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Santos-Santórum Suárez C, Sanders P, Gaugain M, Viel A, Paboeuf F, Taillandier JF, Houée P, Valentin C, Perrin-Guyomard A. Selection of antibiotic resistance in pigs after exposure to feed cross-contaminated with oxytetracycline. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109924. [PMID: 38007921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to possible cross-contamination of animal feedstuff with antibiotics, food-producing animals may be exposed to undesirable low concentrations of antimicrobials. These sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics can lead to the selection of resistant bacteria in the animal gut. The goal of this study was to assess, through analysis of the faeces of treated and control pigs, the risk of resistant E. coli being selected after daily exposure for three weeks to feed contaminated with oxytetracycline at 1% of the therapeutic dose. Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry was used to determine the oxytetracycline concentrations in faecal samples. In the treated group, concentrations were in the range of 4481.9 - 8671.2 µg/kg. In the control group, these concentrations were either below the method's limit of quantification or up to 60.5 µg/kg. After a transient increase in resistance in both groups, microbiological analysis showed that the treated group had a significantly higher oxytetracycline resistance rate by the end of the study than the control group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the treated animals were found to select co-resistances to nalidixic acid and ampicillin. Finally, at tolerated antibiotic contamination levels of feed, the treated group had a higher proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates at the end of the study than the control one (p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that, at the tolerated contamination rates, both antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistant bacteria can be selected and evidenced in the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Santos-Santórum Suárez
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France
| | - Pascal Sanders
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France
| | - Murielle Gaugain
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France
| | - Alexis Viel
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- ANSES-Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Jean-François Taillandier
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France
| | - Paméla Houée
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France
| | - Charlotte Valentin
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), 10 B, rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306 CEDEX Fougères, France.
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Bello A, Henri J, Viel A, Mochel JP, Poźniak B. Ionophore coccidiostats - disposition kinetics in laying hens and residues transfer to eggs. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102280. [PMID: 36410065 PMCID: PMC9676626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is linked with the use of veterinary medicinal products to manage diseases. Ionophore coccidiostats have been permitted for use as feed additives within the European Union (EU) for the prevention of coccidiosis in various species of poultry with except of laying hens. The presence of chemical residues in eggs is a matter of major concern for consumers' health. Despite such prohibition of use in laying hens, they were identified as the most common non-target poultry species being frequently exposed to these class of coccidiostats. Many factors can influence the presence of residues in eggs. Carryover of these class of coccidiostat feed additives in the feed of laying hens has been identified as the main reason of their occurrence in commercial poultry eggs. The physicochemical properties of individual compounds, the physiology of the laying hen, and the biology of egg formation are believed to govern the residue transfer rate and its distribution between the egg white and yolk compartments. This paper reviews the causes of occurrence of residues of ionophore coccidiostats in eggs within the EU with special emphasis on their disposition kinetics in laying hens, and residue transfer into eggs. Additional effort was made to highlight future modeling perspectives on the potential application of pharmacokinetic modeling in predicting drug residue transfer and its concentration in eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Bello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland
| | - Jérôme Henri
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Fougères Laboratory, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Viel
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Fougères Laboratory, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Paul Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland,Corresponding author:
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Santos-Santórum Suárez C, Sanders P, Perrin-Guyomard A, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Laurentie M, Viel A, Taillandier JF, Lagree MP, Gaugain M. Validation of a LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative analysis of four antibiotics in pig tissues and plasma to assess the risk of transfer of residues to edible matrices after exposure to cross-contaminated feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1818-1827. [PMID: 36194447 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2126529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Cross-contamination between medicated and non-medicated feed can occur during production, processing, transport or storage of animal feed. This may lead to the presence of low concentrations of antibiotics in supposedly drug-free feed for food production animals, which potentially could also harm consumers due to residues. In addition, consumption of sub-therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics may increase the risk of emergence of resistant bacteria. In this study, LC-MS/MS methods were developed to quantify four antibiotics (sulfadimethoxine, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim and amoxicillin) in several pig matrices, i.e. plasma, muscle, liver, kidneys and faeces. All methods were validated using the accuracy profile, except for amoxicillin in faeces, for which extraction could not be optimised for low concentrations. These methods were then applied as part of an animal study during which several pigs received contaminated feed at a concentration corresponding to 2% of therapeutic dose, in order to evaluate the risk of the presence of residues in animal faeces and tissues. The results showed that sulfadimethoxine is well absorbed and accumulates in the muscle, kidneys and liver, where concentrations were higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) authorised in EU legislation. Conversely, oxytetracycline was mostly found in faeces as its oral absorption is very low. Trimethoprim concentrations were slightly higher than the tolerated MRL in the kidneys, but they were below this level in the other tissues. Finally, amoxicillin concentrations remained below the lower limit of quantification of the methods in all matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Santos-Santórum Suárez
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Sanders
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Michel Laurentie
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Viel
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Taillandier
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Lagree
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Murielle Gaugain
- ANSES-Fougères Laboratory (French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety), Fougères Cedex, France
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Canton L, Lanusse C, Moreno L. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102878. [PMID: 34679899 PMCID: PMC8532868 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug use is essential to treat diseases in food-producing animals. The most widely used drugs are antiparasitics and antimicrobials. They contribute to guaranteeing good-quality food in sufficient quantity for human consumption. When using veterinary medicines, it is essential to follow the instructions on the package label. Administering the correct dose by the indicated route in the animal species for which the drug is labeled is critical. After a pharmacological treatment is administered to livestock, a period (indicated on the label) must often elapse before the tissues from the treated animals can be consumed by humans. Veterinary drug residues are controlled by taking food samples to verify that drug concentrations do not exceed the permitted limits. This allows authorities to know if the medicine use is correct or if suitable corrective measures should be taken. When label’s directions are not followed, drug residues may appear in food. The residues exceeding the permitted limits established by the authorities can produce unfavorable consequences, mainly on the consumer’s health. The food trade and even the environment can be affected by drug residues in animal tissues. Therefore, the correct use of drugs in livestock is critical, which includes respecting the rules to avoid residues in food for human consumption. Abstract Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer’s health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.
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Hoff RB, Molognoni L, Deolindo CTP, Vargas MO, Kleemann CR, Daguer H. Determination of 62 veterinary drugs in feedingstuffs by novel pressurized liquid extraction methods and LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122232. [PMID: 32559652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A fast and simple method for the determination of 62 veterinary drugs in feedingstuffs was developed, optimized, validated, and applied to real samples. Sample preparation was based on a pressurized liquid extraction method using a hard cap coffee machine, which was compared to a commercial pressurized liquid extraction system. Extraction was performed with diatomaceous earth, acetonitrile (20%), and formic acid (0.1%). A central composite design was used to optimize the composition of the extraction solvent. The extracts were analyzed using two chromatographic modes (reversed phase with C18 and HILIC). Analytical limits were set to 25 (limit of detection) and 75 µg kg-1 (limit of quantitation). For banned substances, a salting-out step was included, achieving LOQ lower as 1 µg kg-1 for ractopamine. Other figures of merit such as precision, trueness, decision limit (CCα), method capability (CCβ), matrix effects, stability, recovery, and measurement uncertainty were also reported for analytical validation. The method was successfully applied to hundreds of real samples demonstrating its fitness-for-purpose for the analysis of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, avermectins, quinolones, beta-agonists, beta-lactams, amphenicols, benzimidazoles, coccidiostats, lincosamides, macrolides, nitrofurans, quinoxalines, melamine, and trimethoprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Seção Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC 88102-600, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Seção Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC 88102-600, Brazil; Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, SC 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Maryella Osório Vargas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, SC 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Seção Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC 88102-600, Brazil; Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Seção Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC 88102-600, Brazil
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Identification and Quantification of Tylosin in Animal Feed by Liquid Chromatography Combined with Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. J Vet Res 2020; 64:299-304. [PMID: 32587918 PMCID: PMC7305639 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The authorisation of tylosin as feed additive was withdrawn for reasons of human health concerning resistance of pathogenic bacteria. An analytical method for the identification and quantification of tylosin in animal feed was developed and validated. Material and Methods The samples were extracted using an acidified methanol:water mixture and solid-phase extraction was employed for the isolation of the antibiotic from diluted feed samples. Tylosin was analysed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric detection. The method's performance was evaluated in adherence to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Results The recovery of the analyte from spiked samples was determined to be in the range from 78.9% to 108.3% depending on tylosin concentrations. The CCα and CCβ values for tylosin in feeds were determined at 0.085 mg kg-1 and 0.091 mg kg-1, respectively. The method detection limit was found to be 0.035 mg kg-1 and the quantification limit 0.05 mg kg-1. The applicability of the developed method was tested by analysing real feed samples. Conclusion A reliable LC-MS method was developed to identify and quantify tylosin in animal feed with a good repeatability and a high specificity and sensitivity. Because of these characteristics, the proposed method is applicable and could be deemed necessary within the field of feed control and safety.
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Contamination of Animal Feed with Undeclared Tetracyclines-Confirmatory Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry after Microbiological Plate Test. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092162. [PMID: 32380734 PMCID: PMC7248716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics was determined in animal feed that had been previously screened with a microbiological plate test. Feed samples were screened by a microbiological plate test on a pH 6.0 culture medium seeded with Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 able to pre-reveal the presence of tetracyclines. Subsequently, confirmation and quantification were performed using a validated HPLC method with mass spectrometric detection. In 2013–2018, 353 feed samples were analysed to detect antibacterial substances, of which 186 (52.7%) were suspected to contain tetracyclines. Forty-two out of 186 (22.6%) samples analysed by the chromatographic method contained undeclared tetracyclines, which were determined at concentrations from 0.3 to 49 mg kg−1. The most frequently identified contaminating tetracyclines were doxycycline and chlortetracycline.
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Zhang QC, Xia GP, Liang JY, Zhang XL, Jiang L, Zheng YG, Wang XY. NH 2-MIL-53(Al) Polymer Monolithic Column for In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with UHPLC-MS/MS for Detection of Trace Sulfonamides in Food Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:E897. [PMID: 32085411 PMCID: PMC7070345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel monolithic capillary column based on a NH2-MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework (MOF) incorporated in poly (3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid/methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (poly (AAPBA/MAA-co-EGDMA)) was prepared using an in situ polymerization method. The characteristics of the MOF-polymer monolithic column were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The prepared MOF-polymer monolithic column showed good permeability, high extraction efficiency, chemical stability, and good reproducibility. The MOF-polymer monolithic column was used for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to efficiently adsorb trace sulfonamides from food samples. A novel method combining MOF-polymer-monolithic-column-based SPME with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was successfully developed. The linear range was from 0.015 to 25.0 µg/L, with low limits of detection of 1.3-4.7 ng/L and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of < 6.1%. Eight trace sulfonamides in fish and chicken samples were determined, with recoveries of the eight analytes ranging from 85.7% to 113% and acceptable RSDs of < 7.3%. These results demonstrate that the novel MOF-polymer-monolithic-column-based SPME coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS is a highly sensitive, practical, and convenient method for monitoring trace sulfonamides in food samples previously extracted with an adequate solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Chun Zhang
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Environmental Pollution Control-Remediation Technology of Guizhou Province, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi 562400, China; (G.-P.X.); (J.-Y.L.); (X.-L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.-G.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xing-Yi Wang
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Environmental Pollution Control-Remediation Technology of Guizhou Province, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi 562400, China; (G.-P.X.); (J.-Y.L.); (X.-L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.-G.Z.)
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Vandael F, Filippitzi ME, Dewulf J, Daeseleire E, Eeckhout M, Devreese M, Croubels S. Oral group medication in pig production: characterising medicated feed and drinking water systems. Vet Rec 2019; 185:405. [PMID: 31427411 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite common use of oral group medication in pig rearing, the homogeneity, stability and carry-over of frequently used medicinal products in feed and drinking water are largely unknown. Therefore, a field study was performed on 52 Belgian pig farms, characterising preparation and administration of medicinal products via these systems, and farmers' user experiences with medicated feed and medicated drinking water. The study showed that medicated drinking water is more commonly used than medicated feed, since 90.4 per cent of the farms sometimes use medicated drinking water and 69.2 per cent of the farms sometimes use medicated feed. The drinking water quality is evaluated at least once a year on only 30.7 per cent of the farms. Separate pipelines for medicated and non-medicated circuits were not present in any of the farms using medicated feed and in 27.7 per cent of the farms using medicated drinking water. With drinking water medication, 63.5 per cent of the farmers reported encountering practical problems, often related to solubility issues and precipitation of the active compounds. In contrast, medicated feed is bought ready-to-use from the feed manufacturer in 68.2 per cent of the cases, thus reducing the number of practical problems experienced by the farmer. This study shows room for improvement of oral group treatment, developing appropriate pharmaceutical formulations for drinking water medication, quality control of drinking water, using separate pipeline circuits, and cleaning and disinfecting protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Vandael
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Technology and Food Science Unit, ILVO, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Barbosa Da Silva A, Back M, Daguer H, Palmeira M, Antunes De Sá Ploêncio L, Molognoni L, Peripolli V, Bianchi I. Carry-over and contamination of veterinary drugs in feed production lines for poultry and pigs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:740-751. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1585580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Barbosa Da Silva
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock an d Food Supply (MAPA), São José, SC, Brazil
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Back
- Agronomist Engineer, Pró Sete Engineering, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock an d Food Supply (MAPA), São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Maila Palmeira
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Molognoni
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock an d Food Supply (MAPA), São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peripolli
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | - Ivan Bianchi
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
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Civitareale C, Mestria S, Gallo P, Giannetti L, Neri B, Stacchini P, Fiori M. Multi-drug ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify antimicrobials in feeding stuffs at carry-over level. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1831-1842. [PMID: 29943476 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carry-over is an undesirable contamination from medicated to non-medicated during the production of feedingstuffs. In 2014 the European Parliament and the Council started working to produce a new regulatory act that will fix tolerable levels of drugs by carry-over in non-target feed to have a harmonized practice to evaluate this contamination by veterinary drugs. METHODS We developed a rapid and effective multi-analyte method coupling ultraperformance liquid chromatography to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) for the detection of 37 drugs belonging to different classes of antimicrobials (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, pleuromutilins and streptogramins) in feeds at carry-over levels. The method was in-house validated in the concentration range 0.25-2.0 mg kg-1 , according to the Regulation (UE) 2017/625 requirements and the guideline included in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for official methods. RESULTS The UPLC/MS/MS method allows the determination of the antimicrobials in 15 min, by providing results compliant to the criteria established by the European Commission legislation. All the analytes showed a limit of detection (LOD) in the range 2.0-5.0 μg kg-1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) at 10.0 μg kg-1 ; oxytetracycline, doxycycline, spiramycin and virginiamycin have a higher LOD and LOQ (15.0 μg kg-1 ; 30.0 μg kg-1 , respectively). Recoveries were satisfactory ranging from 90.4% to 103.1%. CONCLUSIONS The method is characterized by an effective clean-up of all drugs without the use of large sample size and organic solvent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Civitareale
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici (Na), Italy
| | - Luigi Giannetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Neri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Stacchini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fiori
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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12
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Annunziata L, Visciano P, Stramenga A, Colagrande MN, Campana G, Scortichini G, Migliorati G, Compagnone D. Investigation of Nonionophoric Coccidiostat Residues in Feed as a Consequence of Carryover. J Food Prot 2018; 81:482-489. [PMID: 29474144 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Residues of nonionophoric coccidiostats at carryover concentrations in feedstuffs collected from feed mills or animal farms in central Italy were detected as part of the official controls carried out from 2011 through 2016. The 118 samples were collected on the production line or during feed distribution and storage to determine the sampling sites at major risk of cross-contamination. For determination of nonionophoric coccidiostats, a fast, easy, and cheap method was developed and validated. Feed samples were extracted with acetonitrile-methanol and directly injected for liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 24 samples (20.3%) were positive, but only 5 (4.2%) of these samples exceeded the maximum limit set by European legislation. Most of the positive samples were collected from a batch of feed produced immediately following processing of another batch to which the coccidiostat robenidine had been added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Annunziata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-5931 [P.V.]); and
| | - Arianna Stramenga
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Colagrande
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Guido Campana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giampiero Scortichini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-5931 [P.V.]); and
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13
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Shuo ZHAO, Hao-Tian WANG, Ke LI, Jing ZHANG, Xia-Yan WANG, Guang-Sheng GUO. Fast Determination of Residual Sulfonamides in Milk by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Capillary Electrophoresis-Laser Induced Fluorescence. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Patyra E, Nebot C, Gavilán RE, Cepeda A, Kwiatek K. Development and validation of multi-residue and multi-class method for antibacterial substances analysis in non-target feed by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:467-478. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1414961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Carolina Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosa Elvira Gavilán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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15
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Vougat Ngom RRB, Garabed RB, Rumbeiha WK, Foyet HS, Schrunk DE, Shao D, Zoli Pagnah A. Penicillin-G and oxytetracycline residues in beef sold for human consumption in Maroua, Cameroon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-017-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Wegh RS, Berendsen BJA, Driessen-Van Lankveld WDM, Pikkemaat MG, Zuidema T, Van Ginkel LA. Non-targeted workflow for identification of antimicrobial compounds in animal feed using bioassay-directed screening in combination with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1935-1947. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin S. Wegh
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Tina Zuidema
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Bourais I, Maliki S, Mohammadi H, Amine A. Investigation of sulfonamides inhibition of carbonic anhydrase enzyme using multiphotometric and electrochemical techniques. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 96:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Long C, Deng B, Sun S, Meng S. Simultaneous determination of chlortetracycline, ampicillin and sarafloxacin in milk using capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:24-31. [PMID: 27805474 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1254820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A fast, inexpensive and sensitive approach for the simultaneous determination of chlortetracycline, ampicilline and sarafloxacin in milk was developed using capillary electrophoresis coupled with an electrochemiluminescence detector. Under the optimal detection conditions, the linear ranges for chlortetracyline, ampicilline and sarafloxacin were 0.030-5.0, 0.050-5.0 and 0.0040-2.0 μg ml-1, respectively. The correlation coefficients of chlortetracycline, ampicilline and sarafloxacin were determined as 0.9997, 0.9952 and 0.9978, respectively. Detection limits (S/N = 3) of chlortetracycline, ampicilline and sarafloxacin were found as 0.017, 0.018 and 0.0013 μg ml-1, respectively. This method was successfully applied for the determination of chlortetracycline, ampicilline and sarafloxacin in milk. The recoveries were between 95.3% and 100%. The relative standard deviations of the detection limit and recovery were less than 2.6% and 3.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Long
- a Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , China
| | - Biyang Deng
- a Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , China
| | - Shuangjiao Sun
- a Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , China
| | - Sa Meng
- a Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , China
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19
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Layada S, Benouareth DE, Coucke W, Andjelkovic M. Assessment of antibiotic residues in commercial and farm milk collected in the region of Guelma (Algeria). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Multi-residue analysis of pesticides, plant hormones, veterinary drugs and mycotoxins using HILIC chromatography – MS/MS in various food matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 942:121-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Peeters LEJ, Daeseleire E, Devreese M, Rasschaert G, Smet A, Dewulf J, Heyndrickx M, Imberechts H, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Croubels S. Residues of chlortetracycline, doxycycline and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim in intestinal content and feces of pigs due to cross-contamination of feed. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:209. [PMID: 27645697 PMCID: PMC5028959 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-contamination of feed with low concentrations of antimicrobials can occur at production, transport and/or farm level. Concerns are rising about possible effects of this contaminated feed on resistance selection in the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, an experiment with pigs was set up, in which intestinal and fecal concentrations of chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DOX) and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim (SDZ-TRIM) were determined after administration of feed containing a 3 % carry-over level of these antimicrobials. Results The poor oral bioavailability of tetracyclines resulted in rather high concentrations in cecal and colonic content and feces at steady-state conditions. A mean concentration of 10 mg/kg CTC and 4 mg/kg DOX in the feces was reached, which is higher than concentrations that were shown to cause resistance selection. On the other hand, lower mean levels of SDZ (0.7 mg/kg) and TRIM (< limit of detection of 0.016 mg/kg) were found in the feces, corresponding with the high oral bioavailability of SDZ and TRIM in pigs. Conclusions The relation between the oral bioavailability and intestinal concentrations of the tested antimicrobials, may be of help in assessing the risks of cross-contaminated feed. However, future research is needed to confirm our results and to evaluate the effects of these detected concentrations on resistance selection in the intestinal microbiota of pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0803-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E J Peeters
- Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, CODA-CERVA (Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre), 1180, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Hein Imberechts
- Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, CODA-CERVA (Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre), 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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22
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Robert C, Brasseur PY, Dubois M, Delahaut P, Gillard N. Development and validation of rapid multiresidue and multi-class analysis for antibiotics and anthelmintics in feed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1312-23. [PMID: 27376829 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1207808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new multi-residue method for the analysis of veterinary drugs, namely amoxicillin, chlortetracycline, colistins A and B, doxycycline, fenbendazole, flubendazole, ivermectin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, tiamulin, tilmicosin and trimethoprim, was developed and validated for feed. After acidic extraction, the samples were centrifuged, purified by SPE and analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Quantitative validation was done in accordance with the guidelines laid down in European Commission Decision 2002/657/CE. Matrix-matched calibration with internal standards was used to reduce matrix effects. The target level was set at the authorised carryover level (1%) and validation levels were set at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Method performances were evaluated by the following parameters: linearity (0.986 < R(2) < 0.999), precision (repeatability < 12.4% and reproducibility < 14.0%), accuracy (89% < recovery < 107%), sensitivity, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), selectivity and expanded measurement uncertainty (k = 2).This method has been used successfully for three years for routine monitoring of antibiotic residues in feeds during which period 20% of samples were found to exceed the 1% authorised carryover limit and were deemed non-compliant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Dubois
- a Département Santé , CER Groupe , Marloie , Belgium
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23
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Filippitzi ME, Sarrazin S, Imberechts H, Smet A, Dewulf J. Risk of cross-contamination due to the use of antimicrobial medicated feed throughout the trail of feed from the feed mill to the farm. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:644-55. [PMID: 26934334 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1160442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cross-contamination of non-medicated feed with residues of antimicrobials causes an animal and public health concern associated with the potential for the selection and dissemination of resistance in commensal bacteria and potentially zoonotic bacteria. To identify the extent of this situation, we built a risk model that provides a way to estimate the percentage of cross-contaminated feed in total and at the different levels at which cross-contamination may occur (i.e. the feed mill, the transport truck, the farm), for different levels of antimicrobial medicated feed produced in a country per year. The model, estimated that when antimicrobial medicated feed represents a hypothetical xi = 2% of the total feed produced in a country per year, then 5.5% (95% CI = 3.4%; 11.4%) of the total feed produced in a year could be cross-contaminated with different levels of antimicrobials due to practices related to medicated feed. In detail, 1.80% (95% CI = 0.2%; 7.7%) of the total feed produced in such a country would be cross-contaminated due to antimicrobial carryover occurring at the feed mill level, 1.83% (95% CI = 1.3%; 2.0%) at the transport truck level and 1.84% (95% CI = 1.2%; 2.0%) at the farm level. The model also demonstrated that even in cases where antimicrobial medicated feed would be produced in end-of-line mixers or a fine dosing system on trucks, the risk of cross-contamination would not be negligible; the percentage of cross-contaminated feed produced in a country (where xi = 2%) per year would be 3.7% (95% CI = 2.9%; 4.0%) and 2.4% (95% CI = 1.6%; 2.7%), respectively. It is hard to reduce the risk to zero as it is the result of factors occurring at different levels. Thus, the use of antimicrobial medicated feed should be avoided as much as possible to reduce selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Filippitzi
- a Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Steven Sarrazin
- a Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Hein Imberechts
- b Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre CODA-CERVA , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- c Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- a Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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24
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León N, Pastor A, Yusà V. Target analysis and retrospective screening of veterinary drugs, ergot alkaloids, plant toxins and other undesirable substances in feed using liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 149:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Desorption electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry for the screening of veterinary drugs in cross-contaminated feedstuffs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7369-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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26
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Udalova AY, Dmitrienko SG, Apyari VV. Methods for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of tetracycline antibiotics. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815060180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Robert C, Gillard N, Brasseur PY, Ralet N, Dubois M, Delahaut P. Rapid multiresidue and multi-class screening for antibiotics and benzimidazoles in feed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Gómez-Pérez ML, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Analysis of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in animal feed by high-resolution mass spectrometry: comparison between time-of-flight and Orbitrap. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1637-46. [PMID: 25785350 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1023742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of medium-high-resolution mass spectrometers (M-HRMS) provides many advantages in multi-residue analysis. A comparison between two mass spectrometers, medium-resolution (MRMS) time-of-flight (TOF) and high-resolution (HRMS) Orbitrap, has been carried out for the analysis of toxic compounds in animal feed. More than 300 compounds belonging to several classes of veterinary drugs (VDs) and pesticides have been determined in different animal feed samples using a generic extraction method. The use of a clean-up procedure has been evaluated in both instruments, and several validation parameters have been established, such as the matrix effect, linearity, recovery and sensitivity. Finally, both instruments have been used during the analysis of 18 different feed samples (including chicken, hen, rabbit and horse). Some VDs (sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, robenidine and monensin sodium) and one pesticide (chlorpyrifos) have been identified. In general, better results were obtained using the Orbitrap, such as sensitivity (1-12.5 µg kg(-1)) and recovery values (60-125%). Moreover, this analyser had several software tools, which reduced the time for data processing and were easy to use, performing quick screening for more than 450 compounds in less than 5 min. However, some disadvantages such as the high cost and a decrease in the number of detected compounds at low concentrations must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luz Gómez-Pérez
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Vidal
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
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Boix C, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, León N, Yusá V, Hernández F. Qualitative screening of 116 veterinary drugs in feed by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry: Potential application to quantitative analysis. Food Chem 2014; 160:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Dmitrienko SG, Kochuk EV, Apyari VV, Tolmacheva VV, Zolotov YA. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques and methods of sulfonamides detection - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:6-25. [PMID: 25441155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides (SAs) have been the most widely used antimicrobial drugs for more than 70 years, and their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples pose serious health hazards. For this reason, sensitive and specific methods for the quantification of these compounds in numerous matrices have been developed. This review intends to provide an updated overview of the recent trends over the past five years in sample preparation techniques and methods for detecting SAs. Examples of the sample preparation techniques, including liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, are given. Different methods of detecting the SAs present in food and feed and in environmental, pharmaceutical and biological samples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava G Dmitrienko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena V Kochuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Apyari
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika V Tolmacheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A Zolotov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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31
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Zhang Q, Xiao X, Li G. Porous molecularly imprinted monolithic capillary column for on-line extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for trace analysis of antimicrobials in food samples. Talanta 2014; 123:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Granados-Chinchilla F, Alfaro M, Chavarría G, Rodríguez C. Unravelling a vicious circle: animal feed marketed in Costa Rica contains irregular concentrations of tetracyclines and abundant oxytetracycline-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1017-25. [PMID: 24660748 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.907504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diverse tetracyclines are used to prevent and control bacterial infections in livestock and farmed fish. These drugs are administered through the diet, but farmers seldom check whether feed contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria that may colonise their crops or transfer their resistance traits to species of veterinary relevance. To examine whether antibiotic dosage defines the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal feed, we determined the concentration of parental compounds and epimers of oxytetracycline (OTC), doxycycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline, as well as the abundance and resistance level of OTC-resistant bacteria in samples of fish (n = 21), poultry (n = 21), swine (n = 21), and shrimp feed (n = 21) marketed in Costa Rica. Fish feed contained the highest amounts of tetracyclines (119-8365 mg kg(-1)) and the largest proportion of bacteria resistant to 10 μg ml(-1) (1.8-92.4%) or 100 μg ml(-1) of OTC (12.5-63.8%). Poultry (78-438 mg kg(-1)) and swine (41-1076 mg kg(-1)) feed had intermediate concentrations of tetracyclines and OTC-resistant bacteria (0.2-66% and 0.3-49%, respectively), whereas shrimp feed showed the lowest amounts of tetracyclines (21.5-50.3 mg kg(-1)), no OTC and no culturable OTC-resistant bacteria. In line with these results, the MIC50 of OTC for 150 isolates from fish and poultry feed was > 256 µg ml(-1), while that of 150 bacteria isolated from swine feed was 192 µg ml(-1). Phenotypic tests, fatty acid profiles and proteotypic analyses by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass-spectroscopy revealed that most OTC-resistant isolates were Gram-positive bacteria of low G+C% content from the genera Staphylococcus and Bacillus. Clear correlations between OTC dosage and feed colonisation with OTC-resistant bacteria were seen in medicated feed for fish (r = 0.179-0.651). Nonetheless, some unmedicated feed for fish, swine and poultry contained large populations of OTC-resistant bacteria, suggesting that raw materials and manufacturing processes may also influence carriage of OTC-resistant bacteria in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- a Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA) , Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José , Costa Rica
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Kaklamanos G, Vincent U, von Holst C. Multi-residue method for the detection of veterinary drugs in distillers grains by liquid chromatography–Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1322:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Borràs S, Companyó R, Guiteras J, Bosch J, Medina M, Termes S. Multiclass method for antimicrobial analysis in animal feeds by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8475-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stolker A, Manti V, Zuidema T, van Egmond H, Deckers E, Herbes R, Hooglugt J, Olde Heuvel E, de Jong J. Carry-over of veterinary drugs from medicated to non-medicated feeds in commercial feed manufacturing plants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1100-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.794308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Analysis of antimicrobial agents in pig feed by liquid chromatography coupled to orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1293:60-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Screening methods and recent developments in the detection of anticoccidials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7733-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Wide-scope analysis of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in animal feed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6543-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vandenberge V, Delezie E, Delahaut P, Pierret G, De Backer P, Daeseleire E, Croubels S. Transfer of flubendazole and tylosin from feed at cross-contamination levels to various poultry matrices. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2351-60. [PMID: 22912473 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Residues of veterinary drugs and feed additives used extensively in animal husbandry are sometimes found in edible matrices. In this study, broilers received experimental feed, containing either flubendazole or tylosin, at cross-contamination levels of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% of the therapeutic dose to determine the transfer ratio of these molecules from feed to poultry matrices. Breast and thigh muscle and liver samples were collected during treatment and depletion periods and then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The parent molecule flubendazole and its 2 major metabolites were quantified. After 3 to 5 d, a plateau phase was reached, and a few days after withdrawal of the experimental feed, a depletion of residues was noted. Significant difference between both muscle types was noted for flubendazole. Strong metabolization of flubendazole in the liver was seen. For tylosin, no residue concentrations above the limit of quantification could be detected in muscle. None of the residue concentrations for either molecule exceeded the corresponding maximum residue limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vandenberge
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 370 Brusselsesteenweg, Melle, Belgium.
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40
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Borràs S, Ríos-Kristjánsson JG, Companyó R, Prat MD. Analysis of fluoroquinolones in animal feeds by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2048-53. [PMID: 22778021 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the analysis of six fluoroquinolones (FQs) in animal feeds was developed. The sample treatment consists of a simple and rapid extraction of the analytes by manual shaking with an acetonitrile-water mixture containing hydrochloric acid without further sample cleanup. Matrix effects were minimized by diluting the extract with water. Determination was carried out by liquid chromatography using fluorimetric detection. The method was validated in-house in four different feed matrices (poultry, cow, pig, and lamb feed). Mean recoveries ranging from 80 to 105%, with relative standard deviations below 12%, were achieved from spiked animal feed samples on the 0.2-2.0 μg/g level. No relevant differences were observed between the studied feeds, this ensuring that the method was reliable for a wide variety of feed matrices. Decision limit and detection capability values are below 0.08 and 0.13 mg/kg, respectively, for most FQs. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of the analytical method developed for a routine use to control the illegal use of these substances in feeding stuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Borràs
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Vandenberge V, Delezie E, Huyghebaert G, Delahaut P, Daeseleire E, Croubels S. Residues of sulfadiazine and doxycycline in broiler liver and muscle tissue due to cross-contamination of feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:180-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.631194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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