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Liu BL, Yu PF, Guo JJ, Xie LS, Liu X, Li YW, Xiang L, Zhao HM, Feng NX, Cai QY, Mo CH, Li QX. Congener-specific fate and impact of microcystins in the soil-earthworm system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134439. [PMID: 38677123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) have a significant influence on aquatic ecosystems, but little is known about their terrestrial fate and impact. Here, we investigated the fate of two MCs (MC-LR and MC-RR) in the soil-earthworm system, with consideration of their congener-specific impact on earthworm health, soil bacteria, and soil metabolome. Although MCs had little acute lethal effect on earthworms, they caused obvious growth inhibition and setae rupture. Relative to MC-RR, MC-LR exhibited higher bioaccumulation and the resulting dermal lesions and deformation of longitudinal muscles. While the incorporation of both MCs into soils stimulated pathogenic bacteria and depressed oxidative stress tolerant bacteria, the response among soil nitrification and glutathione metabolism differed between the two congeners. The dissipation kinetics of MCs obeyed the first-order model. Earthworms stimulated soil N-cycling enzyme activities, increased the abundance of MC-degrading bacteria, and promoted bacterial metabolic functions related to glutathione metabolism, xenobiotics biodegradation, and metabolism of amino acids that comprise MCs, which accelerated the dissipation of MC-LR and MC-RR by 227% and 82%, respectively. These results provide evidence of significant congener differences in the terrestrial fate and impact of MCs, which will enable a better understanding of their role in mediating soil functions and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing-Jie Guo
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Li-Si Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
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2
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Pelkonen O, Abass K, Parra Morte JM, Panzarea M, Testai E, Rudaz S, Louisse J, Gundert-Remy U, Wolterink G, Jean-Lou CM D, Coecke S, Bernasconi C. Metabolites in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the EU. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1304885. [PMID: 38188093 PMCID: PMC10770266 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1304885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A large majority of chemicals is converted into metabolites through xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Metabolites may present a spectrum of characteristics varying from similar to vastly different compared with the parent compound in terms of both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In the pesticide arena, the role of metabolism and metabolites is increasingly recognised as a significant factor particularly for the design and interpretation of mammalian toxicological studies and in the toxicity assessment of pesticide/metabolite-associated issues for hazard characterization and risk assessment purposes, including the role of metabolites as parts in various residues in ecotoxicological adversities. This is of particular relevance to pesticide metabolites that are unique to humans in comparison with metabolites found in in vitro or in vivo animal studies, but also to disproportionate metabolites (quantitative differences) between humans and mammalian species. Presence of unique or disproportionate metabolites may underlie potential toxicological concerns. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art of comparative metabolism and metabolites in pesticide research for hazard and risk assessment, including One Health perspectives, and future research needs based on the experiences gained at the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Louisse
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolterink
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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3
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Zhang H, Li Y, Abdallah MF, Tan H, Li J, Liu S, Zhang R, Sun F, Li Y, Yang S. Novel one-point calibration strategy for high-throughput quantitation of microcystins in freshwater using LC-MS/MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159345. [PMID: 36270352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Precise quantification of microcystins (MCs) in freshwater is crucial for environmental monitoring and human health. However, the preparation of traditional multi-sample external calibration curve (MSCC) is time consuming and prone to error. Here, a novel one-point calibration strategy including one sample multi-point calibration curve (OSCC) and in sample calibration curve (ISCC) is proposed for the quantitation of eight MCs in freshwater lakes using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The multiple isotopologue reaction monitoring (MIRM) of MCs and its 15N-labelled internal standards were used for OSCC and ISCC, respectively. The isotopic abundance of each MIRM channel could be calculated and measured accurately. Additionally, this strategy was comprehensively validated and showed good performance in selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision as the traditional MSCC. Interestingly, OSCC could realize sample dilution by monitoring the less abundant MIRM transitions, while ISCC remove blank matrixes and generate calibration curve in each study samples. Furthermore, the proposed methodology was successfully applied to analyze several freshwater lake samples contaminated by MCs. Considering the advantages of excluding the MSCC preparation, simplified workflows and improved throughput, OSCC and ISCC will be favored for MCs monitoring and as an emerging approach in environmental pollutant control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Haiguang Tan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianxun Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Feifei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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4
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Kocpinar EF, Baltaci NG, Akkemik E, Budak H. Depletion of Tip60/Kat5 affects the hepatic antioxidant system in mice. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:103-117. [PMID: 36377816 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tat-interactive protein 60 kDa (TIP60, also known as lysine acetyltransferase 5 [KAT5]) is a member of the MYST protein family with histone acetyltransferase activity. Recent studies have reported that TIP60 has multiple functions in many signal transduction mechanisms, especially p53-mediated apoptosis. Although the activation of apoptosis signaling pathways requires the presence of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) at a certain level, an imbalance between the production and consumption of ROS in cells results in oxidative stress (OS). In this study, we investigated for the first time how the absence of the Tip60 gene in the liver affects gene expression, enzyme activity, and protein expression of the hepatic antioxidant members localized in the cytoplasm, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). First, we successfully generated liver-specific Tip60 knockout mice (mutants) using Cre/LoxP recombination. The reduced glutathione level and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) expression, a marker of OS, increased significantly in the Tip60 mutant liver. Gene expression, activity, and protein expression of the enzymatic antioxidant system, including SOD, CAT, GR, GPx, and GST were investigated in mutants and control groups. Despite a significant correlation between the gene, enzyme activity, and protein content for CAT and GR, this was not true for SOD and GPx. The overall results suggest that TIP60 acts on the hepatic antioxidant system both at the gene and protein levels, but the actual effect of the deletion of Tip60 is observed at the protein level, especially for SOD and GPx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Fehim Kocpinar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Türkiye.,Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Muş Alparslan University, Mus, Türkiye
| | - Nurdan Gonul Baltaci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Akkemik
- Department of Engineering, Food Engineering, Siirt University, Siirt, Türkiye
| | - Harun Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Türkiye.,Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Turco L, Santori N, Buratti FM, Dorne JLCM, Testai E. Congeners-Specific Intestinal Absorption Of Microcystins In An In Vitro 3D Human Intestinal Epithelium: The Role Of Influx/Efflux Transporters. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:883063. [PMID: 35990858 PMCID: PMC9388863 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.883063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins constitute a group of over 200 variants and are increasingly considered as emerging toxins in food and feed safety, particularly with regards to sea-food and fish consumption. Toxicity of MCs is congener-specific, being characterised by different acute potencies, likely related to the differential activity of metabolic enzymes and transporters proteins involved in their cellular uptake. However, the active transport of MCs across intestinal membranes has not been fully elucidated. Our results, obtained using a fit for purpose 3D human reconstructed intestinal epithelium, provide new information on the complex mechanisms involved in the absorption of 5 MC variants’: it is indeed characterised by the equilibrium between uptake and extrusion, since the selected congeners are substrates of both influx and efflux proteins. In the range of tested nominal concentrations (10–40 µM) fully representative of relevant exposure scenarios, none of the active tested transporters were saturated. The comparison of permeability (Papp) values of MCs variants highlighted a dose independent relationship for MC-LR, -YR and -RR (Papp x 10–7 ranged from 2.95 to 3.54 cm/s), whereas -LW and–LF showed a dose dependent increase in permeability reaching Papp values which were similar to the other congeners at 40 µM. MC-RR, -LR, -YR show absorption values around 5% of the administered dose. Due to their lipophilicity, MC-LW and -LF were also detected within the cellular compartment. The intestinal uptake was only partially attributable to OATPs, suggesting the involvement of additional transporters. Regarding the efflux proteins, MCs are not P-gp substrates whereas MRP2 and to a lesser extent Breast cancer resistance protein are active in their extrusion. Despite the presence of GST proteins, as an indication of metabolic competence, in the intestinal tissue, MC-conjugates were never detected in our experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Turco
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura Turco,
| | - Nicoletta Santori
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca M. Buratti
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept, Rome, Italy
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6
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Characterization of primary glutathione conjugates with acrylamide and glycidamide: Toxicokinetic studies in Sprague Dawley rats treated with acrylamide. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 350:109701. [PMID: 34656557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is classified as a probable human carcinogen and is ubiquitous in foods processed at high temperatures. The carcinogenicity of AA has been attributed to its active metabolite, glycidamide (GA). Both AA and GA can spontaneously or enzymatically conjugate with glutathione (GSH) to form their corresponding GSH conjugates. Profiling AA-glutathione conjugate (AA-GSH) and GA-glutathione conjugates (2 isomers: GA2-GSH and GA3-GSH) in serum would better illustrate AA detoxification compared with urinary metabolite analysis. However, the lack of AA-, GA2, and GA3-GSH study remains a critical data gap. Our study aimed to investigate the toxicokinetics of AA-, GA2-and GA3-GSH in Sprague Dawley rats treated with 0.1 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, or 5.0 mg/kg AA. Blood samples were collected for LC-MS/MS analysis of the GSH conjugate products. Within 24 h of treatment, we observed rapid formation, elimination, and linear kinetics of AA-, GA2-and GA3-GSH. The ∑GA-GSH AUC/AA-GSH AUC ratios were 0.14-0.29, similar to ∑GA/AA AUC in serum but different from ∑GA/AA-derived urinary mercapturic acids in rodents. Our analysis of AA- and GA-GSHs values represents direct detoxification of AA and GA in vivo. This study advances our understanding of sex and inter-species differences in AA detoxification and may refine the existing kinetic models for a more relevant risk extrapolation.
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7
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Hernandez‐Jerez AF, Adriaanse P, Aldrich A, Berny P, Coja T, Duquesne S, Focks A, Marinovich M, Millet M, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Widenfalk A, Wilks M, Wolterink G, Gundert‐Remy U, Louisse J, Rudaz S, Testai E, Lostia A, Dorne J, Parra Morte JM. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) on testing and interpretation of comparative in vitro metabolism studies. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06970. [PMID: 34987623 PMCID: PMC8696562 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA asked the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their residues to deliver a Scientific Opinion on testing and interpretation of comparative in vitro metabolism studies for both new active substances and existing ones. The main aim of comparative in vitro metabolism studies of pesticide active substances is to evaluate whether all significant metabolites formed in the human in vitro test system, as a surrogate of the in vivo situation, are also present at comparable level in animal species tested in toxicological studies and, therefore, if their potential toxicity has been appropriately covered by animal studies. The studies may also help to decide which animal model, with regard to a particular compound, is the most relevant for humans. In the experimental strategy, primary hepatocytes in suspension or culture are recommended since hepatocytes are considered the most representative in vitro system for prediction of in vivo metabolites. The experimental design of 3 × 3 × 3 (concentrations, time points, technical replicates, on pooled hepatocytes) will maximise the chance to identify unique (UHM) and disproportionate (DHM) human metabolites. When DHM and UHM are being assessed, test item-related radioactivity recovery and metabolite profile are the most important parameters. Subsequently, structural characterisation of the assigned metabolites is performed with appropriate analytical techniques. In toxicological assessment of metabolites, the uncertainty factor approach is the first alternative to testing option, followed by new approach methodologies (QSAR, read-across, in vitro methods), and only if these fail, in vivo animal toxicity studies may be performed. Knowledge of in vitro metabolites in human and animal hepatocytes would enable toxicological evaluation of all metabolites of concern, and, furthermore, add useful pieces of information for detection and evaluation of metabolites in different matrices (crops, livestock, environment), improve biomonitoring efforts via better toxicokinetic understanding, and ultimately, develop regulatory schemes employing physiologically based or physiology-mimicking in silico and/or in vitro test systems to anticipate the exposure of humans to potentially hazardous substances in plant protection products.
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8
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Lance E, Lepoutre A, Savar V, Robert E, Bormans M, Amzil Z. In situ use of bivalves and passive samplers to reveal water contamination by microcystins along a freshwater-marine continuum in France. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117620. [PMID: 34492364 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health because of their ability to produce cyanotoxins, such as microcystins (MCs). MCs are regularly monitored in fresh waters, but rarely in estuarine and marine waters despite the possibility of their downstream export. Over a period of two years, we monthly analyzed intracellular (in phytoplankton) and extracellular (dissolved in water) MCs at five stations along a river continuum from a freshwater reservoir with ongoing cyanobacterial blooms to the coast of Brittany, France. MCs were quantified using two integrative samplers placed at each site: solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers for collecting extracellular MCs and caged mussels (Anodonta anatina and Mytilus edulis) filter-feeding on MC-producing cyanobacteria. The MC transfer was demonstrated each year during five months at estuarine sites and sporadically at the marine outlet. SPATT samplers integrated extracellular MCs, notably at low environmental concentrations (0.2 µg/L) and with the same variant profile as in water. The mussel A. anatina highlighted the presence of MCs including at intracellular concentrations below 1 µg/L. M. edulis more efficiently revealed the MC transfer at estuarine sites than water samplings. Bivalves showed the same MC variant profile as phytoplankton samples, but with differential accumulation capacities between the variants and the two species. Using SPATT or bivalves can give a more accurate assessment of the contamination level of a freshwater-marine continuum, in which the MC transfer can be episodic. MC content in M. edulis represents a potent threat to human health if considering updated French guideline values, and particularly the total (free and protein-bound) MC content, highlighting the necessity to include cyanotoxins in the monitoring of seafood originating from estuarine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lance
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, BP 1039, REIMS, Cedex 2 51687, France; UMR MNHN/CNRS MCAM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France.
| | | | | | - Elise Robert
- Ifremer/Phycotoxins Laboratory, Nantes F-44311, France
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR 6553 Ecobio, CNRS University of Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer/Phycotoxins Laboratory, Nantes F-44311, France
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9
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Henri J, Lanceleur R, Delmas JM, Fessard V, Huguet A. Permeability of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin-RR across a Caco-2 Cells Monolayer. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030178. [PMID: 33673481 PMCID: PMC7997155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are toxins produced by several cyanobacterial species found worldwide. While MCs have a common structure, the variation of two amino acids in their structure affects their toxicity. As toxicodynamics are very similar between the MC variants, their differential toxicity could rather be explained by toxicokinetic parameters. Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) is the second most abundant congener and induces toxicity through oral exposure. As intestinal permeability is a key parameter of oral toxicokinetics, the apparent permeability of MC-RR across a differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer was investigated. We observed a rapid and large decrease of MC-RR levels in the donor compartment. However, irrespective of the loaded concentration and exposure time, the permeabilities were very low from apical to basolateral compartments (from 4 to 15 × 10−8 cm·s−1) and from basolateral to apical compartments (from 2 to 37 × 10−8 cm·s−1). Our results suggested that MC-RR would be poorly absorbed orally. As similar low permeability was reported for the most abundant congener microcystin-LR, and this variant presented a greater acute oral toxicity than MC-RR, we concluded that the intestinal permeability was probably not involved in the differential toxicity between them, in contrast to the hepatic uptake and metabolism.
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10
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Pan C, Zhang L, Meng X, Qin H, Xiang Z, Gong W, Luo W, Li D, Han X. Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR increases the risk of prostate cancer and induces malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128295. [PMID: 33297237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins-LR (MC-LR) acts as a possible carcinogen for humans and causes a serious risk to public environmental health. The current study aimed to evaluate the interaction between MC-LR exposure and prostate cancer development and elucidate the underlying mechanism. In this study, mice were exposed to MC-LR at various doses for 180 days. MC-LR was able to induce the progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and microinvasion. Furthermore, MC-LR notably increased angiogenesis and susceptibility to prostate cancer in vivo. In vitro, over 25 weeks of MC-LR exposure, normal human prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and colony formation, features typical for cancer cells. These MC-LR-transformed prostate epithelial cells displayed increased expression of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); abrogation of FOXM1 or COX-2 activity by specific inhibitors could abolish the invasion and migration of MC-LR-treated cells. In conclusion, we have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the induction of a malignant phenotype in human prostate epithelial cells and the in vivo development of prostate cancer by exposure to MC-LR, which might be a potential tumor promoter in the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyue Gong
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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11
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Santori N, Buratti FM, Scardala S, Dorne JLCM, Testai E. In vitro detoxication of microcystins in human samples: variability among variants with different hydrophilicity and structure. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:131-139. [PMID: 31953209 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins, among which >200 variants of Microcystins (MC), constitute an emerging issue in food safety. Microcystins (MC) toxicity is congener-specific; however, the in vitro inhibition of PP1/PP2A (the key molecular event of MC toxicity) by single MC variants is comparable and MC toxicokinetics seems to be the critical point. Here, the variability in GSH conjugation catalysed by human recombinant enzymes and human hepatic cytosol has been compared between hydrophilic (MC-LR and MC-RR) and hydrophobic (MC-LW, MC-YR and MC-LF) variants, according to measured logPow. In vitro detoxication reaction (spontaneous plus enzymatic) is favored by the variant hydrophilicity, with MC-LF very poorly detoxified. With MC-YR and -LW the spontaneous reaction always gave the major contribution, whereas with MC-LR and -RR the enzymatic reaction became by far predominant when GSH was depleted. Consequently, the well-known GST polymorphisms seems not to be the major driver for potential human variability in susceptibility towards the MC-toxicity, except for MC-RR and -LR when GSH is depleted. Looking at these results and literature data, MC-RR (the least cytotoxic and acutely toxic in rodents) is the more hydrophilic, has the lowest OATP-mediated hepatic uptake and the highest detoxication efficiency. The opposite is true for the most lipophilic MC-LF: once entered in the cells with the highest uptake, it is very poorly detoxified, and resulted as the most toxic in various cell types. MC-dependent TK should be considered in order to estimate the variability in toxicity and to support the use of quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation models of single toxins and their mixtures co-occurring in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Santori
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
| | - Franca Maria Buratti
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy.
| | - Simona Scardala
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
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12
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Zhang H, Gonzales GB, Beloglazova NV, De Saeger S, Shen J, Zhang S, Yang S, Wang Z. Development of a validated direct injection-liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method under negative electrospray ionization for quantitation of nine microcystins and nodularin-R in lake water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460432. [PMID: 31431355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by various cyanobacterial genera that are toxic to both animals and humans. In this study, a novel strategy was proposed for the quantitation of nine MCs and Nodularin-R (NOD) in lake water using UHPLC-MS/MS under negative ionization mode, in which only centrifugation was employed during sample preparation. As a result, limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μg/L for all studied compounds were obtained in water samples, which were lower than the results obtained using positive ionization mode. Additionally, validation was performed by spiking three different levels of MCs at 0.05 or 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μg/L (n = 6). Recoveries ranged from 88.6% to 101.8%, and intraday and interday variability were lower than 12% and 14%, respectively, for all targeted compounds. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to investigate microcystins contamination in fifty lake water samples collected in different regions in China. As a result, MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-WR, MC-LW, MC-LA, MC-LY, and MC-HilR were detected in lake water samples at trace level ranging from 0.06 to 0.37 μg/L. The obtained results indicated that it was necessary to monitor the presence of MCs in lake water, especially during regular cyanobacterial blooms during warmer months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China; Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Beloglazova
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Kaur G, Fahrner R, Wittmann V, Stieger B, Dietrich DR. Human MRP2 exports MC-LR but not the glutathione conjugate. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 311:108761. [PMID: 31348918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination by cyanobacterial blooms is a worldwide health hazard to humans as well as livestock. Exposure to Microcystins (MCs), toxins produced by various cyanobacterial or blue green algae found in poorly treated drinking water or contaminated seafood such as fish or prawns are associated with hepatotoxicity, nephropathy and neurotoxicity and in extreme cases, death in humans. MC congeners, currently >240 known, differ dramatically in their uptake kinetics, i.e. their uptake via OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, in OATP overexpressing human HEK293 cells and primary human hepatocytes. It is thus likely that MC congeners will also differ with respect to the cellular efflux of the parent and conjugated congeners, e.g. via MRPs, MDRs, BCRP or BSEP. Consequently, the role and kinetics of different human efflux transporters - MRP, MDR, BCRP and BSEP in MC efflux was studied using insect membrane vesicles overexpressing the human transporters of interest. Of the efflux transporters investigated, MRP2 displayed MC transport. Michaelis-Menten kinetics displayed mild co-operativity and thus allosteric behavior of MRP2. MC transport by MRP2 was MC congener-specific, whereby MC-LF was transported more rapidly than MC-LR and -RR. Other human transporters (BCRP, BSEP, MRP1,3,5, MDR1) tested in this study did not exhibit interaction with MC. Although MRP2 showed specific MC transport, the MC-LR-GSH conjugate, was not transported suggesting the involvement of other transporters than MRP2 for the conjugate efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjot Kaur
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, India.
| | - Raphael Fahrner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Reto Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Díez-Quijada L, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán AM. Microcystin-RR: Occurrence, content in water and food and toxicological studies. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:467-489. [PMID: 30399604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins, produced by various species of cyanobacteria, whose occurrence is increasing worldwide owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. More than 100 variants have been reported, and among them MC-LR is the most extensively studied, but there are other MC congeners that deserve to be investigated. The need for data to characterize the toxicological profile of MC variants other than MC-LR has been identified in order to improve risk assessment in humans and wildlife. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the information available in the scientific literature dealing with MC-RR, as this congener is the second most common cyanotoxin in the environment. The review focuses on aspects such as occurrence in water and food, and toxicity studies both in vitro and in vivo. It reveals that, although MC-RR is a real hazard with a high exposure potential in some countries, little is known yet about its specific toxicological properties that differ from those of MC-LR, and important aspects such as genotoxicity and chronic effects have not yet been sufficiently addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Gouliarmou V, Lostia AM, Coecke S, Bernasconi C, Bessems J, Dorne JL, Ferguson S, Testai E, Remy UG, Brian Houston J, Monshouwer M, Nong A, Pelkonen O, Morath S, Wetmore BA, Worth A, Zanelli U, Zorzoli MC, Whelan M. Establishing a systematic framework to characterise in vitro methods for human hepatic metabolic clearance. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:233-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Attard TJ, Carter MD, Fang M, Johnson RC, Reid GE. Structural Characterization and Absolute Quantification of Microcystin Peptides Using Collision-Induced and Ultraviolet Photo-Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1812-1825. [PMID: 29845563 PMCID: PMC6088756 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) peptides produced by cyanobacteria pose a hepatotoxic threat to human health upon ingestion from contaminated drinking water. While rapid MC identification and quantification in contaminated body fluids or tissue samples is important for patient treatment and outcomes, conventional immunoassay-based measurement strategies typically lack the specificity required for unambiguous determination of specific MC variants, whose toxicity can significantly vary depending on their structures. Furthermore, the unambiguous identification and accurate quantitation of MC variants using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based methods can be limited due to a current lack of appropriate stable isotope-labeled internal standards. To address these limitations, we have systematically examined here the sequence and charge state dependence to the formation and absolute abundance of both "global" and "variant-specific" product ions from representative MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, and MC-LA peptides, using higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD)-MS/MS, ion-trap collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS and CID-MS3, and 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UPVD)-MS/MS. HCD-MS/MS was found to provide the greatest detection sensitivity for both global and variant-specific product ions in each of the MC variants, except for MC-YR where a variant-specific product uniquely formed via UPVD-MS/MS was observed with the greatest absolute abundance. A simple methodology for the preparation and characterization of 18O-stable isotope-labeled MC reference materials for use as internal standards was also developed. Finally, we have demonstrated the applicability of the methods developed herein for absolute quantification of MC-LR present in human urine samples, using capillary scale liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution / accurate mass spectrometry and HCD-MS/MS. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Attard
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa D Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mengxuan Fang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Chen L, Giesy JP, Xie P. The dose makes the poison. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:649-653. [PMID: 29197283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some microcystins (MCs) might cause hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. MC-LR is also a tumor promoter and a suspect carcinogen. In 2010, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified MC-LR as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B). Recently, an article entitled "Long-term, low-dose exposure to microcystin toxin does not increase the risk of liver tumor development or growth in mice" was published in Hepatology Research by Meaghan Labine and Gerald Y. Minuk. However, the experimental design was flawed and the conclusion is misleading. 1μg/L MC-LR in drinking water is the provisional guideline value established by the World Health Organization (WHO) for humans in 1998, based on a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.04μg/kg body mass (BM). Assuming the mice drink 1.5mL/10g BM of water per day, the exposure dose would be 0.15μg/kg/d BM, about 270-fold less than 40μg/kg/d, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). Thus, the dose of MC-LR was too small and "unlikely to result in liver tumor development or enhance existing tumor growth", even with a long-term (28weeks) exposure. Presumably, they didn't consider inter-species variations between mice and humans, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Ranges of "low-dose" MCs for animals and humans should be defined. Also, the authors misunderstood or misrepresented several previous studies. Before drawing final conclusions on the carcinogenicity of MCs, further well-designed experiments are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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18
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Proteomic evidences for microcystin-RR-induced toxicological alterations in mice liver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1310. [PMID: 29358693 PMCID: PMC5778043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the isolation and purification of an important variant of microcystins namely microcystin-RR (MCYST-RR) from Microcystis aeruginosa and reports its effects on mice liver protein profile and cellular functions. Protein profiling by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed changes in the number and accumulation of protein spots in liver of mice treated with different concentrations of MCYST-RR. Untreated (control) mice liver showed 368 protein spots while the number was 355, 348 and 332 in liver of mice treated with 200, 300 and 400 µg kg body wt−1 of MCYST-RR respectively. Altogether 102, 97, and 92 spots were differentially up-accumulated and 93, 91, and 87 spots were down- accumulated respectively with the treatment of 200, 300, 400 µg kg body wt−1. Eighteen differentially accumulated proteins present in all the four conditions were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Of these eighteen proteins, 12 appeared to be involved in apoptosis/toxicological manifestations. Pathway analysis by Reactome and PANTHER database also mapped the identified proteins to programmed cell death/apoptosis clade. That MCYST-RR induces apoptosis in liver tissues was also confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. Results of this study elucidate the proteomic basis for the hepatotoxicity of MCYST-RR which is otherwise poorly understood till date.
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19
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Funari E, Manganelli M, Buratti FM, Testai E. Cyanobacteria blooms in water: Italian guidelines to assess and manage the risk associated to bathing and recreational activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:867-880. [PMID: 28458204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria thrive in many aquatic environments, where they can produce cyanotoxins with different toxicological profile. Anthropic pressure and climate changes are causing the expansion in terms of time and space of their blooms, increasing the concerns for human health in several exposure scenarios. Here the update of the Italian guidelines for the management of cyanobacterial blooms in bathing water is presented. A risk-based approach has been developed according to the current scientific knowledge on cyanobacteria distribution in the Italian Lakes and on chemical, toxicological and epidemiological aspects of different cyanotoxins, summarized in the first part of the paper. Oral, dermal and inhalation exposure to cyanotoxins, during recreational activities, are individually examined, to develop a framework of thresholds and actions aimed at preventing harmful effects for bathers. Guidelines, also by comparing international guidance values and/or guidelines, provide criteria to plan environmental monitoring activities, health surveillance and public communication systems. Finally the still important scientific gaps and research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Funari
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maura Manganelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Franca M Buratti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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McLellan NL, Manderville RA. Toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammals. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:391-405. [PMID: 30090507 PMCID: PMC6060792 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins, such as microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), are some of the most toxic and prevalent cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater and saltwater algal blooms worldwide. Acute and chronic exposures to microcystins are primarily known to cause hepatotoxicity; cellular damage and genotoxicity within mammalian livers. However, in vivo studies indicate that similar damage may occur in other mammalian organs and tissues, such as the kidney, heart, reproductive systems, and lungs - particularly following chronic low-dose exposures. Mechanisms of toxicity of mycrocystins are reviewed herein; including cellular uptake, interaction with protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, cytoskeletal effects, formation of oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. In general, the mode of action of toxicity by MCs in mammalian organs are similar to those that have been observed in liver tissues. A comprehensive understanding of the toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammalian tissues and organs will assist in the development of risk assessment approaches to public health protection strategies and the development of robust drinking water policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L McLellan
- School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Richard A Manderville
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-519-824-4120, x53963
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21
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Spontaneous Production of Glutathione-Conjugated Forms of 1,2-Dichloropropane: Comparative Study on Metabolic Activation Processes of Dihaloalkanes Associated with Occupational Cholangiocarcinoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9736836. [PMID: 28555163 PMCID: PMC5438856 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9736836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, epidemiological studies revealed a positive relationship between an outbreak of occupational cholangiocarcinoma and exposure to organic solvents containing 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP). In 1,2-DCP-administered animal models, we previously found biliary excretion of potentially oncogenic metabolites consisting of glutathione- (GSH-) conjugated forms of 1,2-DCP (GS-DCPs); however, the GS-DCP production pathway remains unknown. To enhance the understanding of 1,2-DCP-related risks to human health, we examined the reactivity of GSH with 1,2-DCP in vitro and compared it to that with dichloromethane (DCM), the other putative substance responsible for occupational cholangiocarcinoma. Our results showed that 1,2-DCP was spontaneously conjugated with GSH, whereas this spontaneous reaction was hardly detected between DCM and GSH. Further analysis revealed that glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) exhibited less effect on the 1,2-DCP reaction as compared with that observed for DCM. Although GSTT1-mediated bioactivation of dihaloalkanes could be a plausible explanation for the production of reactive metabolites related to carcinogenesis based on previous studies, this catalytic pathway might not mainly contribute to 1,2-DCP-related occupational cholangiocarcinoma. Considering the higher catalytic activity of GSTT1 on DCM as compared with that on 1,2-DCP, our findings suggested differences in the activation processes associated with 1,2-DCP and DCM metabolism.
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22
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Kieber RJ, Hartrey LM, Felix D, Corzine C, Avery GB, Mead RN, Skrabal SA. Photorelease of microcystin-LR from resuspended sediments. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:1-6. [PMID: 28366384 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of ten photolysis experiments was conducted with sediments exposed to Microcystis sp. blooms to determine if sunlight is capable of mobilizing the biotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) into the water column. There was a net photorelease of MC-LR in irradiated suspensions in all cases relative to dark controls, ranging from 0.4 to 192μgL-1g-1 into the dissolved phase. This should be viewed as a minimum estimate of photorelease due to concurrent photodegradation of dissolved toxin. Dissolved MC-LR concentrations in a sediment suspension increased linearly in the aqueous phase during a six-hour irradiation with simulated sunlight suggesting that longer exposure times produce greater quantities of MC-LR. There was a significant positive correlation between photorelease of toxin and percent organic carbon of the resuspended material, implying that organic-rich sediments yield the greatest photorelease of MC-LR upon exposure to full spectrum sunlight. Samples exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (400nm-700nm) were responsible for less than 2% of the photorelease compared to full spectrum exposures. Model calculations indicate that photochemical processing of bloom impacted sediments could be responsible for as much as 100% of the average standing stock of MC-LR in a freshwater pond located in southeastern North Carolina, where surface water concentrations were also measured. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed a new peak in light exposed flasks that appears to be a photo-induced isomerized product of MC-LR. Photoproduction from resuspended sediments therefore represents a significant but previously unrecognized source of highly toxic MC-LR and photoproducts of unknown toxicity and fate to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kieber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States.
| | - Lindsey M Hartrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - David Felix
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - Coleman Corzine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - G Brooks Avery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - Ralph N Mead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - Stephen A Skrabal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xie P. A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:381-99. [PMID: 26521084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies provide strong evidence of positive associations between microcystins (MCs) exposure and reproductive toxicity, representing a threat to human reproductive health and the biodiversity of wild life. This paper reviews current knowledge of the reproductive toxicity of MCs, with regard to mammals, fishes, amphibians, and birds, mostly in males. Toxicity of MCs is primarily governed by the inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and disturbance of cellular phosphorylation balance. MCs exposure is related to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, leading to cytoskeleton disruption, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage. MCs induce cell apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial and ROS and ER pathways. Through PP1/2A inhibition and oxidative stress, MCs lead to differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and proteins involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and tumor promotion. MC-induced DNA damage is also involved in carcinogenicity. Apart from a direct effect on testes and ovaries, MCs indirectly affect sex hormones by damaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and liver. Parental exposure to MCs may result in hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity of offspring. We also summarize the current research gaps which should be addressed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Guo X, Chen L, Chen J, Xie P, Li S, He J, Li W, Fan H, Yu D, Zeng C. Quantitatively evaluating detoxification of the hepatotoxic microcystin-LR through the glutathione (GSH) pathway in SD rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19273-19284. [PMID: 26490924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays crucial roles in antioxidant defense and detoxification metabolism of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). However, the detoxification process of MC-LR in mammals remains largely unknown. This paper, for the first time, quantitatively analyzes MC-LR and its GSH pathway metabolites (MC-LR-GSH and MC-LR-Cys) in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat after MC-LR exposure. Rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.25 and 0.5 lethal dose 50 (LD50) of MC-LR with or without pretreatment of buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. The contents of MC-LR-GSH were relatively low during the experiment; however, the ratio of MC-LR-Cys to MC-LR reached as high as 6.65 in 0.5 LD50 group. These results demonstrated that MC-LR-GSH could be converted to MC-LR-Cys efficiently, and this metabolic rule was in agreement with the data of aquatic animals previously reported. MC-LR contents were much higher in BSO + MC-LR-treated groups than in the single MC-LR-treated groups. Moreover, the ratio of MC-LR-Cys to MC-LR decreased significantly after BSO pretreatment, suggesting that the depletion of GSH induced by BSO reduced the detoxification of MCs. Moreover, MC-LR remarkably induced liver damage, and the effects were more pronounced in BSO pretreatment groups. In conclusion, this study verifies the role of GSH in the detoxification of MC-LR and furthers our understanding of the biochemical mechanism for SD rats to counteract toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Shangchun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Dezhao Yu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
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