substantially. We expand on previous findings that identified Tnni3k as a mediator of cardiomyocyte ploidy and uncover a role for Runx1 in ploidy dynamics and cardiomyocyte cell division, in both developmental and injury contexts. These data provide novel insights into the developmental path to cardiomyocyte polyploidization and challenge the paradigm that hypertrophy is the sole mechanism for growth in the postnatal heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Swift
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Purdy
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mary E. Kolell
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kaitlyn G. Andresen
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Caitlin Lahue
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tyler Buddell
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cardiovascular Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kaelin A. Akins
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Christoph D. Rau
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caitlin C. O'Meara
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cardiovascular Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michaela Patterson
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cardiovascular Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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22
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Xu G, Fatima A, Breitbach M, Kuzmenkin A, Fügemann CJ, Ivanyuk D, Kim KP, Cantz T, Pfannkuche K, Schoeler HR, Fleischmann BK, Hescheler J, Šarić T. Electrophysiological Properties of Tetraploid Cardiomyocytes Derived from Murine Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated by Fusion of Adult Somatic Cells with Embryonic Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076546. [PMID: 37047520 PMCID: PMC10095437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cardiomyocytes (CMs) in the adult mammalian heart are either binucleated or contain a single polyploid nucleus. Recent studies have shown that polyploidy in CMs plays an important role as an adaptive response to physiological demands and environmental stress and correlates with poor cardiac regenerative ability after injury. However, knowledge about the functional properties of polyploid CMs is limited. In this study, we generated tetraploid pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by fusion of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and somatic cells isolated from bone marrow or spleen and performed a comparative analysis of the electrophysiological properties of tetraploid fusion-derived PSCs and diploid ESC-derived CMs. Fusion-derived PSCs exhibited characteristics of genuine ESCs and contained a near-tetraploid genome. Ploidy features and marker expression were also retained during the differentiation of fusion-derived cells. Fusion-derived PSCs gave rise to CMs, which were similar to their diploid ESC counterparts in terms of their expression of typical cardiospecific markers, sarcomeric organization, action potential parameters, response to pharmacologic stimulation with various drugs, and expression of functional ion channels. These results suggest that the state of ploidy does not significantly affect the structural and electrophysiological properties of murine PSC-derived CMs. These results extend our knowledge of the functional properties of polyploid CMs and contribute to a better understanding of their biological role in the adult heart.
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23
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Lei Y, Huang Y, Yang K, Cao X, Song Y, Martín-Blanco E, Pastor-Pareja JC. FGF signaling promotes spreading of fat body precursors necessary for adult adipogenesis in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002050. [PMID: 36947563 PMCID: PMC10069774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of adipogenetic mechanisms is essential to understand and treat conditions affecting organismal metabolism and adipose tissue health. In Drosophila, mature adipose tissue (fat body) exists in larvae and adults. In contrast to the well-known development of the larval fat body from the embryonic mesoderm, adult adipogenesis has remained mysterious. Furthermore, conclusive proof of its physiological significance is lacking. Here, we show that the adult fat body originates from a pool of undifferentiated mesodermal precursors that migrate from the thorax into the abdomen during metamorphosis. Through in vivo imaging, we found that these precursors spread from the ventral midline and cover the inner surface of the abdomen in a process strikingly reminiscent of embryonic mesoderm migration, requiring fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling as well. FGF signaling guides migration dorsally and regulates adhesion to the substrate. After spreading is complete, precursor differentiation involves fat accumulation and cell fusion that produces mature binucleate and tetranucleate adipocytes. Finally, we show that flies where adult adipogenesis is impaired by knock down of FGF receptor Heartless or transcription factor Serpent display ectopic fat accumulation in oenocytes and decreased resistance to starvation. Our results reveal that adult adipogenesis occurs de novo during metamorphosis and demonstrate its crucial physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueya Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhao Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Enrique Martín-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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24
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Meng X, Dang HQ, Kapler GM. Developmentally Programmed Switches in DNA Replication: Gene Amplification and Genome-Wide Endoreplication in Tetrahymena. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020491. [PMID: 36838456 PMCID: PMC9967165 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Locus-specific gene amplification and genome-wide endoreplication generate the elevated copy number of ribosomal DNA (rDNA, 9000 C) and non-rDNA (90 C) chromosomes in the developing macronucleus of Tetrahymena thermophila. Subsequently, all macronuclear chromosomes replicate once per cell cycle during vegetative growth. Here, we describe an unanticipated, programmed switch in the regulation of replication initiation in the rDNA minichromosome. Early in development, the 21 kb rDNA minichromosome is preferentially amplified from 2 C to ~800 C from well-defined origins, concurrent with genome-wide endoreplication (2 C to 8-16 C) in starved mating Tetrahymena (endoreplication (ER) Phase 1). Upon refeeding, rDNA and non-rDNA chromosomes achieve their final copy number through resumption of just the endoreplication program (ER Phase 2). Unconventional rDNA replication intermediates are generated primarily during ER phase 2, consistent with delocalized replication initiation and possible formation of persistent RNA-DNA hybrids. Origin usage and replication fork elongation are affected in non-rDNA chromosomes as well. Despite the developmentally programmed 10-fold reduction in the ubiquitous eukaryotic initiator, the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), active initiation sites are more closely spaced in ER phases 1 and 2 compared to vegetative growing cells. We propose that initiation site selection is relaxed in endoreplicating macronuclear chromosomes and may be less dependent on ORC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhou Meng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hung Quang Dang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Alstem Bioscience, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | - Geoffrey M. Kapler
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-574-3901
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25
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Lau TY, Poon RY. Whole-Genome Duplication and Genome Instability in Cancer Cells: Double the Trouble. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043733. [PMID: 36835147 PMCID: PMC9959281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is one of the most common genomic abnormalities in cancers. WGD can provide a source of redundant genes to buffer the deleterious effect of somatic alterations and facilitate clonal evolution in cancer cells. The extra DNA and centrosome burden after WGD is associated with an elevation of genome instability. Causes of genome instability are multifaceted and occur throughout the cell cycle. Among these are DNA damage caused by the abortive mitosis that initially triggers tetraploidization, replication stress and DNA damage associated with an enlarged genome, and chromosomal instability during the subsequent mitosis in the presence of extra centrosomes and altered spindle morphology. Here, we chronicle the events after WGD, from tetraploidization instigated by abortive mitosis including mitotic slippage and cytokinesis failure to the replication of the tetraploid genome, and finally, to the mitosis in the presence of supernumerary centrosomes. A recurring theme is the ability of some cancer cells to overcome the obstacles in place for preventing WGD. The underlying mechanisms range from the attenuation of the p53-dependent G1 checkpoint to enabling pseudobipolar spindle formation via the clustering of supernumerary centrosomes. These survival tactics and the resulting genome instability confer a subset of polyploid cancer cells proliferative advantage over their diploid counterparts and the development of therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Yin Lau
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Randy Y.C. Poon
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-8718
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26
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Li X, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Sood AK, Liu J. Spatiotemporal view of malignant histogenesis and macroevolution via formation of polyploid giant cancer cells. Oncogene 2023; 42:665-678. [PMID: 36596845 PMCID: PMC9957731 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand how malignant tumors develop, we tracked cell membrane, nuclear membrane, spindle, and cell cycle dynamics in polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) during the formation of high-grade serous carcinoma organoids using long-term time-lapse imaging. Single cells underwent traditional mitosis to generate tissue with uniform nuclear size, while others formed PGCCs via asymmetric mitosis, endoreplication, multipolar endomitosis, nuclear fusion, and karyokinesis without cytokinesis. PGCCs underwent restitution multipolar endomitosis, nuclear fragmentation, and micronuclei formation to increase nuclear contents and heterogeneity. At the cellular level, the development of PGCCs was associated with forming transient intracellular cells, termed fecundity cells. The fecundity cells can be decellularized to facilitate nuclear fusion and synchronized with other nuclei for subsequent nuclear replication. PGCCs can undergo several rounds of entosis to form complex tissue structures, termed fecundity structures. The formation of PGCCs via multiple modes of nuclear replication in the absence of cytokinesis leads to an increase in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and intracellular cell reproduction, which is remarkably similar to the mode of nuclear division during pre-embryogenesis. Our data support that PGCCs may represent a central regulator in malignant histogenesis, intratumoral heterogeneity, immune escape, and macroevolution via the de-repression of suppressed pre-embryogenic program in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Li
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanping Zhong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4095, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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27
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Yi J, Kradolfer D, Brownfield L, Ma Y, Piskorz E, Köhler C, Jiang H. Meiocyte size is a determining factor for unreduced gamete formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1179-1187. [PMID: 36089829 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy, the presence of more than two sets of chromosomes within a cell, is a widespread phenomenon in plants. The main route to polyploidy is considered through the production of unreduced gametes that are formed as a consequence of meiotic defects. Nevertheless, for reasons poorly understood, the frequency of unreduced gamete formation differs substantially among different plant species. The previously identified meiotic mutant jason (jas) in Arabidopsis thaliana forms about 60% diploid (2n) pollen. JAS is required to maintain an organelle band as a physical barrier between the two meiotic spindles, preventing previously separated chromosome groups from uniting into a single cell. In this study, we characterized the jas suppressor mutant telamon (tel) that restored the production of haploid pollen in the jas background. The tel mutant did not restore the organelle band, but enlarged the size of male jas tel meiocytes, suggesting that enlarged meiocytes can bypass the requirement of the organelle band. Consistently, enlarged meiocytes generated by a tetraploid jas mutant formed reduced gametes. The results reveal that meiocyte size impacts chromosome segregation in meiosis II, suggesting an alternative way to maintain the ploidy stability in meiosis during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yi
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - David Kradolfer
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Lynette Brownfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yingrui Ma
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Ewa Piskorz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Hua Jiang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
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28
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McCartney B, Dudin O. Cellularization across eukaryotes: Conserved mechanisms and novel strategies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 80:102157. [PMID: 36857882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotes form multinucleated cells during their development. Some cells persist as such during their lifetime, others choose to cleave each nucleus individually using a specialized cytokinetic process known as cellularization. What is cellularization and how is it achieved across the eukaryotic tree of life? Are there common pathways among all species supporting a shared ancestry, or are there key differences, suggesting independent evolutionary paths? In this review, we discuss common strategies and key mechanistic differences in how cellularization is executed across vastly divergent eukaryotic species. We present a number of novel methods and non-model organisms that may provide important insight into the evolutionary origins of cellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke McCartney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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29
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Ma Y, Jonsson K, Aryal B, De Veylder L, Hamant O, Bhalerao RP. Endoreplication mediates cell size control via mechanochemical signaling from cell wall. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2047. [PMID: 36490331 PMCID: PMC9733919 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endoreplication is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for increasing nuclear DNA content (ploidy). Ploidy frequently scales with final cell and organ size, suggesting a key role for endoreplication in these processes. However, exceptions exist, and, consequently, the endoreplication-size nexus remains enigmatic. Here, we show that prolonged tissue folding at the apical hook in Arabidopsis requires endoreplication asymmetry under the control of an auxin gradient. We identify a molecular pathway linking endoreplication levels to cell size through cell wall remodeling and stiffness modulation. We find that endoreplication is not only permissive for growth: Endoreplication reduction enhances wall stiffening, actively reducing cell size. The cell wall integrity kinase THESEUS plays a key role in this feedback loop. Our data thus explain the nonlinearity between ploidy levels and size while also providing a molecular mechanism linking mechanochemical signaling with endoreplication-mediated dynamic control of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Jonsson
- IRBV, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal H1X 2B2, QC, Canada
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Developpement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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30
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Panfilio KA, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. The extended analogy of extraembryonic development in insects and amniotes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210268. [PMID: 36252225 PMCID: PMC9574626 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is fascinating that the amnion and serosa/chorion, two extraembryonic (EE) tissues that are characteristic of the amniote vertebrates (mammals, birds and reptiles), have also independently evolved in insects. In this review, we offer the first detailed, macroevolutionary comparison of EE development and tissue biology across these animal groups. Some commonalities represent independent solutions to shared challenges for protecting the embryo (environmental assaults, risk of pathogens) and supporting its development, including clear links between cellular properties (e.g. polyploidy) and physiological function. Further parallels encompass developmental features such as the early segregation of the serosa/chorion compared to later, progressive differentiation of the amnion and formation of the amniotic cavity from serosal-amniotic folds as a widespread morphogenetic mode across species. We also discuss common developmental roles for orthologous transcription factors and BMP signalling in EE tissues of amniotes and insects, and between EE and cardiac tissues, supported by our exploration of new resources for global and tissue-specific gene expression. This highlights the degree to which general developmental principles and protective tissue features can be deduced from each of these animal groups, emphasizing the value of broad comparative studies to reveal subtle developmental strategies and answer questions that are common across species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Alarcón ME, Polo PG, Akyüz SN, Rafiqi AM. Evolution and ontogeny of bacteriocytes in insects. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1034066. [PMID: 36505058 PMCID: PMC9732443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1034066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogenetic origins of the bacteriocytes, which are cells that harbour bacterial intracellular endosymbionts in multicellular animals, are unknown. During embryonic development, a series of morphological and transcriptional changes determine the fate of distinct cell types. The ontogeny of bacteriocytes is intimately linked with the evolutionary transition of endosymbionts from an extracellular to an intracellular environment, which in turn is linked to the diet of the host insect. Here we review the evolution and development of bacteriocytes in insects. We first classify the endosymbiotic occupants of bacteriocytes, highlighting the complex challenges they pose to the host. Then, we recall the historical account of the discovery of bacteriocytes. We then summarize the molecular interactions between the endosymbiont and the host. In addition, we illustrate the genetic contexts in which the bacteriocytes develop, with examples of the genetic changes in the hosts and endosymbionts, during specific endosymbiotic associations. We finally address the evolutionary origin as well as the putative ontogenetic or developmental source of bacteriocytes in insects.
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32
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Walczyk AM, Hersch-Green EI. Do water and soil nutrient scarcities differentially impact the performance of diploid and tetraploid Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod, Asteraceae)? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1031-1042. [PMID: 35727918 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants require water and nutrients for survival, although the effects of their availabilities on plant fitness differ amongst species. Genome size variation, within and across species, is suspected to influence plant water and nutrient requirements, but little is known about how variations in these resources concurrently affect plant fitness based on genome size. We examined how genome size variation between autopolyploid cytotypes influences plant morphological and physiological traits, and whether cytotype-specific trait responses differ based on water and/or nutrient availability. Diploid and autotetraploid Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod) were grown in a greenhouse under four soil water:N+P treatments (L:L, L:H, H:L, H:H), and stomata characteristics (size, density), growth (above- and belowground biomass, R/S), and physiological (Anet , E, WUE) responses were measured. Resource availabilities and cytotype identity influenced some plant responses but their effects were independent of each other. Plants grown in high-water and nutrient treatments were larger, plants grown in low-water or high-nutrient treatments had higher WUE but lower E, and Anet and E rates decreased as plants aged. Autotetraploids also had larger and fewer stomata, higher biomass and larger Anet than diploids. Nutrient and water availability could influence intra- and interspecific competitive outcomes. Although S. gigantea cytotypes were not differentially affected by resource treatments, genome size may influence cytogeographic range patterning and population establishment likelihood. For instance, the larger size of autotetraploid S. gigantea might render them more competitive for resources and niche space than diploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Walczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - E I Hersch-Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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33
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Castañeda-Sampedro A, Calvin-Cejudo L, Martin F, Gomez-Diaz C, Alcorta E. The Ntan1 gene is expressed in perineural glia and neurons of adult Drosophila. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14749. [PMID: 36042338 PMCID: PMC9427837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Ntan1 gene encodes an N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase that we show is highly conserved throughout evolution. Protein isoforms share more than 72% of similarity with their human counterparts. At the cellular level, this gene regulates the type of glial cell growth in Drosophila larvae by its different expression levels. The Drosophila Ntan1 gene has 4 transcripts that encode 2 protein isoforms. Here we describe that although this gene is expressed at all developmental stages and adult organs tested (eye, antennae and brain) there are some transcript-dependent specificities. Therefore, both quantitative and qualitative cues could account for gene function. However, widespread developmental stage and organ-dependent expression could be masking cell-specific constraints that can be explored in Drosophila by using Gal4 drivers. We report a new genetic driver within this gene, Mz317-Gal4, that recapitulates the Ntan1 gene expression pattern in adults. It shows specific expression for perineural glia in the olfactory organs but mixed expression with some neurons in the adult brain. Memory and social behavior disturbances in mice and cancer and schizophrenia in humans have been linked to the Ntan1 gene. Therefore, these new tools in Drosophila may contribute to our understanding of the cellular basis of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castañeda-Sampedro
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Laura Calvin-Cejudo
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Martin
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. .,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Esther Alcorta
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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34
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An interplay between cellular growth and atypical fusion defines morphogenesis of a modular glial niche in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4999. [PMID: 36008397 PMCID: PMC9411534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) live in an intricate cellular microenvironment supporting their activity, the niche. Whilst shape and function are inseparable, the morphogenetic aspects of niche development are poorly understood. Here, we use the formation of a glial niche to investigate acquisition of architectural complexity. Cortex glia (CG) in Drosophila regulate neurogenesis and build a reticular structure around NSCs. We first show that individual CG cells grow tremendously to ensheath several NSC lineages, employing elaborate proliferative mechanisms which convert these cells into syncytia rich in cytoplasmic bridges. CG syncytia further undergo homotypic cell–cell fusion, using defined cell surface receptors and actin regulators. Cellular exchange is however dynamic in space and time. This atypical cell fusion remodels cellular borders, restructuring the CG syncytia. Ultimately, combined growth and fusion builds the multi-level architecture of the niche, and creates a modular, spatial partition of the NSC population. Our findings provide insights into how a niche forms and organises while developing intimate contacts with a stem cell population. Little is known of how the architectural complexity of the neural stem cell niche is achieved. Rujano et al. show that the morphogenesis of a glial niche in Drosophila involves complex proliferative strategies and atypical cell–cell fusion.
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35
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Pang H, Lei D, Guo Y, Yu Y, Liu T, Liu Y, Chen T, Fan C. Three categories of similarities between the placenta and cancer that can aid cancer treatment: Cells, the microenvironment, and metabolites. Front Oncol 2022; 12:977618. [PMID: 36059660 PMCID: PMC9434275 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.977618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most harmful diseases, while pregnancy is a common condition of females. Placenta is the most important organ for fetal growth, which has not been fully understand. It’s well known that placenta and solid tumor have some similar biological behaviors. What’s more, decidua, the microenvironment of placenta, and metabolism all undergo adaptive shift for healthy pregnancy. Interestingly, decidua and the tumor microenvironment (TME); metabolism changes during pregnancy and cancer cachexia all have underlying links. However, whether the close link between pregnancy and cancer can bring some new ideas to treat cancer is still unclear. So, in this review we note that pregnancy may offer clues to treat cancer related to three categories: from cell perspective, through the shared development process of the placenta and cancer; from microenvironment perspective, though the shared features of the decidua and TME; and from metabolism perspective, through shared metabolites changes during pregnancy and cancer cachexia. Firstly, comparing gene mutations of both placenta and cancer, which is the underlying mechanism of many similar biological behaviors, helps us understand the origin of cancer and find the key factors to restore tumorigenesis. Secondly, exploring how decidua affect placenta development and similarities of decidua and TME is helpful to reshape TME, then to inhibit cancer. Thirdly, we also illustrate the possibility that the altered metabolites during pregnancy may reverse cancer cachexia. So, some key molecules changed in circulation of pregnancy may help relieve cachexia and make survival with cancer realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Lei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuping Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuifang Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Cuifang Fan,
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36
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Noncanonical function of Capicua as a growth termination signal in Drosophila oogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123467119. [PMID: 35881788 PMCID: PMC9351367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123467119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Capicua (Cic) proteins are conserved HMG-box transcriptional repressors that control receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling responses and are implicated in human neurological syndromes and cancer. While Cic is known to exist as short (Cic-S) and long (Cic-L) isoforms with identical HMG-box and associated core regions but distinct N termini, most previous studies have focused on Cic-S, leaving the function of Cic-L unexplored. Here we show that Cic-L acts in two capacities during Drosophila oogenesis: 1) as a canonical sensor of RTK signaling in somatic follicle cells, and 2) as a regulator of postmitotic growth in germline nurse cells. In these latter cells, Cic-L behaves as a temporal signal that terminates endoreplicative growth before they dump their contents into the oocyte. We show that Cic-L is necessary and sufficient for nurse cell endoreplication arrest and induces both stabilization of CycE and down-regulation of Myc. Surprisingly, this function depends mainly on the Cic-L-specific N-terminal module, which is capable of acting independently of the Cic HMG-box-containing core. Mirroring these observations, basal metazoans possess truncated Cic-like proteins composed only of Cic-L N-terminal sequences, suggesting that this module plays unique, ancient roles unrelated to the canonical function of Cic.
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Polyploidy as an Adaptation against Loss of Heterozygosity in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158528. [PMID: 35955663 PMCID: PMC9369199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is common in cancer cells and has implications for tumor progression and resistance to therapies, but it is unclear whether it is an adaptation of the tumor or the non-adaptive effect of genomic instability. I discuss the possibility that polyploidy reduces the deleterious effects of loss of heterozygosity, which arises as a consequence of mitotic recombination, and which in diploid cells leads instead to the rapid loss of complementation of recessive deleterious mutations. I use computational predictions of loss of heterozygosity to show that a population of diploid cells dividing by mitosis with recombination can be easily invaded by mutant polyploid cells or cells that divide by endomitosis, which reduces loss of complementation, or by mutant cells that occasionally fuse, which restores heterozygosity. A similar selective advantage of polyploidy has been shown for the evolution of different types of asexual reproduction in nature. This provides an adaptive explanation for cyclical ploidy, mitotic slippage and cell fusion in cancer cells.
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38
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Chi WY, Hsiao TH, Lee GH, Su IH, Chen BH, Tang MJ, Fu TF. The cooperative interplay among inflammation, necroptosis and YAP pathway contributes to the folate deficiency-induced liver cells enlargement. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:397. [PMID: 35790616 PMCID: PMC11073448 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Change in cell size may bring in profound impact to cell function and survival, hence the integrity of the organs consisting of those cells. Nevertheless, how cell size is regulated remains incompletely understood. We used the fluorescent zebrafish transgenic line Tg-GGH/LR that displays inducible folate deficiency (FD) and hepatomegaly upon FD induction as in vivo model. We found that FD caused hepatocytes enlargement and increased liver stiffness, which could not be prevented by nucleotides supplementations. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptotic pathway and Hippo signaling interactively participated in this FD-induced hepatocytic enlargement in a dual chronological and cooperative manner. FD also induced hepatic inflammation, which convenes a dialog of positive feedback loop between necroptotic and Hippo pathways. The increased MMP13 expression in response to FD elevated TNFα level and further aggravated the hepatocyte enlargement. Meanwhile, F-actin was circumferentially re-allocated at the edge under cell membrane in response to FD. Our results substantiate the interplay among intracellular folate status, pathways regulation, inflammatory responses, actin cytoskeleton and cell volume control, which can be best observed with in vivo platform. Our data also support the use of this Tg-GGH/LR transgenic line for the mechanistical and therapeutic research for the pathologic conditions related to cell size alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Chi
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Hsien Hsiao
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gang-Hui Lee
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiu Su
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fun Fu
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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Cardiomyocyte Proliferation from Fetal- to Adult- and from Normal- to Hypertrophy and Failing Hearts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060880. [PMID: 35741401 PMCID: PMC9220194 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Death from injury to the heart from a variety of causes remains a major cause of mortality worldwide. The cardiomyocyte, the major contracting cell of the heart, is responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body. During fetal development, these immature cardiomyocytes are small and rapidly divide to complete development of the heart by birth when they develop structural and functional characteristics of mature cells which prevent further division. All further growth of the heart after birth is due to an increase in the size of cardiomyocytes, hypertrophy. Following the loss of functional cardiomyocytes due to coronary artery occlusion or other causes, the heart is unable to replace the lost cells. One of the significant research goals has been to induce adult cardiomyocytes to reactivate the cell cycle and repair cardiac injury. This review explores the developmental, structural, and functional changes of the growing cardiomyocyte, and particularly the sarcomere, responsible for force generation, from the early fetal period of reproductive cell growth through the neonatal period and on to adulthood, as well as during pathological response to different forms of myocardial diseases or injury. Multiple issues relative to cardiomyocyte cell-cycle regulation in normal or diseased conditions are discussed. Abstract The cardiomyocyte undergoes dramatic changes in structure, metabolism, and function from the early fetal stage of hyperplastic cell growth, through birth and the conversion to hypertrophic cell growth, continuing to the adult stage and responding to various forms of stress on the myocardium, often leading to myocardial failure. The fetal cell with incompletely formed sarcomeres and other cellular and extracellular components is actively undergoing mitosis, organelle dispersion, and formation of daughter cells. In the first few days of neonatal life, the heart is able to repair fully from injury, but not after conversion to hypertrophic growth. Structural and metabolic changes occur following conversion to hypertrophic growth which forms a barrier to further cardiomyocyte division, though interstitial components continue dividing to keep pace with cardiac growth. Both intra- and extracellular structural changes occur in the stressed myocardium which together with hemodynamic alterations lead to metabolic and functional alterations of myocardial failure. This review probes some of the questions regarding conditions that regulate normal and pathologic growth of the heart.
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40
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Nozaki T, Shigenobu S. Ploidy dynamics in aphid host cells harboring bacterial symbionts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9111. [PMID: 35650254 PMCID: PMC9159990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids have evolved bacteriocytes or symbiotic host cells that harbor the obligate mutualistic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola. Because of the large cell size (approximately 100 μm in diameter) of bacteriocytes and their pivotal role in nutritional symbiosis, researchers have considered that these cells are highly polyploid and assumed that bacteriocyte polyploidy may be essential for the symbiotic relationship between the aphid and the bacterium. However, little is known about the ploidy levels and dynamics of aphid bacteriocytes. Here, we quantitatively analyzed the ploidy levels in the bacteriocytes of the pea-aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Image-based fluorometry revealed the hyper polyploidy of the bacteriocytes ranging from 16- to 256-ploidy throughout the lifecycle. Bacteriocytes of adult parthenogenetic viviparous females were ranged between 64 and 128C DNA levels, while those of sexual morphs (oviparous females and males) were comprised of 64C, and 32–64C cells, respectively. During post-embryonic development of viviparous females, the ploidy level of bacteriocytes increased substantially, from 16 to 32C at birth to 128–256C in actively reproducing adults. These results suggest that the ploidy levels are dynamically regulated among phenotypes and during development. Our comprehensive and quantitative data provides a foundation for future studies to understand the functional roles and biological significance of the polyploidy of insect bacteriocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Nozaki
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
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41
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Phillips D, Mathers H, Mitchell SE, Speakman JR. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction XVIII: tissue specific changes in cell size and number in response to calorie restriction. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1994-2001. [PMID: 35639808 PMCID: PMC9536453 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition increases the health- and lifespan of diverse taxa. The mechanism(s) behind CR are debated but may be directly linked to body composition changes that maintain energy balance. During a deficit, energy is primarily obtained from white adipose tissue (WAT; utilized) whilst other tissues remain unchanged (protected) or grow (invested) relative to body mass. The changes in mass of 6 tissues from 48 male C57BL/6 mice following 3-months graded (10, 20, 30, or 40%) CR or fed ad libitum for 12 or 24hr a day were related to cell size (hypo/hypertrophy) and/or number (hypo/hyperplasia). Tissues studied were: retroperitoneal and subcutaneous WAT, brown adipose tissue (BAT) (utilized); lungs (protected), and stomach and caecum (invested). Methodology was based on number of nuclei/ tissue equalling the number of cells. Extracted DNA was quantified and used to estimate cell numbers (Total DNA/DNA per diploid nucleus) and size (Tissue mass/nuclei number). WAT utilization was caused solely by hypotrophy whereas BAT utilization resulted from reduced cell number and size. WAT cell size positively correlated with circulating hormones related to energy balance and BAT cell number and size positively correlated with body temperature. No changes were found in the lungs, consistent with their protected status, whereas hyperplasia appeared to be the dominant mechanism for invested alimentary-tract tissues. These findings indicate the pattern of change of cell size and number across increasing levels of short-term CR is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hayleigh Mathers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Shenzhen key laboratory of metabolic health, Center for Energy metabolism and reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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42
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van Rijnberk LM, Barrull-Mascaró R, van der Palen RL, Schild ES, Korswagen HC, Galli M. Endomitosis controls tissue-specific gene expression during development. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001597. [PMID: 35609035 PMCID: PMC9129049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid cells contain more than 2 copies of the genome and are found in many plant and animal tissues. Different types of polyploidy exist, in which the genome is confined to either 1 nucleus (mononucleation) or 2 or more nuclei (multinucleation). Despite the widespread occurrence of polyploidy, the functional significance of different types of polyploidy is largely unknown. Here, we assess the function of multinucleation in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells through specific inhibition of binucleation without altering genome ploidy. Through single-worm RNA sequencing, we find that binucleation is important for tissue-specific gene expression, most prominently for genes that show a rapid up-regulation at the transition from larval development to adulthood. Regulated genes include vitellogenins, which encode yolk proteins that facilitate nutrient transport to the germline. We find that reduced expression of vitellogenins in mononucleated intestinal cells leads to progeny with developmental delays and reduced fitness. Together, our results show that binucleation facilitates rapid up-regulation of intestine-specific gene expression during development, independently of genome ploidy, underscoring the importance of spatial genome organization for polyploid cell function. Why do some cells contain more than one nucleus? By comparing mononucleated and multinucleated polyploid cells in C. elegans, this study shows that having multiple nuclei is important for optimal transcriptional upregulation of developmentally controlled genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte M. van Rijnberk
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon Barrull-Mascaró
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reinier L. van der Palen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik S. Schild
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik C. Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matilde Galli
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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43
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Ke Q, Gong L, Zhu X, Qi R, Zou M, Chen B, Liu W, Huang S, Liu Y, Li DWC. Multinucleated Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Adapt to Vision and Exhibit Increased DNA Damage Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091552. [PMID: 35563857 PMCID: PMC9103592 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells have been reported in humans and other mammals. Rodents have an extremely high percentage of multinucleated cells (more than 80%). Both mouse and human multinucleated RPE cells exhibit specific regional distributions that are potentially correlated with photoreceptor density. However, detailed investigations of multinucleated RPE in different species and their behavior after DNA damage are missing. Here, we compared the composition of multinucleated RPE cells in nocturnal and diurnal animals that possess distinct rod and cone proportions. We further investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage response in mouse mononucleated and multinucleated RPE cells and determined the effect of p53 dosage on the DNA damage response in these cells. Our results revealed an unrealized association between multinucleated RPE cells and nocturnal vision. In addition, we found multinucleated RPE cells exhibited increased ROS production and DNA damage after X-ray irradiation. Furthermore, haploinsufficiency of p53 led to increased DNA damage frequency after irradiation, and mononucleated RPE cells were more sensitive to a change in p53 dosage. In conclusion, this study provides novel information on in vivo PRE topography and the DNA damage response, which may reflect specific requirements for vision adaption and macular function.
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44
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Zhang CZ, Pellman D. Cancer Genomic Rearrangements and Copy Number Alterations from Errors in Cell Division. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070620-094029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of cancer genomes has shown that a large fraction of chromosomal changes originate from catastrophic events including whole-genome duplication, chromothripsis, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, and chromoplexy. Through sophisticated computational analysis of cancer genomes and experimental recapitulation of these catastrophic alterations, we have gained significant insights into the origin, mechanism, and evolutionary dynamics of cancer genome complexity. In this review, we summarize this progress and survey the major unresolved questions, with particular emphasis on the relative contributions of chromosome fragmentation and DNA replication errors to complex chromosomal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Pellman
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Loganathan R, Levings DC, Kim JH, Wells MB, Chiu H, Wu Y, Slattery M, Andrew DJ. Ribbon boosts ribosomal protein gene expression to coordinate organ form and function. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213030. [PMID: 35195669 PMCID: PMC9237840 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell growth is well defined for late (postembryonic) stages of development, but evidence for early (embryonic) cell growth during postmitotic morphogenesis is limited. Here, we report early cell growth as a key characteristic of tubulogenesis in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG) and trachea. A BTB/POZ domain nuclear factor, Ribbon (Rib), mediates this early cell growth. Rib binds the transcription start site of nearly every SG-expressed ribosomal protein gene (RPG) and is required for full expression of all RPGs tested. Rib binding to RPG promoters in vitro is weak and not sequence specific, suggesting that specificity is achieved through cofactor interactions. Accordingly, we demonstrate Rib’s ability to physically interact with each of the three known regulators of RPG transcription. Surprisingly, Rib-dependent early cell growth in another tubular organ, the embryonic trachea, is not mediated by direct RPG transcription. These findings support a model of early cell growth customized by transcriptional regulatory networks to coordinate organ form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C Levings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael B Wells
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hannah Chiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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46
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Gemble S, Wardenaar R, Keuper K, Srivastava N, Nano M, Macé AS, Tijhuis AE, Bernhard SV, Spierings DCJ, Simon A, Goundiam O, Hochegger H, Piel M, Foijer F, Storchová Z, Basto R. Genetic instability from a single S phase after whole-genome duplication. Nature 2022; 604:146-151. [PMID: 35355016 PMCID: PMC8986533 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diploid and stable karyotypes are associated with health and fitness in animals. By contrast, whole-genome duplications—doublings of the entire complement of chromosomes—are linked to genetic instability and frequently found in human cancers1–3. It has been established that whole-genome duplications fuel chromosome instability through abnormal mitosis4–8; however, the immediate consequences of tetraploidy in the first interphase are not known. This is a key question because single whole-genome duplication events such as cytokinesis failure can promote tumorigenesis9 and DNA double-strand breaks10. Here we find that human cells undergo high rates of DNA damage during DNA replication in the first S phase following induction of tetraploidy. Using DNA combing and single-cell sequencing, we show that DNA replication dynamics is perturbed, generating under- and over-replicated regions. Mechanistically, we find that these defects result from a shortage of proteins during the G1/S transition, which impairs the fidelity of DNA replication. This work shows that within a single interphase, unscheduled tetraploid cells can acquire highly abnormal karyotypes. These findings provide an explanation for the genetic instability landscape that favours tumorigenesis after tetraploidization. Extensive DNA damage occurs during the first interphase following induction of tetraploidy in human cells, largely as a result of the lower amount of protein relative to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gemble
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France.
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Keuper
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nishit Srivastava
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Systems Biology of Cell Polarity and Cell Division, Paris, France
| | - Maddalena Nano
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Andréa E Tijhuis
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Simon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Oumou Goundiam
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Systems Biology of Cell Polarity and Cell Division, Paris, France
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France.
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In Vivo Methods to Monitor Cardiomyocyte Proliferation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9030073. [PMID: 35323621 PMCID: PMC8950582 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes demonstrate scarce cycling and even lower proliferation rates in response to injury. Signals that enhance cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury will be groundbreaking, address unmet clinical needs, and represent new strategies to treat cardiovascular diseases. In vivo methods to monitor cardiomyocyte proliferation are critical to addressing this challenge. Fortunately, advances in transgenic approaches provide sophisticated techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte cycling and proliferation.
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Fu YX, Wang G, Chen K, Ma X, Liu SQ, Miao W. Amitosis as a strategy of cell division—Insight from the proliferation of Tetrahymena thermophila macronuclei. Theor Popul Biol 2022; 145:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Almuzaini N, Moore M, Robert-Guroff M, Thomas MA. Disruption of NBS1/MRN Complex Formation by E4orf3 Supports NF-κB That Licenses E1B55K-Deleted Adenovirus-Infected Cells to Accumulate DNA>4n. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0188121. [PMID: 35019694 PMCID: PMC8754114 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01881-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells increase their DNA content greater than the G2/M (DNA > 4n) phases along the path to cancer. The signals that support this increase in DNA content remain poorly understood. Cells infected with adenovirus (Ad) similarly develop DNA > 4n and share a need to bypass the DNA damage response (DDR) signals that trigger cell cycle arrest, and/or cell death. Ads with deletion in early region 1B55K (ΔE1B Ad) are oncolytic agents that are currently being explored for use in vaccine delivery. Interestingly, they promote higher levels of DNA > 4n than Ads that contain E1B55K. Existing in these and almost all Ads that are being explored for clinical use, is early region 4 (E4). The Ad E4 open reading frame 3 (E4orf3) is a viral oncogene that interferes with the ability of cells to respond to DNA damage by disrupting MRN complex formation. Our study reveals that E4orf3 is required for the enhanced fraction of ΔE1B Ad-infected cells with DNA > 4n. For that reason, we explored signaling events mediated by E4orf3. We found that in ΔE1B Ad-infected cells, E4orf3, as reported by others, isolates NBS1 in nuclear dots and tracks. This allows for elevated levels of phosphorylated ATM that is linked to transcriptionally active NF-κB. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB reduced the fraction of ΔE1B Ad-infected cells with DNA > 4n while pharmacological inhibition of ATM reduced the levels of nuclear NF-κB and the fraction of ΔE1B Ad-infected cells with DNA > 4n and increased the fraction of dead or dying cells with fragmented DNA. This ability of E4orf3 to disrupt MRN complex formation that allows cells to bypass the cell cycle, evade death, and accumulate DNA > 4n, may be linked to its oncogenic potential. IMPORTANCE Genome instability, a hallmark of cancer, exists as part of a cycle that leads to DNA damage and DNA > 4n that further enhances genome instability. Ad E4orf3 is a viral oncogene. Here, we describe E4orf3 mediated signaling events that support DNA > 4n in ΔE1B Ad-infected cells. These signaling events may be linked to the oncogenic potential of E4orf3 and may provide a basis for how some cells survive with DNA > 4n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nujud Almuzaini
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Madison Moore
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A. Thomas
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
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Zhang H, Ma H, Yang X, Fan L, Tian S, Niu R, Yan M, Zheng M, Zhang S. Cell Fusion-Related Proteins and Signaling Pathways, and Their Roles in the Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:809668. [PMID: 35178400 PMCID: PMC8846309 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.809668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusion is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including gamete binding, and cancer development. The basic processes of cell fusion include membrane fusion, cytoplasmic mixing, and nuclear fusion. Cell fusion is regulated by different proteins and signaling pathways. Syncytin-1, syncytin-2, glial cell missing 1, galectin-1 and other proteins (annexins, myomaker, myomerger etc.) involved in cell fusion via the cyclic adenosine-dependent protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, wingless/integrase-1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. In the progression of malignant tumors, cell fusion is essential during the organ-specific metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), cancer angiogenesis and cancer immunity. In addition, diploid cells can be induced to form polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) via cell fusion under many kinds of stimuli, including cobalt chloride, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and traditional Chinese medicine. PGCCs have CSC-like properties, and the daughter cells derived from PGCCs have a mesenchymal phenotype and exhibit strong migration, invasion, and proliferation abilities. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms of cell fusion can enable us better understand the development of malignant tumors. In this review, the basic process of cell fusion and its significance in cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shifeng Tian
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Niu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Yan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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