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Zhang Y, Guan Y, Dai M, Yang Y, Yang F. Microcystin-LR induces lung injury in mice through the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2025; 88:385-394. [PMID: 39773316 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2443525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) a cyclic toxin produced by cyanobacterial species is known to exert detrimental effects on various organs, including lung. Several investigators demonstrated that MC-LR exerts pulmonary toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to MC-LR-induced lung inflammation and examine the underlying mechanisms. Thirty specific pathogen-free (SPF) male mice were allocated into control and MC-LR treatment groups. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline or MC-LR (20 μg/kg) daily for a total of 21 days. Our findings indicated that exposure to MC-LR-produced histopathological changes in lung tissue, including thickening of alveolar walls and inflammatory infiltration. MC-LR was found to upregulate mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18. Further, MC-LR significantly elevated the expression levels of proteins associated with the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway p-NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC. The activation of NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway further promoted the release of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and cleavage of pyroptosis-associated GSDMD protein. These findings indicate that MC-LR may induce lung inflammation by promoting cell pyroptosis via the activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Manni Dai
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Department of Public Health, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Breidenbach JD, French BW, Stanoszek LM, Lavik JP, Maddipati KR, Premathilaka SH, Baliu-Rodriguez D, Timalsina B, Aradhyula V, Patel SC, Lad A, Syed I, Kleinhenz AL, Blomquist TM, Gohara A, Dube P, Zhang S, Faleel D, Khalaf FK, Isailovic D, Wooten RM, Willey JC, Hammersley JR, Modyanov NN, Malhotra D, Dworkin LD, Kennedy DJ, Haller ST. Aerosolized Harmful Algal Bloom Toxin Microcystin-LR Induces Type 1/Type 17 Inflammation of Murine Airways. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:470. [PMID: 39591225 PMCID: PMC11598155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms are increasing globally and pose serious health concerns releasing cyanotoxins. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of the most frequently produced cyanotoxins, has recently been detected in aerosols generated by the normal motions of affected bodies of water. MC-LR aerosol exposure has been linked to a pro-inflammatory influence on the airways of mice; however, little is understood about the underlying mechanism or the potential consequences. This study aimed to investigate the pro-inflammatory effects of aerosolized MC-LR on murine airways. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were exposed to MC-LR aerosols, as these strains are predisposed to type 1/type 17 and type 2 immune responses, respectively. Exposure to MC-LR induced granulocytic inflammation in C57BL/6 but not BALB/c mice, as observed by increased expression of cytokines MIP-1α, CXCL1, CCL2, and GM-CSF compared with their respective vehicle controls. Furthermore, the upregulation of interleukins IL-17A and IL-12 is consistent with Th1- and Th17-driven type 1/type 17 inflammation. Histological analysis confirmed inflammation in the C57BL/6 lungs, with elevated neutrophils and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving oxidized lipids. In contrast, BALB/c mice showed no significant airway inflammation. These results highlight the ability of aerosolized MC-LR to trigger harmful airway inflammation, requiring further research, particularly into populations with predispositions to type 1/type 17 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Breidenbach
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (I.S.); (R.M.W.)
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Benjamin W. French
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Lauren M. Stanoszek
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (L.M.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - John-Paul Lavik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Sanduni H. Premathilaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.H.P.); (D.B.-R.); (D.I.)
| | - David Baliu-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.H.P.); (D.B.-R.); (D.I.)
| | - Bivek Timalsina
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (I.S.); (R.M.W.)
| | - Vaishnavi Aradhyula
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Shivani C. Patel
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Apurva Lad
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (I.S.); (R.M.W.)
| | - Andrew L. Kleinhenz
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Thomas M. Blomquist
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (L.M.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Amira Gohara
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (L.M.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Prabhatchandra Dube
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Shungang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Dhilhani Faleel
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Fatimah K. Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Alkafeel, Najaf 54001, Iraq;
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.H.P.); (D.B.-R.); (D.I.)
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (I.S.); (R.M.W.)
| | - James C. Willey
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Jeffrey R. Hammersley
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Nikolai N. Modyanov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA;
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Lance D. Dworkin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.D.B.); (B.W.F.); (B.T.); (V.A.); (S.C.P.); (A.L.); (A.L.K.); (P.D.); (S.Z.); (D.F.); (J.C.W.); (J.R.H.); (D.M.); (L.D.D.)
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Jaegge AC, Lavergne BC, Stauffer BA. Widespread, low concentration microcystin detection in a subtropical Louisiana estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116843. [PMID: 39151330 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of hepatotoxic microcystins (MC) were investigated in the Atchafalaya-Vermilion Bay System (AVBS), a subtropical, river-dominated estuary in Louisiana. Along with environmental data, monthly particulate MC (pMC) samples were examined over a two-year period (2016-2018), and biweekly pMC and dissolved MC (dMC) samples were examined over a five-month period in 2020. Solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers used to quantify time-integrated dMC concentrations were also deployed in 2020. Low, but detectable concentrations of pMC (≤0.033 μg L-1) and dMC (≤0.190 μg L-1) were found throughout the AVBS in 37.8 and 21.2 % of samples, respectively. Time integrative SPATT samplers detected dMC in nearly 100 % of the deployments, compared to dMC detections in 30.8 % of the discrete samples. This study documents widespread MC presence throughout the AVBS and while concentrations were low, knowledge gaps remain regarding the potential long-term impacts of sublethal MC exposure to estuarine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Jaegge
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 104 E University Ave, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States
| | - Bryce C Lavergne
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 104 E University Ave, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States
| | - Beth A Stauffer
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 104 E University Ave, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States.
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Babu S, Ranajit SK, Pattnaik G, Ghosh G, Rath G, Kar B. An Insight into Different Experimental Models used for Hepatoprotective Studies: A Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e191223224660. [PMID: 39206705 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638278844231214115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Numerous factors, including exposure to harmful substances, drinking too much alcohol, contracting certain hepatitis serotypes, and using specific medicines, contribute to the development of liver illnesses. Lipid peroxidation and other forms of oxidative stress are the main mechanisms by which hepatotoxic substances harm liver cells. Pathological changes in the liver include a rise in the levels of blood serum, a decrease in antioxidant enzymes, as well as the formation of free radical radicals. It is necessary to find pharmaceutical alternatives to treat liver diseases to increase their efficacy and decrease their toxicity. For the development of new therapeutic medications, a greater knowledge of primary mechanisms is required. In order to mimic human liver diseases, animal models are developed. Animal models have been used for several decades to study the pathogenesis of liver disorders and related toxicities. For many years, animal models have been utilized to investigate the pathophysiology of liver illness and associated toxicity. The animal models are created to imitate human hepatic disorders. This review enlisted numerous hepatic damage in vitro and in vivo models using various toxicants, their probable biochemical pathways and numerous metabolic pathways via oxidative stressors, different serum biomarkers enzymes are discussed, which will help to identify the most accurate and suitable model to test any plant preparations to check and evaluate their hepatoprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Babu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, 751050, India
| | - Santosh K Ranajit
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, 751050, India
| | - Gurudutta Pattnaik
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, 751050, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
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Dos Santos FCF, da Costa CS, Graceli JB. Effects of microcystin-LR on mammalian ovaries. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108441. [PMID: 37473929 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The ovaries play critical roles in regulating oocyte maturation and sex steroid hormone production and thus are critical for female reproduction. Ovarian function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways, making the ovaries potential targets for environmental factors, such as microcystins (MCs). MCs are a diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins generally found in eutrophic water or algal blooms. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between MC exposure and ovarian dysfunction, including their effects on ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis, steroid production, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and fertility. This review covers the most recent in vitro and in vivo studies in mammals. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, current evidence indicates that MC exposure causes impairments in ovarian function, but further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which MCs affect ovarian function and other female endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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Breidenbach JD, French BW, Gordon TT, Kleinhenz AL, Khalaf FK, Willey JC, Hammersley JR, Mark Wooten R, Crawford EL, Modyanov NN, Malhotra D, Teeguarden JG, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ. Microcystin-LR aerosol induces inflammatory responses in healthy human primary airway epithelium. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107531. [PMID: 36137425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms plague bodies of freshwater globally. These blooms are often composed of outgrowths of cyanobacteria capable of producing the heptapeptide Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) which is a well-known hepatotoxin. Recently, MC-LR has been detected in aerosols generated from lake water. However, the risk for human health effects due to MC-LR inhalation exposure have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we exposed a fully differentiated 3D human airway epithelium derived from 14 healthy donors to MC-LR-containing aerosol once a day for 3 days. Concentrations of MC-LR ranged from 100 pM to 1 µM. Although there were little to no detrimental alterations in measures of the airway epithelial function (i.e. cell survival, tissue integrity, mucociliary clearance, or cilia beating frequency), a distinct shift in the transcriptional activity was found. Genes related to inflammation were found to be upregulated such as C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5; log2FC = 0.57, p = 0.03) and C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7; log2FC = 0.84, p = 0.03). Functionally, conditioned media from MC-LR exposed airway epithelium was also found to have significant chemo-attractive properties for primary human neutrophils. Additionally, increases were found in the concentration of secreted chemokine proteins in the conditioned media such as CCL1 (log2FC = 5.07, p = 0.0001) and CCL5 (log2FC = 1.02, p = 0.046). These results suggest that MC-LR exposure to the human airway epithelium is capable of inducing an inflammatory response that may potentiate acute or chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin W French
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tamiya T Gordon
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Andrew L Kleinhenz
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Fatimah K Khalaf
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf, Iraq
| | - James C Willey
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - R Mark Wooten
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Erin L Crawford
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Nikolai N Modyanov
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Justin G Teeguarden
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Steven T Haller
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - David J Kennedy
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Mrdjen I, Lee J, Weghorst CM, Knobloch TJ. Impact of Cyanotoxin Ingestion on Liver Cancer Development Using an At-Risk Two-Staged Model of Mouse Hepatocarcinogenesis. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070484. [PMID: 35878222 PMCID: PMC9320861 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cyanobacterial hepatotoxins has been linked to the promotion and increased incidence of liver cancer in pre-clinical and epidemiologic studies. The family of hepatotoxins, microcystins (MCs), are produced by over 40 cyanobacterial species found in harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide, with MC-LR being the most common and potent MC congener. In the current study, we hypothesized that the low-dose chronic ingestion of Microcystis cyanotoxins via drinking water would promote liver carcinogenesis in pre-initiated mice. Four groups of C3H/HeJ mice received one intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 4 weeks of age. Three weeks later, the mice were administered ad libitum drinking water containing one of the following: (1) reverse osmosis, deionized water; (2) water containing 500 mg/L phenobarbital (PB500); (3) water with purified MC-LR (10 µg/L) added; or (4) water containing lysed Microcystis aeruginosa (lysate; 10 µg/L total MCs). The exposure concentrations were based on environmentally relevant concentrations and previously established Ohio EPA recreational water MC guidelines. Throughout the 30-week exposure, mouse weights, food consumption, and water consumption were not significantly impacted by toxin ingestion. We found no significant differences in the number of gross and histopathologic liver lesion counts across the treatment groups, but we did note that the PB500 group developed lesion densities too numerous to count. Additionally, the proportion of lesions classified as hepatocellular carcinomas in the MC-LR group (44.5%; p < 0.05) and lysate group (55%; p < 0.01) was significantly higher compared to the control group (14.9%). Over the course of the study, the mice ingesting the lysate also had a significantly lower survival probability (64.4%; p < 0.001) compared to water (96.8%), PB500 (95.0%), and MC-LR (95.7%) exposures. Using cyanotoxin levels at common recreational water concentration levels, we demonstrate the cancer-promoting effects of a single cyanotoxin MC congener (MC-LR). Furthermore, we show enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis and significant mortality associated with combinatorial exposure to the multiple MCs and bioactive compounds present in lysed cyanobacterial cells—a scenario representative of the ingestion exposure route, such as HAB-contaminated water and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mrdjen
- College of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (I.M.); (J.L.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- College of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (I.M.); (J.L.); (C.M.W.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher M. Weghorst
- College of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (I.M.); (J.L.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Thomas J. Knobloch
- College of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (I.M.); (J.L.); (C.M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Mesquita FMD, de Oliveira DF, Caldeira DDAF, de Albuquerque JPC, Matta L, Faria CCD, Souza IIAD, Takiya CM, Fortunato RS, Nascimento JHM, de Oliveira Azevedo SMF, Zin WA, Maciel L. Subacute and sublethal ingestion of microcystin-LR impairs lung mitochondrial function by an oligomycin-like effect. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 93:103887. [PMID: 35598755 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent cyanotoxin that can reach several organs. However subacute exposure to sublethal doses of MC-LR has not yet well been studied. Herein, we evaluated the outcomes of subacute and sublethal MC-LR exposure on lungs. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to MC-LR by gavage (30 µg/kg) for 20 consecutive days, whereas CTRL mice received filtered water. Respiratory mechanics was not altered in MC-LR group, but histopathology disclosed increased collagen deposition, immunological cell infiltration, and higher percentage of collapsed alveoli. Mitochondrial function was extensively affected in MC-LR animals. Additionally, a direct in vitro titration of MC-LR revealed impaired mitochondrial function. In conclusion, MC-LR presented an intense deleterious effect on lung mitochondrial function and histology. Furthermore, MC-LR seems to exert an oligomycin-like effect in lung mitochondria. This study opens new perspectives for the understanding of the putative pulmonary initial mechanisms of damage resulting from oral MC-LR intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Muniz de Mesquita
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Matta
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Coelho de Faria
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itanna Isis Araujo de Souza
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Campus Professor Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
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9
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Ahari H, Nowruzi B, Anvar AA, Porzani SJ. The Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins In Vivo and In Vitro by Mouse Bioassay: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1131-1151. [PMID: 34720080 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211101162030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different biological methods based on bioactivity are available to detect cyanotoxins, including neurotoxicity, immunological interactions, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and enzymatic activity. The mouse bioassay is the first test employed in laboratory cultures, cell extracts, and water bloom materials to detect toxins. It is also used as a traditional method to estimate the LD50. Concerning the ease of access and low cost, it is the most common method for this purpose. In this method, a sample is injected intraperitoneally into adult mice, and accordingly, they are assayed and monitored for about 24 hours for toxic symptoms. The toxin can be detected using this method from minutes to a few hours; its type, e.g., hepatotoxin, neurotoxin, etc., can also be determined. However, this method is nonspecific, fails to detect low amounts, and cannot distinguish between homologues. Although the mouse bioassay is gradually replaced with new chemical and immunological methods, it is still the main technique to detect the bioactivity and efficacy of cyanotoxins using LD50 determined based on the survival time of animals exposed to the toxin. In addition, some countries oppose animal use in toxicity studies. However, high cost, ethical considerations, low-sensitivity, non-specificity, and prolonged processes persuade researchers to employ chemical and functional analysis techniques. The qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as high specificity and sensitivity, are among the advantages of cytotoxicity tests to investigate cyanotoxins. The present study aimed at reviewing the results obtained from in-vitro and in-vivo investigations of the mouse bioassay to detect cyanotoxins, including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ahari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Amir Ali Anvar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
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Plaas HE, Paerl HW. Toxic Cyanobacteria: A Growing Threat to Water and Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:44-64. [PMID: 33334098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) poses an increasing threat to public health. CyanoHABs are characterized by the production of toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Human exposure to cyanotoxins is challenging to forecast, and perhaps the least understood exposure route is via inhalation. While the aerosolization of toxins from marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been well documented, the aerosolization of cyanotoxins in freshwater systems remains understudied. In recent years, spray aerosol (SA) produced in the airshed of the Laurentian Great Lakes (United States and Canada) has been characterized, suggesting that freshwater systems may impact atmospheric aerosol loading more than previously understood. Therefore, further investigation regarding the impact of CyanoHABs on human respiratory health is warranted. This review examines current research on the incorporation of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins into SA of aquatic ecosystems which experience HABs. We present an overview of cyanotoxin fate in the environment, biological incorporation into SA, existing data on cyanotoxins in SA, relevant collection methods, and adverse health outcomes associated with cyanotoxin inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Plaas
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
| | - Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
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11
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Brózman O, Kubickova B, Babica P, Laboha P. Microcystin-LR Does Not Alter Cell Survival and Intracellular Signaling in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E165. [PMID: 32156079 PMCID: PMC7150819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in ecological and environmental factors lead to an increased occurrence of cyanobacterial water blooms, while secondary metabolites-producing cyanobacteria pose a threat to both environmental and human health. Apart from oral and dermal exposure, humans may be exposed via inhalation and/or swallowing of contaminated water and aerosols. Although many studies deal with liver toxicity, less information about the effects in the respiratory system is available. We investigated the effects of a prevalent cyanotoxin, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), using respiratory system-relevant human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. The expression of specific organic-anion-transporting polypeptides was evaluated, and the western blot analysis revealed the formation and accumulation of MC-LR protein adducts in exposed cells. However, MC-LR up to 20 μM neither caused significant cytotoxic effects according to multiple viability endpoints after 48-h exposure, nor reduced impedance (cell layer integrity) over 96 h. Time-dependent increase of putative MC-LR adducts with protein phosphatases was not associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38 during 48-h exposure in HBE cells. Future studies addressing human health risks associated with inhalation of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins should focus on complex environmental samples of cyanobacterial blooms and alterations of additional non-cytotoxic endpoints while adopting more advanced in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Brózman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Barbara Kubickova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Laboha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
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12
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Impact of Microcystin-LR on Liver Function Varies by Dose and Sex in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110435. [PMID: 30373283 PMCID: PMC6266648 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) exposure is an increasing concern because more geographical locations are covered with cyanobacterial blooms as eutrophication and bloom-favoring environmental factors become more prevalent worldwide. Acute MC exposure has been linked to gastrointestinal distress, liver toxicity, and death in extreme circumstances. The goal of this study was to provide an accurate and comprehensive description of MC-LRs impacts on liver pathology, clinical chemistry, and gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in CD-1 male and female mice. Mice were exposed to 0, 3000, and 5000/4000 µg/kg/day MC-LR, daily for 7 days, and were necropsied on Day 8. Blood samples for clinical chemistry analysis were processed to serum, while liver sections were fixed for histopathology or evaluated for GJIC using fluorescent cut-load dye. Results show a dose-dependent relationship with MC-LR exposure and hepatocellular hypertrophy, degradation, and necrosis. Clinical chemistry parameters alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and cholesterol increased significantly in MC-LR exposed mice. Clinical chemistry parameter analysis showed significantly increased susceptibility to MC-LR in females compared to males. Changes in GJIC were not noted, but localization of hepatotoxicity near the central veins and midlobular areas was seen. Future toxicity studies involving MCs should consider response differences across sexes, differing MC congeners, and combinatorial exposures involving other cyanotoxins.
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13
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Casquilho NV, Moreira-Gomes MD, Magalhães CB, Okuro RT, Ortenzi VH, Feitosa-Lima EK, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Soares RM, Azevedo SMFO, Valença SS, Fortunato RS, Carvalho AR, Zin WA. Oxidative imbalance in mice intoxicated by microcystin-LR can be minimized. Toxicon 2018; 144:75-82. [PMID: 29454806 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins-LR (MC-LR) is a cyanotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. We evaluated the antioxidant potential of LASSBio-596 (LB-596, inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 4 and 5), per os, and biochemical markers involved in lung and liver injury induced by exposure to sublethal dose of MC-LR. Fifty male Swiss mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 60 μL of saline (CTRL group, n = 20) or a sublethal dose of MC-LR (40 μg/kg, TOX group, n = 20). After 6 h the animals received either saline (TOX and CTRL groups) or LB-596 (50 mg/kg, TOX + LASS group, n = 10) by gavage. At 6 h after exposure, respiratory mechanics was evaluated in 10 CTRL and 10 TOX mice: there was a significant increase of all lung mechanics parameters (static elastance, viscoelastic component of elastance and lung resistive and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures) in TOX compared to CTRL. 8 h after saline or MC-LR administration, i.e., 2 h after treatment with LB-596, blood serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and content of malondialdehyde and carbonyl in lung and liver, NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 mRNA expressions, dual oxidase enzyme activity and H2O2 generation were analyzed in lung homogenates. All parameters were significantly higher in TOX than in the other groups. There was no significant difference between CTRL and TOX + LASS. MC-LR deteriorated lung and liver functions and induced redox imbalance in them, which was prevented by oral administration of LB-596.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália V Casquilho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira-Gomes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology and Biochemistry, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Clarissa B Magalhães
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata T Okuro
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Ortenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuel K Feitosa-Lima
- Laboratory of Biology Redox, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidia M Lima
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Soares
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; NUMPEX-BIO - Multidisciplinar Center of Biological Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Polo Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandra M F O Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel S Valença
- Laboratory of Biology Redox, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alysson Roncally Carvalho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter A Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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14
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Labine M, Gong Y, Minuk GY. Long-Term, Low-Dose Exposure to Microcystin-LR Does not Cause or Increase the Severity of Liver Disease in Rodents. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:959-965. [PMID: 29055933 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to high concentrations of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can cause significant hepatocyte injury. AIM To document the effects of long-term, low-dose MC-LR exposure on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in mice with healthy and diseased livers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male CD1 mice (N = 20/group) were exposed to 1.0 μg/L of MC-LR in drinking water; 1.0 μg/L MC-LR plus 300 mg/L of the hepatotoxin thioacetamide (MC-LR/TAA); or 300 mg/L TAA alone for 28 weeks. Liver biochemistry and histology were documented at the end of the study period. In addition, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), were exposed in vitro to MC-LR (0.1-10,000 μg/L) and monitored for changes in cell metabolism, proliferation and activation. RESULTS Liver biochemistry and histology were essentially normal in MC-LR alone exposed mice. MC-LR/TAA and TAA alone exposed mice had significant hepatic inflammation and fibrosis but the extent of the changes were similar in the two groups. In vitro, MC-LR had no effect on HSC metabolism, proliferation or activation. CONCLUSION Long-term, low-dose exposure to MC-LR is unlikely to lead to chronic liver disease in the setting of a normal liver or exacerbate existing liver disease in the setting of ongoing hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Labine
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculties of Medicine. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuewen Gong
- Pharmacy. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gerald Y Minuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculties of Medicine. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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15
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Oliveira VR, Carvalho GMC, Casquilho NV, Moreira-Gomes MD, Soares RM, Azevedo SMFO, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Takiya CM, Zin WA. Lung and liver responses to 1- and 7-day treatments with LASSBio-596 in mice subchronically intoxicated by microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2017; 141:1-8. [PMID: 29097245 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can cause serious injuries upon short- and long-term exposures that can be prevented by LASSBio-596 (LB-596), an anti-inflammatory compound. We aimed to test LB-596 following subchronic exposure to MC-LR. Swiss mice received 10 intraperitoneal injections of distilled water (DW) or MC-LR (20 μg/kg bw) every 2 days. On the 10th injection animals receiving DW were gavaged with DW or 50 mg/kg bw of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D groups), whereas those exposed to MC-LR received either DW or 50 mg/kg of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (T1D, T7D, TL1D and TL7D groups). Twelve hours after the last gavage we assessed respiratory mechanics, and extracted lung and liver for histology, apoptosis, inflammatory biomarkers and MC-LR content. C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D were all similar. Mechanical parameters were significantly higher in T1D and T7D compared to the other groups. LB-596 reversed these changes on day 1 of administration. LB-596 reduced inflammatory mediators in lung and liver on day 1 of treatment. On day 7 apoptosis in liver and lung fell even more. Briefly, 7-day administration completely reversed lung and liver changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rosa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Vasconcelos Casquilho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira-Gomes
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raquel Moraes Soares
- NUMPEX-BIO - Multidisciplinar Center of Biological Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Polo Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria F O Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidia Moreira Lima
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jesus Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Dai D, Prussin AJ, Marr LC, Vikesland PJ, Edwards MA, Pruden A. Factors Shaping the Human Exposome in the Built Environment: Opportunities for Engineering Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7759-7774. [PMID: 28677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The "exposome" is a term describing the summation of one's lifetime exposure to microbes and chemicals. Such exposures are now recognized as major drivers of human health and disease. Because humans spend ∼90% of their time indoors, the built environment exposome merits particular attention. Herein we utilize an engineering perspective to advance understanding of the factors that shape the built environment exposome and its influence on human wellness and disease, while simultaneously informing development of a framework for intentionally controlling the exposome to protect public health. Historically, engineers have been focused on controlling chemical and physical contaminants and on eradicating microbes; however, there is a growing awareness of the role of "beneficial" microbes. Here we consider the potential to selectively control the materials and chemistry of the built environment to positively influence the microbial and chemical components of the indoor exposome. Finally, we discuss research gaps that must be addressed to enable intentional engineering design, including the need to define a "healthy" built environment exposome and how to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Dai
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aaron J Prussin
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Marc A Edwards
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amy Pruden
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
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17
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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