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Lopez GL, Van de Velde A, Hernández D, Bustillo S, Leiva L, Fusco LS. Potential low-impact immunogen for the production of anti-bothropic serum: Bothrops alternatus venom treated with Na 2EDTA. Toxicon 2024; 237:107351. [PMID: 37984681 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes an alternative method using Na2EDTA to neutralize B. alternatus venom and using it as an immunogen from the start of inoculation to minimize side effects and enhance antivenom production. To achieve this, 1.8 mg/mL of B. alternatus venom (B.aV) was treated with Na2EDTA, and any extra chelate was eliminated by filtering the resulting solution through a Sephadex G-25 column. Two groups of BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously on days 1, 15 and 30 with B.aV/Na2EDTA (45, 90, 135 μg/mouse) or B.aV (15, 30, 45 μg/mouse), respectively. Both formulations were emulsified with Freund's adjuvant (complete first and incomplete-booster). Blood samples were collected from each mouse on days 14, 29, 41, and 50 post-first immunization, and serum was separated for antibody detection. Animals were then sacrificed and lungs removed for histological analysis (hematoxylin-eosin). Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the sera from mice inoculated with B.aV/Na2EDTA (anti-B.aV/Na2EDTA) recognized the major venom proteins (20-66 kDa) similarly to the sera from mice inoculated with B.aV (anti-B.aV). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that the anti-B.aV/Na2EDTA had a higher titer (5.76 × 104) than those the anti-B.aV (1.92 × 104). Additionally, sera from animals immunized with B.aV/Na2EDTA significantly neutralized proteolytic, indirect hemolytic and coagulant activity (p < 0.05). Finally, histological examination of the lungs of mice inoculated with B.aV/Na2EDTA showed normal appearance, while animals inoculated with B.aV showed interstitial lung injury (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the B.aV/Na2EDTA formulation, free of excess Na2EDTA, proved to be a promising candidate as an immunogen for antivenom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lumila Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea Van de Velde
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - David Hernández
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral N° 2139, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biológicas y Moleculares (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Av. Liberta, 5470, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Laura Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Av. Liberta, 5470, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Sebastian Fusco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Av. Liberta, 5470, Corrientes, Argentina.
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2
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Urra FA, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Sanchez EF, Araya-Maturana R. An Emergent Role for Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Action of Snake Venom Toxins on Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:938749. [PMID: 35924151 PMCID: PMC9343075 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.938749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the role of mitochondria in apoptosis initiation/execution, some mitochondrial adaptations support the metastasis and chemoresistance of cancer cells. This highlights mitochondria as a promising target for new anticancer strategies. Emergent evidence suggests that some snake venom toxins, both proteins with enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities, act on the mitochondrial metabolism of cancer cells, exhibiting unique and novel mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Currently, six toxin classes (L-amino acid oxidases, thrombin-like enzymes, secreted phospholipases A2, three-finger toxins, cysteine-rich secreted proteins, and snake C-type lectin) that alter the mitochondrial bioenergetics have been described. These toxins act through Complex IV activity inhibition, OXPHOS uncoupling, ROS-mediated permeabilization of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), IMM reorganization by cardiolipin interaction, and mitochondrial fragmentation with selective migrastatic and cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Notably, selective internalization and direct action of snake venom toxins on tumor mitochondria can be mediated by cell surface proteins overexpressed in cancer cells (e.g. nucleolin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans) or facilitated by the elevated Δψm of cancer cells compared to that non-tumor cells. In this latter case, selective mitochondrial accumulation, in a Δψm-dependent manner, of compounds linked to cationic snake peptides may be explored as a new anti-cancer drug delivery system. This review analyzes the effect of snake venom toxins on mitochondrial bioenergetics of cancer cells, whose mechanisms of action may offer the opportunity to develop new anticancer drugs based on toxin scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A. Urra
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metabólica y Bioenergética, Programa de Farmacología Clínica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, Chile
- *Correspondence: Félix A. Urra,
| | - Dan E. Vivas-Ruiz
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima, Peru
| | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins from Animal Venoms, Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Productos Bioactivos, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Kalita B, Saviola AJ, Samuel SP, Mukherjee AK. State-of-the-art review - A review on snake venom-derived antithrombotics: Potential therapeutics for COVID-19-associated thrombosis? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1040-1057. [PMID: 34656540 PMCID: PMC8514616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent responsible for the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has infected over 185 million individuals across 200 countries since December 2019 resulting in 4.0 million deaths. While COVID-19 is primarily associated with respiratory illnesses, an increasing number of clinical reports indicate that severely ill patients often develop thrombotic complications that are associated with increased mortality. As a consequence, treatment strategies that target COVID-associated thrombosis are of utmost clinical importance. An array of pharmacologically active compounds from natural products exhibit effects on blood coagulation pathways, and have generated interest for their potential therapeutic applications towards thrombotic diseases. In particular, a number of snake venom compounds exhibit high specificity on different blood coagulation factors and represent excellent tools that could be utilized to treat thrombosis. The aim of this review is to provide a brief summary of the current understanding of COVID-19 associated thrombosis, and highlight several snake venom compounds that could be utilized as antithrombotic agents to target this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen P Samuel
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust, King's Lynn, Norfolk PE30 4ET, UK
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India.
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Bastos APDSP, Cardoso PG, Santos ÍAFM, Trento MVC, Porto LCJ, Marcussi S. Enzymatic Modulators from Induratia spp. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3603-3611. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mamede CCN, de Sousa Simamoto BB, da Cunha Pereira DF, de Oliveira Costa J, Ribeiro MSM, de Oliveira F. Edema, hyperalgesia and myonecrosis induced by Brazilian bothropic venoms: overview of the last decade. Toxicon 2020; 187:10-18. [PMID: 32846146 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite accidents are considered serious public health problems. They are often neglected, and individuals who have received insufficient treatment are subjected to various disabling alterations. Snake venoms are secretions composed of biologically active molecules capable of triggering local and systemic effects in envenomation victims. Bothropic snakes are responsible for most of the ophidian accidents in Brazil; their venoms are mainly related to local manifestations, due to a composition that is especially rich in proteases and phospholipases A2. The most common local damages are inflammation, with consequent cellular activation and release of inflammatory mediators, hemorrhage, edema, pain and (myo)necrosis, which may lead to amputation of the affected areas. Antivenom therapy is the main treatment for snakebites. However, the efficiency is mainly due to the neutralization of the toxins responsible for the systemic alterations. Thus, the local damages can evolve to markedly compromise the tissue. The complexity of these local effects associated with the toxicity of the snake venom components of the genus Bothrops, arouse interest in the study of the biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms involved with the actions caused by toxins of the venom. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the edematogenic, hyperalgesic and myotoxic effects caused by Brazilian bothropic venoms in order to contribute to the study and elucidation of the mechanisms of action of its components and, consequently, enable discoveries of more effective combined therapies in the treatment of local damages resulting from envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Vivas-Ruiz DE, Sandoval GA, Gonzalez-Kozlova E, Zarria-Romero J, Lazo F, Rodríguez E, Magalhães HPB, Chávez-Olortegui C, Oliveira LS, Alvarenga VG, Urra FA, Toledo J, Yarlequé A, Eble JA, Sanchez EF. Fibrinogen-clotting enzyme, pictobin, from Bothrops pictus snake venom. Structural and functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:779-795. [PMID: 32169454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A thrombin-like enzyme, pictobin, was purified from Bothrops pictus snake venom. It is a 41-kDa monomeric glycoprotein as showed by mass spectrometry and contains approx. 45% carbohydrate by mass which could be removed with N-glycosidase. Pictobin coagulates plasma and fibrinogen, releasing fibrinopeptide A and induces the formation of a friable/porous fibrin network as visualized by SEM. The enzyme promoted platelet aggregation in human PRP and defibrination in mouse model and showed catalytic activity on chromogenic substrates S-2266, S-2366, S-2160 and S-2238. Pictobin interacts with the plasma inhibitor α2-macroglobulin, which blocks its interaction with fibrinogen but not with the small substrate BApNA. Heparin does not affect its enzymatic activity. Pictobin cross reacted with polyvalent bothropic antivenom, and its deglycosylated form reduced its catalytic action and antivenom reaction. In breast and lung cancer cells, pictobin inhibits the fibronectin-stimulated migration. Moreover, it produces strong NADH oxidation, mitochondrial depolarization, ATP decrease and fragmentation of mitochondrial network. These results suggest by first time that a snake venom serinprotease produces mitochondrial dysfunction by affecting mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics. Structural model of pictobin reveals a conserved chymotrypsin fold β/β hydrolase. These data indicate that pictobin has therapeutic potential in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru.
| | - Gustavo A Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Edgar Gonzalez-Kozlova
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NYC, USA
| | - Jacquelyne Zarria-Romero
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, Av. Venezuela ra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Fanny Lazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Edith Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Henrique P B Magalhães
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olortegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Inmunología, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Oliveira
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valeria G Alvarenga
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Félix A Urra
- Programa de Farmacología Clínica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Instituto de Neurociencia Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Armando Yarlequé
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Eladio F Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Pereira-Crott LS, Casare-Ogasawara TM, Ambrosio L, Chaim LFP, de Morais FR, Cintra ACO, Canicoba NC, Tucci LFF, Torqueti MR, Sampaio SV, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Castro FAD. Bothrops moojeni venom and BmooLAAO-I downmodulate CXCL8/IL-8 and CCL2/MCP-1 production and oxidative burst response, and upregulate CD11b expression in human neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106154. [PMID: 31962250 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops snake venoms contain biologically active components, including L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO) that induce significant leukocyte accumulation at inflammatory sites characterized by early neutrophil infiltration. As it remains unclear how snake venoms modulate neutrophil activation and chemokine production, here we examined whether Bothrops moojeni crude venom (BmV) and its LAAO (BmooLAAO-I) affect expression of the surface activation markers CD11b and CD66b, production of the chemokines CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10, and activation of oxidative burst in human neutrophils. Cell viability, expression of activation markers, and chemokine production were assessed by flow cytometry, while the oxidative burst response was measured by chemiluminescence. BmV at 50 and 75 µg/mL reduced CXCL8/IL-8 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and CCL2/MCP-1 production (p < 0.05), while BmooLAAO-I at the same concentrations reduced only CCL2/MCP-1 production (p < 0.01). These effects were accompanied by CD11b upregulation (p < 0.05 for 50 and 75 µg/mL BmV; p < 0.01 for 50 and 75 µg/mL BmooLAAO-I) and CD66b downregulation (p < 0.05 for 50 and 75 µg/mL BmV). Both BmV and BmooLAAO-I at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 5 µg/mL suppressed the oxidative burst of neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, while BmooLAAO-I at 2.5 and 5 µg/mL also suppressed the neutrophil response stimulated with opsonized zymosan. Considering that neutrophils participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the findings reported herein indicate that BmV and BmooLAAO-I are potential immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Simon Pereira-Crott
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Mara Casare-Ogasawara
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ambrosio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Princi Chaim
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rosseto de Morais
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Adélia Cristina Oliveira Cintra
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Canicoba
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Fortunato Tucci
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Torqueti
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Cleni Mara Marzocchi-Machado
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Attié de Castro
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
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Garcia Denegri ME, Bustillo S, Gay CC, Van De Velde A, Gomez G, Echeverría S, Gauna Pereira MDC, Maruñak S, Nuñez S, Bogado F, Sanchez M, Teibler GP, Fusco L, Leiva LCA. Venoms and Isolated Toxins from Snakes of Medical Impact in the Northeast Argentina: State of the Art. Potential Pharmacological Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1962-1980. [PMID: 31345151 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190725094851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the ophidians that inhabit the Northeast of Argentina, the genus Bothrops such as B. alternatus and B. diporus species (also known as yararás) and Crotalus durisus terrificus (named cascabel), represent the most studied snake venom for more than thirty years. These two genera of venomous snakes account for the majority of poisonous snake envenomations and therefore, constitute a medical emergency in this region. This review presents a broad description of the compiled knowledge about venomous snakebite: its pathophysiological action, protein composition, isolated toxins, toxin synergism, toxin-antitoxin cross-reaction assays. Properties of some isolated toxins support a potential pharmacological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Garcia Denegri
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Claudia Carolina Gay
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea Van De Velde
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gomez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Silvina Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Gauna Pereira
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Silvana Maruñak
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Sandra Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Fabián Bogado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Matías Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gladys Pamela Teibler
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Fusco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Laura Cristina Ana Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
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Silva LC, Pucca MB, Pessenda G, Campos LB, Martinez EZ, Cerni FA, Barbosa JE. Discovery of human scFvs that cross-neutralize the toxic effects of B. jararacussu and C. d. terrificus venoms. Acta Trop 2018; 177:66-73. [PMID: 28887121 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accidents involving venomous snakes are a public health problem worldwide, causing a large number of deaths per year. In Brazil, the majority of accidents are caused by the Bothrops and Crotalus genera, which are responsible for approximately 80% of severe envenoming cases. The cross-neutralization of snake venoms by antibodies is an important issue for development of more effective treatments. Our group has previously reported the construction of human monoclonal antibody fragments towards Bothrops jararacussu and Crotalus durissus terrificus' venoms. This study aimed to select human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) that recognize both bothropic and crotalic crude venoms following venoms neutralizing capacity in vitro and in vivo. The cross-reactivity of Cro-Bothrumabs were demonstrated by ELISA and in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that a combination of scFvs neutralizes in vitro toxic activities (e.g. indirect hemolysis and plasma-clotting) of crotalic and bothropic venoms as well as prolonged survival time of envenomed animals. Our results may contribute to the development of the first human polyvalent antivenom against Bothrops jararacussu and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, overcoming some undesirable effects caused by conventional serotherapy.
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Yang ZM, Yu H, Liu ZZ, Pei JZ, Yang YE, Yan SX, Zhang C, Zhao WL, Wang ZZ, Wang YM, Tsai IH. Serine protease isoforms in Gloydius intermedius venom: Full sequences, molecular phylogeny and evolutionary implications. J Proteomics 2017; 164:19-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Serine proteinases from Bothrops snake venom activates PI3K/Akt mediated angiogenesis. Toxicon 2016; 124:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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de Oliveira F, de Sousa BB, Mamede CCN, de Morais NCG, de Queiroz MR, da Cunha Pereira DF, Matias MS, Homi Brandeburgo MI. Biochemical and functional characterization of BmooSP, a new serine protease from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Toxicon 2016; 111:130-8. [PMID: 26797102 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the purification and characterization of a new serine protease enzyme from Bothrops moojeni snake venom (BmooSP). On SDS-PAGE, BmooSP was found to be a single-chain protein with an apparent molecular mass of 36,000 and 32,000 under reduced and non-reduced conditions, respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the BmooSP is composed by two isoforms with molecular mass of 30,363 and 30,070, respectively. The purified enzyme consists of 277 amino acid residues, disregarding the cysteine and tryptophan residues that have been degraded by acid hydrolysis, and its N-terminal sequence showed similarity with other serine protease enzymes. BmooSP induced blood-clotting in vitro, defibrination in vivo, caseinolytic and fibrin(ogen)olytic activities. The enzyme is stable at high temperatures (up to 100 °C) and shows maximum activity at pH around 7.0. Preliminary results show that BmooSP can induce the formation of a stable fibrin clot for more than 10 days. BmooSP presents medical interest because it can be used as biodegradable fibrin glue and for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disorders because of its ability to promote the defibrination in vivo, decreasing blood viscosity and improving blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Nadia Cristina Gomes de Morais
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro de Queiroz
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana S Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil
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Silva MF, Mota CM, Miranda VDS, Cunha ADO, Silva MC, Naves KSC, de Oliveira F, Silva DADO, Mineo TWP, Santiago FM. Biological and Enzymatic Characterization of Proteases from Crude Venom of the Ant Odontomachus bauri. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5114-28. [PMID: 26633501 PMCID: PMC4690119 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hymenoptera venoms constitute an interesting source of natural toxins that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. The present study investigated the enzymatic and biological characteristics of the crude venom of the ant Odontomachus bauri. Its crude venom presents several protein bands, with higher staining for six proteins with gelatinolytic activity (17, 20, 26, 29, 43 and 48 kDa). The crude venom showed high proteolytic activity on azocasein at optimal pH 8.0 and 37 °C. In the presence of protease inhibitors as aprotinin, leupeptin and EDTA, the azocaseinolytic activity was reduced by 45%, 29% and 9%, respectively, suggesting that the enzymes present in the crude venom belong to the three classes of proteases, with the serine proteases in greater intensity. The crude venom degraded the fibrinogen α-chain faster than the β-chain, while the fibrinogen γ-chain remained unchanged. In biological assays, O. bauri venom showed hemolytic and coagulant activity in vitro, and defibrinating activity in vivo. In addition, the venom showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as antiparasitic activity on Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro. In that sense, this study sheds perspectives for pharmacological applications of O. bauri venom enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Martins Mota
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa dos Santos Miranda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Amanda de Oliveira Cunha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Maraísa Cristina Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
- National Institute in Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (NanoBiofar), Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Deise Aparecida de Oliveira Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Maria Santiago
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo", Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil.
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Amel KS, Fatima LD. Purification and Characterization of a New Serine Protease (VLCII) Isolated fromVipera lebetinaVenom: Its Role in Hemostasis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:388-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kadi-Saci Amel
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology; BP32 El-Alia Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
| | - Laraba-Djebari Fatima
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology; BP32 El-Alia Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
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Ullah A, Souza TACB, Zanphorlin LM, Mariutti RB, Santana VS, Murakami MT, Arni RK. Crystal structure of Jararacussin-I: the highly negatively charged catalytic interface contributes to macromolecular selectivity in snake venom thrombin-like enzymes. Protein Sci 2014; 22:128-32. [PMID: 23139169 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs) are hemostatically active toxins that perturb the maintenance and regulation of both the blood coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic feedback system at specific points, and hence, are widely used as tools in pharmacological and clinical diagnosis. The crystal structure of a thrombin-like enzyme (TLE) from Bothrops jararacussu venom (Jararacussin-I) was determined at 2.48 Å resolution. This is the first crystal structure of a TLE and allows structural comparisons with both the Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Protein C Activator and the Trimeresurus stejnegeri plasminogen activator. Despite the highly conserved overall fold, significant differences in the amino acid compositions and three-dimensional conformations of the loops surrounding the active site significantly alter the molecular topography and charge distribution profile of the catalytic interface. In contrast to other SVSPs, the catalytic interface of Jararacussin-I is highly negatively charged, which contributes to its unique macromolecular selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ullah
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Miranda CAS, Cardoso MG, Mansanares ME, Gomes MS, Marcussi S. Preliminary assessment of Hedychium coronarium essential oil on fibrinogenolytic and coagulant activity induced by Bothrops and Lachesis snake venoms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:39. [PMID: 26413083 PMCID: PMC4582949 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for new inhibitors of snake venom toxins is essential to complement or even replace traditional antivenom therapy, especially in relation to compounds that neutralize the local effects of envenomations. Besides their possible use as alternative to traditional antivenom therapy, some plant species possess bioactive secondary metabolites including essential oils, which can be extracted from weeds that are considered substantial problems for agriculture, such as Hedychium coronarium. METHODS The essential oils of leaves and rhizomes from H. coronarium were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their potential inhibitory effects on the coagulant and fibrinogenolytic activities induced by the venoms of Lachesis muta, Bothrops atrox and Bothrops moojeni were analyzed. Citrated human plasma was used to evaluate the clotting time whereas changes in fibrinogen molecules were visualized by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The experimental design used for testing coagulation inhibition was randomized in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (concentration × essential oils), with three replications. The essential oils were compared since they were extracted from different organs of the same botanical species, H. coronarium. RESULTS The results suggest that the oils interact with venom proteases and plasma constituents, since all oils evaluated, when previously incubated with venoms, were able to inhibit the clotting effect, with less inhibition when oils and plasma were preincubated prior to the addition of venoms. CONCLUSIONS Thus, after extensive characterization of their pharmacological and toxicological effects, the essential oils can be used as an alternative to complement serum therapy, especially considering that these plant metabolites generally do not require specific formulations and may be used topically immediately after extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia A Sf Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Maria G Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil ; Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa postal 3037, CEP 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Mariana E Mansanares
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
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Rapid purification of a new P-I class metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom with antiplatelet activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:352420. [PMID: 24982866 PMCID: PMC4058653 DOI: 10.1155/2014/352420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the proteolytic and biological activities of a new metalloproteinase from B. moojeni venom. The purification of BmooMPα-II was carried out through two chromatographic steps (ion-exchange and affinity). BmooMPα-II is a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular mass of 22.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE 14% under nonreducing conditions. The N-terminal sequence (FSPRYIELVVVADHGMFTKYKSNLN) revealed homology with other snake venom metalloproteinases, mainly among P-I class. BmooMPα-II cleaves Aα-chain of fibrinogen followed by Bβ-chain, and does not show any effect on the γ-chain. Its optimum temperature and pH for the fibrinogenolytic activity were 30–50°C and pH 8, respectively. The inhibitory effects of EDTA and 1,10-phenantroline on the fibrinogenolytic activity suggest that BmooMPα-II is a metalloproteinase. This proteinase was devoid of haemorrhagic, coagulant, or anticoagulant activities. BmooMPα-II caused morphological alterations in liver, lung, kidney, and muscle of Swiss mice. The enzymatically active protein yet inhibited collagen, ADP, and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results suggest that BmooMPα-II contributes to the toxic effect of the envenomation and that more investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition of platelet aggregation may contribute to the studies of snake venom on thrombotic disorders.
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Isolation and biochemical characterization of a new thrombin-like serine protease from Bothrops pirajai snake venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:595186. [PMID: 24719874 PMCID: PMC3955695 DOI: 10.1155/2014/595186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel serine protease (SP) isolated from Bothrops pirajai, a venomous snake found solely in Brazil that belongs to the Viperidae family. The identified SP, named BpirSP-39, was isolated by three chromatographic steps (size exclusion, bioaffinity, and reverse phase chromatographies). The molecular mass of BpirSP-39 was estimated by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by mass spectrometry (39,408.32 Da). The protein was able to form fibrin networks, which was not observed in the presence of serine protease inhibitors, such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Furthermore, BpirSP-39 presented considerable thermal stability and was apparently able to activate factor XIII of the blood coagulation cascade, unlike most serine proteases. BpirSP-39 was capable of hydrolyzing different chromogenic substrates tested (S-2222, S-2302, and S-2238) while Cu(2+) significantly diminished BspirSP-39 activity on the three tested substrates. The enzyme promoted platelet aggregation and also exhibited fibrinogenolytic, fibrinolytic, gelatinolytic, and amidolytic activities. The multiple alignment showed high sequence similarity to other thrombin-like enzymes from snake venoms. These results allow us to conclude that a new SP was isolated from Bothrops pirajai snake venom.
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VaSP1, catalytically active serine proteinase from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom with unconventional active site triad. Toxicon 2014; 77:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rapid purification of serine proteinases from Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni venoms. Toxicon 2013; 76:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mukherjee AK, Mackessy SP. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of a new thrombin-like serine protease (Russelobin) from the venom of Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) and assessment of its therapeutic potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:3476-88. [PMID: 23416064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snake venoms are rich sources of bioactive molecules, and several venom-derived proteins have entered clinical trials for use in ischemic disorders; however, late-stage failure of a recent drug candidate due to low in vivo efficacy demonstrated the need for new sources of fibrinogenolytic drug candidates. METHODS A 51.3kDa thrombin-like serine protease (Russelobin) purified from the venom of Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) was subjected to extensive biochemical characterization, including N-terminal sequencing, substrate specificity, kinetic and inhibitor assays, glycosylation analysis and stability assays. Toxicity and pathology analyses were conducted in NSA mice. RESULTS Russelobin has extensive N-terminus identity with a beta-fibrinogenase-like serine proteinase precursor from Daboia russelii siamensis venom, a mass of 51.3kDa and contains extensive N-linked oligosaccharides. Serine protease inhibitors and heparin significantly decreased activity, with much lower inhibition by DTT, antithrombin-III and α2-macroglobulin. Russelobin preferentially released FPA and slowly released FPB from human fibrinogen, forming a labile fibrin clot readily hydrolyzed by plasmin. The partially deglycosylated enzyme showed significantly lower activity toward fibrinogen and less resistance against neutralization by plasma α2MG and antithrombin-III. Russelobin was non-cytotoxic, non-lethal and produced no histopathologies in mice, and it demonstrated in vivo dose-dependent defibrinogenating activity. CONCLUSIONS Russelobin is an A/B fibrinogenase with high specificity toward fibrinogen, both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive glycosylation appears to protect the molecule against endogenous protease inhibitors, prolonging its in vivo efficacy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Due to its low toxicity, stability and activity as a defibrinogenating agent, Russelobin shows high potential for cardiovascular drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
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Kumar RV, Yariswamy M, Joshi V, Dharmappa K, Venkatesha SH, Sharath B, Vishwanath BS. Malabarase, a serine protease with anticoagulant activity from Trimeresurus malabaricus venom. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mendes MM, Vieira SAPB, Gomes MSR, Paula VF, Alcântara TM, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, dos Santos JI, Magro AJ, Fontes MRM, Rodrigues VM. Triacontyl p-coumarate: an inhibitor of snake venom metalloproteinases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 86:72-82. [PMID: 23141056 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) participate in a number of important biological, physiological and pathophysiological processes and are primarily responsible for the local tissue damage characteristic of viperid snake envenomations. The use of medicinal plant extracts as antidotes against animal venoms is an old practice, especially against snake envenomations. Such plants are sources of many pharmacologically active compounds and have been shown to antagonize the effects of some venoms and toxins. The present study explores the activity of triacontyl p-coumarate (PCT), an active compound isolated from root bark of Bombacopsis glabra vegetal extract (Bg), against harmful effects of Bothropoides pauloensis snake venom and isolated toxins (SVMPs or phospholipase A(2)). Before inhibition assays, Bg or PCT was incubated with venom or toxins at ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 (w/w; venom or isolated toxins/PCT) for 30 min at 37°C. Treatment conditions were also assayed to simulate snakebite with PCT inoculated at either the same venom or toxin site. PCT neutralized fibrinogenolytic activity and plasmatic fibrinogen depletion induced by B. pauloensis venom or isolated toxin. PCT also efficiently inhibited the hemorrhagic (3MDH - minimum hemorrhagic dose injected i.d into mice) and myotoxic activities induced by Jararhagin, a metalloproteinase from B. jararaca at 1:5 ratio (toxin: inhibitor, w/w) when it was previously incubated with PCT and injected into mice or when PCT was administered after toxin injection. Docking simulations using data on a metalloproteinase (Neuwiedase) structure suggest that the binding between the protein and the inhibitor occurs mainly in the active site region causing blockade of the enzymatic reaction by displacement of catalytic water. Steric hindrance may also play a role in the mechanism since the PCT hydrophobic tail was found to interact with the loop associated with substrate anchorage. Thus, PCT may provide a alternative to complement ophidian envenomation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mendes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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de Morais NCG, Neves Mamede CC, Fonseca KC, de Queiroz MR, Gomes-Filho SA, Santos-Filho NA, Bordon KDCF, Beletti ME, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC, de Oliveira F. Isolation and characterization of moojenin, an acid-active, anticoagulant metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom. Toxicon 2012; 60:1251-8. [PMID: 22975266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A fibrinogenolytic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom, named moojenin, was purified by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that moojenin consists of a single polypeptide chain and has a molecular mass about 45 kDa. Sequencing of moojenin by Edman degradation revealed the amino acid sequence LGPDIVSPPVCGNELLEVGEECDCGTPENCQNE, which showed strong identity with many other snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The enzyme cleaves the Aα-chain of fibrinogen first, followed by the Bβ-chain, and shows no effects on the γ-chain. Moojenin showed a coagulant activity on bovine plasma about 3.1 fold lower than crude venom. The fibrinogenolytic and coagulant activities of the moojenin were abolished by preincubation with EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and β-mercaptoethanol. Moojenin showed maximum activity at temperatures ranging from 30 to 40 °C and its optimal pH was 4.0. Its activity was completely lost at temperatures above 50 °C. Moojenin induced necrosis in liver and muscle, evidenced by morphological alterations, but did not cause histological alterations in mouse lungs, kidney or heart. Moojenin rendered the blood uncoagulatable when it was intraperitoneally administered into mice. This metalloproteinase may be of medical interest because of its anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia C G de Morais
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
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Vaiyapuri S, Thiyagarajan N, Hutchinson EG, Gibbins JM. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of viper venom serine proteases. Bioinformation 2012; 8:763-72. [PMID: 23055627 PMCID: PMC3449387 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebites are a major neglected tropical disease responsible for as many as 95000 deaths every year worldwide. Viper venom serine proteases disrupt haemostasis of prey and victims by affecting various stages of the blood coagulation system. A better understanding of their sequence, structure, function and phylogenetic relationships will improve the knowledge on the pathological conditions and aid in the development of novel therapeutics for treating snakebites. A large dataset for all available viper venom serine proteases was developed and analysed to study various features of these enzymes. Despite the large number of venom serine protease sequences available, only a small proportion of these have been functionally characterised. Although, they share some of the common features such as a C-terminal extension, GWG motif and disulphide linkages, they vary widely between each other in features such as isoelectric points, potential N-glycosylation sites and functional characteristics. Some of the serine proteases contain substitutions for one or more of the critical residues in catalytic triad or primary specificity pockets. Phylogenetic analysis clustered all the sequences in three major groups. The sequences with substitutions in catalytic triad or specificity pocket clustered together in separate groups. Our study provides the most complete information on viper venom serine proteases to date and improves the current knowledge on the sequence, structure, function and phylogenetic relationships of these enzymes. This collective analysis of venom serine proteases will help in understanding the complexity of envenomation and potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Nethaji Thiyagarajan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - E Gail Hutchinson
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Menaldo DL, Bernardes CP, Santos-Filho NA, Moura LDA, Fuly AL, Arantes EC, Sampaio SV. Biochemical characterization and comparative analysis of two distinct serine proteases from Bothrops pirajai snake venom. Biochimie 2012; 94:2545-58. [PMID: 22819993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the isolation and biochemical characterization of two different serine proteases from Bothrops pirajai snake venom, thus providing a comparative analysis of the enzymes. The isolation process consisted of three consecutive chromatographic steps (Sephacryl S-200, Benzamidine Sepharose and C2/C18), resulting in two serine proteases, named BpirSP27 and BpirSP41 after their molecular masses by mass spectrometry (27,121 and 40,639 Da, respectively). Estimation by SDS-PAGE under denaturing conditions showed that, when deglycosylated with PNGase F, BpirSP27 and BpirSP41 had their molecular masses reduced by approximately 15 and 42%, respectively. Both are acidic enzymes, with pI of approximately 4.7 for BpirSP27 and 3.7 for BpirSP41, and their N-terminal amino acid sequences showed 57% identity to each other, with high similarity to the sequences of other snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs). The enzymes showed different actions on bovine fibrinogen, with BpirSP27 acting preferentially on the Bβ chain and BpirSP41 on both Aα and Bβ chains. The two serine proteases were also able to degrade fibrin and blood clots in vitro depending on the doses and incubation periods, with higher results for BpirSP41. Both enzymes coagulated the human plasma in a dose-dependent manner, and BpirSP41 showed a higher coagulant potential, with minimum coagulant dose (MCD) of ∼3.5 μg versus 20 μg for BpirSP27. The enzymes were capable of hydrolyzing different chromogenic substrates, including S-2238 for thrombin-like enzymes, but only BpirSP27 acted on the substrate S-2251 for plasmin. They also showed high stability against variations of temperature and pH, but their activities were significantly reduced after preincubation with Cu(2+) ion and specific serine protease inhibitors. In addition, BpirSP27 induced aggregation of washed platelets to a greater extent than BpirSP41. The results showed significant structural and functional differences between B. pirajai serine proteases, providing interesting insights into the structure-function relationship of SVSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Luccas Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Av. do Café, s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Biochemical and enzymatic characterization of BpMP-I, a fibrinogenolytic metalloproteinase isolated from Bothropoides pauloensis snake venom. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sajevic T, Leonardi A, Križaj I. Haemostatically active proteins in snake venoms. Toxicon 2011; 57:627-45. [PMID: 21277886 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins that affect the haemostatic system can cause (a) lowering of blood coagulability, (b) damage to blood vessels, resulting in bleeding, (c) secondary effects of bleeding, e.g. hypovolaemic shock and organ damage, and (d) thrombosis. These proteins may, or may not, be enzymes. We review the data on the most relevant haemostatically active proteinases, phospholipases A₂, L-amino acid oxidases and 5'-nucleotidases from snake venoms. We also survey the non-enzymatic effectors of haemostasis from snake venoms--disintegrins, C-type lectins and three-finger toxins. Medical applications have already been found for some of these snake venom proteins. We describe those that have already been approved as drugs to treat haemostatic disorders or are being used to diagnose such health problems. No clinical applications, however, currently exist for the majority of snake venom proteins acting on haemostasis. We conclude with the most promising potential uses in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sajevic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Venom on ice: first insights into Antarctic octopus venoms. Toxicon 2010; 56:897-913. [PMID: 20600223 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The venom of Antarctic octopus remains completely unstudied. Here, a preliminary investigation was conducted into the properties of posterior salivary gland (PSG) extracts from four Antarctica eledonine (Incirrata; Octopodidae) species (Adelieledone polymorpha, Megaleledone setebos, Pareledone aequipapillae, and Pareledone turqueti) collected from the coast off George V's Land, Antarctica. Specimens were assayed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), proteolytic, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), and haemolytic activities. For comparison, stomach tissue from Cirroctopus sp. (Cirrata; Cirroctopodidae) was also assayed for ALP, AChE, proteolytic and haemolytic activities. Dietary and morphological data were collected from the literature to explore the ecological importance of venom, taking an adaptive evolutionary approach. Of the incirrate species, three showed activities in all assays, while P. turqueti did not exhibit any haemolytic activity. There was evidence for cold-adaptation of ALP in all incirrates, while proteolytic activity in all except P. turqueti. Cirroctopus sp. stomach tissue extract showed ALP, AChE and some proteolytic activity. It was concluded that the AChE activity seen in the PSG extracts was possibly due to a release of household proteins, and not one of the secreted salivary toxins. Although venom undoubtedly plays an important part in prey capture and processing by Antarctica eledonines, no obvious adaptations to differences in diet or morphology were apparent from the enzymatic and haemolytic assays. However, several morphological features including enlarged PSG, small buccal mass, and small beak suggest such adaptations are present. Future studies should be conducted on several levels: Venomic, providing more detailed information on the venom compositions as well as the venom components themselves; ecological, for example application of serological or genetic methods in identifying stomach contents; and behavioural, including observations on capture of different types of prey.
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