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Emmerson JT, Malcolm JC, Do Carmo S, Nguyen P, Breuillaud L, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Cuello AC. Neuronal loss and inflammation preceding fibrillary tau pathology in a rat model with early human-like tauopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106317. [PMID: 37802153 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the microtubule associated protein tau undergoes conformational and posttranslational modifications in a gradual, staged pathological process. While brain atrophy and cognitive decline are well-established in the advanced stages of tauopathy, it is unclear how the early pathological processes manifest prior to extensive neurodegeneration. For these studies we have applied a transgenic rat model of human-like tauopathy in its heterozygous form, named McGill-R955-hTau. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether lifelong accumulation of mutated human tau could reveal the earliest tau pathological processes in a context of advanced aging, and, at stages before the overt aggregated or fibrillary tau deposition. We characterized the phenotype of heterozygous R955-hTau rats at three endpoints, 10, 18 and 24-26 months of age, focusing on markers of cognitive capabilities, progressive tau pathology, neuronal health, neuroinflammation and brain ultrastructural integrity, using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Heterozygous R955-hTau transgenic rats feature a modest, life-long accumulation of mutated human tau that led to tau hyperphosphorylation and produced deficits in learning and memory tasks after 24 months of age. Such impairments coincided with more extensive tau hyperphosphorylation in the brain at residues pThr231 and with evidence of oligomerization. Importantly, aged R955-hTau rats presented evidence of neuroinflammation, detriments to myelin morphology and detectable hippocampal neuronal loss in the absence of overt neurofibrillary lesions and brain atrophy. The slow-progressing tauopathy of R955-hTau rats should allow to better delineate the temporal progression of tau pathological events and therefore to distinguish early indicators of tauopathy as having the capability to induce degenerative events in the aged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Emmerson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Janice C Malcolm
- Department of Cell Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Phuoc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lionel Breuillaud
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Julio C Martinez-Trujillo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute and Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Cell Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada; Visiting Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QT.
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2
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Kunach P, Vaquer-Alicea J, Smith MS, Hopewell R, Monistrol J, Moquin L, Therriault J, Tissot C, Rahmouni N, Massarweh G, Soucy JP, Guiot MC, Shoichet BK, Rosa-Neto P, Diamond MI, Shahmoradian SH. Cryo-EM structure of Alzheimer's disease tau filaments with PET ligand MK-6240. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.22.558671. [PMID: 37790438 PMCID: PMC10542181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.558671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) ligands have advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and treatment. Using autoradiography and cryo-EM, we identified AD brain tissue with elevated tau burden, purified filaments, and determined the structure of second-generation high avidity PET ligand MK-6240 at 2.31 Å resolution, which bound at a 1:1 ratio within the cleft of tau paired-helical filament (PHF), engaging with glutamine 351, lysine K353, and isoleucine 360. This information elucidates the basis of MK-6240 PET in quantifying PHF deposits in AD and may facilitate the structure-based design of superior ligands against tau amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kunach
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jaime Vaquer-Alicea
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Matthew S. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Program of Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Jim Monistrol
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Luc Moquin
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cecile Tissot
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nesrine Rahmouni
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc I. Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sarah H. Shahmoradian
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
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3
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Emmerson JT, Do Carmo S, Liu Y, Shalhoub A, Liu A, Bonomo Q, Malcolm JC, Breuillaud L, Cuello AC. Progressive human-like tauopathy with downstream neurodegeneration and neurovascular compromise in a transgenic rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 184:106227. [PMID: 37454780 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), clinically present with progressive cognitive decline and the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Neurovascular compromise is also prevalent in AD and FTD however the relationship between tau and the neurovascular unit is less understood relative to other degenerative phenotypes. Current animal models confer the ability to recapitulate aspects of the CNS tauopathies, however, existing models either display overaggressive phenotypes, or do not develop neuronal loss or genuine neurofibrillary lesions. In this report, we communicate the longitudinal characterization of brain tauopathy in a novel transgenic rat model, coded McGill-R955-hTau. The model expresses the longest isoform of human P301S tau. Homozygous R955-hTau rats displayed a robust, progressive accumulation of mutated human tau leading to the detection of tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits accelerating from 14 months of age. This model features extensive tau hyperphosphorylation with endogenous tau recruitment, authentic neurofibrillary lesions, and tau-associated neuronal loss, ventricular dilation, decreased brain volume, and gliosis in aged rats. Further, we demonstrate how neurovascular integrity becomes compromised at aged life stages using a combination of electron microscopy, injection of the tracer horseradish peroxidase and immunohistochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Emmerson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Ali Shalhoub
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Ai Liu
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Quentin Bonomo
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Janice C Malcolm
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Lionel Breuillaud
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford OX13QT, UK.
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4
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Ferreira PC, Bellaver B, Povala G, Brum WS, Tissot C, Badji A, Sloan ME, Benedet AL, Rosa-Neto P, Ashton NJ, Pascoal TA, Leuzy A, Zimmer ER. Endocannabinoid System Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:77-91. [PMID: 36394442 PMCID: PMC10081722 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alterations in the endocannabinoid system (ES) have been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. In the past years, multiple ES biomarkers have been developed, promising to advance our understanding of ES changes in AD. Discussion: ES biomarkers, including positron emission tomography with cannabinoid receptors tracers and biofluid-based endocannabinoids, are associated with AD disease progression and pathological features. Conclusion: Although not specific enough for AD diagnosis, ES biomarkers hold promise for prognosis, drug-target engagement, and a better understanding of the disease. Here, we summarize currently available ES biomarker findings and discuss their potential applications in the AD research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela C.L. Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guilherme Povala
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wagner S. Brum
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Atef Badji
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Matthew E. Sloan
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosciences and Clinical Translation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andréa L. Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tharick A. Pascoal
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eduardo R. Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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5
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Combining CRISPR-Cas9 and brain imaging to study the link from genes to molecules to networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122552119. [PMID: 36161926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122552119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors, transporters, and ion channels are important targets for therapy development in neurological diseases, but their mechanistic role in pathogenesis is often poorly understood. Gene editing and in vivo imaging approaches will help to identify the molecular and functional role of these targets and the consequence of their regional dysfunction on the whole-brain level. We combine CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing with in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) and functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the direct link between genes, molecules, and the brain connectome. The extensive knowledge of the Slc18a2 gene encoding the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), involved in the storage and release of dopamine, makes it an excellent target for studying the gene network relationships while structurally preserving neuronal integrity and function. We edited the Slc18a2 in the substantia nigra pars compacta of adult rats and used in vivo molecular imaging besides behavioral, histological, and biochemical assessments to characterize the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated VMAT2 knockdown. Simultaneous PET/fMRI was performed to investigate molecular and functional brain alterations. We found that stage-specific adaptations of brain functional connectivity follow the selective impairment of presynaptic dopamine storage and release. Our study reveals that recruiting different brain networks is an early response to the dopaminergic dysfunction preceding neuronal cell loss. Our combinatorial approach is a tool to investigate the impact of specific genes on brain molecular and functional dynamics, which will help to develop tailored therapies for normalizing brain function.
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6
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Ren W, Ji B, Guan Y, Cao L, Ni R. Recent Technical Advances in Accelerating the Clinical Translation of Small Animal Brain Imaging: Hybrid Imaging, Deep Learning, and Transcriptomics. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:771982. [PMID: 35402436 PMCID: PMC8987112 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.771982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small animal models play a fundamental role in brain research by deepening the understanding of the physiological functions and mechanisms underlying brain disorders and are thus essential in the development of therapeutic and diagnostic imaging tracers targeting the central nervous system. Advances in structural, functional, and molecular imaging using MRI, PET, fluorescence imaging, and optoacoustic imaging have enabled the interrogation of the rodent brain across a large temporal and spatial resolution scale in a non-invasively manner. However, there are still several major gaps in translating from preclinical brain imaging to the clinical setting. The hindering factors include the following: (1) intrinsic differences between biological species regarding brain size, cell type, protein expression level, and metabolism level and (2) imaging technical barriers regarding the interpretation of image contrast and limited spatiotemporal resolution. To mitigate these factors, single-cell transcriptomics and measures to identify the cellular source of PET tracers have been developed. Meanwhile, hybrid imaging techniques that provide highly complementary anatomical and molecular information are emerging. Furthermore, deep learning-based image analysis has been developed to enhance the quantification and optimization of the imaging protocol. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent developments in small animal neuroimaging toward improved translational power, with a focus on technical improvement including hybrid imaging, data processing, transcriptomics, awake animal imaging, and on-chip pharmacokinetics. We also discuss outstanding challenges in standardization and considerations toward increasing translational power and propose future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwei Ren
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Shanghai Changes Tech, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Jiricek S, Koudelka V, Lacik J, Vejmola C, Kuratko D, Wójcik DK, Raida Z, Hlinka J, Palenicek T. Electrical Source Imaging in Freely Moving Rats: Evaluation of a 12-Electrode Cortical Electroencephalography System. Front Neuroinform 2021; 14:589228. [PMID: 33568980 PMCID: PMC7868391 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.589228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents and evaluates a 12-electrode intracranial electroencephalography system developed at the National Institute of Mental Health (Klecany, Czech Republic) in terms of an electrical source imaging (ESI) technique in rats. The electrode system was originally designed for translational research purposes. This study demonstrates that it is also possible to use this well-established system for ESI, and estimates its precision, accuracy, and limitations. Furthermore, this paper sets a methodological basis for future implants. Source localization quality is evaluated using three approaches based on surrogate data, physical phantom measurements, and in vivo experiments. The forward model for source localization is obtained from the FieldTrip-SimBio pipeline using the finite-element method. Rat brain tissue extracted from a magnetic resonance imaging template is approximated by a single-compartment homogeneous tetrahedral head model. Four inverse solvers were tested: standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), linear constrained minimum variance (LCMV), and dynamic imaging of coherent sources. Based on surrogate data, this paper evaluates the accuracy and precision of all solvers within the brain volume using error distance and reliability maps. The mean error distance over the whole brain was found to be the lowest in the eLORETA solution through signal to noise ratios (SNRs) (0.2 mm for 25 dB SNR). The LCMV outperformed eLORETA under higher SNR conditions, and exhibiting higher spatial precision. Both of these inverse solvers provided accurate results in a phantom experiment (1.6 mm mean error distance across shallow and 2.6 mm across subcortical testing dipoles). Utilizing the developed technique in freely moving rats, an auditory steady-state response experiment provided results in line with previously reported findings. The obtained results support the idea of utilizing a 12-electrode system for ESI and using it as a solid basis for the development of future ESI dedicated implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Jiricek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Jaroslav Lacik
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Cestmir Vejmola
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Kuratko
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Daniel K. Wójcik
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbynek Raida
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Palenicek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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8
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D'Elia A, Schiavi S, Soluri A, Massari R, Soluri A, Trezza V. Role of Nuclear Imaging to Understand the Neural Substrates of Brain Disorders in Laboratory Animals: Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:596509. [PMID: 33362486 PMCID: PMC7759612 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.596509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging, which allows the real-time visualization, characterization and measurement of biological processes, is becoming increasingly used in neuroscience research. Scintigraphy techniques such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) provide qualitative and quantitative measurement of brain activity in both physiological and pathological states. Laboratory animals, and rodents in particular, are essential in neuroscience research, providing plenty of models of brain disorders. The development of innovative high-resolution small animal imaging systems together with their radiotracers pave the way to the study of brain functioning and neurotransmitter release during behavioral tasks in rodents. The assessment of local changes in the release of neurotransmitters associated with the performance of a given behavioral task is a turning point for the development of new potential drugs for psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review addresses the role of SPECT and PET small animal imaging systems for a better understanding of brain functioning in health and disease states. Brain imaging in rodent models faces a series of challenges since it acts within the boundaries of current imaging in terms of sensitivity and spatial resolution. Several topics are discussed, including technical considerations regarding the strengths and weaknesses of both technologies. Moreover, the application of some of the radioligands developed for small animal nuclear imaging studies is discussed. Then, we examine the changes in metabolic and neurotransmitter activity in various brain areas during task-induced neural activation with special regard to the imaging of opioid, dopaminergic and cannabinoid receptors. Finally, we discuss the current status providing future perspectives on the most innovative imaging techniques in small laboratory animals. The challenges and solutions discussed here might be useful to better understand brain functioning allowing the translation of preclinical results into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata D'Elia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Schiavi
- Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Soluri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Massari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soluri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
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9
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Kleynhans J, Kruger HG, Cloete T, Zeevaart JR, Ebenhan T. In Silico Modelling in the Development of Novel Radiolabelled Peptide Probes. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:7048-7063. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200504082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the usefulness of in silico design approaches in the design of
new radiopharmaceuticals, especially peptide-based radiotracers (including peptidomimetics).
Although not part of the standard arsenal utilized during radiopharmaceutical design, the use
of in silico strategies is steadily increasing in the field of radiochemistry as it contributes to a
more rational and scientific approach. The development of new peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals
as well as a short introduction to suitable computational approaches are provided in
this review. The first section comprises a concise overview of the three most useful computeraided
drug design strategies used, namely i) a Ligand-based Approach (LBDD) using pharmacophore
modelling, ii) a Structure-based Design Approach (SBDD) using molecular docking
strategies and iii) Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion-Toxicity (ADMET)
predictions. The second section summarizes the challenges connected to these computer-aided
techniques and discusses successful applications of in silico radiopharmaceutical design in
peptide-based radiopharmaceutical development, thereby improving the clinical procedure in
Nuclear Medicine. Finally, the advances and future potential of in silico modelling as a design
strategy is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pelindaba 0420, South Africa
| | | | - Theunis Cloete
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pelindaba 0420, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pelindaba 0420, South Africa
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10
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Hampel H, Vergallo A, Afshar M, Akman-Anderson L, Arenas J, Benda N, Batrla R, Broich K, Caraci F, Cuello AC, Emanuele E, Haberkamp M, Kiddle SJ, Lucía A, Mapstone M, Verdooner SR, Woodcock J, Lista S. Blood-based systems biology biomarkers for next-generation clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [PMID: 31636492 PMCID: PMC6787542 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2019.21.2/hhampel] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD)-a complex disease showing multiple pathomechanistic alterations-is triggered by nonlinear dynamic interactions of genetic/epigenetic and environmental risk factors, which, ultimately, converge into a biologically heterogeneous disease. To tackle the burden of AD during early preclinical stages, accessible blood-based biomarkers are currently being developed. Specifically, next-generation clinical trials are expected to integrate positive and negative predictive blood-based biomarkers into study designs to evaluate, at the individual level, target druggability and potential drug resistance mechanisms. In this scenario, systems biology holds promise to accelerate validation and qualification for clinical trial contexts of use-including proof-of-mechanism, patient selection, assessment of treatment efficacy and safety rates, and prognostic evaluation. Albeit in their infancy, systems biology-based approaches are poised to identify relevant AD "signatures" through multifactorial and interindividual variability, allowing us to decipher disease pathophysiology and etiology. Hopefully, innovative biomarker-drug codevelopment strategies will be the road ahead towards effective disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Mohammad Afshar
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Leyla Akman-Anderson
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Norbert Benda
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Richard Batrla
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Karl Broich
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Enzo Emanuele
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Marion Haberkamp
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Steven J Kiddle
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Alejandro Lucía
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Steven R Verdooner
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Janet Woodcock
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Simone Lista
- Author affiliations: AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France (Harald Hampel, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista); Ariana Pharma, Paris, France (Mohammad Afshar); NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA (Leyla Akman-Anderson, Steven R. Verdooner); Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Joaquín Arenas, Alejandro Lucía); Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Norbert Benda); Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland (Richard Batrla); Head and President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Karl Broich); Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy (Filippo Caraci); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A. Claudio Cuello); 2E Science, Robbio, Pavia, Italy (Enzo Emanuele); Neurology/Psychiatry/Ophthalmology Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Marion Haberkamp); MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Steven J. Kiddle); Universidad Europea de Madrid (Sports Science Department), Madrid, Spain (Alejandro Lucía); Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA (Mark Mapstone); Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (Janet Woodcock). Address for correspondence: Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
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11
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Ryu JC, Zimmer ER, Rosa-Neto P, Yoon SO. Consequences of Metabolic Disruption in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:600-610. [PMID: 31270743 PMCID: PMC6694332 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive disease that slowly destroys cognitive function, such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning, to a level that one cannot carry out a daily living. As people live longer, the risk of developing AD has increased to 1 in 10 among people who are older than 65 and to almost 1 in 2 among those who are older than 85 according to a 2019 Alzheimer's Association report. As a most common cause of dementia, AD accounts for 60-80% of all dementia cases. AD is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, composed of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β peptides and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau, respectively. Besides plaques and tangles, AD pathology includes synaptic dysfunction including loss of synapses, inflammation, brain atrophy, and brain hypometabolism, all of which contribute to progressive cognitive decline. Recent genetic studies of sporadic cases of AD have identified a score of risk factors, as reported by Hollingworth et al. (Nat Genet 43:429-435, 2001) and Lambert et al. (Nat Genet 45:1452-1458, 2013). Of all these genes, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) still presents the biggest risk factor for sporadic cases of AD, as stated in Saunders et al. (Neurology 43:1467-1472, 1993): depending on whether you have 1 or 2 copies of APOE4 allele, the risk increases from 3- to 12-fold, respectively, in line with Genin et al. (Mol Psychiatry 16:903-907, 2011). Besides these genetic risk factors, having type 2 diabetes (T2D), a chronic metabolic disease, is known to increase the AD risk by at least 2-fold when these individuals age, conforming to Sims-Robinson et al. (Nat Rev Neurol 6:551-559, 2010). Diabetes is reaching a pandemic scale with over 422 million people diagnosed worldwide in 2014 according to World Health Organization. Although what proportion of these diabetic patients develop AD is not known, even if 10% of diabetic patients develop AD later in their life, it would double the number of AD patients in the world. Better understanding between T2D and AD is of paramount of importance for the future. The goal of this review is to examine our current understanding on metabolic dysfunction in AD, so that a potential target can be identified in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ryu
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P Rosa-Neto
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - S O Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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12
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Malcolm JC, Breuillaud L, Do Carmo S, Hall H, Welikovitch LA, Macdonald JA, Goedert M, Cuello AC. Neuropathological changes and cognitive deficits in rats transgenic for human mutant tau recapitulate human tauopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:323-338. [PMID: 30905766 PMCID: PMC6597947 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of tau protein into abnormal filaments and brain cell degeneration are characteristic of a number of human neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Several murine models have been generated to better understand the mechanisms contributing to tau assembly and neurodegeneration. Taking advantage of the more elaborate central nervous system and higher cognitive abilities of the rat, we generated a model expressing the longest human tau isoform (2N4R) with the P301S mutation. This transgenic rat line, R962-hTau, exhibits the main features of human tauopathies, such as: age-dependent increase in inclusions comprised of aggregated-tau, neuronal loss, global neurodegeneration as reflected by brain atrophy and ventricular dilation, alterations in astrocytic and microglial morphology, and myelin loss. In addition, substantial deficits across multiple memory and learning paradigms, including novel object recognition, fear conditioning and Morris water maze tasks, were observed at the time of advanced tauopathy. These results support the concept that progressive tauopathy correlates with brain atrophy and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice C Malcolm
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Lionel Breuillaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hélène Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lindsay A Welikovitch
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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13
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Gauthier S, Ng KP, Pascoal TA, Zhang H, Rosa-Neto P. Targeting Alzheimer's Disease at the Right Time and the Right Place: Validation of a Personalized Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S23-S31. [PMID: 29504543 PMCID: PMC6004905 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cautious optimism is appropriate for a near future (five years) time frame for a number of drugs acting on the different pathophysiological components of Alzheimer’s disease (amyloid deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, vascular changes, to name the most important known so far). Since the relative weight of these components will be different between individuals and will even change over time for each individual, a ‘one drug fit for all’ approach is no longer defensible. Precision medicine using biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease is the new strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Gauthier
- McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kok Pin Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
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14
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Pascoal TA, Mathotaarachchi S, Kang MS, Mohaddes S, Shin M, Park AY, Parent MJ, Benedet AL, Chamoun M, Therriault J, Hwang H, Cuello AC, Misic B, Soucy JP, Aston JAD, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Aβ-induced vulnerability propagates via the brain's default mode network. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2353. [PMID: 31164641 PMCID: PMC6547716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between brain amyloid-β (Aβ), metabolism, and dementia symptoms remains a pressing question in Alzheimer's disease. Here, using positron emission tomography ([18F]florbetapir tracer for Aβ and [18F]FDG tracer for glucose metabolism) with a novel analytical framework, we found that Aβ aggregation within the brain's default mode network leads to regional hypometabolism in distant but functionally connected brain regions. Moreover, we found that an interaction between this hypometabolism with overlapping Aβ aggregation is associated with subsequent cognitive decline. These results were also observed in transgenic Aβ rats that do not form neurofibrillary tangles, which support these findings as an independent mechanism of cognitive deterioration. These results suggest a model in which distant Aβ induces regional metabolic vulnerability, whereas the interaction between local Aβ with a vulnerable environment drives the clinical progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharick A Pascoal
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, H3A 2B4, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sulantha Mathotaarachchi
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | - Min Su Kang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, H3A 2B4, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sara Mohaddes
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | - Monica Shin
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ah Yeon Park
- Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0WB, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maxime J Parent
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, H3A 2B4, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea L Benedet
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mira Chamoun
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | - Heungsun Hwang
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, H3A 2T5, Montreal, Canada
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - John A D Aston
- Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0WB, Cambridge, UK
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada.
- Montreal Neurological Institute, H3A 2B4, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, H3A 2T5, Montreal, Canada.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada.
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15
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Cuello AC, Hall H, Do Carmo S. Experimental Pharmacology in Transgenic Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:189. [PMID: 30886583 PMCID: PMC6409318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This Mini Review discusses the merits and shortfalls of transgenic (tg) rodents modeling aspects of the human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and their application to evaluate experimental therapeutics. It addresses some of the differences between mouse and rat tg models for these investigations. It relates, in a condensed fashion, the experience of our research laboratory with the application of anti-inflammatory compounds and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) at the earliest stages of AD-like amyloid pathology in tg mice. The application of SAM was intended to revert the global brain DNA hypomethylation unleashed by the intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β-immunoreactive material, an intervention that restored levels of DNA methylation including of the bace1 gene. This review also summarizes experimental pharmacology observations made in the McGill tg rat model of AD-like pathology by applying “nano-lithium” or a drug with allosteric M1 muscarinic and sigma 1 receptor agonistic properties (AF710B). Extremely low doses of lithium (up to 400 times lower than used in the clinic) had remarkable beneficial effects on lowering pathology and improving cognitive functions in tg rats. Likewise, AF710B treatment, even at advanced stages of the pathology, displayed remarkable beneficial effects. This drug, in experimental conditions, demonstrated possible “disease-modifying” properties as pathology was frankly diminished and cognition improved after a month of “wash-out” period. The Mini-Review ends with a discussion on the predictive value of similar experimental pharmacological interventions in current rodent tg models. It comments on the validity of some of these approaches for early interventions at preclinical stages of AD, interventions which may be envisioned once definitive diagnosis of AD before clinical presentation is made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Blume T, Focke C, Peters F, Deussing M, Albert NL, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Ozmen L, Baumann K, Bartenstein P, Rominger A, Herms J, Brendel M. Microglial response to increasing amyloid load saturates with aging: a longitudinal dual tracer in vivo μPET-study. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:307. [PMID: 30400912 PMCID: PMC6220478 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Causal associations between microglia activation and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain a matter of controversy. Therefore, we used longitudinal dual tracer in vivo small animal positron emission tomography (μPET) imaging to resolve the progression of the association between Aβ deposition and microglial responses during aging of an Aβ mouse model. METHODS APP-SL70 mice (N = 17; baseline age 3.2-8.5 months) and age-matched C57Bl/6 controls (wildtype (wt)) were investigated longitudinally for 6 months using Aβ (18F-florbetaben) and 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) μPET (18F-GE180). Changes in cortical binding were transformed to Z-scores relative to wt mice, and microglial activation relative to amyloidosis was defined as the Z-score difference (TSPO-Aβ). Using 3D immunohistochemistry for activated microglia (Iba-1) and histology for fibrillary Aβ (methoxy-X04), we measure microglial brain fraction relative to plaque size and the distance from plaque margins. RESULTS Aβ-PET binding increased exponentially as a function of age in APP-SL70 mice, whereas TSPO binding had an inverse U-shape growth function. Longitudinal Z-score differences declined with aging, suggesting that microglial response declined relative to increasing amyloidosis in aging APP-SL70 mice. Microglial brain volume fraction was inversely related to adjacent plaque size, while the proximity to Aβ plaques increased with age. CONCLUSIONS Microglial activity decreases relative to ongoing amyloidosis with aging in APP-SL70 mice. The plaque-associated microglial brain fraction saturated and correlated negatively with increasing plaque size with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Blume
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Focke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Finn Peters
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Deussing
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laurence Ozmen
- Roche, Pharma Research and Early Development, NORD DTA / Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Roche, Pharma Research and Early Development, NORD DTA / Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 23, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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17
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Focke C, Blume T, Zott B, Shi Y, Deussing M, Peters F, Schmidt C, Kleinberger G, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, Beyer L, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Bartenstein P, Ozmen L, Baumann K, Dorostkar MM, Haass C, Adelsberger H, Herms J, Rominger A, Brendel M. Early and Longitudinal Microglial Activation but Not Amyloid Accumulation Predicts Cognitive Outcome in PS2APP Mice. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:548-554. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.217703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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18
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Liu TC, Lee YC, Ko CY, Liu RS, Ke CC, Lo YC, Hong PS, Chu CY, Chang CW, Wu PW, Chen YY, Chen SY. Highly sensitive/selective 3D nanostructured immunoparticle-based interface on a multichannel sensor array for detecting amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4210-4225. [PMID: 30128048 PMCID: PMC6096390 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides is highly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression in prevailing studies. The successful development of an ultrasensitive detection assay for Aβ is a challenging task, especially from blood-based samples. Methods: We have developed a one-step electrophoresis/electropolymerization strategy for preparing a CSIP hierarchical immunoelectrochemical interface that is easily integrated into a PoCT device. The interface includes conductive silk fibroin-based immunoparticles (CSIPs) via electropolymerized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) bridging to enable on-site electrochemical detection of serum amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) and -β40 (Aβ40) peptides from an AD blood test. In addition, micro-positron emission tomography (microPET) neuroimaging and behavioral tests were simultaneously performed. Results: This nanostructured conductive interface favors penetration of water-soluble biomolecules and catalyzes a redox reaction, providing limits of detection (LOD) of 6.63 pg/mL for Aβ40 and 3.74 pg/mL for Aβ42. Our proof-of-concept study confirms that the multi-sensing electrochemical immunosensor array (MEIA) platform enables simultaneous measurement of serum Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptide levels and is more informative in early stage AD animals than amyloid-labeling Aβ plaque PET imaging and behavioral tests. Conclusion: We believe this study greatly expands the applications of silk fibroin-based materials, is an important contribution to the advancement of biomaterials, and would also be valuable in the design of new types of multichannel electrochemical immunosensor arrays for the detection of other diseases.
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19
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Non-imaged based method for matching brains in a common anatomical space for cellular imagery. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 304:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Tolomeo D, Micotti E, Serra SC, Chappell M, Snellman A, Forloni G. Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI shows low cerebral 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in a model of Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9576. [PMID: 29934551 PMCID: PMC6015016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the central nervous system's only energy source. Imaging techniques capable to detect pathological alterations of the brain metabolism are useful in different diagnostic processes. Such techniques are also beneficial for assessing the evaluation efficacy of therapies in pre-clinical and clinical stages of diseases. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a possible alternative to positron emission tomography (PET) imaging that has been widely explored in cancer research in humans and animal models. We propose that pathological alterations in brain 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) uptake, typical of neurodegenerative diseases, can be detected with CEST MRI. Transgenic mice overexpressing a mutated form of amyloid precusrsor protein (APP23), a model of Alzheimer's disease, analyzed with CEST MRI showed a clear reduction of 2DG uptake in different brain regions. This was reminiscent of the cerebral condition observed in Alzheimer's patients. The results indicate the feasibility of CEST for analyzing the brain metabolic state, with better image resolution than PET in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Tolomeo
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, (MI), Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, (MI), Italy
| | | | - Michael Chappell
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, 6396, Oxford, UK
| | - Anniina Snellman
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, (Tykistökatu 6, FI-20510), Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, (Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520,), Turku, Finland
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, (MI), Italy.
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21
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Brendel M, Yousefi BH, Blume T, Herz M, Focke C, Deussing M, Peters F, Lindner S, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Drzezga A, Bartenstein P, Haass C, Okamura N, Herms J, Yakushev I, Rominger A. Comparison of 18F-T807 and 18F-THK5117 PET in a Mouse Model of Tau Pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:174. [PMID: 29930508 PMCID: PMC5999706 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron-emission-tomography (PET) imaging of tau pathology has facilitated development of anti-tau therapies. While members of the arylquinoline and pyridoindole families have been the most frequently used tau radioligands so far, analyses of their comparative performance in vivo are scantly documented. Here, we conducted a head-to-head PET comparison of the arylquinoline 18FT807 and the pyridoindole 18FTHK5117 PET in a mouse model of tau pathology. PET recordings were obtained in groups of (N = 5–7) P301S and wild-type (WT) mice at 6 and 9 months of age. Volume-of-interest based analysis (standard-uptake-value ratio, SUVR) was used to calculate effect sizes (Cohen’s d) for each tracer and age. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used to assess regional similarity (dice coefficient) of tracer binding alterations for the two tracers. Immunohistochemistry staining of neurofibrillary tangles was performed for validation ex vivo. Significantly elevated 18F-T807 binding in the brainstem of P301S mice was already evident at 6 months (+14%, p < 0.01, d = 1.64), and increased further at 9 months (+23%, p < 0.001, d = 2.70). 18F-THK5117 indicated weaker increases and effect sizes at 6 months (+5%, p < 0.05, d = 1.07) and 9 months (+10%, p < 0.001, d = 1.49). Regional similarity of binding of the two tracers was high (71%) at 9 months. 18F-T807 was more sensitive than 18F-THK5117 to tau pathology in this model, although both tracers present certain obstacles, which need to be considered in the design of longitudinal preclinical tau imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Behrooz H Yousefi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Blume
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Herz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Focke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Deussing
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Finn Peters
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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22
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Chronic Hippocampal Expression of Notch Intracellular Domain Induces Vascular Thickening, Reduces Glucose Availability, and Exacerbates Spatial Memory Deficits in a Rat Model of Early Alzheimer. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8637-8650. [PMID: 29582397 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The specific roles of Notch in progressive adulthood neurodegenerative disorders have begun to be unraveled in recent years. A number of independent studies have shown significant increases of Notch expression in brains from patients at later stages of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the impact of Notch canonical signaling activation in the pathophysiology of AD is still elusive. To further investigate this issue, 2-month-old wild-type (WT) and hemizygous McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats (Tg(+/-)) were injected in CA1 with lentiviral particles (LVP) expressing the transcriptionally active fragment of Notch, known as Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), (LVP-NICD), or control lentivirus particles (LVP-C). The Tg(+/-) rat model captures presymptomatic aspects of the AD pathology, including intraneuronal amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and early cognitive deficits. Seven months after LVP administration, Morris water maze test was performed, and brains isolated for biochemical and histological analysis. Our results showed a learning impairment and a worsening of spatial memory in LVP-NICD- as compared to LVP-C-injected Tg(+/-) rats. In addition, immuno histochemistry, ELISA multiplex, Western blot, RT-qPCR, and 1H-NMR spectrometry of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated that chronic expression of NICD promoted hippocampal vessel thickening with accumulation of Aβ in brain microvasculature, alteration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and a decrease of CSF glucose levels. These findings suggest that, in the presence of early Aβ pathology, expression of NICD may contribute to the development of microvascular abnormalities, altering glucose transport at the BBB with impact on early decline of spatial learning and memory.
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23
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DuBois JM, Rousset OG, Guiot MC, Hall JA, Reader AJ, Soucy JP, Rosa-Neto P, Kobayashi E. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 (mGluR5) Cortical Abnormalities in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Identified In Vivo With [11C]ABP688 Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging. Cereb Cortex 2018; 26:4170-4179. [PMID: 27578494 PMCID: PMC5066831 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) abnormalities have been described in tissue resected from epilepsy patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). To determine if these abnormalities could be identified in vivo, we investigated mGluR5 availability in 10 patients with focal epilepsy and an MRI diagnosis of FCD using positron-emission tomography (PET) and the radioligand [11C]ABP688. Partial volume corrected [11C]ABP688 binding potentials (BPND) were computed using the cerebellum as a reference region. Each patient was compared to homotopic cortical regions in 33 healthy controls using region-of-interest (ROI) and vertex-wise analyses. Reduced [11C]ABP688 BPND in the FCD was seen in 7/10 patients with combined ROI and vertex-wise analyses. Reduced FCD BPND was found in 4/5 operated patients (mean follow-up: 63 months; Engel I), of whom surgical specimens revealed FCD type IIb or IIa, with most balloon cells showing negative or weak mGluR5 immunoreactivity as compared to their respective neuropil and normal neurons at the border of resections. [11C]ABP688 PET shows for the first time in vivo evidence of reduced mGluR5 availability in FCD, indicating focal glutamatergic alterations in malformations of cortical development, which cannot be otherwise clearly demonstrated through resected tissue analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M DuBois
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Olivier G Rousset
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Jeffery A Hall
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Andrew J Reader
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Bio-Imaging Group, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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Abstract
Rodents (especially Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus) have been the most widely used models in biomedical research for many years. A notable shift has taken place over the last two decades, with mice taking a more and more prominent role in biomedical science compared to rats. This shift was primarily instigated by the availability of a much larger genetic toolbox for mice, particularly embryonic-stem-cell-based targeting technology for gene disruption. With the recent emergence of tools for altering the rat genome, notably genome-editing technologies, the technological gap between the two organisms is closing, and it is becoming more important to consider the physiological, anatomical, biochemical and pharmacological differences between rats and mice when choosing the right model system for a specific biological question. The aim of this short review and accompanying poster is to highlight some of the most important differences, and to discuss their impact on studies of human diseases, with a special focus on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Ellenbroek
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6041, New Zealand
| | - Jiun Youn
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6041, New Zealand
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25
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Multimodal Imaging in Rat Model Recapitulates Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers Abnormalities. J Neurosci 2017; 37:12263-12271. [PMID: 29097597 PMCID: PMC5729194 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1346-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging biomarkers are frequently proposed as endpoints for clinical trials targeting brain amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the specific impact of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation on biomarker abnormalities remains elusive in AD. Using the McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic rat as a model of selective Aβ pathology, we characterized the longitudinal progression of abnormalities in biomarkers commonly used in AD research. Middle-aged (9–11 months) transgenic animals (both male and female) displayed mild spatial memory impairments and disrupted cingulate network connectivity measured by resting-state fMRI, even in the absence of hypometabolism (measured with PET [18F]FDG) or detectable fibrillary amyloidosis (measured with PET [18F]NAV4694). At more advanced ages (16–19 months), cognitive deficits progressed in conjunction with resting connectivity abnormalities; furthermore, hypometabolism, Aβ plaque accumulation, reduction of CSF Aβ1-42 concentrations, and hippocampal atrophy (structural MRI) were detectable at this stage. The present results emphasize the early impact of Aβ on brain connectivity and support a framework in which persistent Aβ aggregation itself is sufficient to impose memory circuits dysfunction, which propagates to adjacent brain networks at later stages. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present study proposes a “back translation” of the Alzheimer pathological cascade concept from human to animals. We used the same set of Alzheimer imaging biomarkers typically used in large human cohorts and assessed their progression over time in a transgenic rat model, which allows for a finer spatial resolution not attainable with mice. Using this translational platform, we demonstrated that amyloid-β pathology recapitulates an Alzheimer-like profile of biomarker abnormalities even in the absence of other hallmarks of the disease such as neurofibrillary tangles and widespread neuronal losses.
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Applicability of [ 11C]PIB micro-PET imaging for in vivo follow-up of anti-amyloid treatment effects in APP23 mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:84-94. [PMID: 28605642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the anti-amyloid effect of functionalized nanoliposomes (mApoE-PA-LIP) in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with use of positron emission tomography and β-amyloid (Aβ)-targeted tracer [11C]Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PIB). APP23 mice were injected with mApoE-PA-LIP or saline (3 times per week for 3 weeks) and [11C]PIB imaging was performed at baseline, after the treatment and after 3 months follow-up period, accompanied by Aβ immunohistochemistry and ELISA. After the treatment, [11C]PIB binding ratios between mApoE-PA-LIP and saline groups were equivalent in all analyzed brain regions; however, in the saline group, binding ratios increased from the baseline, whereas no increase was detected in the mApoE-PA-LIP group. During the additional follow-up, [11C]PIB binding increased significantly from baseline in both groups, and binding ratios correlated with the immunohistochemically defined Aβ load. This study further supports the use of [11C]PIB positron emission tomography imaging as a biomarker of Aβ deposition in APP23 mice and highlights the benefits of noninvasive follow-up, that is, using baseline data for animal stratification and normalization of treatment effects to baseline values, for future anti-amyloid treatment studies.
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27
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Ismail MAM, Mateos L, Maioli S, Merino-Serrais P, Ali Z, Lodeiro M, Westman E, Leitersdorf E, Gulyás B, Olof-Wahlund L, Winblad B, Savitcheva I, Björkhem I, Cedazo-Mínguez A. 27-Hydroxycholesterol impairs neuronal glucose uptake through an IRAP/GLUT4 system dysregulation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:699-717. [PMID: 28213512 PMCID: PMC5339669 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ismail et al. show that 27-hydroxycholesterol, a peripheral cholesterol metabolite capable of passing the blood–brain barrier, reduces brain glucose uptake by upregulating the renin-angiotensin system and inhibiting GLUT4. This alteration affects memory processes and is likely to have implications on neurodegenerative diseases. Hypercholesterolemia is associated with cognitively deteriorated states. Here, we show that excess 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH), a cholesterol metabolite passing from the circulation into the brain, reduced in vivo brain glucose uptake, GLUT4 expression, and spatial memory. Furthermore, patients exhibiting higher 27-OH levels had reduced 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. This interplay between 27-OH and glucose uptake revealed the engagement of the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). 27-OH increased the levels and activity of IRAP, countered the IRAP antagonist angiotensin IV (AngIV)–mediated glucose uptake, and enhanced the levels of the AngIV-degrading enzyme aminopeptidase N (AP-N). These effects were mediated by liver X receptors. Our results reveal a molecular link between cholesterol, brain glucose, and the brain renin-angiotensin system, all of which are affected in some neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, reducing 27-OH levels or inhibiting AP-N maybe a useful strategy in the prevention of the altered glucose metabolism and memory decline in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad-Al-Mustafa Ismail
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Mateos
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zeina Ali
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Lodeiro
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eran Leitersdorf
- Center for Research, Prevention, and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olof-Wahlund
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Savitcheva
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Mínguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Brendel M, Kleinberger G, Probst F, Jaworska A, Overhoff F, Blume T, Albert NL, Carlsen J, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, Ozmen L, Suárez-Calvet M, Bartenstein P, Baumann K, Ewers M, Herms J, Haass C, Rominger A. Increase of TREM2 during Aging of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model Is Paralleled by Microglial Activation and Amyloidosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:8. [PMID: 28197095 PMCID: PMC5282474 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous missense mutations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have been reported to significantly increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since TREM2 is specifically expressed by microglia in the brain, we hypothesized that soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) levels may increase together with in vivo biomarkers of microglial activity and amyloidosis in an AD mouse model as assessed by small animal positron-emission-tomography (μPET). In this cross-sectional study, we examined a strong amyloid mouse model (PS2APP) of four age groups by μPET with [18F]-GE180 (glial activation) and [18F]-florbetaben (amyloidosis), followed by measurement of sTREM2 levels and amyloid levels in the brain. Pathology affected brain regions were compared between tracers (dice similarity coefficients) and pseudo-longitudinally. μPET results of both tracers were correlated with terminal TREM2 levels. The brain sTREM2 levels strongly increased with age of PS2APP mice (5 vs. 16 months: +211%, p < 0.001), and correlated highly with μPET signals of microglial activity (R = 0.89, p < 0.001) and amyloidosis (R = 0.92, p < 0.001). Dual μPET enabled regional mapping of glial activation and amyloidosis in the mouse brain, which progressed concertedly leading to a high overlap in aged PS2APP mice (dice similarity 67%). Together, these results substantiate the use of in vivo μPET measurements in conjunction with post mortem sTREM2 in future anti-inflammatory treatment trials. Taking human data into account sTREM2 may increase during active amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Federico Probst
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Jaworska
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMunich, Germany; Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
| | - Felix Overhoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Blume
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Janette Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Laurence Ozmen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMunich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ewers
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMunich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMunich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
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[ 18F]FDG PET signal is driven by astroglial glutamate transport. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:393-395. [PMID: 28135241 PMCID: PMC5378483 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contributions of glial cells to neuroenergetics have been the focus of extensive debate. Here we provide the first positron emission tomography (PET) evidence that activation of the astrocytic glutamate transport via GLT-1 triggers widespread but graded glucose uptake in the rodent brain. Our results highlight the need for a reevaluation of the interpretation of [18F]FDG PET data, whereby astrocytes would be recognized to contribute significantly to the [18F]FDG signal.
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30
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Zhang X, Liu F, Slikker W, Wang C, Paule MG. Minimally invasive biomarkers of general anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 60:95-101. [PMID: 27784630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The association of general anesthesia with developmental neurotoxicity, while nearly impossible to study in pediatric populations, is clearly demonstrable in a variety of animal models from rodents to nonhuman primates. Nearly all general anesthetics tested have been shown to cause abnormal brain cell death in animals when administered during periods of rapid brain growth. The ability to repeatedly assess in the same subjects adverse effects induced by general anesthetics provides significant power to address the time course of important events associated with exposures. Minimally-invasive procedures provide the opportunity to bridge the preclinical/clinical gap by providing the means to more easily translate findings from the animal laboratory to the human clinic. Positron Emission Tomography or PET is a tool with great promise for realizing this goal. PET for small animals (microPET) is providing valuable data on the life cycle of general anesthetic induced neurotoxicity. PET radioligands (annexin V and DFNSH) targeting apoptotic processes have demonstrated that a single bout of general anesthesia effected during a vulnerable period of CNS development can result in prolonged apoptotic signals lasting for several weeks in the rat. A marker of cellular proliferation (FLT) has demonstrated in rodents that general anesthesia-induced inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation is evident when assessed a full 2weeks after exposure. Activated glia express Translocator Protein (TSPO) which can be used as a marker of presumed neuroinflammatory processes and a PET ligand for the TSPO (FEPPA) has been used to track this process in both rat and nonhuman primate models. It has been shown that single bouts of general anesthesia can result in elevated TSPO expression lasting for over a week. These examples demonstrate the utility of specific PET tracers to inform, in a minimally-invasive fashion, processes associated with general anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity. The fact that PET procedures are also used clinically suggests an opportunity to confirm in humans what has been repeatedly observed in animals.
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Schilling LP, Zimmer ER, Shin M, Leuzy A, Pascoal TA, Benedet AL, Borelli WV, Palmini A, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Imaging Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology with PET. Dement Neuropsychol 2016; 10:79-90. [PMID: 29213438 PMCID: PMC5642398 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1002003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been reconceptualised as a dynamic pathophysiological process characterized by preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia stages. Positron emission tomography (PET) associated with various molecular imaging agents reveals numerous aspects of dementia pathophysiology, such as brain amyloidosis, tau accumulation, neuroreceptor changes, metabolism abnormalities and neuroinflammation in dementia patients. In the context of a growing shift toward presymptomatic early diagnosis and disease-modifying interventions, PET molecular imaging agents provide an unprecedented means of quantifying the AD pathophysiological process, monitoring disease progression, ascertaining whether therapies engage their respective brain molecular targets, as well as quantifying pharmacological responses. In the present study, we highlight the most important contributions of PET in describing brain molecular abnormalities in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Porcello Schilling
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Monica Shin
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andréa L Benedet
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wyllians Vendramini Borelli
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - André Palmini
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
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Brendel M, Probst F, Jaworska A, Overhoff F, Korzhova V, Albert NL, Beck R, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, Baumann K, Bartenstein P, Kleinberger G, Haass C, Herms J, Rominger A. Glial Activation and Glucose Metabolism in a Transgenic Amyloid Mouse Model: A Triple-Tracer PET Study. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:954-60. [PMID: 26912428 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.167858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Amyloid imaging by small-animal PET in models of Alzheimer disease (AD) offers the possibility to track amyloidogenesis and brain energy metabolism. Because microglial activation is thought to contribute to AD pathology, we undertook a triple-tracer small-animal PET study to assess microglial activation and glucose metabolism in association with amyloid plaque load in a transgenic AD mouse model. METHODS Groups of PS2APP and C57BL/6 wild-type mice of various ages were examined by small-animal PET. We acquired 90-min dynamic emission data with (18)F-GE180 for imaging activated microglia (18-kD translocator protein ligand [TSPO]) and static 30- to 60-min recordings with (18)F-FDG for energy metabolism and (18)F-florbetaben for amyloidosis. Optimal fusion of PET data was obtained through automatic nonlinear spatial normalization, and SUVRs were calculated. For the novel TSPO tracer (18)F-GE180, we then calculated distribution volume ratios after establishing a suitable reference region. Immunohistochemical analyses with TSPO antisera, methoxy-X04 staining for fibrillary β-amyloid, and ex vivo autoradiography served as terminal gold standard assessments. RESULTS SUVR at 60-90 min after injection gave robust quantitation of (18)F-GE180, which correlated well with distribution volume ratios calculated from the entire recording and using a white matter reference region. Relative to age-matched wild-type, (18)F-GE180 SUVR was slightly elevated in PS2APP mice at 5 mo (+9%; P < 0.01) and distinctly increased at 16 mo (+25%; P < 0.001). Over this age range, there was a high positive correlation between small-animal PET findings of microglial activation with amyloid load (R = 0.85; P < 0.001) and likewise with metabolism (R = 0.61; P < 0.005). Immunohistochemical and autoradiographic findings confirmed the in vivo small-animal PET data. CONCLUSION In this first triple-tracer small-animal PET in a well-established AD mouse model, we found evidence for age-dependent microglial activation. This activation, correlating positively with the amyloid load, implies a relationship between amyloidosis and inflammation in the PS2APP AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Federico Probst
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Jaworska
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Overhoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Beck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany SyNergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany SyNergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany SyNergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany SyNergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany SyNergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
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Brendel M, Jaworska A, Probst F, Overhoff F, Korzhova V, Lindner S, Carlsen J, Bartenstein P, Harada R, Kudo Y, Haass C, Van Leuven F, Okamura N, Herms J, Rominger A. Small-Animal PET Imaging of Tau Pathology with 18F-THK5117 in 2 Transgenic Mouse Models. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:792-8. [PMID: 26912432 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.163493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of tau aggregates in the brain is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease neuropathology. We visualized tau deposition in vivo with the previously developed 2-arylquinoline derivative (18)F-THK5117 using small-animal PET in conjunction with autoradiography and immunohistochemistry gold standard assessment in 2 transgenic mouse models expressing hyperphosphorylated tau. Small-animal PET recordings were obtained in groups of P301S (n = 11) and biGT mice (n = 16) of different ages, with age-matched wild-type (WT) serving as controls. After intravenous administration of 16 ± 2 MBq of (18)F-THK5117, a dynamic 90-min emission recording was initiated for P301S mice and during 20-50 min after injection for biGT mice, followed by a 15-min transmission scan. After coregistration to the MRI atlas and scaling to the cerebellum, we performed volume-of-interest-based analysis (SUV ratio [SUVR]) and statistical parametric mapping. Small-animal PET results were compared with autoradiography ex vivo and in vitro and further validated with AT8 staining for neurofibrillary tangles. SUVRs calculated from static recordings during the interval of 20-50 min after tracer injection correlated highly with estimates of binding potential based on the entire dynamic emission recordings (R = 0.85). SUVR increases were detected in the brain stem of aged P301S mice (+11%; P < 0.001) and in entorhinal/amygdaloidal areas (+15%; P < 0.001) of biGT mice when compared with WT, whereas aged WT mice did not show increased tracer uptake. Immunohistochemical tau loads correlated with small-animal PET SUVR for both P301S (R = 0.8; P < 0.001) and biGT (R = 0.7; P < 0.001) mice, and distribution patterns of AT8-positive neurons matched voxelwise statistical parametric mapping analysis. Saturable binding of the tracer was verified by autoradiographic blocking studies. In the first dedicated small-animal PET study in 2 different transgenic tauopathy mouse models using the tau tracer (18)F-THK5117, the temporal and spatial progression could be visualized in good correlation with gold standard assessments of tau accumulation. The serial small-animal PET method could afford the means for preclinical testing of novel therapeutic approaches by accommodating interanimal variability at baseline, while detection thresholds in young animals have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Jaworska
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Federico Probst
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Overhoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktoria Korzhova
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janette Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Ni R, Gulyás B, Tóth M, Häggkvist J, Halldin C, Voytenko L, Marutle A, Nordberg A. Astrocytosis precedes amyloid plaque deposition in Alzheimer APPswe transgenic mouse brain: a correlative positron emission tomography and in vitro imaging study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:1119-32. [PMID: 25893384 PMCID: PMC4424277 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathological studies suggest that neuroinflammation is exacerbated by increased beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels in the brain early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The time course and relationships between astrocytosis and Aβ deposition were examined using multitracer in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in an AD transgenic mouse model, followed by postmortem autoradiography and immunohistochemistry analysis. METHODS PET imaging with the amyloid plaque tracer (11)C-AZD2184 and the astroglial tracer (11)C-deuterium-L-deprenyl ((11)C-DED) was carried out in APPswe mice aged 6, 8-15 and 18-24 months (4-6 animals/group) and in wild-type (wt) mice aged 8-15 and 18-24 months (3-6 animals/group). Tracer uptake was quantified by region of interest analysis using PMOD software and a 3-D digital mouse brain atlas. Postmortem brain tissues from the same APPswe and wt mice in all age groups were analysed for Aβ deposition and astrocytosis by in vitro autoradiography using (3)H-AZD2184, (3)H-Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) and (3)H-L-deprenyl and immunostaining performed with antibodies for Aβ42 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in sagittal brain sections. RESULTS (11)C-AZD2184 PET retention in the cerebral cortices of APPswe mice was significantly higher at 18-24 months than in age-matched wt mice. Cortical and hippocampal (11)C-DED PET binding was significantly higher at 6 months than at 8-15 months or 18-24 months in APPswe mice, and it was also higher than at 8-15 months in wt mice. In vitro autoradiography (3)H-AZD2184 and (3)H-PIB binding confirmed the in vivo findings with (11)C-AZD2184 and demonstrated age-dependent increases in Aβ deposition in APPswe cortex and hippocampus. There were no significant differences between APPswe and wt mice in (3)H-L-deprenyl autoradiography binding across age groups. Immunohistochemical quantification demonstrated more Aβ42 deposits in the cortex and hippocampus and more GFAP(+) reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus at 18-24 months than at 6 months in APPswe mice. CONCLUSION The findings provide further in vivo evidence that astrocytosis occurs early in AD, preceding Aβ plaque deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Novum 5th Floor, Blickagången 6, 141 57, Stockholm, Sweden
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