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Huang J, Zhou Y, Thomas GS, Gu Z, Yang Y, Xu H, Tricot G, Zhan F. NEDD8 Inhibition Overcomes CKS1B-Induced Drug Resistance by Upregulation of p21 in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5532-42. [PMID: 26156395 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CKS1B is significantly upregulated in multiple myeloma and associated with poor prognosis. The identification of novel therapies is essential for effective treatment of patients resistant to chemotherapy. The NEDD8 inhibitor MLN4924 selectively targets SCF(Skp2) activation and offers a more specific approach to protein degradation inhibition than total proteasomal inhibition. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether MLN4924 is effective in high CKS1B conditions and identify mechanisms regulating drug potency. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Bortezomib and MLN4924 sensitivity was assessed through proliferation, viability, clonogenic potential, and senescence induction in cells overexpressing CKS1B. The mechanism for MLN4924 sensitivity was elucidated by immunoblot analysis of SCF(skp) substrates and confirmed by shRNA knockdown. The clinical relevance of the NEDD8 pathway was examined in gene expression profiles (GEP) derived from healthy people, patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and multiple myeloma. RESULTS Cells overexpressing CKS1B were resistant to bortezomib but sensitive to MLN4924. Treatment of CKS1B-overexpressing cells with MLN4924 decreased proliferation, clonogenicity, and induced senescence. MLN4924, but not bortezomib, induced stabilization of p21 and knockdown of p21 resulted in loss of MLN4924 sensitivity. Patients with MGUS and multiple myeloma exhibited increased expression of NEDD8 pathway genes relative to normal plasma cells. Multiple myeloma patients with high NEDD8 expression were linked to bortezomib resistance in clinical trials, and had inferior outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that cells with elevated CKS1B expression are resistant to bortezomib but sensitive to MLN4924 and offer a mechanism through the stabilization of p21. These findings provide rationale for targeting the NEDD8 pathway in multiple myeloma patients exhibiting elevated expression of CKS1B. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5532-42. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gregory S Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Guido Tricot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Mutagenicity of drinking water sampled from the Yangtze River and Hanshui River (Wuhan section) and correlations with water quality parameters. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9572. [PMID: 25825837 PMCID: PMC5380332 DOI: 10.1038/srep09572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 54 water samples were collected during three different hydrologic periods (level period, wet period, and dry period) from Plant A and Plant B (a source for Yangtze River and Hanshui River water, respectively), and several water parameters, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and total organic carbon (TOC), were simultaneously analyzed. The mutagenicity of the water samples was evaluated using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. According to the results, the organic compounds in the water were largely frame-shift mutagens, as positive results were found for most of the tests using TA98. All of the finished water samples exhibited stronger mutagenicity than the relative raw and distribution water samples, with water samples collected from Plant B presenting stronger mutagenic strength than those from Plant A. The finished water samples from Plant A displayed a seasonal-dependent variation. Water parameters including COD (r = 0.599, P = 0.009), TOC (r = 0.681, P = 0.02), UV254 (r = 0.711, P = 0.001), and total nitrogen (r = 0.570, P = 0.014) exhibited good correlations with mutagenicity (TA98), at 2.0 L/plate, which bolsters the argument of the importance of using mutagenicity as a new parameter to assess the quality of drinking water.
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Zheng W, Tian D, Wang X, Tian W, Zhang H, Jiang S, He G, Zheng Y, Qu W. Support vector machine: Classifying and predicting mutagenicity of complex mixtures based on pollution profiles. Toxicology 2013; 313:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gartiser S, Hafner C, Kronenberger-Schäfer K, Happel O, Trautwein C, Kümmerer K. Approach for detecting mutagenicity of biodegraded and ozonated pharmaceuticals, metabolites and transformation products from a drinking water perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3597-3609. [PMID: 22547254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmaceuticals and related metabolites are not efficiently removed in sewage treatment plants and enter into surface water. There, they might be subject of drinking water abstraction and treatment by ozonation. In this study, a systematic approach for producing and effect-based testing of transformation products (TPs) during the drinking water ozonation process is proposed. For this, two pharmaceutical parent substances, three metabolites and one environmental degradation product were investigated with respect to their biodegradability and fate during drinking water ozonation. The Ames test (TA98, TA100) was used for the identification of mutagenic activity present in the solutions after testing inherent biodegradability and/or after ozonation of the samples. Suspicious results were complemented with the umu test. Due to the low substrate concentration required for ozonation, all ozonated samples were concentrated via solid phase extraction (SPE) before performing the Ames test. With the exception of piracetam, all substances were only incompletely biodegradable, suggesting the formation of stable TPs. Metformin, piracetam and guanylurea could not be removed completely by the ozonation process. We received some evidence that technical TPs are formed by ozonation of metformin and piracetam, whereas all tested metabolites were not detectable by analytical means after ozonation. In the case of guanylurea, one ozonation TP was identified by LC/MS. None of the experiments showed an increase of mutagenic effects in the Ames test. However, the SPE concentration procedure might lead to false-positive results due to the generation of mutagenic artefacts or might lead to false-negative results by missing adequate recovery efficiency. Thus, these investigations should always be accompanied by process blank controls that are carried out along the whole ozonation and SPE procedure. The study presented here is a first attempt to investigate the significance of transformation products by a systematic approach. However, the adequacy and sensitivity of the methodology need to be further investigated. The approach of combining biodegradation and ozonation with effect-based assays is a promising tool for the early detection of potential hazards from TPs as drinking water contaminants. It can support the strategy for the evaluation of substances and metabolites in drinking water. A multitude of possible factors which influence the results have to be carefully considered, among them the selectivity and sensibility of the mutagenicity test applied, the extraction method for concentrating the relevant compounds and the biocompatibility of the solvent. Therefore, the results have to be carefully interpreted, and possible false-negative and false-positive results should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gartiser
- Hydrotox GmbH, Boetzinger Straße 29, 79111 Freiburg, Germany.
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Subacute Toxicity Assessment of Water Disinfection Byproducts on Zebrafish. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 18:579-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Villarini M, Moretti M, Dominici L, Fatigoni C, Dörr AJM, Elia AC, Monarca S. A protocol for the evaluation of genotoxicity in bile of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to lake water treated with different disinfectants. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1521-1526. [PMID: 21546055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid method to evaluate toxic and genotoxic properties of drinking water supplied from Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Central Italy) was worked out analysing bile in Cyprinus carpio exposed for 20 d to lake water treated with 3 different disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) and peracetic acid (PAA). Fish were sacrificed at 0, 10 and 20 d in order to investigate the time course of these endpoints. An aliquot of bile samples was fractionated by adsorption on C(18) silica cartridges and the genotoxic potential of whole bile and of bile fractions was evaluated by the single-cell microgel-electrophoresis (comet) assay on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Bile (both whole and fractionated) from specimens exposed to the three disinfectants always showed a genotoxic activity as compared to the control group. The results of this study provide evidence that all three disinfectants cause an increase in bile genotoxicity of chronically exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Villarini
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties and Public Health, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, I-06122 Perugia, Italy
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Zhao D, Chen Y, Zhou K, Cheng S, Ma T, Jiang C, Yan W, Zhu L, Gu X, Zhu X, Wu B, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Reproductive toxicity in male mice exposed to Nanjing City tap water. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1057-1064. [PMID: 21431922 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
End points of reproductive toxicity were investigated in male mice (Mus musculus, ICR) fed Nanjing City tap water for 90 days. There was no significant alteration in body weights between treatment and control mice. In treated mice, flow cytometry analysis of testicular tissue indicated that the relative percentage of the elongated spermatid (HC) decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Also slight increases in the relative percentage of round spermatids (1C) and primary spermatocytes (4C) were noted. The ratios of 4C:2C (diploid germ cells) and 1C:2C increased, and testicular histopathology indicated an expansion of interstitial space and a decreased number and size of Leydig cells in treated mice. The current study suggests that Nanjing City tap water is toxic to the reproductive system of mice and additional study to evaluate its effects on other species, including human beings, would be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
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Takanashi H, Kishida M, Nakajima T, Ohki A, Akiba M, Aizawa T. Surveying the mutagenicity of tap water to elicit the effects of purification processes on Japanese tap water. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:434-439. [PMID: 19625070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The mutagenicity levels of tap water in Japan were surveyed using the Ames test. Tap water samples (179) were collected at 17 sampling sites located from the northern tip (Hokkaido) to the southern tip (Kagoshima Prefecture). The mutagenicity values ranged from under the detection limit to 3600 net rev x L(-1). The average mutagenicity was 1100 net rev x L(-1) and the levels were significantly higher in the wintertime than in the summertime. The average mutagenicity of each site ranged from under the detection limit to 2000 net rev x L(-1). There was no significant correlation of the mutagenicity with TOC, A(260) or THMs. The highest positive ratios of the Ames test and the umu test were 92% under the condition TA100-S9 and 9% under the condition NM2009-S9, respectively, which indicated that the Ames test has higher sensitivity for the test of tap water than the umu test. This survey incorporated the 1992-1993 survey. The comparison of these survey-results in a further study will reveal the improvement of Japanese tap water quality from the perspective of mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takanashi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Li M, Hu C, Gao X, Xu Y, Qian X, Brown MT, Cui Y. Genotoxicity of organic pollutants in source of drinking water on microalga Euglena gracilis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:669-676. [PMID: 19495960 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicities of organic pollutants in the drinking water source at Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu were investigated by comet assay and antioxidant enzyme approach on microalgae Euglena gracilis. The organic extracts of the water samples could induce DNA damage on microalgae cells. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed at groups of 0.3x, 3x and 10x concentrations compared with the control and a solvent control (DMSO). The organic extracts also affected antioxidant enzyme activity and induced lipid peroxidation in the microalga. In the high dose group, there was an obvious increase in SOD content (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the concentrated organics from water sample extracts have adversary effects on E. gracilis and could possibly damage the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, 210093 Nanjing, China
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Genotoxicity of water from the Songhua River, China, in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003: Potential risks for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 157:357-64. [PMID: 19027211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A previous study showed that the cancer mortalities are higher for residents who lived nearby the Songhua River heavily polluted by organic contamination. It is important to determine its risk of carcinogenic potential. Short-term genotoxic bio-assays using Salmonella, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), and Micronuclei (MN) assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Salmonella bioassay indicated that there were indirect frame-shift mutagens in the water samples. A dose-response relationship for the SCE and MN assays was obtained. These results showed that organic extracts of water samples have genotoxic activity and the risk of carcinogenic potential to human health. The mutagenesis of water samples had changed compared to the results in 1994-1995. An increasing trend of risk of carcinogenic potential in the Songhua River after ten years should be noted and needs to be studied further.
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A stable and sensitive testing system for potential carcinogens based on DNA damage-induced gene expression in human HepG2 cell. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 23:158-65. [PMID: 19013231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze potential carcinogenic and genotoxic responses caused by exposure to pollutants existing in environment, a screening method has been established in our laboratory that uses a stably transfected HepG2 cell lines containing gadd153 promoter regions which drive a luciferase reporter gene. Activation of the exogenous gadd153 promoter was quantified using the luciferase activity following drug exposure. Twenty four agents were used to evaluate this screening assay. We selected the agents, ranging from DNA alkylating agents, oxidative agent, radiation, DNA cross-linking agent, nongenotoxic carcinogens, precarcinogenic agents, which included cadmium chloride, chromium trichloride, mercuric chloride, lead nitrate, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, deltamethrin, biphenylamine, 2-aminofluorene, benzo[a]pyrene, 2,3,7,8,-tetracblorodibenzo-p-dioxin, diethyl-stilbestrol, carbon tetrachloride, mitomycin C, hydroxycamptothecin, UV, sodium fluoride, acrylamide, hydrogen peroxide. In addition, two complex genotoxic agents (water samples) existing in the environment were selected. The results showed that all 20 tested known carcinogenic and genotoxic agents were able to induce gadd153-Luc expression at a sublethal dose. In contrast, four tested non-carcinogens, included 4-acetylaminofluorene, pyrene, benzylpenicillin sodium and vitamin C, were unable to induce gadd153-Luc expression. In conclusion, this reporter system can facilitate in vitro screening for potential carcinogens. Therefore, the gadd153-Luc test system we have developed appears to be a useful and complementary system to existing genotoxic and mutagenic tests.
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Wu Y, Chen H, Li Z, Sun L, Qu M, Li M, Kong Z. Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay. J Environ Sci (China) 2008; 20:487-491. [PMID: 18575136 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the world; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed when compared with the solvent control. The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks (at town level) was the most serious, the arbitrary units (AU) was 141.62 +/- 6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks (at city level) was only 109.64 +/- 2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town's water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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