1
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Park J, Park CY. The in vitro effect riboflavin combined with or without UVA in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Sci Rep 2024; 14:26799. [PMID: 39500946 PMCID: PMC11538529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-77787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The anti-Acanthamoeba properties of riboflavin and its enhanced amoebicidal effects when combined with ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation were investigated in vitro. The viability of cultured Acanthamoeba castellanii was assessed by adding varying concentrations (0 ~ 0.2% w/v) of riboflavin to the culture medium or after combined riboflavin and UVA treatment (30 min, 3 mW/cm2) over 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured following a 30-minute exposure to riboflavin. Additionally, the cysticidal effects of riboflavin, UVA, and their combination were evaluated. Gene transcription in Acanthamoeba was analyzed using RNA-seq. Riboflavin demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity on Acanthamoeba, accompanied by an increase in intracellular ROS. Exposure to 0.2% riboflavin reduced Acanthamoeba viability by over 50% within one day. UVA treatment alone also reduced viability by over 50%. Combined treatment with 0.2% riboflavin decreased trophozoite survival by more than 80%, and approximately 60% of cysts were killed when 0.1% riboflavin was combined with UVA. RNA-seq analysis indicated significant changes in gene expression after exposure to riboflavin, UVA, and their combination, particularly affecting oxidoreductase activity, cystathionine β synthase, and serine-threonine kinase activity. These findings indicate that riboflavin exhibits dose-dependent toxicity in Acanthamoeba, primarily through increased ROS generation. Combining riboflavin and UVA did not fully eradicate trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba, but was able to partially inactivate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul Yong Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81, Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Chu CY, Kim SY, Pryhuber GS, Mariani TJ, McGraw MD. Single-cell resolution of human airway epithelial cells exposed to bronchiolitis obliterans-associated chemicals. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L135-L148. [PMID: 38084407 PMCID: PMC11279737 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00304.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a fibrotic lung disease characterized by progressive luminal narrowing and obliteration of the small airways. In the nontransplant population, inhalation exposure to certain chemicals is associated with BO; however, the mechanisms contributing to disease induction remain poorly understood. This study's objective was to use single-cell RNA sequencing for the identification of transcriptomic signatures common to primary human airway epithelial cells after chemical exposure to BO-associated chemicals-diacetyl or nitrogen mustard-to help explain BO induction. Primary airway epithelial cells were cultured at air-liquid interface and exposed to diacetyl, nitrogen mustard, or control vapors. Cultures were dissociated and sequenced for single-cell RNA. Differential gene expression and functional pathway analyses were compared across exposures. In total, 75,663 single cells were captured and sequenced from all exposure conditions. Unbiased clustering identified 11 discrete phenotypes, including 5 basal, 2 ciliated, and 2 secretory cell clusters. With chemical exposure, the proportion of cells assigned to keratin 5+ basal cells decreased, whereas the proportion of cells aligned to secretory cell clusters increased compared with control exposures. Functional pathway analysis identified interferon signaling and antigen processing/presentation as pathways commonly upregulated after diacetyl or nitrogen mustard exposure in a ciliated cell cluster. Conversely, the response of airway basal cells differed significantly with upregulation of the unfolded protein response in diacetyl-exposed basal cells, not seen in nitrogen mustard-exposed cultures. These new insights provide early identification of airway epithelial signatures common to BO-associated chemical exposures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a devastating fibrotic lung disease of the small airways, or bronchioles. This original manuscript uses single-cell RNA sequencing for identifying common signatures of chemically exposed airway epithelial cells in BO induction. Chemical exposure reduced the proportion of keratin 5+ basal cells while increasing the proportion of keratin 4+ suprabasal cells. Functional pathways contributory to these shifts differed significantly across exposures. These new results highlight similarities and differences in BO induction across exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yi Chu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Gloria S Pryhuber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Matthew D McGraw
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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3
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Salama M, Mohammed DM, Fahmy K, Al-Senosy NK, Ebeed NM, Farouk A. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of synthetic diacetyl food flavoring in silico, in vivo, and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113923. [PMID: 37399938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Diacetyl is a common ingredient that creates a buttery flavor in baked goods and other food products. The cytotoxic impact of diacetyl on a normal human liver cell line (THLE2) indicated an IC50 value of 41.29 mg/ml through MTT assay and a cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase relative to the control. Administration of diacetyl at two-time points (acute-chronic) led to a significant increase in DNA damage indicated by the increase in tail length, tail DNA%, and tail moment. The mRNA and protein expression levels of genes in the rats' livers were then measured using real-time PCR and western blotting. The results showed an activation of the apoptotic and necrosis mechanism, with an upregulation of p53, Caspase 3, and RIP1 and a downregulation of Bcl-2 at the mRNA level. The ingestion of diacetyl disrupted the liver's oxidant/antioxidant balance, as evidenced by alterations in levels of GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, MDA, NO, and peroxynitrite. Additionally, heightened levels of inflammatory cytokines were shown. Histopathological examinations revealed necrotic foci and congested portal areas in the rats' liver cells after treatment with diacetyl. Diacetyl may interact moderately with Caspase, RIP1, and p53 core domain through In-silico, possibly resulting in upregulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salama
- Preventive Medicine Dept, Health Affairs Directorate, Ministry of Health, Ataba, 11511, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Mostafa Mohammed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Khaled Fahmy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neima K Al-Senosy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Ebeed
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Farouk
- Flavour and Aroma Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
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4
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Liu D, Xu C, Jiang L, Zhu X. Pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cell subpopulation: Physiology, pathogenesis, and progress. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:38-51. [PMID: 36789358 PMCID: PMC9924023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lungs are structurally and functionally complex organs consisting of diverse cell types from the proximal to distal axis. They have direct contact with the external environment and are constantly at risk of various injuries. Capable to proliferate and differentiate, pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cells contribute to the maintenance of lung structure and function both under homeostasis and following injuries. Discovering candidate pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cell types and underlying regenerative mechanisms provide insights into therapeutic strategy development for lung diseases. In this review, we reveal their compositions, roles in lung disease pathogenesis and injury repair, and the underlying mechanisms. We further underline the advanced progress in research approach and potential therapy for lung regeneration. We also demonstrate the feasibility and prospects of pulmonary endogenous stem cell transplantation for lung disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chufan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Alhadyan SK, Sivaraman V, Onyenwoke RU. E-cigarette Flavors, Sensory Perception, and Evoked Responses. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2194-2209. [PMID: 36480683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensory experiences evoked by flavors encompass a number of unique sensations that include olfactory stimuli (smell), gustatory stimuli (taste, i.e., salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami (also known as "savoriness")), and chemesthesis (touch). As such, the responses evoked by flavors are complex and, as briefly stated above, involve multiple perceptive mechanisms. The practice of adding flavorings to tobacco products dates back to the 17th century but is likely much older. More recently, the electronic cigarette or "e-cigarette" and its accompanying flavored e-liquids emerged on to the global market. These new products contain no combustible tobacco but often contain large concentrations (reported from 0 to more than 50 mg/mL) of nicotine as well as numerous flavorings and/or flavor chemicals. At present, there are more than 400 e-cigarette brands available along with potentially >15,000 different/unique flavored products. However, surprisingly little is known about the flavors/flavor chemicals added to these products, which can account for >1% by weight of some e-liquids, and their resultant chemosensory experiences, and the US FDA has done relatively little, until recently, to regulate these products. This article will discuss e-cigarette flavors and flavor chemicals, their elicited responses, and their sensory effects in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha K Alhadyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Rob U Onyenwoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
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6
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McGraw MD, Yee M, Kim SY, Dylag AM, Lawrence BP, O'Reilly MA. Diacetyl inhalation impairs airway epithelial repair in mice infected with influenza A virus. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L578-L592. [PMID: 36068185 PMCID: PMC9639765 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00124.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a debilitating disease of the small airways that can develop following exposure to toxic chemicals as well as respiratory tract infections. BO development is strongly associated with diacetyl (DA) inhalation exposures at occupationally relevant concentrations or severe influenza A viral (IAV) infections. However, it remains unclear whether lower dose exposures or more mild IAV infections can result in similar pathology. In the current work, we combined these two common environmental exposures, DA and IAV, to test whether shorter DA exposures followed by sublethal IAV infection would result in similar airways disease. Adult mice exposed to DA vapors 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days followed by infection with the airway-tropic IAV H3N2 (HKx31) resulted in increased mortality, increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil percentage, mixed obstruction and restriction by lung function, and subsequent airway remodeling. Exposure to DA or IAV alone failed to result in significant pathology, whereas mice exposed to DA + IAV showed increased α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and epithelial cells coexpressing the basal cell marker keratin 5 (KRT5) with the club cell marker SCGB1A1. To test whether DA exposure impairs epithelial repair after IAV infection, mice were infected first with IAV and then exposed to DA during airway epithelial repair. Mice exposed to IAV + DA developed similar airway remodeling with increased subepithelial αSMA and epithelial cells coexpressing KRT5 and SCGB1A1. Our findings reveal an underappreciated concept that common environmental insults while seemingly harmless by themselves can have catastrophic implications on lung function and long-term respiratory health when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McGraw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Min Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - So-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew M Dylag
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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7
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Abstract
Lung epithelium, the lining that covers the inner surface of the respiratory tract, is directly exposed to the environment and thus susceptible to airborne toxins, irritants, and pathogen-induced damages. In adult mammalian lungs, epithelial cells are generally quiescent but can respond rapidly to repair of damaged tissues. Evidence from experimental injury models in rodents and human clinical samples has led to the identification of these regenerative cells, as well as pathological metaplastic states specifically associated with different forms of damages. Here, we provide a compendium of cells and cell states that exist during homeostasis in normal lungs and the lineage relationships between them. Additionally, we discuss various experimental injury models currently being used to probe the cellular sources-both resident and recruited-that contribute to repair, regeneration, and remodeling following acute and chronic injuries. Finally, we discuss certain maladaptive regeneration-associated cell states and their role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Konkimalla
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Aleksandra Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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8
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Effah F, Taiwo B, Baines D, Bailey A, Marczylo T. Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:343-371. [PMID: 36154615 PMCID: PMC9590402 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2124563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are purported to be tobacco harm-reduction products whose degree of harm has been highly debated. EC use is considered less hazardous than smoking but is not expected to be harmless. Following the banning of e-liquid flavors in countries such as the US, Finland, Ukraine, and Hungary, there are growing concerns regarding the safety profile of e-liquid flavors used in ECs. While these are employed extensively in the food industry and are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) when ingested, GRAS status after inhalation is unclear. The aim of this review was to assess evidence from 38 reports on the adverse effects of flavored e-liquids on the respiratory system in both in vitro and in vivo studies published between 2006 and 2021. Data collected demonstrated greater detrimental effects in vitro with cinnamon (9 articles), strawberry (5 articles), and menthol (10 articles), flavors than other flavors. The most reported effects among these investigations were perturbations of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and enhanced cytotoxicity. There is sufficient evidence to support the toxicological impacts of diacetyl- and cinnamaldehyde-containing e-liquids following human inhalation; however, safety profiles on other flavors are elusive. The latter may result from inconsistencies between experimental approaches and uncertainties due to the contributions from other e-liquid constituents. Further, the relevance of the concentration ranges to human exposure levels is uncertain. Evidence indicates that an adequately controlled and consistent, systematic toxicological investigation of a broad spectrum of e-liquid flavors may be required at biologically relevant concentrations to better inform public health authorities on the risk assessment following exposure to EC flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Effah
- Pharmacology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Didcot, UK
| | - Benjamin Taiwo
- Physiology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Baines
- Infection and Immunity Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Didcot, UK
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9
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Ni X, Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Dong S, Zhao L. Molecular mechanism of two functional protein structure changes under 2,3-butanedione-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis effects in the hepatocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:969-980. [PMID: 35907461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Food security has become closely watched with the occurrence of a series of food safety incidents in recent years. The widespread adoption of 2,3-butanedione (BUT), as a food additive, is an unpreventable significant risk factor to food security. Based on this, mouse hepatocyte AML-12 cells and two functional proteins (bovine serum albumin and lysozyme) were utilized as targeted receptors to study the adverse effects of BUT at the cellular and molecular levels. Results suggested that BUT could disrupt the redox balance of AML-12 cells, reducing glutathione (GSH) activity fell to 87.18 %, which cannot offset the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, the increasement of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed. The mitochondrial membrane function was also abnormal due to the excessive accumulation of ROS and eventually leads to cell apoptosis and death. At the molecular level, the exposure of BUT could alter the skeleton and secondary structure of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYZ), and it could statically quench the intrinsic fluorescence of proteins. The combined experiments confirmed proved the potentially toxic effects of BUT accumulation on the detoxification organ, providing theoretical support for the liver diseases caused by BUT exposure, and a reference for the risk assessment of occupational exposure of BUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ni
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China.
| | - Lining Zhao
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China.
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10
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Kim SY, McGraw MD. Post-translational modifications to hemidesmosomes in human airway epithelial cells following diacetyl exposure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9738. [PMID: 35697719 PMCID: PMC9192738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacetyl (DA; 2,3-butanedione) is a highly reactive alpha (α)-diketone. Inhalation exposure to DA can cause significant airway epithelial cell injury, however, the mechanisms of toxicity remain poorly understood. The purpose of these experiments was to assess for changes in abundance and distribution of hemidesmosome-associated proteins following DA exposure that contribute to DA-induced epithelial toxicity. Human bronchial epithelial cells were grown in submerged cultures and exposed to three occupationally-relevant concentrations of DA (5.7, 8.6, or 11.4 mM) for 1 h. Following DA exposure, epithelial cells were cultured for 4 days to monitor for cell viability by MTT and WST-1 assays as well as for changes in cellular distribution and relative abundance of multiple hemidesmosome-associated proteins, including keratin 5 (KRT5), plectin (PLEC), integrin alpha 6 (ITGα6) and integrin beta 4 (ITGβ4). Significant toxicity developed in airway epithelial cells exposed to DA at concentrations ≥ 8.6 mM. DA exposure resulted in post-translational modifications to hemidesmosome-associated proteins with KRT5 crosslinking and ITGβ4 cleavage. Following DA exposure at 5.7 mM, these post-translational modifications to KRT5 resolved with time. Conversely, at DA concentrations ≥ 8.6 mM, modifications to KRT5 persisted in culture with decreased total abundance and perinuclear aggregation of hemidesmosome-associated proteins. Significant post-translational modifications to hemidesmosome-associated proteins develop in airway epithelial cells exposed to DA. At DA concentrations ≥ 8.6 mM, these hemidesmosome modifications persist in culture. Future work targeting hemidesmosome-associated protein modifications may prevent the development of lung disease following DA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Matthew D McGraw
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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11
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Bonner E, Chang Y, Christie E, Colvin V, Cunningham B, Elson D, Ghetu C, Huizenga J, Hutton SJ, Kolluri SK, Maggio S, Moran I, Parker B, Rericha Y, Rivera BN, Samon S, Schwichtenberg T, Shankar P, Simonich MT, Wilson LB, Tanguay RL. The chemistry and toxicology of vaping. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107837. [PMID: 33753133 PMCID: PMC8263470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emerson Christie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brittany Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Elson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juliana Huizenga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sara J Hutton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Maggio
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Samon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Trever Schwichtenberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsay B Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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12
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Wang J, Kim SY, House E, Olson HM, Johnston CJ, Chalupa D, Hernady E, Mariani TJ, Clair G, Ansong C, Qian WJ, Finkelstein JN, McGraw MD. Repetitive diacetyl vapor exposure promotes ubiquitin proteasome stress and precedes bronchiolitis obliterans pathology. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2469-2483. [PMID: 34031698 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a devastating lung disease seen commonly after lung transplant, following severe respiratory tract infection or chemical inhalation exposure. Diacetyl (DA; 2,3-butanedione) is a highly reactive alpha-diketone known to cause BO when inhaled, however, the mechanisms of how inhalation exposure leads to BO development remains poorly understood. In the current work, we combined two clinically relevant models for studying the pathogenesis of DA-induced BO: (1) an in vivo rat model of repetitive DA vapor exposures with recovery and (2) an in vitro model of primary human airway epithelial cells exposed to pure DA vapors. Rats exposed to 5 consecutive days 200 parts-per-million DA 6 h per day had worsening survival, persistent hypoxemia, poor weight gain, and histologic evidence of BO 14 days after DA exposure cessation. At the end of exposure, increased expression of the ubiquitin stress protein ubiquitin-C accumulated within DA-exposed rat lung homogenates and localized primarily to the airway epithelium, the primary site of BO development. Lung proteasome activity increased concurrently with ubiquitin-C expression after DA exposure, supportive of significant proteasome stress. In primary human airway cultures, global proteomics identified 519 significantly modified proteins in DA-exposed samples relative to controls with common pathways of the ubiquitin proteasome system, endosomal reticulum transport, and response to unfolded protein pathways being upregulated and cell-cell adhesion and oxidation-reduction pathways being downregulated. Collectively, these two models suggest that diacetyl inhalation exposure causes abundant protein damage and subsequent ubiquitin proteasome stress prior to the development of chemical-induced BO pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Emma House
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Heather M Olson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Carl J Johnston
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eric Hernady
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Gérémy Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jacob N Finkelstein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Matthew D McGraw
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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13
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Zhang R, Jones MM, Dornsife RE, Wu T, Sivaraman V, Tarran R, Onyenwoke RU. JUUL e-liquid exposure elicits cytoplasmic Ca 2+ responses and leads to cytotoxicity in cultured airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 337:46-56. [PMID: 33253780 PMCID: PMC7772262 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The popularity of new and emerging tobacco products such as E-cigarettes (E-cigs) is rapidly expanding worldwide. However, uncertainties surrounding the potential health consequences due to the use of such products exist and warrant further study. METHODS Cultured A549 and Calu-3 airway epithelia were exposed to three out of the eight types of JUUL brand e-liquids ("Mint", "Virginia Tobacco" and "Menthol", all containing 3% nicotine at 1% and 3% (vol/vol) dilutions) and assessed for viability using a resazurin-based assay. Intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured using fluorescent indicators and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were monitored by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Cultures were also analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate apoptotic markers and cell viability. RESULTS Exposing the airway epithelial cells to the flavored JUUL e-liquids led to significant cytotoxicity, with the "Mint" flavor being the overall most cytotoxic. The "Mint" flavored e-liquid also led to significant elevations in intracellular Ca2+ and upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and early apoptotic marker Annexin V. CONCLUSIONS JUUL e-liquid challenge resulted in a loss of airway epithelial cell viability, induced pro-inflammatory responses and eventually caused apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, PR China; Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Myles M Jones
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ronna E Dornsife
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tongde Wu
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Durham, NC, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rob U Onyenwoke
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Durham, NC, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States.
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14
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Cao X, Coyle JP, Xiong R, Wang Y, Heflich RH, Ren B, Gwinn WM, Hayden P, Rojanasakul L. Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 57:104-132. [PMID: 33175307 PMCID: PMC7657088 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne substances, such as pathogens, allergens, chemicals, and particulate matter. Highly elaborate and effective mechanisms have evolved to protect and maintain homeostasis in the lung. Despite these sophisticated defense mechanisms, the respiratory system remains highly susceptible to environmental challenges. Because of the impact of respiratory exposure on human health and disease, there has been considerable interest in developing reliable and predictive in vitro model systems for respiratory toxicology and basic research. Human air-liquid-interface (ALI) organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells have in vivo–like structure and functions when they are fully differentiated. The presence of the air-facing surface allows conducting in vitro exposures that mimic human respiratory exposures. Exposures can be conducted using particulates, aerosols, gases, vapors generated from volatile and semi-volatile substances, and respiratory pathogens. Toxicity data have been generated using nanomaterials, cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapors, environmental airborne chemicals, drugs given by inhalation, and respiratory viruses and bacteria. Although toxicity evaluations using human airway ALI models require further standardization and validation, this approach shows promise in supplementing or replacing in vivo animal models for conducting research on respiratory toxicants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA.
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - William M Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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