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Lopez-Antia A, Piña B, Lacorte S, Bervoets L, Eens M. Transcriptomic effects of Perfluoralkyl acids on the adipose tissue of a songbird species at environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121478. [PMID: 36972811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoralkyl acids (PFAS) have been regarded as global pollutants for at least twenty years, with potentially negative physiological effects on multiple vertebrate species including humans. Here we analyze the effects of the administration of environmentally-relevant levels of PFAS on caged canaries (Serinus canaria) by using a combination of physiological, immunological, and transcriptomic analyses. This constitutes a completely new approach to understand the toxicity pathway of PFAS in birds. While we observed no effects on physiological and immunological parameters (e.g, body weight, fat index, cell-mediated immunity), the transcriptome of the pectoral fatty tissue showed changes compatible with the known effects of PFAS as obesogens in other vertebrates, particularly in mammals. First, transcripts related to the immunological response were affected (mainly enriched), including several key signaling pathways. Second, we found a repression of genes related to the peroxisome response and fatty acid metabolism. We interpret these results as indicative of the potential hazard of environmental concentrations of PFAS on the fat metabolism and the immunological system of birds, while exemplifying the ability of transcriptomic analyses of detecting early physiological responses to toxicants. As the potentially affected functions are essential for the survival of the animals during, for example, migration, our results underline the need for tight control of the exposure of natural populations of birds to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez-Antia
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Gao Y, Song B, He A, Liu C, Lu Y, Li J, Fu J, Liang Y, Wang Y. Isomer-specific perfluoroalkyl acids accumulation, excretion and maternal transfer to eggs in chickens around a fluorochemical manufactory in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161125. [PMID: 36581275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The co-existing of multiple Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) might pose more complicated situation for the exposure risk of environment and biota, especially for the surrounding area of the contaminated communities. In this study, tissues and organs of free-ranged chickens, paired eggs, corresponding feces, water, soil/dust, and feed samples around a fluorochemical manufactory were collected to investigate the tissue-isomer-specific accumulation, elimination and maternal transfer to eggs of PFASs. Free-ranged chickens had much higher ∑PFASs concentrations than farm chickens, and PFBA and PFOS were the predominant PFASs in tissues and organs, which is consistence with the electrochemical fluorination (ECF) production pattern of this manufactory. This result implied that PFASs released from manufactory production is a direct exposure source to the chickens. ∑PFASs concentrations in yolk samples were higher than other tissues and organs, while the concentrations in albumen were lowest. Isomer profiles analysis indicated that n-PFOS proportions in tissues, organs, yolk, and albumen ranged from 85.3 %-98.1 %, whereas in the feces with the percentage of 72.9 %, indicating that the branched PFOS isomers showed faster excretion rate than n-PFOS for chickens. Resident's estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ∑PFASs via chicken were in the range of 6.41 to 107.18 ng/kg·bw/d. Notably, the EDIs of the sum of four PFASs were higher than the TDI of EFSA in 2020, indicating potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Boyu Song
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the China, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Anen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Pulster EL, Wichterman AE, Snyder SM, Fogelson S, Da Silva BF, Costa KA, Aufmuth J, Deak KL, Murawski SA, Bowden JA. Detection of long chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the benthic Golden tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) and their association with microscopic hepatic changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151143. [PMID: 34695459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are major sinks for anthropogenic pollutants, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Although PFAS have been detected in surface waters globally, this is the first report of PFAS in a deep (170-400 m) demersal species in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Golden Tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) plasma extracts (n = 185) were investigated for the presence of PFAS using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A subset of liver tissues (n = 51) were also analyzed for microscopic hepatic changes (MHCs). Overall, nine of the 110 PFAS targeted were detected in Tilefish plasma at relatively high frequencies. Plasma concentrations of total PFAS (Σ9PFAS) ranged from below the detection limit to 27.9 ng g-1 w.w. Significant regional differences were observed with the highest concentrations of PFAS detected in the north central region of the GoM, where substantial industrialization and discharges from the Mississippi River occur. Compared to most wildlife and matrices analyzed globally, the PFAS profiles in Tilefish were unique as they are dominated by PFUnDA. Profile differences are hypothesized to be the result of Tilefish's distinctive lifestyle, habitat, diet, and partitioning characteristics of long-chain PFAS. Several MHCs were identified in this subset of Tilefish that could be detrimental to their health. Significant correlations between PFAS concentrations and biometric indices and MHCs were evident, however, additional research is needed to investigate the role PFAS and PFAS combined with chemical admixtures may play in inducing observed hepatic changes and other physiological effects in Tilefish. These findings give insight into the fate of PFAS at depth in aquatic ecosystems and are cause for concern regarding the health of other deep water benthic biota in GoM and other deepwater sinks for PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Pulster
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave S, St. Petersburg 33701, FL, USA.
| | - Amanda E Wichterman
- School of Forest, Fisheries, & Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, 136 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Susan M Snyder
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave S, St. Petersburg 33701, FL, USA.
| | | | - Bianca F Da Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Kaylie A Costa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Joe Aufmuth
- George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, 1545 W University Ave, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Kristina L Deak
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave S, St. Petersburg 33701, FL, USA.
| | - Steven A Murawski
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave S, St. Petersburg 33701, FL, USA.
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Ankley GT, Cureton P, Hoke RA, Houde M, Kumar A, Kurias J, Lanno R, McCarthy C, Newsted J, Salice CJ, Sample BE, Sepúlveda MS, Steevens J, Valsecchi S. Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State-of-the Science and a Proposed Path Forward. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:564-605. [PMID: 32897586 PMCID: PMC7984443 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals of potential concern to human health and the environment. Based on information for a few relatively well-understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis to suspect that at least a subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable for determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking for the majority of PFAS. In August 2019, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry sponsored a workshop that focused on the state-of-the-science supporting risk assessment of PFAS. The present review summarizes discussions concerning the ecotoxicology and ecological risks of PFAS. First, we summarize currently available information relevant to problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, and hazard/effects of PFAS in the context of regulatory and ecological risk assessment activities from around the world. We then describe critical gaps and uncertainties relative to ecological risk assessments for PFAS and propose approaches to address these needs. Recommendations include the development of more comprehensive monitoring programs to support exposure assessment, an emphasis on research to support the formulation of predictive models for bioaccumulation, and the development of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods to efficiently assess biological effects for potentially sensitive species/endpoints. Addressing needs associated with assessing the ecological risk of PFAS will require cross-disciplinary approaches that employ both conventional and new methods in an integrated, resource-effective manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:564-605. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Ankley
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection AgencyDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Philippa Cureton
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, MontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation UrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jessy Kurias
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria S. Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue UniversityWest LayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jeffery Steevens
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute, National Research CouncilBrugherioMonza and BrianzaItaly
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Mattsson A, Sjöberg S, Kärrman A, Brunström B. Developmental exposure to a mixture of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) affects the thyroid hormone system and the bursa of Fabricius in the chicken. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19808. [PMID: 31874986 PMCID: PMC6930258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and eggs and nestlings of raptors and fish-eating birds often contain high levels of PFAAs. We studied developmental effects of a mixture of ten PFAAs by exposing chicken embryos to 0.5 or 3 μg/g egg of each compound in the mixture. Histological changes of the thyroid gland were noted at both doses and increased expression of mRNA coding for type III deiodinase was found at 0.5 μg/g egg. Serum concentrations of the free fraction of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were reduced by the PFAA mixture at 3 µg/g egg, which is in line with a decreased synthesis and increased turnover of thyroid hormones as indicated by our histological findings and the decreased mRNA expression of type III deiodinase. The relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius increased at a dose of 3 μg/g egg in females. The bursa is the site of B-cell development in birds and is crucial for the avian adaptive immune system. Analysis of plasma and liver concentrations of the mixture components showed differences depending on chain length and functional group. Our results highlight the vulnerability of the thyroid hormone and immune systems to PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mattsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Sjöberg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Björn Brunström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mittal K, Crump D, Basu N. A comparative study of 3 alternative avian toxicity testing methods: Effects on hepatic gene expression in the chicken embryo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2546-2555. [PMID: 31386763 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in developing alternative methods to screen and prioritize chemical hazards, although few studies have compared responses across different methods. The objective of the present study was to compare 3 alternative liver methods derived from white Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus): primary hepatocyte culture, liver slices, and liver from in ovo injected embryos. We examined hepatic gene expression changes after exposure to 3 chemicals (17β-trenbolone [17βT], 17β-estradiol [E2], and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD]) using a custom quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array with 7 genes (vitellogenin [VTG], apolipoprotein [Apo], cytochrome P450 1A4 [CYP1A4], liver basic fatty acid binding protein [LBFABP], 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [HSD3β1], stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase [SCD], and estrogen sulfotransferase [SULT1E1]). Gene expression across the 3 methods was examined using hierarchical clustering. Up-regulation of CYP1A4 in response to TCDD was consistent across all methods, and the magnitude was higher in hepatocytes (>150-fold) compared with slices (>31-fold) and in ovo liver (>27-fold). In hepatocytes, SCD and VTG up-regulation in response to 17βT and E2 was >4-fold and 16-fold, respectively. The rank order of cases with significant changes in gene expression among the 3 methods was: hepatocytes (22) > in ovo liver (11) > liver slices (6). Hierarchical clustering grouped liver slices and in ovo liver as more similar, whereas hepatocytes were grouped separately from in ovo liver. More introspective comparisons are needed to understand how and why alternative methods differ and to aid in their integration into toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2546-2555. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittika Mittal
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cogburn LA, Smarsh DN, Wang X, Trakooljul N, Carré W, White HB. Transcriptional profiling of liver in riboflavin-deficient chicken embryos explains impaired lipid utilization, energy depletion, massive hemorrhaging, and delayed feathering. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:177. [PMID: 29506485 PMCID: PMC5836443 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strain of Leghorn chickens (rd/rd), unable to produce a functional riboflavin-binding protein, lays riboflavin-deficient eggs, in which all embryos suddenly die at mid-incubation (days 13-15). This malady, caused by riboflavin deficiency, leads to excessive lipid accumulation in liver, impaired β-oxidation of lipid, and severe hypoglycemia prior to death. We have used high-density chicken microarrays for time-course transcriptional scans of liver in chicken embryos between days 9-15 during this riboflavin-deficiency-induced metabolic catastrophe. For comparison, half of rd/rd embryos (n = 16) were rescued from this calamity by injection of riboflavin just prior to incubation of fertile eggs from rd/rd hens. RESULTS No significant differences were found between hepatic transcriptomes of riboflavin-deficient and riboflavin-rescued embryos at the first two ages (days 9 and 11). Overall, we found a 3.2-fold increase in the number of differentially expressed hepatic genes between day 13 (231 genes) and day 15 (734 genes). Higher expression of genes encoding the chicken flavoproteome was more evident in rescued- (15 genes) than in deficient-embryos (4 genes) at day 15. Diminished activity of flavin-dependent enzymes in riboflavin-deficient embryos blocks catabolism of yolk lipids, which normally serves as the predominant source of energy required for embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Riboflavin deficiency in mid-stage embryos leads to reduced expression of numerous genes controlling critical functions, including β-oxidation of lipids, blood coagulation and feathering. Surprisingly, reduced expression of feather keratin 1 was found in liver of riboflavin-deficient embryos at e15, which could be related to their delayed feathering and sparse clubbed down. A large number of genes are expressed at higher levels in liver of riboflavin-deficient embryos; these up-regulated genes control lipid storage/transport, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, protein catabolism/ubiquitination and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A. Cogburn
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Danielle N. Smarsh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Present Address: Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209 USA
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Present Address: Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Wilfrid Carré
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Present Address: Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Harold B. White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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Bodin J, Groeng EC, Andreassen M, Dirven H, Nygaard UC. Exposure to perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) accelerates insulitis development in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:664-672. [PMID: 28959590 PMCID: PMC5616085 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoralkylated substances (PFAS) are classified as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances and are widespread environmental contaminants. Humans are exposed through food, drinking water and air. We have previously reported that bisphenol A accelerates spontaneous diabetes development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and observed in the present study that perfluoroundecanoic acid, PFUnDA, increased insulitis development, a prerequisite for diabetes development in NOD mice. We exposed NOD mice to PFUnDA in drinking water (3, 30 and 300 μg/l) at mating, during gestation and lactation and until 30 weeks of age. After 300 μg/l PFUnDA exposure, we report (i) increased pancreatic insulitis, (ii) increased number of apoptotic cells in pancreatic islets prior to insulitis and (iii) decreased phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages. There was also a trend of decreased number of tissue resident macrophages in pancreatic islets prior to insulitis after exposure to 300 μg/l, and altered cytokine secretion in activated splenocytes after exposure to 3 μg/l PFUnDA. Although insulitis is a prerequisite for autoimmune diabetes, the accelerated insulitis was not associated with accelerated diabetes development. Instead, the incidence of diabetes tended to be reduced in the animals exposed to 3 and 30 μg/l PFUnDA, suggesting a non-monotonic dose response. The effects of PFUnDA exposure on increased apoptosis in pancreas and reduced macrophage function as well as accelerated insulitis development in NOD mice, may also be relevant for human insulitis. Further observational autoimmune diabetes clinical cohort studies and animal experiments for PFUnDA as well as other PFASs are therefore encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bodin
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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