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Kodali V, Afshari A, Meighan T, McKinney W, Mazumder MHH, Majumder N, Cumpston JL, Leonard HD, Cumpston JB, Friend S, Leonard SS, Erdely A, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Hussain S, Lee EG, Antonini JM. In vivo and in vitro toxicity of a stainless-steel aerosol generated during thermal spray coating. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3201-3217. [PMID: 35984461 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermal spray coating is an industrial process in which molten metal is sprayed at high velocity onto a surface as a protective coating. An automated electric arc wire thermal spray coating aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system was developed to simulate an occupational exposure and, using this system, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to stainless steel PMET720 aerosols at 25 mg/m3 × 4 h/day × 9 day. Lung injury, inflammation, and cytokine alteration were determined. Resolution was assessed by evaluating these parameters at 1, 7, 14 and 28 d after exposure. The aerosols generated were also collected and characterized. Macrophages were exposed in vitro over a wide dose range (0-200 µg/ml) to determine cytotoxicity and to screen for known mechanisms of toxicity. Welding fumes were used as comparative particulate controls. In vivo lung damage, inflammation and alteration in cytokines were observed 1 day post exposure and this response resolved by day 7. Alveolar macrophages retained the particulates even after 28 day post-exposure. In line with the pulmonary toxicity findings, in vitro cytotoxicity and membrane damage in macrophages were observed only at the higher doses. Electron paramagnetic resonance showed in an acellular environment the particulate generated free radicals and a dose-dependent increase in intracellular oxidative stress and NF-kB/AP-1 activity was observed. PMET720 particles were internalized via clathrin and caveolar mediated endocytosis as well as actin-dependent pinocytosis/phagocytosis. The results suggest that compared to stainless steel welding fumes, the PMET 720 aerosols were not as overtly toxic, and the animals recovered from the acute pulmonary injury by 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Kodali
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Aliakbar Afshari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Terence Meighan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Md Habibul Hasan Mazumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Nairrita Majumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jared L Cumpston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Howard D Leonard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - James B Cumpston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Sherri Friend
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Stephen S Leonard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Eun Gyung Lee
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - James M Antonini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Genotoxicity and inflammatory potential of stainless steel welding fume particles: an in vitro study on standard vs Cr(VI)-reduced flux-cored wires and the role of released metals. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2961-2975. [PMID: 34287684 PMCID: PMC8380239 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Welders are daily exposed to various levels of welding fumes containing several metals. This exposure can lead to an increased risk for different health effects which serves as a driving force to develop new methods that generate less toxic fumes. The aim of this study was to explore the role of released metals for welding particle-induced toxicity and to test the hypothesis that a reduction of Cr(VI) in welding fumes results in less toxicity by comparing the welding fume particles of optimized Cr(VI)-reduced flux-cored wires (FCWs) to standard FCWs. The welding particles were thoroughly characterized, and toxicity (cell viability, DNA damage and inflammation) was assessed following exposure to welding particles as well as their released metal fraction using cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt, 5–100 µg/mL) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1, 10–50 µg/mL). The results showed that all Cr was released as Cr(VI) for welding particles generated using standard FCWs whereas only minor levels (< 3% of total Cr) were released from the newly developed FCWs. Furthermore, the new FCWs were considerably less cytotoxic and did not cause any DNA damage in the doses tested. For the standard FCWs, the Cr(VI) released in cell media seemed to explain a large part of the cytotoxicity and DNA damage. In contrast, all particles caused rather similar inflammatory effects suggesting different underlying mechanisms. Taken together, this study suggests a potential benefit of substituting standard FCWs with Cr(VI)-reduced wires to achieve less toxic welding fumes and thus reduced risks for welders.
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Welding Fumes, a Risk Factor for Lung Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072552. [PMID: 32276440 PMCID: PMC7177922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Welding fumes (WFs) are composed of fine and ultrafine particles, which may reach the distal airways and represent a risk factor for respiratory diseases. (2) Methods: In vitro and in vivo studies to understand WFs pathogenesis were selected. Epidemiological studies, original articles, review, and meta-analysis to examine solely respiratory disease in welders were included. A systematic literature search, using PubMed, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Technical Information Center (NIOSHTIC), and Web of Science databases, was performed. (3) Results: Dose, time of exposure, and composition of WFs affect lung injury. Inflammation, lung defense suppression, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxic effects were observed after exposure both to mild and stainless steel WFs. (4) Conclusions: The detection of lung diseases associated with specific occupational exposure is crucial as complete avoidance or reduction of the exposure is difficult to achieve. Further studies in the area of particle research may aid the understanding of mechanisms involved in welding-related lung disease and to expand knowledge in welding-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Feng Y, Wang G, Chang Y, Cheng Y, Sun B, Wang L, Chen C, Zhang H. Electron Compensation Effect Suppressed Silver Ion Release and Contributed Safety of Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4478-4489. [PMID: 31244230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have promising plasmonic properties, however, they are rarely used in biomedical applications because of their potent toxicity. Herein, an electron compensation effect from Au to Ag was applied to design safe Au@Ag core-shell NPs. The Ag shell thickness was precisely regulated to enable the most efficient electron enrichment in Ag shell of Au@Ag2.4 NPs, preventing Ag oxidation and subsequent Ag+ ion release. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis revealed the electron transfer process from Au core to Ag shell, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis confirmed the low Ag+ ion release from Au@Ag2.4 NPs. Bare Au@Ag2.4 NPs showed much lower toxicological responses than Ag NPs in BEAS-2B and Raw 264.7 cells and acute lung inflammation mouse models, and PEGylation of Au@Ag2.4 NPs could further improve their safety to L02 and HEK293T cells as well as mice through intravenous injection. Further, diethylthiatri carbocyanine iodide attached pAu@Ag2.4 NPs exhibited intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering signals and were used for Raman imaging of MCF7 cells and Raman biosensing in MCF7 tumor-bearing mice. This electron compensation effect opens up new opportunity for broadening biomedical application of Ag-based NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Feng
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Guorui Wang
- Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , P.R. China
| | - Yun Chang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P.R. China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
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Koh DH, Lee SW, Ye BJ, Kim JI. Grouping schemes of welding fume exposure in shipyard welders. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:413-421. [PMID: 29494296 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1447115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Welding fume exposure can increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal grouping schemes of welding fume exposure in shipyard welders for future accurate examination of the association between welding fume exposure and COPD. Industrial hygiene records, including welding fume measurements between 2002 and 2009 were collected from a shipyard. A total of 2,360 personal welding fume measurements was compiled with a geometric mean of 1.66 mg/m3 and a geometric standard deviation of 4.02. Welding jobs were categorized into 8 groups. There were 9 working areas. To obtain the optimal grouping scheme, various grouping schemes were created using job, area, and job*area combination. To compare various grouping schemes, contrast and precision were calculated for each grouping scheme. For all measurement data, group mean ranking method created by ranking geometric means of the job*area combination into 3 groups (group mean ranking method) showed the best contrast and precision values among various grouping schemes, followed by grouping based on the job. For a subset of the data excluding job*area combinations with less than 10 measurements, grouping based on the job showed greater contrast than group mean ranking method, while for other subsets, including only repeated measurement data or further excluding job*area combinations with less than 10 measurements from the repeated measurement subset, group mean ranking method showed greater contrast than grouping based on the job. Our results showed that group mean ranking or grouping based on the job could be a candidate for the optimal grouping schemes in this shipyard. Our efforts for optimal grouping scheme may aid future cohort study to elucidate the association between welding fume exposure and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Koh
- a Department of Occupational Environmental Medicine , International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University , Incheon , Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Lee
- b Gaon Institute of Occupational Environment Research , Busan , Korea
| | - Byeong-Jin Ye
- c Gimhae Clinic, Occupational Health Center , Inje University , Busan , Korea
| | - Jung-Il Kim
- d Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Dong-A University Hospital , Busan , Korea
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Ellingsen DG, Chashchin M, Berlinger B, Fedorov V, Chashchin V, Thomassen Y. Biological monitoring of welders' exposure to chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 41:99-106. [PMID: 28347469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Welders are exposed to a number of metallic elements during work. Bioaccessability, that is important for element uptake, has been little studied. This study addresses bioaccessability and uptake of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) and vanadium (V) among welders. METHODS Bioaccessability of Cr, Mo, V and W was studied in airborne particulate matter collected by personal sampling of the workroom air among shipyard welders by using the lung lining fluid simulant Hatch solution. Associations between concentrations of Hatch soluble and non-soluble elements (Hatchsol and Hatchnon-sol) and concentrations of the four elements in whole blood, serum, blood cells and urine were studied. RESULTS Air concentrations of the four elements were low. Only a small fraction of Cr, V and W was Hatchsol, while similar amounts of Mo were Hatchsol and Hatchnon-sol. Welders (N=70) had statistically significantly higher concentrations of all four elements in urine and serum when compared to referents (N=74). Highly statistically significant associations were observed between urinary W and Hatchsol W (p<0.001) and serum V and Hatchsol V (p<0.001), in particular when air samples collected the day before collection of biological samples were considered. CONCLUSIONS Associations between Hatchsol elements in air and their biological concentrations were higher than when Hatchnon-sol concentrations were considered. Associations were generally higher when air samples collected the day before biological sampling were considered as compared to air samples collected two days before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim Chashchin
- Northwest Public Health Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir Fedorov
- Northwest Public Health Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia; North-western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valery Chashchin
- Northwest Public Health Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia; North-western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Halatek T, Stanislawska M, Kaminska I, Cieslak M, Swiercz R, Wasowicz W. The time-dependent health and biochemical effects in rats exposed to stainless steel welding dust and its soluble form. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:265-273. [PMID: 27901646 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1253397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Welding processes that generate fumes containing toxic metals, such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni), have been implicated in lung injury, inflammation, and lung tumor promotion in animal models. The principal objective of this study was to determine the dynamics of toxic effects of inhalation exposure to morphologically rated welding dust from stainless steel welding and its soluble form in TSE System with a dynamic airflow. We assessed the pulmonary toxicity of welding dust in Wistar rats exposed to 60.0 mg/m3 of respirable-size welding dust (mean diameter 1.17 µm) for 2 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week); the aerosols were generated in the nose-only exposure chambers (NOEC). An additional aim included the study of the effect of betaine supplementation on oxidative deterioration in rat lung during 2 weeks of exposure to welding dust or water-soluble dust form. The animals were divided into eight groups (n = 8 per group): control, dust, betaine, betaine + dust, soluble-form dust, soluble-form dust + betaine, saline and saline + betaine groups. Rats were euthanized 1 or 2 weeks after the last exposure for assessment of pulmonary toxicity. Differential cell counts, total protein concentrations and cellular enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase-LDH) activities were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and corticosterone and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations were assessed in serum. The increase in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in BAL fluid (a cytological index of inflammatory responses of the lung) is believed to reflect pulmonary toxicity of heavy metals. Biomarkers of toxicity assessed in bronchoalveolar fluids indicate that the level of the toxic effect depends mainly on the solubility of studied metal compounds; biomarkers that showed treatment effects included: total cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, total protein concentrations, and cellular enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase) activity. Betaine supplementation at 250 mg/kg/day in all study rats groups attenuated stress indices, and corticosterone and TBARS serum levels, and simultaneously stimulated increase of polymorphonuclear cells in BALF of rats. The study confirmed deleterious effect of transitory metals and particles during experimental inhalation exposure to welding dusts, evidenced in the lungs and brain by increased levels of total protein, higher cellular influx, rise of LDH in BALF, elevated TBARS and increased corticosterone in serum of rats. Our result confirm also the hypothesis about the effect of the welding dusts on the oxidative stress responsible for disturbed systemic homeostasis and impairment of calcium regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Halatek
- a Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
| | - Magdalena Stanislawska
- a Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
| | - Irena Kaminska
- b Scientific Department of Unconventional Technologies and Textiles , Textile Research Institute , Lodz , Poland
| | - Malgorzata Cieslak
- b Scientific Department of Unconventional Technologies and Textiles , Textile Research Institute , Lodz , Poland
| | - Radoslaw Swiercz
- a Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
| | - Wojciech Wasowicz
- a Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
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Xiang P, Liu RY, Sun HJ, Han YH, He RW, Cui XY, Ma LQ. Molecular mechanisms of dust-induced toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells: Water and organic extract of office and house dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:348-356. [PMID: 27131017 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells are continually exposed to dust in the air, which may cause corneal epithelium damage. Both water and organic soluble contaminants in dust may contribute to cytotoxicity in HCE cells, however, the associated toxicity mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, indoor dust from residential houses and commercial offices in Nanjing, China was collected and the effects of organic and water soluble fraction of dust on primary HCE cells were examined. The concentrations of heavy metals in the dust and dust extracts were determined by ICP-MS and PAHs by GC-MS, with office dust having greater concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than house dust. Based on LC50, organic extract was more toxic than water extract, and office dust was more toxic than house dust. Accordingly, the organic extracts induced more ROS, malondialdehyde, and 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine and higher expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), and AhR inducible genes (CYP1A1, and CYP1B1) than water extracts (p<0.05). Extracts of office dust presented greater suppression of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity than those of house dust. In addition, exposure to dust extracts activated NF-κB signal pathway except water extract of house dust. The results suggested that both water and organic soluble fractions of dust caused cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and activation of AhR inducible genes, with organic extracts having higher potential to induce adverse effects on primary HCE cells. The results based on primary HCE cells demonstrated the importance of reducing contaminants in indoor dust to reduce their adverse impacts on human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-He Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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LIN CC, CHEN MR, CHANG SL, LIAO WH, CHEN HL. Characterization of ambient particles size in workplace of manufacturing physical fitness equipments. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2014; 53:78-84. [PMID: 25327301 PMCID: PMC4331197 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2014-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The manufacturing of fitness equipment involves several processes, including the cutting and punching of iron tubes followed by welding. Welding operations produce hazardous gases and particulate matter, which can enter the alveolar, resulting in adverse health effects. This study sought to verify the particle size distribution and exposure concentrations of atmospheric air samples in various work areas of a fitness equipment manufacturing industry. Observed particle concentrations are presented by area and in terms of relative magnitude: painting (15.58 mg/m(3)) > automatic welding (0.66 mg/m(3)) > manual welding (0.53 mg/m(3)) > punching (0.18 mg/m(3)) > cutting (0.16 mg/m(3)). The concentrations in each of the five work areas were Cinh>Cthor>Cresp. In all areas except the painting area, extra-fine particles produced by welding at high temperatures, and further those coagulated to form larger particles. This study observed bimodal distribution in the size of welding fume in the ranges of 0.7-1 µm and 15-21 µm. Meanwhile, the mass concentrations of particles with different sizes were not consistent across work areas. In the painting area, the mass concentration was higher in Chead>Cth>Calv, but in welding areas, it was found that Calv>Chead>Cth. Particles smaller than 1 µm were primarily produced by welding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung LIN
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National
Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ru CHEN
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Hwa
University of Medical Technology, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lang CHANG
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung
Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Heng LIAO
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung
Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling CHEN
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung
Kuang University, Taiwan
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Zhang H, Pokhrel S, Ji Z, Meng H, Wang X, Lin S, Chang CH, Li L, Li R, Sun B, Wang M, Liao YP, Liu R, Xia T, Mädler L, Nel AE. PdO doping tunes band-gap energy levels as well as oxidative stress responses to a Co₃O₄ p-type semiconductor in cells and the lung. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6406-20. [PMID: 24673286 PMCID: PMC4410908 DOI: 10.1021/ja501699e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We demonstrate through PdO doping
that creation of heterojunctions
on Co3O4 nanoparticles can quantitatively adjust
band-gap and Fermi energy levels to study the impact of metal oxide
nanoparticle semiconductor properties on cellular redox homeostasis
and hazard potential. Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was used to synthesize
a nanoparticle library in which the gradual increase in the PdO content
(0–8.9%) allowed electron transfer from Co3O4 to PdO to align Fermi energy levels across the heterojunctions.
This alignment was accompanied by free hole accumulation at the Co3O4 interface and production of hydroxyl radicals.
Interestingly, there was no concomitant superoxide generation, which
could reflect the hole dominance of a p-type semiconductor.
Although the electron flux across the heterojunctions induced upward
band bending, the Ec levels of the doped
particles showed energy overlap with the biological redox potential
(BRP). This allows electron capture from the redox couples that maintain
the BRP from −4.12 to −4.84 eV, causing disruption of
cellular redox homeostasis and induction of oxidative stress. PdO/Co3O4 nanoparticles showed significant increases in
cytotoxicity at 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, which was enhanced
incrementally by PdO doping in BEAS-2B and RAW 264.7 cells. Oxidative
stress presented as a tiered cellular response involving superoxide
generation, glutathione depletion, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity
in epithelial and macrophage cell lines. A progressive series of acute
pro-inflammatory effects could also be seen in the lungs of animals
exposed to incremental PdO-doped particles. All considered, generation
of a combinatorial PdO/Co3O4 nanoparticle library
with incremental heterojunction density allowed us to demonstrate
the integrated role of Ev, Ec, and Ef levels in the generation
of oxidant injury and inflammation by the p-type
semiconductor, Co3O4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, Jilin, China
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11
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Donaldson K, Poland CA. Nanotoxicity: challenging the myth of nano-specific toxicity. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:724-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Chen HL, Chung SH, Jhuo ML. Efficiency of different respiratory protective devices for removal of particulate and gaseous reactive oxygen species from welding fumes. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013; 68:101-6. [PMID: 23428060 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2011.650799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light inherent to welding processes generates ozone (O(3)) with subsequent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photochemical reactions when UV light is present with O(3). This study aimed to determine the performance of filters used as respiratory protective devices by welding personnel to simultaneously mitigate particulate and gaseous inhalation hazards. Four respiratory protective devices were selected for this study, including a surgical facemask, a cotton-fabric facemask, an activated-carbon facemask, and an N95 respirator. The removal efficiencies for the particulates in welding fumes were all above 98%. For particulate-phase ROS, the removal efficiencies of the different respiratory protective devices ranged from 83.5% to 94.1%; however, the removal efficiencies for gaseous ROS were only 1.3% (active carbon facemask) to 21.1% (N95 respirator). The data indicated that the respiratory protective devices commercially available cannot block the passage of the gas-phase ROS found in welding fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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13
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Zhang H, Ji Z, Xia T, Meng H, Low-Kam C, Liu R, Pokhrel S, Lin S, Wang X, Liao YP, Wang M, Li L, Rallo R, Damoiseaux R, Telesca D, Mädler L, Cohen Y, Zink JI, Nel AE. Use of metal oxide nanoparticle band gap to develop a predictive paradigm for oxidative stress and acute pulmonary inflammation. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4349-68. [PMID: 22502734 PMCID: PMC4139054 DOI: 10.1021/nn3010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for 24 metal oxide (MOx) nanoparticles that it is possible to use conduction band energy levels to delineate their toxicological potential at cellular and whole animal levels. Among the materials, the overlap of conduction band energy (E(c)) levels with the cellular redox potential (-4.12 to -4.84 eV) was strongly correlated to the ability of Co(3)O(4), Cr(2)O(3), Ni(2)O(3), Mn(2)O(3), and CoO nanoparticles to induce oxygen radicals, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This outcome is premised on permissible electron transfers from the biological redox couples that maintain the cellular redox equilibrium to the conduction band of the semiconductor particles. Both single-parameter cytotoxic as well as multi-parameter oxidative stress assays in cells showed excellent correlation to the generation of acute neutrophilic inflammation and cytokine responses in the lungs of C57 BL/6 mice. Co(3)O(4), Ni(2)O(3), Mn(2)O(3), and CoO nanoparticles could also oxidize cytochrome c as a representative redox couple involved in redox homeostasis. While CuO and ZnO generated oxidative stress and acute pulmonary inflammation that is not predicted by E(c) levels, the adverse biological effects of these materials could be explained by their solubility, as demonstrated by ICP-MS analysis. These results demonstrate that it is possible to predict the toxicity of a large series of MOx nanoparticles in the lung premised on semiconductor properties and an integrated in vitro/in vivo hazard ranking model premised on oxidative stress. This establishes a robust platform for modeling of MOx structure-activity relationships based on band gap energy levels and particle dissolution. This predictive toxicological paradigm is also of considerable importance for regulatory decision-making about this important class of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Zhang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Huan Meng
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cecile Low-Kam
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- IWT Foundation Institute of Materials Science, Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Sijie Lin
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiang Wang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Meiying Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linjiang Li
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert Rallo
- Departament d’Enginyeria Informatica i Matematiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Molecular Shared Screening Resources, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Donatello Telesca
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lutz Mädler
- IWT Foundation Institute of Materials Science, Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andre E. Nel
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Corresponding Author: Andre Nel, M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680. Tel: (310) 825-6620, Fax: (310) 206-8107,
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14
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Critical Evaluation of Sequential Leaching Procedures for the Determination of Ni and Mn Species in Welding Fumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:333-40. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mep013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kaczmarek M, Cachau RE, Topol IA, Kasprzak KS, Ghio A, Salnikow K. Metal ions-stimulated iron oxidation in hydroxylases facilitates stabilization of HIF-1 alpha protein. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:394-403. [PMID: 19074761 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of cells to several metal ions stabilizes HIF-1 alpha protein. However, the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. They may involve inhibition of hydroxylation by either substitution of iron by metal ions or by iron oxidation in the hydroxylases. Here we provide evidence supporting the latter mechanism. We show that HIF-1 alpha stabilization in human lung epithelial cells occurred following exposure to various metal and metalloid ions, including those that cannot substitute for iron in the hydroxylases. In each case addition of the reducing agent ascorbic acid (AA)* abolished HIF-1 alpha protein stabilization. To better understand the role of iron oxidation in hydroxylase inhibition and to define the role of AA in the enzyme recovery we applied molecular modeling techniques. Our results indicate that the energy required for iron substitution by Ni(II) in the enzyme is high and unlikely to be achieved in a biological system. Additionally, computer modeling allowed us to identify a tridentate coordination of AA with the enzyme-bound iron, which explains the specific demand for AA as the iron reductant. Thus, the stabilization of HIF-1 alpha by numerous metal ions that cannot substitute for iron in the enzyme, the alleviation of this effect by AA, and our computer modeling data support the hypothesis of iron oxidation in the hydroxylases following exposure to metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Keegan GM, Learmonth ID, Case C. A Systematic Comparison of the Actual, Potential, and Theoretical Health Effects of Cobalt and Chromium Exposures from Industry and Surgical Implants. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:645-74. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440701845534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ayres JG, Borm P, Cassee FR, Castranova V, Donaldson K, Ghio A, Harrison RM, Hider R, Kelly F, Kooter IM, Marano F, Maynard RL, Mudway I, Nel A, Sioutas C, Smith S, Baeza-Squiban A, Cho A, Duggan S, Froines J. Evaluating the Toxicity of Airborne Particulate Matter and Nanoparticles by Measuring Oxidative Stress Potential—A Workshop Report and Consensus Statement. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:75-99. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701665517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Berlinger B, Ellingsen DG, Náray M, Záray G, Thomassen Y. A study of the bio-accessibility of welding fumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1448-53. [PMID: 19037486 DOI: 10.1039/b806631k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory bio-accessibility of a substance is the fraction that is soluble in the respiratory environment and is available for absorption. In the case of respiratory exposure the amount of absorbed substance plays a main role in the biological effects. Extensive bio-accessibility studies have always been an essential requirement for a better understanding of the biological effects of different workplace aerosols, such as welding fumes. Fumes generated using three different welding techniques, manual metal arc (MMA) welding, metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding were investigated in the present study. Each technique was used for stainless steel welding. Welding fumes were collected on PVC membrane filters in batches of 114 using a multiport air sampler. Three different fluids were applied for the solubility study: deionised water and two kinds of lung fluid simulants: lung epithelial lining fluid simulant (Gamble's solution) and artificial lung lining fluid simulant (Hatch's solution). In order to obtain sufficient data to study the tendencies in solubility change with time, seven different leaching periods were used (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 h), each of them with three replicates. The effect of dissolution temperature was also studied. The total amounts of selected metals in the three different welding fumes were determined after microwave-assisted digestion with the mixture of aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid. The most obvious observation yielded by the results is that the solubility of individual metals varies greatly depending on the welding technique, the composition of the leaching fluid and leaching time. This study shows that the most reasonable choice as a media for the bio-assessment of solubility might be Hatch's solution by a dissolution time of 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Berlinger
- Chemical Laboratory, Hungarian Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 22, H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
A substantial literature demonstrates that the main ultrafine particles found in ambient urban air are combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) which originate from a number of sources and pose a hazard to the lungs. For CDNP, three properties appear important-surface area, organics and metals. All of these can generate free radicals and so induce oxidative stress and inflammation. Inflammation is a process involved in the diseases exhibited by the individuals susceptible to the effects of PM- development and exacerbations of airways disease and cardiovascular disease. It is therefore possible to implicate CDNP in the common adverse effects of increased PM. The adverse effects of increases in PM on the cardiovascular system are well-documented in the epidemiological literature and, as argued above, these effects are likely to be driven by the combustion-derived NP. The epidemiological findings can be explained in a number of hypotheses regarding the action of NP:-1) Inflammation in the lungs caused by NP causes atheromatous plaque development and destabilization; 2) The inflammation in the lungs causes alteration in the clotting status or fibrinolytic balance favouring thrombogenesis; 3) The NP themselves or metals/organics released by the particles enter the circulation and have direct effects on the endothelium, plaques, the clotting system or the autonomic nervous system/ heart rhythm. Environmental nanoparticles are accidentally produced but they provide a toxicological model for a new class of purposely 'engineered' NP arising from the nanotechnology industry, whose effects are much less understood. Bridging our toxicological knowledge between the environmental nanoparticles and the new engineered nanoparticles is a considerable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Duffin
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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20
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Monteiller C, Tran L, MacNee W, Faux S, Jones A, Miller B, Donaldson K. The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area. Occup Environ Med 2007; 64:609-15. [PMID: 17409182 PMCID: PMC2092561 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rats exposed to high airborne mass concentrations of low-solubility low-toxicity particles (LSLTP) have been reported to develop lung disease such as fibrosis and lung cancer. These particles are regulated on a mass basis in occupational settings, but mass might not be the appropriate metric as animal studies have shown that nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) produce a stronger adverse effect than fine particles when delivered on an equal mass basis. METHODS This study investigated whether the surface area is a better descriptor than mass of LSLTP of their ability to stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in vitro. In a human alveolar epithelial type II-like cell line, A549, we measured interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA, IL8 protein release and glutathione (GSH) depletion as markers of pro-inflammatory effects and oxidative stress after treatment with a range of LSLTP (fine and nanoparticles) and DQ12 quartz, a particle with a highly reactive surface. RESULTS In all the assays, nanoparticle preparations of titanium dioxide (TiO2-np) and of carbon black (CB-np) produced much stronger pro-inflammatory responses than the same mass dose of fine TiO2 and CB. The results of the GSH assay confirmed that oxidative stress was involved in the response to all the particles, and two ultra-fine metal dusts (cobalt and nickel) produced GSH depletion similar to TiO2-np, for similar surface-area dose. As expected, DQ12 quartz was more inflammatory than the low toxicity dusts, on both a mass and surface-area basis. CONCLUSION Dose-response relationships observed in the in vitro assays appeared to be directly comparable with dose-response relationships in vivo when the doses were similarly standardised. Both sets of data suggested a threshold in dose measured as surface area of particles relative to the surface area of the exposed cells, at around 1-10 cm2/cm2. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that surface area is a more appropriate dose metric than mass for the pro-inflammatory effects of LSLTP in vitro and in vivo, and consequently that the high surface area of nanoparticles is a key factor in their inflammogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Monteiller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Scharrer E, Hessel H, Kronseder A, Guth W, Rolinski B, Jörres RA, Radon K, Schierl R, Angerer P, Nowak D. Heart rate variability, hemostatic and acute inflammatory blood parameters in healthy adults after short-term exposure to welding fume. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006; 80:265-72. [PMID: 16791613 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-006-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate, whether short-term experimental exposure to high levels of welding fumes would be capable of exerting acute effects in healthy subjects. Specifically, we assessed cardiovascular function in terms of heart rate variability (HRV) as well as the concentrations of inflammatory mediators and hemostatic proteins in blood as outcome measures. Twenty subjects without a history of airway and cardiovascular diseases were exposed to either control air or welding fume for 1 h on 2 separate days under standardized conditions. The median concentration of the alveolar particle fraction during welding was 3.5 mg/m(3 )(quartiles: 1.4-6.3 mg/m(3); range 1.0-25.3 mg/m(3)). Five hours later a panel of clinical assessments was performed, including HRV measurement and drawing of blood samples. There were no changes in symptom ratings or lung function after welding fume exposure. Exposures did also not differ regarding effects on time- and frequency-domain parameters of HRV. Similarly, blood leukocyte numbers, cell differentials and the blood levels of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, antithrombin III, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, ristocetin cofactor, sICAM-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 were not altered by welding fume inhalation. However, there was a significant fall in the level of endothelin-1 (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the data did not indicate effects of clinical significance of a short-term high-level exposure to welding fumes on HRV or a set of blood hemostatic and acute inflammatory parameters in healthy subjects. The small but statistically significant effect on endothelin levels demonstrated that measurable effects could be elicited even in these individuals. Overall, welding fumes are not likely to exert acute cardiovascular effects in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scharrer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez LA, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, MacNee W, Stone V. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 16242040 PMCID: PMC1280930 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the molecular toxicology of combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) following inhalation exposure. CDNP originate from a number of sources and in this review we consider diesel soot, welding fume, carbon black and coal fly ash. A substantial literature demonstrates that these pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; they also have the potential to redistribute to other organs following pulmonary deposition. These different CDNP show considerable heterogeneity in composition and solubility, meaning that oxidative stress may originate from different components depending on the particle under consideration. Key CDNP-associated properties of large surface area and the presence of metals and organics all have the potential to produce oxidative stress. CDNP may also exert genotoxic effects, depending on their composition. CDNP and their components also have the potential to translocate to the brain and also the blood, and thereby reach other targets such as the cardiovascular system, spleen and liver. CDNP therefore can be seen as a group of particulate toxins unified by a common mechanism of injury and properties of translocation which have the potential to mediate a range of adverse effects in the lungs and other organs and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Luis Albert Jimenez
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - Nicholas Mills
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - William MacNee
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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