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Kryukov AI, Kunel'skaya NL, Zaoeva ZO, Bajbakova EV, Chugunova MA, Vasilchenko NO, Panasov SA, Panova TN. [Involvement of the trigeminal nerve system in the sense of smell]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:7-12. [PMID: 38147376 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20231231217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review of literature on the issue of involvement in the sense of smell, as well as the interaction between the trigeminal and olfactory nerves, was carried out. The article discusses the features of the chemical perception systems, as well as the treatment of olfactory disorders using transcranial electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Kryukov
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N L Kunel'skaya
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z O Zaoeva
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Bajbakova
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Chugunova
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N O Vasilchenko
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Panasov
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T N Panova
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
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Dinan JE, Hargitai IA, Watson N, Smith A, Schmidt JE. Pain catastrophising in the oro-facial pain population. J Oral Rehabil 2021; 48:643-653. [PMID: 33710632 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain catastrophising is a maladaptive cognitive response characterised by an exaggerated negative interpretation of pain experiences. It has been associated with greater disability and poorer outcomes in chronic pain, to include several specific oro-facial pain conditions. The goal of this study was to examine pain catastrophising at a military oro-facial pain specialty clinic. METHODS This retrospective chart review (RCR) examined information collected at initial examination from 699 new patients seen between September 2016 and August 2019 at the Orofacial Pain Center at the Naval Postgraduate Dental School (Bethesda, MD). Pain catastrophising, pain characteristics, psychosocial factors and sleep were assessed using standardised scales. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations of patient characteristics and pain intensity with pain catastrophising. Mediation analyses were done to characterise the extent to which the relationship between pain intensity and pain catastrophising may be explained by anxiety, depression and insomnia. RESULTS Higher pain intensity, depression, anxiety, insomnia and younger age were each associated with higher pain catastrophising (all p < .05). A primary diagnosis of neuropathic pain was the strongest independent predictor of higher pain catastrophising. The relationship between pain intensity and pain catastrophising was partially mediated by anxiety, depression and insomnia. CONCLUSIONS In this RCR of a population of oro-facial pain patients, those diagnosed with neuropathic pain were most likely to display high levels of pain catastrophising, a characteristic which is associated with poor long-term pain outcomes. This is the first study to show that, independent of other patient characteristics, those suffering from neuropathic pains displayed the highest levels of pain catastrophising. This highlights the importance of also addressing psychosocial factors in the treatment of neuropathic pain conditions, which are commonly treated using a predominantly biomedical approach. Additionally, anxiety, depression and insomnia each partially explains the relationship between pain intensity and pain catastrophising.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Dinan
- Postgraduate Dental College, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Istvan A Hargitai
- Postgraduate Dental College, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora Watson
- Department of Research Programs, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Smith
- Postgraduate Dental College, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John E Schmidt
- Postgraduate Dental College, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nascimento GC, de Paula BB, Lowry CA, Leite-Panissi CRA. Temporomandibular inflammation mobilizes parvalbumin and FosB/deltaFosB neurons of amygdala and dorsal raphe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9950. [PMID: 32578721 PMCID: PMC7307894 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in orofacial pain and their relationship with emotional disorders have emerged as an important research area for multidisciplinary studies. In particular, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been evaluated clinically from both physiological and psychological perspectives. We hypothesized that an altered neuronal activity occurs in the amygdala and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), encephalic regions involved in the modulation of painful and emotional information. Adult male Wistar rats were used in an experimental complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation model. CFA was applied for 1 or 10 days, and the animals were euthanized for brain samples dissection for FosB/ΔFosB and parvalbumin (PV) immunostaining. Our results were consistent in showing that the amygdala and DR were activated in the persistent inflammatory phase (10 days) and that the expression of PV+ interneurons in the amygdala was decreased. In contrast, in the DR, the expression of PV+ interneurons was increased in persistent states of CFA-induced TMJ inflammation. Moreover, at 10 days of inflammation, there was an increased co-localization of PV+ and FosB/ΔFosB+ neurons in the basolateral and central nucleus of the amygdala. Different nuclei of the amygdala, as well as portions of the DR, were activated in the persistent phase (10 days) of TMJ inflammation. In conclusion, altered activity of the amygdala and DR was detected during persistent inflammatory nociception in the temporomandibular joint. These regions may be essential for both sensory and affective dimensions of orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Nascimento
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - B B de Paula
- Departamento de Psicologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - C A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C R A Leite-Panissi
- Departamento de Psicologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Holschneider DP, Wang Z, Chang H, Zhang R, Gao Y, Guo Y, Mao J, Rodriguez LV. Ceftriaxone inhibits stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia and alters cerebral micturition and nociceptive circuits in the rat: A multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome research network study. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:1628-1643. [PMID: 32578247 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Emotional stress plays a role in the exacerbation and development of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Given the significant overlap of brain circuits involved in stress, anxiety, and micturition, and the documented role of glutamate in their regulation, we examined the effects of an increase in glutamate transport on central amplification of stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia, a core feature of IC/BPS. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS, 1 hour/day x 10 days) or sham stress, with subgroups receiving daily administration of ceftriaxone (CTX), an activator of glutamate transport. Thereafter, cystometrograms were obtained during bladder infusion with visceromotor responses (VMR) recorded simultaneously. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) mapping was performed by intravenous injection of [14 C]-iodoantipyrine during passive bladder distension. Regional CBF was quantified in autoradiographs of brain slices and analyzed in three dimensional reconstructed brains with statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS WAS elicited visceral hypersensitivity during bladder filling as demonstrated by a decreased pressure threshold and VMR threshold triggering the voiding phase. Brain maps revealed stress effects in regions noted to be responsive to bladder filling. CTX diminished visceral hypersensitivity and attenuated many stress-related cerebral activations within the supraspinal micturition circuit and in overlapping limbic and nociceptive regions, including the posterior midline cortex (posterior cingulate/anterior retrosplenium), somatosensory cortex, and anterior thalamus. CONCLUSIONS CTX diminished bladder hyspersensitivity and attenuated regions of the brain that contribute to nociceptive and micturition circuits, show stress effects, and have been reported to demonstrated altered functionality in patients with IC/BPS. Glutamatergic pharmacologic strategies modulating stress-related bladder dysfunction may be a novel approach to the treatment of IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Huiyi Chang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yunliang Gao
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumei Guo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jackie Mao
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larissa V Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Alterations in Surface Electromyography Are Associated with Subjective Masticatory Muscle Pain. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019:6256179. [PMID: 31885756 PMCID: PMC6893259 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6256179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Tenderness of masseters and temporalis can be considered a relevant tool for diagnosis of myo-type craniofacial pain disorders, but a limit of pain score systems is that they are based on subjective pain perception. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a noninvasive and reliable tool for recording muscle activity. Therefore, we investigated whether a correlation exists between tenderness on masseters and temporalis, assessed by subjective pain scale, and muscles activity, evaluated by sEMG, in patients with painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and concurrent tension-type headache (TTH). Methods A cross-sectional study on fifty adult volunteer patients with TMD and TTH, who underwent tenderness protocol according to Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) guidelines, was conducted followed by sEMG recording of temporalis and masseters. Pearson's correlation was performed to investigate the correlation between muscular activity and subjective pain scores. Results An overall moderate correlation between muscle tenderness and sEMG values (y = 1 + 1.2 · x; r2 = 0.62; p < 0.0001), particularly in the temporalis, was observed. Segregation of data occurred according to tenderness and sEMG values. At the highest pain score, the mean sEMG absolute value was higher at the temporalis than the masseters. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that subjective pain perception can be objectively quantified at a magnitude proportional to pain severity. At greater tenderness scores, higher sEMG activity at the level of temporalis could help discriminate clinically prevalent TTH versus prevalent TMD. sEMG confirms to be an accurate tool to reliably objectify the subjective perception of pain. When combined with clinical evaluation and patients' symptoms, sEMG increases diagnostic sensitivity in the field of myo-type craniofacial pain disorders. This trial is registered with NCT02789085.
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Kramer PR, Rao M, Stinson C, Bellinger LL, Kinchington PR, Yee MB. Aromatase Derived Estradiol Within the Thalamus Modulates Pain Induced by Varicella Zoster Virus. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:46. [PMID: 30369871 PMCID: PMC6194186 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster or shingles is the result of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection and often results in chronic pain that lasts for months after visible symptoms subside. Testosterone often attenuates pain in males. Previous work demonstrates ovarian estrogen effects γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling in the thalamus, reducing pain but the role of testosterone within the thalamus is currently unknown. Because aromatase affects pain and is present in the thalamus we tested a hypothesis that testosterone converted to estrogen in the thalamus attenuates herpes zoster induced pain. To address this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats received whisker pad injection of either MeWo cells or MeWo cells containing VZV. To reduce aromatase derived estrogen in these animals we injected aromatase inhibitor letrozole systemically or infused it into the thalamus. To test if estrogen was working through the estrogen receptor (ER) agonist, 4, 4′, 4″-(4-Propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol (PPT) was infused concomitant with letrozole. Motivational and affective pain was measured after letrozole and/or PPT treatment. Vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) is important in pain signaling. Because estrogen effects VGAT expression we measured its transcript and protein levels after letrozole treatment. Virus injection and letrozole significantly increased the pain response but thalamic infusion of PPT reduced zoster pain. Letrozole increased the number of thalamic neurons staining for phosphorylated ERK (pERK) but decreased VGAT expression. The results suggest in male rats aromatase derived estradiol interacts with the ER to increase VGAT expression and increase neuronal inhibition in the thalamus to attenuate VZV induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Mahesh Rao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Crystal Stinson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Larry L Bellinger
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Eye and Ear Foundation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael B Yee
- Department of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Eye and Ear Foundation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Jung YH, Kim H, Jeon SY, Kwon JM, Lee WJ, Kim YC, Jang JH, Choi SH, Lee JY, Kang DH. Brain Metabolites and Peripheral Biomarkers Associated with Neuroinflammation in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Using [11C]-(R)-PK11195 Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Pilot Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 20:504-514. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ha Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Joon Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine & SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Brandão Filho RA, Baptista AF, Brandão RDAFS, Meneses FM, Okeson J, de Sena EP. Analgesic effect of cathodal transcranial current stimulation over right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with muscular temporomandibular disorders: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:415. [PMID: 26381733 PMCID: PMC4574533 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Temporomandibular disorders are a group of orofacial pain conditions that are commonly identified in the general population. Like many other chronic pain conditions, they can be associated with anxiety/depression, which can be related to changes in the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Some studies have demonstrated clinical improvement in subjects with chronic pain who are given therapeutic neuromodulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that allows the modulation of neuronal membranes. This therapy can enhance or inhibit action potential generation in cortical neurons. In some instances, medications acting in the central nervous system may be helpful despite their adverse side effects. It is important to determine if cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, an area that modulates emotion and motor cortex excitability, has an analgesic effect on chronic temporomandibular disorders pain. Method/design The investigators will run a randomized, controlled crossover double blind study with 15 chronic muscular temporomandibular disorder subjects. Each subject will undergo active (1 mA and 2 mA) and sham transcranial direct current stimulation. Inclusion criteria will be determined by the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders questionnaire, with subjects who have a pain visual analogic scale score of greater than 4/10 and whose pain has been present for the previous 6 months, and with a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score of more than 42. The influence of transcranial direct current stimulation will be assessed through a visual analogic scale, quantitative sensory testing, quantitative electroencephalogram, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score. Discussion Some studies have demonstrated a strong association between anxiety/depression and chronic pain, where one may be the cause of the other. This is especially true in chronic temporomandibular disorders, and breaking this cycle may have an effect over the symptoms and associated dysfunction. We believe that by inhibiting activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex though cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation, there may be a change in both anxiety/depression and pain level. Transcranial direct current stimulation may emerge as a new tool to be considered for managing these patients. We envision that the information obtained from this study will provide a better understanding of the management of chronic temporomandibular disorders. Trial registration This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov on 24 May 2014 (Identifier: NCT02152267).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivail Almeida Brandão Filho
- Postgraduate Program of Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health and Science Institute of Federal University of Bahia and University of State of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40110-902, Brasil. .,University of the State of Bahia, Rua Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41.150-000, Brasil.
| | - Abrahão Fontes Baptista
- Functional Electrostimulation Laboratory, Department of Biomorphology, Health and Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40110-902, Brasil.
| | - Renata de Assis Fonseca Santos Brandão
- Postgraduate Program of Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health and Science Institute of Federal University of Bahia and University of State of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40110-902, Brasil. .,University of the State of Bahia, Rua Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41.150-000, Brasil.
| | - Francisco Monteiro Meneses
- Functional Electrostimulation Laboratory, Department of Biomorphology, Health and Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40110-902, Brasil.
| | - Jeffrey Okeson
- Department of Oral Health Science, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Eduardo Pondé de Sena
- Department of Bioregulation, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40110-902, Brasil.
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Lindsay CD, Green C, Bird M, Jones JTA, Riches JR, McKee KK, Sandford MS, Wakefield DA, Timperley CM. Potency of irritation by benzylidenemalononitriles in humans correlates with TRPA1 ion channel activation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:140160. [PMID: 26064575 PMCID: PMC4448789 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We show that the physiological activity of solid aerosolized benzylidenemalononitriles (BMNs) including 'tear gas' (CS) in historic human volunteer trials correlates with activation of the human transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 ion channel (hTRPA1). This suggests that the irritation caused by the most potent of these compounds results from activation of this channel. We prepared 50 BMNs and measured their hTRPA1 agonist potencies. A mechanism of action consistent with their physiological activity, involving their dissolution in water on contaminated body surfaces, cell membrane penetration and reversible thiolation by a cysteine residue of hTRPA1, supported by data from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with a model thiol, explains the structure-activity relationships. The correlation provides evidence that hTRPA1 is a receptor for irritants on nociceptive neurons involved in pain perception; thus, its activation in the eye, nose, mouth and skin would explain the symptoms of lachrymation, sneezing, coughing and stinging, respectively. The structure-activity results and the use of the BMNs as pharmacological tools in future by other researchers may contribute to a better understanding of the TRPA1 channel in humans (and other animals) and help facilitate the discovery of treatments for human diseases involving this receptor.
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Rossi HL, Jenkins AC, Kaufman J, Bhattacharyya I, Caudle RM, Neubert JK. Characterization of bilateral trigeminal constriction injury using an operant facial pain assay. Neuroscience 2012; 224:294-306. [PMID: 22909425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand and treat neuropathic pain, scientific study must use methods that can assess pain processing at the cortical level where pain is truly perceived. Operant behavior paradigms can accomplish this. We used an operant task to evaluate changes following chronic constriction injury to the trigeminal nerves. We also relate these behavioral changes to immunohistochemistry of transient receptor potential channels vanilloid 1 and melastatin 8 (TRPV1 and TRPM8) in the trigeminal ganglia. Following nerve injury, successful performance of the operant task was reduced and aversive behaviors were observed with 10 and 37 °C stimulation, indicating cold allodynia and mechanical allodynia respectively. In contrast, while aversive behaviors were observed with 48 °C stimulation, successful performance of the operant task was not substantially hindered following injury. These behavioral changes were accompanied by an increase in TRPV1 positive cells and an increased intensity of TRPM8 staining at 2 weeks post-injury, when cold allodynia is maximal. These findings suggest that the incorporation of operant behavioral assessment in the study of pain may provide insight into the relationship among peripheral changes, motivational drive, and pain. Understanding this relationship will allow us to better treat and prevent chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Rossi
- College of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Quintero GC, Herrera J, Bethancourt J. Cortical NR2B NMDA subunit antagonism reduces inflammatory pain in male and female rats. J Pain Res 2011; 4:301-8. [PMID: 22003303 PMCID: PMC3191929 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s24703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a critical role in pain processing at different levels of the central nervous system. Methods In this study, we used adult Wistar rats to examine gender differences in the effects of NR2B NMDA antagonism at the level of the anterior cingulate cortex in phasic pain, and in the first and second phases of a formalin test. Rats underwent stereotactic surgery for cannula implantation in the anterior cingulate cortex. After recovery, paw withdrawal latency to a noxious thermal stimulus was assessed. Rats were also subjected to a formalin pain test whereby 60 μL of 5% formalin was injected into the right hind paw. Results Female and male rats that received Ro 25-6981, an NR2B antagonist, before formalin injection showed significantly reduced pain responses to the formalin test compared with saline-injected control rats (P < 0.05). No gender differences in phasic pain responses were found in rats treated with Ro 25-6981. Conclusion These results suggest that cortical antagonism of the NR2B subunit reduces inflammatory pain levels in both genders of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Quintero
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), Center for Neurosciences, Panama
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Mendonca ME, Santana MB, Baptista AF, Datta A, Bikson M, Fregni F, Araujo CP. Transcranial DC Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: Optimized Cortical Target Supported by High-Resolution Computational Models. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2011; 12:610-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Beyond patient reported pain: perfusion magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates reproducible cerebral representation of ongoing post-surgical pain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17096. [PMID: 21373203 PMCID: PMC3044150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of treatments for acute and chronic pain conditions remains a challenge, with an unmet need for improved sensitivity and reproducibility in measuring pain in patients. Here we used pulsed-continuous arterial spin-labelling [pCASL], a relatively novel perfusion magnetic-resonance imaging technique, in conjunction with a commonly-used post-surgical model, to measure changes in regional cerebral blood flow [rCBF] associated with the experience of being in ongoing pain. We demonstrate repeatable, reproducible assessment of ongoing pain that is independent of patient self-report. In a cross-over trial design, 16 participants requiring bilateral removal of lower-jaw third molars underwent pain-free pre-surgical pCASL scans. Following extraction of either left or right tooth, repeat scans were acquired during post-operative ongoing pain. When pain-free following surgical recovery, the pre/post-surgical scanning procedure was repeated for the remaining tooth. Voxelwise statistical comparison of pre and post-surgical scans was performed to reveal rCBF changes representing ongoing pain. In addition, rCBF values in predefined pain and control brain regions were obtained. rCBF increases (5–10%) representing post-surgical ongoing pain were identified bilaterally in a network including primary and secondary somatosensory, insula and cingulate cortices, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain and brainstem (including trigeminal ganglion and principal-sensory nucleus), but not in a control region in visual cortex. rCBF changes were reproducible, with no rCBF differences identified across scans within-session or between post-surgical pain sessions. This is the first report of the cerebral representation of ongoing post-surgical pain without the need for exogenous tracers. Regions of rCBF increases are plausibly associated with pain and the technique is reproducible, providing an attractive proposition for testing interventions for on-going pain that do not rely solely on patient self-report. Our findings have the potential to improve our understanding of the cerebral representation of persistent painful conditions, leading to improved identification of specific patient sub-types and implementation of mechanism-based treatments.
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Lundström JN, Boesveldt S, Albrecht J. Central Processing of the Chemical Senses: an Overview. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:5-16. [PMID: 21503268 PMCID: PMC3077578 DOI: 10.1021/cn1000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge regarding the neural processing of the three chemical senses has been lagging behind that of our other senses considerably. It is only during the last 25 years that significant advances have been made in our understanding of where in the human brain odors, tastants, and trigeminal stimuli are processed. Here we provide an overview of the current knowledge of how the human brain processes chemical stimuli based on findings in neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, we provide new insights from recent meta-analyses, based on all published neuroimaging studies of the chemical senses, of where the chemical senses converge in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan N. Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Albrecht
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Xu W, Wu Y, Bi Y, Tan L, Gan Y, Wang K. Activation of voltage-gated KCNQ/Kv7 channels by anticonvulsant retigabine attenuates mechanical allodynia of inflammatory temporomandibular joint in rats. Mol Pain 2010; 6:49. [PMID: 20796319 PMCID: PMC2936374 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are characterized by persistent orofacial pain and have diverse etiologic factors that are not well understood. It is thought that central sensitization leads to neuronal hyperexcitability and contributes to hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are currently the first choice of drug to relieve TMD pain. NSAIDS were shown to exhibit anticonvulsant properties and suppress cortical neuron activities by enhancing neuronal voltage-gated potassium KCNQ/Kv7 channels (M-current), suggesting that specific activation of M-current might be beneficial for TMD pain. RESULTS In this study, we selected a new anticonvulsant drug retigabine that specifically activates M-current, and investigated the effect of retigabine on inflammation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. The results show that the head withdrawal threshold for escape from mechanical stimulation applied to facial skin over the TMJ in inflamed rats was significantly lower than that in control rats. Administration of centrally acting M-channel opener retigabine (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg) can dose-dependently raise the head withdrawal threshold of mechanical allodynia, and this analgesic effect can be reversed by the specific KCNQ channel blocker XE991 (3 mg/kg). Food intake is known to be negatively associated with TMJ inflammation. Food intake was increased significantly by the administration of retigabine (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg), and this effect was reversed by XE991 (3 mg/kg). Furthermore, intracerebralventricular injection of retigabine further confirmed the analgesic effect of central retigabine on inflammatory TMJ. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that central sensitization is involved in inflammatory TMJ pain and pharmacological intervention for controlling central hyperexcitability by activation of neuronal KCNQ/M-channels may have therapeutic potential for TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Gordh T, Vinnars B, Fischer H, Blomberg H, Modig J, Fredrikson M, Hartvig P. Brain activation due to postoperative pain from the right hand measured with regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography. Scand J Pain 2010; 1:115-119. [PMID: 29913971 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Brain activation resulting from acute postoperative pain has to our knowledge not previously been studied using positron emission tomography, except from one case study. The aim of this study was to monitor activation in brain sensory pathways during acute pain after surgery of the hand. A secondary aim was to compare brain activation in clinical postoperative pain to that previously reported, by the same research group, for a model of experimental pain from the same body area. Increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is presumed to indicate neuronal activation and decrease in blood flow decreased neuronal firing. An increase in blood flow in a brain region may represent stimulatory activity as well as inhibitory. Methods Brain activity was measured during clinical postoperative pain and a pain free state in six patients with positron emission tomography (PET) as changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). rCBF during pain from surgery of the right thumb base was compared with a pain free state achieved by regional anaesthesia of the painful area. Results In postoperative pain, patients had a significantly higher CBF in the contralateral/primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as in the contralateral motor cortex compared to the pain free stat during local regional anaesthesia. Relatively lower rCBF during the pain state was observed in clusters in the contralateral tertiary sensory cortex, ipsilateral and contralateral secondary visual cortex, prelimbic cortex, ipsilateral prefrontal as well as anterior cingulate cortex and contralateral secondary somatosensory cortex. The increased rCBF in primary and somatosensory cortices probably correspond to pain localizing processing. We also compared the findings in cerebral activation patterns of the postoperative pain state as described above, with the results from a previously published study by the same research group, using an experimental pain model when pain was inflicted with application of mustard oil in the same location, the thumb base region of the right hand. Since no formal statistical analysis was carried out between the two studies, the data are not very strong, but the differences reported were obvious when comparing the two situations. The comparison gave the following outcome: Digit activation occurred in identical sensory brain areas, i.e. primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, as compared to the changes in this study, supporting that pain localization processes use similar sensory pathways in a nociceptive acute experimental pain model, and in clinical acute postoperative nociceptive pain. Dissimilarities were observed between the models in activation of brain areas coding of the emotional pain qualities, indicating some differences between the experimental and "real" acute nociceptive pain. Conclusion We have reported a distinct cerebral activation pattern produced by acute postoperative pain following hand surgery. The findings were compared to data obtained in a previously published report of the cerebral activation pattern from an acute experimental pain model in volunteers. We found similarities as well as some differences in the activation pattern between the two situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Gordh
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil Vinnars
- Department of Hand Surgery, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Uppsala University Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Blomberg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Modig
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Uppsala University Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hartvig
- Hospital Pharmacy and Uppsala PET Centre, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Alonso AA, Koutlas IG, Leuthold AC, Lewis SM, Georgopoulos AP. Cortical processing of facial tactile stimuli in temporomandibular disorder as revealed by magnetoencephalography. Exp Brain Res 2010; 204:33-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Byrd KE, Romito LM, Dzemidzic M, Wong D, Talavage TM. fMRI study of brain activity elicited by oral parafunctional movements. J Oral Rehabil 2010; 36:346-61. [PMID: 19382299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.01947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parafunctional masticatory activity, such as the tooth clenching and grinding that is associated with bruxism, is encountered by clinicians in many disciplines, including dentistry, neurology and psychiatry. Despite this, little is known about the neurological basis for these activities. To identify the brain network engaged in such complex oromotor activity, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to elucidate the brain activation patterns of 20 individuals (10 males and 10 females, mean s.d. age of 26.3+/-4.1 years) with (parafunctional, PFx group, 5M/5F) and without (normal functional, NFx group, 5 M/5F) self-reported parafunctional grinding and clenching habits during clenching and grinding tasks. Subject group classification was based on: (i) self-reported history, (ii) clinical examination, (iii) evaluation of dental casts and (iv) positive responses to the temporomandibular disorder (TMD) History Questionnaire [Dworkinand LeResche, Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders, (1992) 6:301]. While subjects performed these oromotor tasks, each wore a custom-designed oral appliance minimizing head motion during imaging. Mean per cent signal changes showed significant between group differences in motor cortical (supplementary motor area, sensorimotor cortex and rolandic operculum) and subcortical (caudate) regions. Supplementary motor area data suggest that motor planning and initiation, particularly during the act of clenching, are less prominent in individuals with oromotor parafunctional behaviours. The overall extent of activated areas was reduced in subjects with self-reported parafunctional masticatory activity compared with the controls. This study's methodology and findings provide an initial step in understanding the neurological basis of parafunctional masticatory activities that are relevant for therapeutic research applications of temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Byrd
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
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Owen DG, Clarke CF, Ganapathy S, Prato FS, St. Lawrence KS. Using perfusion MRI to measure the dynamic changes in neural activation associated with tonic muscular pain. Pain 2010; 148:375-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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The neuronal correlates of intranasal trigeminal function-an ALE meta-analysis of human functional brain imaging data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 62:183-96. [PMID: 19913573 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Almost every odor we encounter in daily life has the capacity to produce a trigeminal sensation. Surprisingly, few functional imaging studies exploring human neuronal correlates of intranasal trigeminal function exist, and results are to some degree inconsistent. We utilized activation likelihood estimation (ALE), a quantitative voxel-based meta-analysis tool, to analyze functional imaging data (fMRI/PET) following intranasal trigeminal stimulation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)), a stimulus known to exclusively activate the trigeminal system. Meta-analysis tools are able to identify activations common across studies, thereby enabling activation mapping with higher certainty. Activation foci of nine studies utilizing trigeminal stimulation were included in the meta-analysis. We found significant ALE scores, thus indicating consistent activation across studies, in the brainstem, ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, precentral gyrus, as well as in primary and secondary somatosensory cortices-a network known for the processing of intranasal nociceptive stimuli. Significant ALE values were also observed in the piriform cortex, insula, and the orbitofrontal cortex, areas known to process chemosensory stimuli, and in association cortices. Additionally, the trigeminal ALE statistics were directly compared with ALE statistics originating from olfactory stimulation, demonstrating considerable overlap in activation. In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis map the human neuronal correlates of intranasal trigeminal stimulation with high statistical certainty and demonstrate that the cortical areas recruited during the processing of intranasal CO(2) stimuli include those outside traditional trigeminal areas. Moreover, through illustrations of the considerable overlap between brain areas that process trigeminal and olfactory information; these results demonstrate the interconnectivity of flavor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Scrivani
- Craniofacial Pain and Headache Center, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
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Boyle JA, Heinke M, Gerber J, Frasnelli J, Hummel T. Cerebral Activation to Intranasal Chemosensory Trigeminal Stimulation. Chem Senses 2007; 32:343-53. [PMID: 17308328 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjm004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) studies have been performed on the processing of olfactory information, the intranasal trigeminal system so far has not received much attention. In the present study, we sought to delineate the neural correlates of trigeminal stimulation using carbon dioxide (CO(2)) presented to the left or right nostril. Fifteen right-handed men underwent FMRI using single runs of 3 conditions (CO(2) in the right and the left nostrils and an olfactory stimulant-phenyl ethyl alcohol-in the right nostril). As expected, olfactory activations were located in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), amygdala, and rostral insula. For trigeminal stimulation, activations were found in "trigeminal" and "olfactory" regions including the pre- and postcentral gyrus, the cerebellum, the ventrolateral thalamus, the insula, the contralateral piriform cortex, and the OFC. Left compared with right side stimulations resulted in stronger cerebellar and brain stem activations; right versus left stimulation resulted in stronger activations of the superior temporal sulcus and OFC. These results suggest a trigeminal processing system that taps into similar cortical regions and yet is separate from that of the olfactory system. The overlapping pattern of cortical activation for trigeminal and olfactory stimuli is assumed to be due to the intimate connections in the processing of information from the 2 major intranasal chemosensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Boyle
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Laser Literature Watch. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24:222-48. [PMID: 16706704 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2006.24.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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