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Dolci MDC, Spina FA, Sallum MAM. Entomological Reference Collection: 85 years of contributions to public health. Rev Saude Publica 2023; 57:57. [PMID: 37878843 PMCID: PMC10519704 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Department of Hygiene of the Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo (FMUSP), organized with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, became the Institute of Hygiene, with the inaugural class taught by Samuel Darling in 1918. The history of Public Health Entomology is mixed with that of the Institute itself, which became the Faculty of Hygiene and Public Health in 1945. Still in the 1930s, Paulo César de Azevedo Antunes and John Lane organized Public Health Entomology within the Medical Parasitology area of the then Institute of Hygiene. During this period, the entomology laboratory came to be recognized for its research in the systematics of hematophagous insects, as well as in the ecology, biology and behavior of vectors. The Entomological Reference Collection (CER) originated naturally from the research of Paulo César Antunes and John Lane and is a national and international heritage covering primary and secondary types of insect species that are of interest to public health. Over the years, it has been consolidated with the efforts of Augusto Ayroza Galvão, Renato Corrêa, José Coutinho, Nelson Cerqueira, Ernesto Rabello, Oswaldo Forattini and others. In its over eighty years of activities, CER has enabled the training of several scientists able to act in programs of surveillance and control of endemic diseases associated with insect vectors throughout Latin America, in addition to training taxonomists focused on insects of interest in Public Health. Researchers from other Brazilian institutes and abroad joined the entomology laboratory because of its importance and the research developed in it. The growing scientific production made it possible for entomological studies developed at the Faculty of Public Health (FSP) to gain international visibility, contributing to the development of disease prevention and epidemic control actions in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Carvalho Dolci
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaDepartamento de EpidemiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Fabrício Auad Spina
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em EpidemiologiaSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaDepartamento de EpidemiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Garcia KKS, Abrahão AA, Oliveira AFDM, Henriques KMDD, de Pina-Costa A, Siqueira AM, Ramalho WM. Malaria time series in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil: epidemiological scenario and a two-year prediction model. Malar J 2022; 21:157. [PMID: 35641976 PMCID: PMC9153870 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, malaria is caused mainly by the Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum species. Its transmission occurs in endemic and non-endemic areas. Malaria geography in Brazil has retracted and is now concentrated in the North region. The Brazilian Amazon region accounts for 99% of Brazil's cases. Brazil's extra-Amazon region has a high frequency of imported cases and in 2019 presented a mortality rate 123 times higher than the Amazon region. Extra-Amazon cases present risks of reintroduction. This study aims to characterize the epidemiological scenario for malaria in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil from 2011 to 2020 with a two-year forecast. METHODS Time-series study with description of malaria cases and deaths registered in Brazilian extra-Amazon region from 2011 to 2020. Public data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan) and the Mortality Information System (SIM) were used. Descriptive analysis, incidence, and notification rates were calculated. Flow charts analysed the flux between Places of Probable Infection (PI) and places of notification. The prediction model utilized a multiplicative Holt-winters model for trend and seasonality components. RESULTS A total of 6849 cases were registered. Cases were predominantly white males with 9 to 11 years of education, mostly between 30 and 39 years old. Imported cases accounted for 78.9% of cases. Most frequent occupations for imported cases are related to travelling and tourism activities. Among autochthonous cases, there is a higher frequency of agriculture and domestic economic activities. In the period there were 118 deaths due to malaria, of which 34.7% were caused by P. falciparum infections and 48.3% were not specified. The most intense flows of imported cases are from Amazonas and Rondônia to São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Paraná. The prediction estimates around 611 cases for each of the following two years. CONCLUSION The time series allows a vast epidemiological visualization with a short-term prediction analysis that supports public health planning. Government actions need to be better directed in the extra-Amazon region so the objective of eliminating malaria in Brazil is achieved. Carrying out quality assessments for information systems and qualifying personnel is advisable. Malaria outside the Amazon region is mainly due to imported cases and delay in diagnosis is associated with a higher fatality rate. Better strategies to diagnose and treat suspected cases can lead to lower risk of deaths and local outbreaks that will be important for achieving malaria elimination in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- School of Medicine, Centro Universitário Serra Dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Machado Siqueira
- FIOCRUZ, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 4365, Brazil
| | - Walter Massa Ramalho
- Tropical Medicine Center, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Brasília, Brazil
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Laporta GZ, Grillet ME, Rodovalho SR, Massad E, Sallum MAM. Reaching the malaria elimination goal in Brazil: a spatial analysis and time-series study. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:39. [PMID: 35382896 PMCID: PMC8981179 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2015, the Global Technical Strategy (GTS) for Malaria 2016–2030 has been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a comprehensive framework to accelerate progress for malaria elimination in endemic countries. This strategy sets the target of reducing global malaria incidence and mortality rates by 90% in 2030. Here it is sought to evaluate Brazil’s achievements towards reaching the WHO GTS milestone in 2030. Considering the total number of new malaria cases in 2015, the main research question is: will Brazil reach the malaria elimination goal in 2030? Methods Analytical strategies were undertaken using the SIVEP-malaria official databases of the Brazilian Malaria Control Programme for the Brazilian Amazon region from 2009 to 2020. Spatial and time-series analyses were applied for identifying municipalities that support the highest numbers of malaria cases over the years. Forecast analysis was used for predicting the estimated number of new cases in Brazil in 2025–2050. Results Brazil has significantly reduced the number of new malaria cases in 2020 in comparison with 2015 in the states of Acre (− 56%), Amapá (− 75%), and Amazonas (− 21%); however, they increased in the states of Pará (156%), Rondônia (74%), and Roraima (362%). Forecast of the predicted number of new malaria cases in 2030 is 74,764 (95% CI: 41,116–141,160) in the Brazilian Amazon. Conclusions It is likely that Brazil will reduce the number of new malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon in 2030 in relation to that in 2015. Herein forecast shows a reduction by 46% (74,754 in 2030 forecast/137,982 in 2015), but this reduction is yet far from the proposed reduction under the WHO GTS 2030 milestone (90%). Stable and unbeatable transmission in the Juruá River Valley, Manaus, and Lábrea still support endemic malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Today’s cross-border malaria is impacting the state of Roraima unprecedently. If this situation is maintained, the malaria elimination goal (zero cases) may not be reached before 2050. An enhanced political commitment is vital to ensure optimal public health intervention designs in the post-2030 milestones for malaria elimination. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00945-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eugenia Grillet
- Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Institute of Zoology and Tropical Ecology, School of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Sheila Rodrigues Rodovalho
- Technical Unit of Transmissible Diseases and Current Health Assessment, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Massad
- School of Applied Mathematics, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Seijas-Chávez JA, Nolan MS, Lynn MK, da Rocha MJF, da Costa Araújo M, Fonseca FLA, Laporta GZ. Causal effects on low Apgar at 5-min and stillbirth in a malaria maternal-fetal health outcome investigation: a large perinatal surveillance study in the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2021; 20:444. [PMID: 34823521 PMCID: PMC8614005 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria elimination in Brazil poses several challenges, including the control of Plasmodium falciparum foci and the hidden burden of Plasmodium vivax in pregnancy. Maternal malaria and fetal health outcomes were investigated with a perinatal surveillance study in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Brazilian Amazon. The research questions are: what are the causal effects of low birth weight on low Apgar at 5-min and of perinatal anaemia on stillbirth? METHODS From November 2018 to October 2019, pregnant women of ≥ 22 weeks or puerperal mothers, who delivered at the referral maternity hospital (Juruá Women and Children's Hospital), were recruited to participate in a malaria surveillance study. Clinical information was obtained from a questionnaire and abstracted from medical reports. Haemoglobin level and presence of malarial parasites were tested by haematology counter and light microscopy, respectively. Low Apgar at 5-min and stillbirth were the outcomes analysed in function of clinical data and epidemiologic risk factors for maternal malaria infection using both a model of additive and independent effects and a causal model with control of confounders and use of mediation. RESULTS In total, 202 (7.2%; N = 2807) women had malaria during pregnancy. Nearly half of malaria infections during pregnancy (n = 94) were P. falciparum. A total of 27 women (1.03%; N = 2632) had perinatal malaria (19 P. vivax and 8 P. falciparum). Perinatal anaemia was demonstrated in 1144 women (41.2%; N = 2779) and low birth weight occurred in 212 newborns (3.1%; N = 2807). A total of 75 newborns (2.7%; N = 2807) had low (< 7) Apgar scores at 5-min., and stillbirth occurred in 23 instances (30.7%; n = 75). Low birth weight resulted in 7.1 higher odds of low Apgar at 5-min (OR = 7.05, 95% CI 3.86-12.88, p < 0.001) modulated by living in rural conditions, malaria during pregnancy, perinatal malaria, and perinatal anaemia. Stillbirth was associated with perinatal anaemia (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.02-6.42, p = 0.0444) modulated by living in rural conditions, falciparum malaria during pregnancy, perinatal malaria, and perinatal fever. CONCLUSIONS While Brazil continues its path towards malaria elimination, the population still faces major structural problems, including substandard living conditions. Here malaria infections on pregnant women were observed having indirect effects on fetal outcomes, contributing to low Apgar at 5-min and stillbirth. Finally, the utility of employing multiple statistical analysis methods to validate consistent trends is vital to ensure optimal public health intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Abel Seijas-Chávez
- Centro Universitário FMABC, Fundação ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
- Hospital da Mulher e da Criança do Juruá (HMCJ), Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Melissa S Nolan
- Laboratory of Vector-Borne and Parasitic Diseases, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Mary K Lynn
- Laboratory of Vector-Borne and Parasitic Diseases, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Muana da Costa Araújo
- Vigilância Entomológica da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Centro Universitário FMABC, Fundação ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Oliveira TMP, Laporta GZ, Bergo ES, Chaves LSM, Antunes JLF, Bickersmith SA, Conn JE, Massad E, Sallum MAM. Vector role and human biting activity of Anophelinae mosquitoes in different landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:236. [PMID: 33957959 PMCID: PMC8101188 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental disturbance, deforestation and socioeconomic factors all affect malaria incidence in tropical and subtropical endemic areas. Deforestation is the major driver of habitat loss and fragmentation, which frequently leads to shifts in the composition, abundance and spatial distribution of vector species. The goals of the present study were to: (i) identify anophelines found naturally infected with Plasmodium; (ii) measure the effects of landscape on the number of Nyssorhynchus darlingi, presence of Plasmodium-infected Anophelinae, human biting rate (HBR) and malaria cases; and (iii) determine the frequency and peak biting time of Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes and Ny. darlingi. METHODS Anopheline mosquitoes were collected in peridomestic and forest edge habitats in seven municipalities in four Amazon Brazilian states. Females were identified to species and tested for Plasmodium by real-time PCR. Negative binomial regression was used to measure any association between deforestation and number of Ny. darlingi, number of Plasmodium-infected Anophelinae, HBR and malaria. Peak biting time of Ny. darlingi and Plasmodium-infected Anophelinae were determined in the 12-h collections. Binomial logistic regression measured the association between presence of Plasmodium-infected Anophelinae and landscape metrics and malaria cases. RESULTS Ninety-one females of Ny. darlingi, Ny. rangeli, Ny. benarrochi B and Ny. konderi B were found to be infected with Plasmodium. Analysis showed that the number of malaria cases and the number of Plasmodium-infected Anophelinae were more prevalent in sites with higher edge density and intermediate forest cover (30-70%). The distance of the drainage network to a dwelling was inversely correlated to malaria risk. The peak biting time of Plasmodium-infected Anophelinae was 00:00-03:00 h. The presence of Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes was higher in landscapes with > 13 malaria cases. CONCLUSIONS Nyssorhynchus darlingi, Ny. rangeli, Ny. benarrochi B and Ny. konderi B can be involved in malaria transmission in rural settlements. The highest fraction of Plasmodium-infected Anophelinae was caught from midnight to 03:00 h. In some Amazonian localities, the highest exposure to infectious bites occurs when residents are sleeping, but transmission can occur throughout the night. Forest fragmentation favors increases in both malaria and the occurrence of Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes in peridomestic habitat. The use of insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets can decrease human exposure to infectious Anophelinae and malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane M P Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Z Laporta
- Setor de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Fundação ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Bergo
- Superintendencia de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - José Leopoldo F Antunes
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | | | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo Massad
- Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
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Laporta GZ, Ilacqua RC, Bergo ES, Chaves LSM, Rodovalho SR, Moresco GG, Figueira EAG, Massad E, de Oliveira TMP, Bickersmith SA, Conn JE, Sallum MAM. Malaria transmission in landscapes with varying deforestation levels and timelines in the Amazon: a longitudinal spatiotemporal study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6477. [PMID: 33742028 PMCID: PMC7979798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between deforestation and malaria is a spatiotemporal process of variation in Plasmodium incidence in human-dominated Amazonian rural environments. The present study aimed to assess the underlying mechanisms of malarial exposure risk at a fine scale in 5-km2 sites across the Brazilian Amazon, using field-collected data with a longitudinal spatiotemporally structured approach. Anopheline mosquitoes were sampled from 80 sites to investigate the Plasmodium infection rate in mosquito communities and to estimate the malaria exposure risk in rural landscapes. The remaining amount of forest cover (accumulated deforestation) and the deforestation timeline were estimated in each site to represent the main parameters of both the frontier malaria hypothesis and an alternate scenario, the deforestation-malaria hypothesis, proposed herein. The maximum frequency of pathogenic sites occurred at the intermediate forest cover level (50% of accumulated deforestation) at two temporal deforestation peaks, e.g., 10 and 35 years after the beginning of the organization of a settlement. The incidence density of infected anophelines in sites where the original forest cover decreased by more than 50% in the first 25 years of settlement development was at least twice as high as the incidence density calculated for the other sites studied (adjusted incidence density ratio = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.38-3.68; p = 0.001). The results of this study support the frontier malaria as a unifying hypothesis for explaining malaria emergence and for designing specific control interventions in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Z Laporta
- Setor de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Fundação ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto C Ilacqua
- Setor de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Fundação ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S M Chaves
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila R Rodovalho
- Unidade Técnica de Doenças Transmissíveis e Análise de Situação em Saúde, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gilberto G Moresco
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância de Zoonoses e Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (MS), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Massad
- Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M P de Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara A Bickersmith
- New York State Department of Health, The Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Jan E Conn
- New York State Department of Health, The Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Maria Anice M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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