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Hartvig P, Lindberg BS, Lilja A, Lundqvist H, Långström B, Rane A. Positron Emission Tomography in Studies on Fetomaternal
Disposition of Opioids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1159/000480968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sand-Jensen K, Bruun HH, Nielsen TF, Christiansen DM, Hartvig P, Schou JC, Baastrup-Spohr L. The Dangers of Being a Small, Oligotrophic and Light Demanding Freshwater Plant across a Spatial and Historical Eutrophication Gradient in Southern Scandinavia. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:66. [PMID: 29456545 PMCID: PMC5801560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
European freshwater habitats have experienced a severe loss of plant diversity, regionally and locally, over the last century or more. One important and well-established driver of change is eutrophication, which has increased with rising population density and agricultural intensification. However, reduced disturbance of lake margins may have played an additional key role. The geographical variation in water chemistry, which has set the scene for - and interacted with - anthropogenic impact, is much less well understood. We took advantage of some recently completed regional plant distribution surveys, relying on hundreds of skilled citizen scientists, and analyzed the hydrophyte richness to environment relations in five contiguous South-Scandinavian regions. For three of the regions, we also assessed changes to the freshwater flora over the latest 50-80 years. We found a considerable variation in background total phosphorus concentrations and alkalinity, both within and between regions. The prevalence of functional groups differed between regions in accordance with the environmental conditions and the species' tolerance to turbid waters. Similarly, the historical changes within regions followed the same trend in correspondence to the altered environmental conditions over time. Small submerged species decreased relative to tall submerged and floating-leaved species along the regional and historical eutrophication gradients. These changes were accompanied by systematically greater relative abundance of species of higher phosphorus prevalence. We conclude that species traits in close correspondence with anthropogenic impacts are the main determinants of local, regional and historical changes of species distribution and occupancy, while pure biogeography plays a minor role. Conservation measures, such as re-oligotrophication and re-established disturbance regimes through grazing and water level fluctuations, may help reduce the tall reed vegetation, restore the former richness of the freshwater flora and safeguard red-listed species, although extended time delays are anticipated in nutrient-rich regions, in which species only survive at minute abundance in isolated refugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Sand-Jensen
- Freshwater Biological Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Section of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tora Finderup Nielsen
- Section of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte M. Christiansen
- Freshwater Biological Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Hartvig
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Baastrup-Spohr
- Freshwater Biological Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Furmark T, Marteinsdottir I, Frick A, Heurling K, Tillfors M, Appel L, Antoni G, Hartvig P, Fischer H, Långström B, Eriksson E, Fredrikson M. Serotonin synthesis rate and the tryptophan hydroxylase-2: G-703T polymorphism in social anxiety disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1028-35. [PMID: 27189957 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116648317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is disputed whether anxiety disorders, like social anxiety disorder, are characterized by serotonin over- or underactivity. Here, we evaluated whether our recent finding of elevated neural serotonin synthesis rate in patients with social anxiety disorder could be reproduced in a separate cohort, and whether allelic variation in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) G-703T polymorphism relates to differences in serotonin synthesis assessed with positron emission tomography. Eighteen social anxiety disorder patients and six healthy controls were scanned during 60 minutes in a resting state using positron emission tomography and 5-hydroxy-L-[β -(11)C]tryptophan, [(11)C]5-HTP, a substrate of the second enzymatic step in serotonin synthesis. Parametric images were generated, using the reference Patlak method, and analysed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8). Blood samples for genotyping of the TPH2 G-703T polymorphism were obtained from 16 social anxiety disorder patients (T carriers: n=5, GG carriers: n=11). A significantly elevated [(11)C]5-HTP accumulation rate, indicative of enhanced decarboxylase activity and thereby serotonin synthesis capacity, was detected in social anxiety disorder patients compared with controls in the hippocampus and basal ganglia nuclei and, at a more lenient (uncorrected) statistical threshold, in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex. In patients, the serotonin synthesis rate in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex was significantly elevated in TPH2 T carriers in comparison with GG homozygotes. Our results support that social anxiety disorder entails an overactive presynaptic serotonergic system that, in turn, seems functionally influenced by the TPH2 G-703T polymorphism in emotionally relevant brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Furmark
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ina Marteinsdottir
- Centre for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Frick
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Heurling
- Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Tillfors
- Centre for Health and Medical Psychology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lieuwe Appel
- Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hartvig
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Odense University Hospital, Southern Denmark University, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elias Eriksson
- Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eriksson O, Wall A, Olsson U, Marteinsdottir I, Holstad M, Ågren H, Hartvig P, Långström B, Naessén T. Women with Premenstrual Dysphoria Lack the Seemingly Normal Premenstrual Right-Sided Relative Dominance of 5-HTP-Derived Serotonergic Activity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices - A Possible Cause of Disabling Mood Symptoms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159538. [PMID: 27617751 PMCID: PMC5019404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Objective To investigate potential quantitative and qualitative differences in brain serotonergic activity between women with Premenstrual Dysphoria (PMD) and asymptomatic controls. Background Serotonin-augmenting drugs alleviate premenstrual mood symptoms in the majority of women with PMD while serotonin-depleting diets worsen PMD symptoms, both indicating intrinsic differences in brain serotonergic activity in women with PMD compared to asymptomatic women. Methods Positron-emission tomography with the immediate precursor of serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), radiolabelled by 11C in the beta-3 position, was performed in the follicular and luteal phases for 12 women with PMD and 8 control women. Brain radioactivity–a proxy for serotonin precursor uptake and synthesis–was measured in 9 regions of interest (ROIs): the right and left sides of the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, putamen and caudate nucleus, and the single “whole brain”. Results There were no significant quantitative differences in brain 5-HTP-derived activity between the groups in either of the menstrual phases for any of the 9 ROIs. However, multivariate analysis revealed a significant quantitative and qualitative difference between the groups. Asymptomatic control women showed a premenstrual right sided relative increase in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 5-HTP derived activity, whereas PMD women displayed the opposite (p = 0.0001). Menstrual phase changes in this asymmetry (premenstrual—follicular) correlated with changes in self ratings of ‘irritability’ for the entire group (rs = -0.595, p = 0.006). The PMD group showed a strong inverse correlation between phase changes (premenstrual—follicular) in plasma levels of estradiol and phase changes in the laterality (dx/sin) of radiotracer activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal ROI (rs = -0.635; 0.027). The control group showed no such correlation. Conclusion Absence of increased premenstrual right-sided relative 5-HTP-derived activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices was found to strongly correlate to premenstrual irritability. A causal relationship here seems plausible, and the findings give further support to an underlying frontal brain disturbance in hormonally influenced serotonergic activity in women with PMD. Because of the small number of subjects in the study, these results should be considered preliminary, requiring verification in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Eriksson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Anders Wall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Unit for Nuclear Medicine and PET, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ina Marteinsdottir
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Holstad
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Hartvig
- Department of Drug design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tord Naessén
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Study objectives. Cancer-related fatigue is a significant and distressing problem for the cancer patient, affecting their physical and psychosocial function negatively, and reducing their quality of life. The aims of this study were to assess frequency, severity, and the consequence of fatigue in cancer outpatients receiving cytotoxic drugs, using an existing international fatigue scale applied for Swedish use. Methods. The study used a non-randomized, prospective design to evaluate fatigue and its impact on quality of life in outpatients receiving cytotoxic drugs. Once a week, 147 cancer patients, in an outpatient ward for cytotoxic drug administration, filled out questionnaires containing 13 items from the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI), and five additional questions. Results. Prevalence of fatigue was 92% in the week after all patients had received cytotoxic drugs, and patients were statistically significantly more fatigued during than before treatment. The degree of fatigue was highest the week after treatment, and declined over the following week. Other symptoms, especially depressed mood, showed a strong correlation with cancer and cytotoxic-induced fatigue. Lung and breast cancer patients experienced the highest degree of fatigue. Some cytotoxic drug regimens were, apart from the underlying disease, associated with high fatigue scores, eg, those with cyclophosphamide or gemcitabine. Patients not receiving first line treatment scored significantly higher fatigue with more influence on daily living. Conclusion. The study verified that fatigue is a common side effect, and affects quality of life negatively, even for outpatients receiving cytotoxic drugs. The clinical oncology pharmacist must inform patients that a severe tiredness, fatigue, may follow cytotoxic drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hartvig
- Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, Department of Oncology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Study objectives. Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is frequently reported by cancer patients receiving cytotoxic drugs. The specific mechanism of CRF in cancer patients is not completely known. In recent years, convincing evidence supports the management of fatigue with physical exercise. This study investigated a recommendation that physical activity, eg, a 30-minute daily walk, would decrease fatigue in cancer patients receiving cytotoxic drugs at an outpatient ward. Method. In total, 89 patients were interviewed about their fatigue and were asked to complete a questionnaire, the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI), once a week over several treatment cycles of cytotoxic drugs. On inclusion, all patients received similar information about fatigue. After randomization, information about the positive effects of exercise was given to half of the patients after one cycle of cytotoxic drugs, and to the remaining patients after two cycles of cytotoxic drugs. Results. A total of 74 patients completed the study and returned useable questionnaires. The fatigue prevalence was 89% after one cytotoxic drug cycle. According to the FSI ratings, the group who received information about physical exercise after one cycle scored significantly lower ratings than the other group throughout the study (P=0.034). The patient interviews confirmed that physical activity helped them to better battle fatigue. Intensity of other symptoms and side effects from cytotoxic drugs closely paralleled the fatigue ratings. Conclusion. Fatigue was commonly found in the study population. Though small improvements followed physical exercise, results pointed towards the fact that information and exercise may support patients to combat fatigue. Early and frequent information would probably support patients to better combat fatigue by physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hartvig
- Hospital Pharmacy, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hartvig P. The pharmacist in retrospect. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Roaldset J, Hartvig P, Bjørkly S. V-RISK-10: Validation of a Screen for Risk of Violence After Discharge from Acute Psychiatry. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 26:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundCurrent violence risk assessment instruments are time-consuming and mainly developed for forensic psychiatry. A paucity of violence screens for acute psychiatry instigated the development and validation of the V-RISK-10. The aim of this prospective naturalistic study was to test the predictive validity of the V-RISK-10 as a screen of violence risk after discharge from two acute psychiatric wards.MethodsPatients were screened with V-RISK-10 before discharge, and incidents of violence were recorded 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after discharge. A total of 381 of the 1017 patients that were screened completed the follow up.ResultsThe ROC-AUC values for any violent behaviour were 0.80 and 0.75 (p < 0.001) for the 3 and 12 months follow-up periods, respectively, and significant for both genders. The most accurate risk estimates were obtained for severe violence. For persons without a known history of violence prior to the screening, AUCs were 0.74 (p = 0.004) and 0.68 (p = 0.002).ConclusionsResults indicate that the V-RISK-10 is a valid and clinically useful screen for violence risk after discharge from acute psychiatry, and even significant for patients without a known previous history of violence.
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Gordh T, Vinnars B, Fischer H, Blomberg H, Modig J, Fredrikson M, Hartvig P. Brain activation due to postoperative pain from the right hand measured with regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography. Scand J Pain 2010; 1:115-119. [PMID: 29913971 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Brain activation resulting from acute postoperative pain has to our knowledge not previously been studied using positron emission tomography, except from one case study. The aim of this study was to monitor activation in brain sensory pathways during acute pain after surgery of the hand. A secondary aim was to compare brain activation in clinical postoperative pain to that previously reported, by the same research group, for a model of experimental pain from the same body area. Increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is presumed to indicate neuronal activation and decrease in blood flow decreased neuronal firing. An increase in blood flow in a brain region may represent stimulatory activity as well as inhibitory. Methods Brain activity was measured during clinical postoperative pain and a pain free state in six patients with positron emission tomography (PET) as changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). rCBF during pain from surgery of the right thumb base was compared with a pain free state achieved by regional anaesthesia of the painful area. Results In postoperative pain, patients had a significantly higher CBF in the contralateral/primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as in the contralateral motor cortex compared to the pain free stat during local regional anaesthesia. Relatively lower rCBF during the pain state was observed in clusters in the contralateral tertiary sensory cortex, ipsilateral and contralateral secondary visual cortex, prelimbic cortex, ipsilateral prefrontal as well as anterior cingulate cortex and contralateral secondary somatosensory cortex. The increased rCBF in primary and somatosensory cortices probably correspond to pain localizing processing. We also compared the findings in cerebral activation patterns of the postoperative pain state as described above, with the results from a previously published study by the same research group, using an experimental pain model when pain was inflicted with application of mustard oil in the same location, the thumb base region of the right hand. Since no formal statistical analysis was carried out between the two studies, the data are not very strong, but the differences reported were obvious when comparing the two situations. The comparison gave the following outcome: Digit activation occurred in identical sensory brain areas, i.e. primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, as compared to the changes in this study, supporting that pain localization processes use similar sensory pathways in a nociceptive acute experimental pain model, and in clinical acute postoperative nociceptive pain. Dissimilarities were observed between the models in activation of brain areas coding of the emotional pain qualities, indicating some differences between the experimental and "real" acute nociceptive pain. Conclusion We have reported a distinct cerebral activation pattern produced by acute postoperative pain following hand surgery. The findings were compared to data obtained in a previously published report of the cerebral activation pattern from an acute experimental pain model in volunteers. We found similarities as well as some differences in the activation pattern between the two situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Gordh
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil Vinnars
- Department of Hand Surgery, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Uppsala University Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Blomberg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Modig
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Uppsala University Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hartvig
- Hospital Pharmacy and Uppsala PET Centre, University of Uppsala, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Alenius M, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Hartvig P, Sundquist S, Lindström L. Treatment response in psychotic patients classified according to social and clinical needs, drug side effects, and previous treatment; a method to identify functional remission. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50:453-62. [PMID: 19683616 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various approaches have been made over the years to classify psychotic patients according to inadequate treatment response, using terms such as treatment resistant or treatment refractory. Existing classifications have been criticized for overestimating positive symptoms; underestimating residual symptoms, negative symptoms, and side effects; or being to open for individual interpretation. The aim of this study was to present and evaluate a new method of classification according to treatment response and, thus, to identify patients in functional remission. METHOD A naturalistic, cross-sectional study was performed using patient interviews and information from patient files. The new classification method CANSEPT, which combines the Camberwell Assessment of Need rating scale, the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser side effect rating scale (SE), and the patient's previous treatment history (PT), was used to group the patients according to treatment response. CANSEPT was evaluated by comparison of expected and observed results. RESULTS In the patient population (n = 123), the patients in functional remission, as defined by CANSEPT, had higher quality of life, fewer hospitalizations, fewer psychotic symptoms, and higher rate of workers than those with the worst treatment outcome. CONCLUSION In the evaluation, CANSEPT showed validity in discriminating the patients of interest and was well tolerated by the patients. CANSEPT could secure inclusion of correct patients in the clinic or in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Alenius
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
A 64-year-old woman died after 12 years of progressive pulmonary disease which was initially diagnosed as sarcoidosis but later correctly identified as mineral oil pneumonia due to insufflation of paraffin instilled as nasal drops. In view of the potential damaging effect of liquid paraffin on the lungs, the current indications for its use must be strongly questioned.
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Kristiansson C, Gotuzzo E, Rodriguez H, Bartoloni A, Strohmeyer M, Tomson G, Hartvig P. Access to health care in relation to socioeconomic status in the Amazonian area of Peru. Int J Equity Health 2009; 8:11. [PMID: 19368731 PMCID: PMC2680861 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to affordable health care is limited in many low and middle income countries and health systems are often inequitable, providing less health services to the poor who need it most. The aim of this study was to investigate health seeking behavior and utilization of drugs in relation to household socioeconomic status for children in two small Amazonian urban communities of Peru; Yurimaguas, Department of Loreto and Moyobamba, Department of San Martin, Peru. METHODS Cross-sectional study design included household interviews. Caregivers of 780 children aged 6-72 months in Yurimaguas and 793 children of the same age in Moyobamba were included in the study. Caregivers were interviewed on health care seeking strategies (public/private sectors; formal/informal providers), and medication for their children in relation to reported symptoms and socio-economic status. Self-reported symptoms were classified into illnesses based on the IMCI algorithm (Integrated Management of Childhood Ilness). Wealth was used as a proxy indicator for the economic status. Wealth values were generated by Principal Component Analysis using household assets and characteristics. RESULTS Significantly more caregivers from the least poor stratum consulted health professionals for cough/cold (p < 0.05: OR = 4.30) than the poorest stratum. The poorest stratum used fewer antibiotics for cough/cold and for cough/cold + diarrhoea (16%, 38%, respectively) than the least poor stratum (31%, 52%, respectively). For pneumonia and/or dysentery, the poorest used significantly fewer antibiotics (16%) than the least poor (80%). CONCLUSION The poorest seek less care from health professionals for non-severe illnesses as well as for severe illnesses; and treatment with antibiotics is lacking for illnesses where it would be indicated. Caregivers frequently paid for health services as well as antibiotics, even though all children in the study qualified for free health care and medicines. The implementation of the Seguro Integral de Salud health insurance must be improved.
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Lundberg PO, Muhr C, Antoni G, Bergström K, Hartvig P, Lindberg B, Lundqvist H, Långström B, Stålnacke CG. OPIATES AND ERGOT COMPOUNDS IN PITUITARY GLAND OF RHESUS MONKEY STUDIED WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET). Acta Neurol Scand 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb02377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eklund A, Hartvig P, Tverin I, Palm M, Sylvan S. Prevalence and Management of Infections in Nursing Homes in Uppsala County, Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2174/1876326x00802010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Alenius M, Wadelius M, Dahl ML, Hartvig P, Lindström L, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Gene polymorphism influencing treatment response in psychotic patients in a naturalistic setting. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:884-93. [PMID: 18086475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many patients with psychotic symptoms respond poorly to treatment. Factors possibly affecting treatment response include the presence of polymorphisms in genes coding for various receptor populations, drug-metabolizing enzymes or transport proteins. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether genetic polymorphisms could be indicators of treatment response to antipsychotic drugs. The genes of interest were the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2), the serotonin 2A and 2C receptor genes (HTR2A and HTR2C), the P-glycoprotein gene (ABCB1 or MDR1) and the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6). MATERIAL AND METHODS Data for this naturalistic, cross-sectional study of patients requiring antipsychotic drugs and attending the Psychosis Outpatient Care clinic in Jönköping, Sweden were obtained from patient interviews, blood samples and information from patient files. Blood samples were genotyped for DRD2 Taq1 A, Ins/Del and Ser311Cys, HTR2A T102C, HTR2C Cys23Ser, ABCB1 1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, 3435C>T and genetic variants of CYP2D6. The patients (n=116) were grouped according to the CANSEPT method regarding significant social and clinical needs and significant side effects. RESULTS Patients on olanzapine homozygous for ABCB1 3435T, had more significant social and clinical needs than others. Patients with one or two DRD2 Taq1 A1 alleles had a greater risk of significant side effects, particularly if they were male, Caucasian, had a schizophrenic or delusional disorder or were taking strong dopamine D2-receptor antagonistic drugs. CONCLUSION If these results are confirmed, patients carrying the DRD2 Taq1 A1 allele would benefit from using drugs without strong dopamine D2 receptor antagonistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Alenius
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Nielsen C, Hartvig P, Kollmann J. Predicting the distribution of the invasive alien Heracleum mantegazzianum at two different spatial scales. DIVERS DISTRIB 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Hartvig P. Re: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and substance P profiles in patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2007; 13:57-8. [PMID: 17621570 DOI: 10.1177/1078155207077265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lundquist P, Roman M, Syvänen S, Hartvig P, Blomquist G, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Långström B. Effect on [11C]DASB binding after tranylcypromine-induced increase in serotonin concentration: positron emission tomography studies in monkeys and rats. Synapse 2007; 61:440-9. [PMID: 17372973 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several research groups have demonstrated that under specific conditions, in vivo neuroreceptor binding techniques can be used to measure acute changes in the concentrations of endogenous transmitters in the vicinity of neuroreceptors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether [(11)C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile ([(11)C]DASB) binding to the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) in the rhesus monkey and rat brain decreased after a pharmacologically-induced increase in the interstitial serotonin (5HT) concentration. Three rhesus monkeys were given repeated single boluses of [(11)C]DASB in sequential positron emission tomography (PET) experiments. Rats were given the tracer as a bolus dose plus a constant infusion. In vivo binding in both models was studied before and after presumably having increased interstitial 5HT concentrations using tranylcypromine (TCP), which inhibits the enzyme (monoamine oxidase, MAO), that degrades 5HT. The rat brain tissue was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the proportion of the PET signal comprising unchanged [(11)C]DASB. The binding of [(11)C]DASB in the thalamus decreased in both rhesus monkeys and rats after TCP administration. The possibility of using [(11)C]DASB as a tool for monitoring changes in endogenous serotonin concentrations merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Lundquist
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Trajkovska V, Marcussen AB, Vinberg M, Hartvig P, Aznar S, Knudsen GM. Measurements of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: methodological aspects and demographical data. Brain Res Bull 2007; 73:143-9. [PMID: 17499648 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have dealt with changes in blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), methodological issues about BDNF measurements have only been incompletely resolved. We validated BDNF ELISA with respect to accuracy, reproducibility and the effect of storage and repeated freezing cycles on BDNF concentrations. Additionally, the effect of demographic characteristics in healthy subjects on BDNF was verified. Whole blood and serum was collected from 206 healthy subjects and a subgroup was genotyped for BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. The effect of age, gender, BDNF genotype and thrombocyte count on whole blood BDNF was assessed. The BDNF ELISA measurement was accurate, 91.6+/-3.0%, and showed high reproducibility, whereas inter-assay and intra-subject variations were modest, 8.4+/-5.2% and 17.5+/-14.1%, respectively. Storage of whole blood samples at 4 degrees C significantly decreased BDNF concentration, while repeated freezing cycles and storage at -20 degrees C was without any effect. Storage at -20 degrees C of serum, but not whole blood, was associated with a significant decrease in BDNF concentration. Women had significantly higher whole blood BDNF concentrations than men (18.6+/-1.3 ng/ml versus 16.5+/-1.4 ng/ml), and showed a right-skewed BDNF concentration distribution. No association between whole blood BDNF concentrations and thrombocyte count, age, or BDNF genotype was found. In conclusion, the BDNF ELISA assay determines whole blood BDNF accurately and with high reproducibility. Female gender is associated with higher whole blood BDNF concentrations whereas age, thrombocyte count and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism were un-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Trajkovska
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Section 9201, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Lundquist P, Hartvig P, Blomquist G, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Långström B. 5-Hydroxy-L-[beta-11C]tryptophan versus alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan for positron emission tomography imaging of serotonin synthesis capacity in the rhesus monkey brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:821-30. [PMID: 16896348 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare two positron emission tomography (PET) tracers that were developed to follow serotonin (5HT) synthesis by performing sequential PET scanning of the same rhesus monkey (n=4) on the same day. alpha-[11C]Methyl-L-tryptophan ([11C]AMT) and 5-Hydroxy-L-[beta-11C]tryptophan ([11C]HTP) are substrates in the first and second enzymatic steps, respectively, in the biosynthesis of 5HT. Regional net accumulation rate constants were derived from kinetic (two-tissue compartment model with irreversible tracer trapping) and graphic (Patlak) analyses, using the arterial plasma concentrations as input. The kinetic data analysis showed that the rate constant for the transfer of [11C]HTP into the brain (K1) was higher than that for [11C]AMT in the striatum and thalamus but was similar in other brain regions. The rate constant for tracer trapping (k3) was also higher for [11C]HTP than for [11C]AMT in the striatum (0.046+/-0.024 versus 0.019+/-0.006 min(-1)) and thalamus (0.039+/-0.013 versus 0.016+/-0.007 min(-1)). In agreement with previously reported regional HTP accumulation rates, the net accumulation rate constant (K(acc)) for [11C]HTP was also higher in these regions than in other brain regions; this is in contrast to the uniform distribution of [11C]AMT K(acc) values. This suggests that the regional net accumulation rates obtained with these two PET tracers will be of different magnitude, which might be related to the activity of each targeted enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Lundquist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Lundquist P, Blomquist G, Hartvig P, Hagberg GE, Torstenson R, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Långström B. Validation studies on the 5-hydroxy-L-[beta-11C]-tryptophan/PET method for probing the decarboxylase step in serotonin synthesis. Synapse 2006; 59:521-31. [PMID: 16565973 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The two-tissue compartment model, including irreversible trapping in the second compartment (2TCM) is used to describe the kinetics of 5-Hydroxy-L-[beta-(11)C]-tryptophan ([(11)C]HTP), a radioligand used in positron emission tomography (PET) for probing the second enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of serotonin. In this study, we examined the capacity of the model to track pharmacological changes in this biological process. We also investigated the potential loss of [(11)C]HTP-derived radioactivity during a PET study, since loss should be negligible not to alter quantification. Six rhesus monkeys were investigated using bolus [(11)C]HTP/PET methodology before and after pharmacological intervention. The second enzymatic step in serotonin synthesis was inhibited using the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor NSD1015 (10 mg/kg). The extent of [(11)C]-derived radioactivity loss from the brain was studied by inhibition of the enzyme responsible for formation of the tissue metabolite, monoamine oxidase A, using clorgyline (2 mg/kg). After NSD1015, the uptake of [(11)C]HTP-derived radioactivity was increased in all the investigated brain regions, while the parameter used to reflect decarboxylase activity, the net accumulation rate constant (K(acc)), was decreased by 37% in the striatum, compared with baseline. Pretreatment with clorgyline did not change the brain uptake of [(11)C]HTP-derived radioactivity or K(acc). This study demonstrates that the 2TCM for [(11)C]HTP/PET is able to detect changes occurring during alteration of the biological process (i.e., the conversion of HTP to serotonin). Elimination of the radiotracer metabolite [(11)C]HIAA from the brain may be considered negligible if the PET study is limited to 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Lundquist
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences,Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Eriksson O, Wall A, Marteinsdottir I, Agren H, Hartvig P, Blomqvist G, Långström B, Naessén T. Mood changes correlate to changes in brain serotonin precursor trapping in women with premenstrual dysphoria. Psychiatry Res 2006; 146:107-16. [PMID: 16515859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal mood symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria can be effectively treated by serotonin-augmenting drugs. The aim of the study was to test the serotonin hypothesis of this disorder, i.e. of an association between premenstrual decline in brain serotonin function and concomitant worsening of self-rated cardinal mood symptoms. Positron emission tomography was used to assess changes in brain trapping of 11C-labeled 5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor of serotonin, in the follicular and premenstrual phases of the menstrual cycle in eight women with premenstrual dysphoria. Changes in mood and physical symptoms were assessed from daily visual analog scale ratings. Worsening of cardinal mood symptoms showed significant inverse associations with changes in brain serotonin precursor trapping; for the symptom "irritable", r(s)=-0.83, and for "depressed mood" r(s)=-0.81. Positive mood variables showed positive associations, whereas physical symptoms generally displayed weak or no associations. The data indicate strong inverse associations between worsening of cardinal symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria and brain serotonin precursor (11C-labeled 5-hydroxytryptophan) trapping. The results may in part support a role for serotonin in premenstrual dysphoria and may provide a clue to the effectiveness of serotonin-augmenting drugs in this disorder but should, due to small sample size and methodological shortcomings, be considered preliminary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Eriksson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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25
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Lundquist P, Wilking H, Syvänen S, Hartvig P, Blomqvist G, Hammarlund-Udenes M, Långstrøm B. Competition for endogenous serotonin with serotoin re-uptake inhibitors measured with PET. Neuroimage 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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26
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Lundquist P, Hartvig P, Blomqvist G, Hammarlund-Udenes M, Långstrøm B. 5-Hydroxy-l-(beta-11C)tryptophan or alpha-(11C)methyl-l-tryptophan for PET imaging of serotonin synthesis capacity in the Rhesus monkey brain. Neuroimage 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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27
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Danfors T, von Knorring AL, Hartvig P, Langstrom B, Moulder R, Stromberg B, Torstenson R, Wester U, Watanabe Y, Eeg-Olofsson O. Tetrahydrobiopterin in the treatment of children with autistic disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25:485-9. [PMID: 16160627 DOI: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000177667.35016.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twelve children, all boys, aged 4 to 7 years, with a diagnosis of autistic disorder and low concentrations of spinal 6R-l-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (tetrahydrobiopterin) were selected to participate in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The children received a daily dose of 3 mg tetrahydrobiopterin per kilogram during 6 months alternating with placebo. Treatment-induced effects were assessed with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale every third month. The results showed small nonsignificant changes in the total scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale after 3- and 6-month treatment. Post hoc analysis looking at the 3 core symptoms of autism, that is, social interaction, communication, and stereotyped behaviors, revealed a significant improvement of the social interaction score after 6 months of active treatment. In addition, a high positive correlation was found between response of the social interaction score and IQ. The results indicate a possible effect of tetrahydrobiopterin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Danfors
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Pharmacy, Uppsala University, PET-Centre, Uppsala Imanet AB, Sweden
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28
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Lundquist P, Wilking H, Höglund AU, Sandell J, Bergström M, Hartvig P, Långström B. Potential of [11C]DASB for measuring endogenous serotonin with PET: binding studies. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:129-36. [PMID: 15721758 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter radioligand [11C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile, or [11C]DASB, was examined in order to assess its potential for measuring fluctuations in endogenous serotonin concentrations with positron emission tomography. Binding characteristics of [11C]DASB and the propensity for serotonin to displace the tracer were explored in rat brain homogenates. Experiments showed that serotonin displaced [11C]DASB in vitro. Ex vivo experiments performed after tranylcypromine injection (3 or 15 mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent trend in radioactivity uptake and suggested that serotonin may compete with [11C]DASB for transporter binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Lundquist
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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29
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Engler H, Lundberg P, Ekbom K, Nennesmo I, Nilsson A, Bergström M, Tsukada H, Hartvig P, Långström B. Multitracer study with positron emission tomography in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-002-1071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Engler H, Lundberg PO, Ekbom K, Nennesmo I, Nilsson A, Bergström M, Tsukada H, Hartvig P, Långström B. Multitracer study with positron emission tomography in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30:85-95. [PMID: 12483414 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-002-1008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the period February 1997 to April 2000, 15 patients with clinical symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) were referred to Uppsala University PET Centre. Positron emission tomography (PET) was performed to detect characteristic signs of the disease, e.g. neuronal death and/or astrocytosis in the brain. The examinations were performed in one session starting with oxygen-15 labelled water scan to measure regional cerebral blood flow, followed by imaging with the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor N-[(11)C-methyl]- L-deuterodeprenyl (DED) to assess astrocytosis in the brain and finally imaging with fluor-18 2-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to assess regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMR(glu)) [corrected]. Nine of the patients fulfilled the clinical criteria of probable CJD. In eight of them, FDG and DED imaging revealed, in comparison with normal controls, a typical pattern characterized by a pronounced regional decrease (<2SD) in glucose brain metabolism, indicative of neuronal dysfunction; this was accompanied by a similar increase (>2SD) in DED binding, indicating astrocytosis. These changes were most pronounced in the cerebellum and the frontal, occipital and parietal cortices, whereas the pons, the thalamus and the putamen were less affected and the temporal cortex appeared unaffected. The cerebral blood flow showed a pattern similar to that observed with FDG. In the ninth patient, analysis with DED was not possible. The diagnosis of definite CJD according to international consensus criteria was confirmed in six of these patients. In one patient with probable CJD, protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) could not be demonstrated. In two patients with probable CJD, autopsy was not allowed. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, performed in four and seven of these nine patients respectively, showed unspecific, mainly atrophic changes. In six other patients, the PET examinations gave a different pattern. In three of them, high rCMR(glu) was noticed in parts of the brain, particularly in the temporal lobes and basal ganglia, which could suggest encephalitis. One of the patients had Sjögren's syndrome, one had paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and the third recovered spontaneously. In the other three patients, the DED binding was normal despite a hypometabolic glucose pattern. In conclusion, the PET findings obtained using DED and FDG paralleled neuropathological findings indicating neuronal dysfunction and astrocytosis, changes that are found in CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Engler
- Department of Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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32
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Hartvig P, Bergström M, Antoni G, Langstrom B. Positron emission tomography and brain monoamine neurotransmission -- entries for study of drug interactions. Curr Pharm Des 2002; 8:1417-34. [PMID: 12052204 DOI: 10.2174/1381612023394458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmission is a complicated process with interactions between individual neurotransmitter pathways, multiple receptors with different responses and a variety of feedback loops regulating neurotransmitter synthesis, release, reuptake and effect on receptors. The system is further affected by a range of enzymes with co-factors controlling synthesis and degradation of monoamines. Positron emission tomography (PET) has evolved to a very versatile tool for the in vivo imaging and characterisation of physiology and biochemistry. The basis for its expansion during the last years has been a rapid development of labelling methods, allowing a range of tracer molecules to be generated and used in human and research animal studies. The most important PET radionuclide is (11)C with a short half-life of approximately 20 minutes. This radionuclide is ideal for the labelling of organic molecules and for multi-tracer applications in research and drug development studies. PET has been used for a range of explorative studies on the monoamine neurotransmission, as exemplified by studies on the expression of dopamine and serotonin receptors as well as the rate of dopamine and serotonin synthesis. The present article gives examples of studies where PET has been used for the characterization of monoamine transmitter systems in experimental animals and in humans, both in healthy individuals and in patients with diseases affecting neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hartvig
- Uppsala University PET Centre, University hospital, Uppsala, S-751 85, Sweden.
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Tammelin A, Hartvig P, Schwan A, Tideström L, Torell E. [STRAMA questionnaire on general practitioners' knowledge concerning antibiotics and resistance. Lack of time impedes exchange of information]. Lakartidningen 2002; 99:4048-50. [PMID: 12451942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The Uppsala county regional group of the Swedish Strategic Programme for the Rational Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Surveillance of Resistance (STRAMA) sent a questionnaire to all the general practitioners in the county concerning their knowledge of antibiotics and bacterial resistance. The questionnaire also asked which sources were used for information on these topics, and inquired as to their views concerning the services provided by the local clinical microbiological laboratory. A third part of the questionnaire contained descriptions of three patients with infectious diseases, and each general practitioner was asked to indicate appropriate diagnostic tests and/or antibiotic treatment. The questionnaire was completed by 70% (100/145). The general awareness of which antibiotics to use for empirical treatment of urinary tract infection was good. Awareness of antibiotic resistance in S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and MRSA was moderately good (59-80%). About 60% thought it was difficult to find information concerning resistance and use of antibiotics. Lack of time was the main reason for not being able to seek such information actively. The regional STRAMA-group believes that this kind of survey followed by reporting back of results with informative comments on the topics concerned is a useful model for education.
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Hartvig P, Nordberg A, Torstenson R, Sjöberg P, Fasth KJ, Långström B. Interaction of a muscarinic cholinergic agonist on acetylcholine and dopamine receptors in the monkey brain studied with positron emission tomography. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002; 13:199-204. [PMID: 12006729 DOI: 10.1159/000057697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects on the binding to cholinergic and dopaminergic receptors in the brain during continuous intravenous infusion of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist milameline (CI-979) were studied in the rhesus monkey by means of positron emission tomography. Binding to milameline cholinergic receptors was quantified using the muscarinic receptor antagonist [(11)C]-N-methyl-4-piperidinylbenzilate ([(11)C]NMP), and the effects on nicotine receptor binding were measured with (S)-[(11)C-methyl]nicotine. Changes in the binding of the D(2) dopamine receptor antagonist [(11)C]raclopride were measured as well. The binding of [(11)C]NMP increased in most brain regions with the infusion of increasing doses of milameline from 0.5 to 10 microg/kg/h. (S)-[(11)C-methyl]nicotine binding was unchanged or increased somewhat. Binding of [(11)C]raclopride to the D(2) dopaminergic receptors in the striatum of the brain increased by 10 +/- 4% following 2 microg/kg/h of milameline. The results suggest a possible action of milameline both on presynaptic muscarinic receptor subtypes as well as dopamine levels dependent on the receptor reserve of the muscarinic receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hartvig
- Uppsala University PET Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, University of Uppsala, Huddinge, Sweden.
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35
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Hartvig P, Alfarnes SA, Østberg B. [Risk assessment in connection with violent behavior--use of check lists]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2001; 121:3431-4. [PMID: 11826792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Hartvig
- Kompetansesenter for sikkerhets-, fengsels- og rettspsykiatri for Helseregion Øst, Oslo.
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36
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Marteinsdottir I, Furmarkt T, Tillfors M, Ågren H, Hartvig P, Fredrikson M, Långstrom B, Fischer H, Antoni G, Hagberg G. Presynaptic serotonin imaging in social phobia using [3-11C]-5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and PET. Neuroimage 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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37
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Abstract
The non-invasive radiotracer technique positron emission tomography (PET) may provide valuable information in the toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic evaluation of endogenous or toxic environmental compounds. Assessment of mechanism of action of toxins is often difficult to validate. In this respect, PET may offer advantages since it can quantify not only the distribution and kinetics of the radiolabelled toxin in the body, but also the altered rates of physiological or biochemical processes induced by the toxin. It is even possible to validate the body distribution and tissue accumulation of the toxic compound in primates, since linear kinetics can be assumed after administration of the radiolabelled compound in minute amounts without any toxic or physiological effects. Quantitative estimates can be derived with accuracy and high precision. Using a multi-tracer protocol, it is often possible to illuminate both the kinetics and the dynamics of a toxic compound. Long-term effects of different toxins on dopamine receptor function have been evaluated with PET as well as the influence of Parkinson disease medication on pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic receptor function over the course of the disease. In conclusion, PET may provide very informative insight into complex receptor interactions of both toxic compounds and drugs under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hartvig
- Uppsala University PET Centre, University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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38
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Hartvig P. [Psychiatrists' certifications in diffuse disorders]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1999; 119:4363. [PMID: 10667139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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39
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Torstenson R, Tedroff J, Hartvig P, Fasth KJ, Långström B. A comparison of 11C-labeled L-DOPA and L-fluorodopa as positron emission tomography tracers for the presynaptic dopaminergic system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19:1142-9. [PMID: 10532639 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199910000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
11C-labeled 3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) and L-fluorodopa were used as tracers for the functional state of the presynaptic dopamine system in anesthetized monkeys with positron emission tomography. The radiotracer disposition in brain tissue and plasma were studied and effects induced by pharmacologic challenges were evaluated. 6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6R-BH4) increased the striatal influx rate constant, e.g., striatal K(i) for L-[beta-11C]DOPA, but it induced no effect on the K(i)-value using L-[beta-11C]-6-fluorodopa. Studies of radiolabeled tracer and metabolites in plasma showed substantial differences between the two tracers. At baseline conditions, 60% unchanged L-[beta-11C]DOPA was detected in plasma 50 minutes after tracer injection and the 3-O-methylated fraction accounted for 25% of total radioactivity. For L-[beta-11C]-6-fluorodopa, the relation was inverse; about 25% unchanged tracer and 60% 3-O-methyl metabolite were present in plasma after 50 minutes. A site-specific 11C-labeling in the carboxylic position in the molecules revealed a significant specific retention of radioactivity in striatum with L-[car-boxy-11C]-6-fluorodopa but not with L-[carboxy-11C]DOPA. The 3-O-methyl metabolite of L-DOPA is known to pass the blood-brain barrier and may interfere with the calculation of the K(i)value using a brain reference region. Thus, extensive 3-O-methylation in circulation of the fluorinated analog could obscure the detectability of potential functional change in striatal K(i) of the tracer when using a reference tissue model for calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Torstenson
- The Subfemtomole Biorecognition Project, Uppsala University and Japanese Research and Development Council, Sweden
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Lindström LH, Gefvert O, Hagberg G, Lundberg T, Bergström M, Hartvig P, Långström B. Increased dopamine synthesis rate in medial prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia indicated by L-(beta-11C) DOPA and PET. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46:681-8. [PMID: 10472420 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate dopamine synthesis in the brain of drug-free schizophrenic patients, not only in the striatum but also in extrastriatal areas like the prefrontal cortex, brain areas that for a long time has been in focus of interest in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. METHODS PET was performed in 12 drug-free (10 drug-naive) psychotic schizophrenic patients and 10 healthy volunteers matched for age and gender using 11C-labelled L-DOPA as the tracer. The time-radioactivity curve from occipital cortex (located within Brodman area 17 and 18) was used as input function to calculate L-DOPA influx rate, Ki images, that were matched to a common brain atlas. A significant overall increase of the Ki values was found in the schizophrenic group as compared with healthy controls. RESULTS In particular, significantly higher Ki were found in the schizophrenic patients compared to the controls in the caudate nucleus, putamen and in parts of medial prefrontal cortex (Brod 24). The Ki value reflect an increased utilization of L-DOPA, presumably due to increased activity of the amino acid decarboxylate enzyme. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the synthesis of dopamine is elevated within the striatum and parts of medial prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Lindström
- Department of Psychiatric Research, University of Uppsala, Västerås Central Hospital, Sweden
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Långström B, Kihlberg T, Bergström M, Antoni G, Björkman M, Forngren BH, Forngren T, Hartvig P, Markides K, Yngve U, Ogren M. Compounds labelled with short-lived beta(+)-emitting radionuclides and some applications in life sciences. The importance of time as a parameter. Acta Chem Scand (Cph) 1999; 53:651-69. [PMID: 10486908 DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.53-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some examples of recent development of the synthesis of compounds labelled with short-lived beta(+)-emitting radionuclides will be discussed with an emphasis on the importance of time in selecting a synthetic strategy. Furthermore the use of such labelled compounds to monitor certain processes in areas within the field of analytical chemistry and in various applications in drug development will be presented.
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Hartvig P, Furuseth HO. [Is there a rational need for sleeping pills of group B?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1999; 119:2070. [PMID: 10394286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
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Eriksson M, Englesson S, Hörte I, Hartvig P. The anaesthetic potency of propofol in the rat is reduced by simultaneous intravenous administration of lignocaine. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 16:315-9. [PMID: 10390667 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1999.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignocaine added to the anaesthetic preparation Diprivan reduces propofol induced pain on injection. This effect is due to a drop in pH which decreases the content of propofol in the aqueous phase of the soya bean emulsion. This in turn changes the electrostatic forces in the emulsion and destabilization occurs. The effect of lignocaine on the anaesthetic potency of propofol was validated in a randomized blind study in the rat. The induction dose of 1% propofol mixed with 1% lignocaine (10 + 1) was significantly higher when compared with the induction dose of propofol 1% given after a separate injection of 1% lignocaine (9.4 +/- 5.5 vs. 5.6 +/- 5.2 mg; P < 0.05). The duration of sleep was shorter in rats injected with propofol 1% mixed with lignocaine 1% (10 + 1) compared with those given 1% lignocaine and 1% propofol in separate injections (160 +/- 181 vs. 375 +/- 202 s; P < 0.05). The anaesthetic potency of propofol was not significantly changed by the addition of either saline or hydrochloric acid. The anaesthesia inducing effect was not time-dependent. A similar lower potency was observed for a solution stored for 4 h compared with one freshly prepared, although sleeping time was longer (9.2 +/- 6.8 mg; 428 +/- 110 s) as compared with the 4 h mixture. The results indicate that lignocaine altered the propofol preparation. The reduced anaesthetic potency of propofol after addition of lignocaine is not due to the resultant drop in pH, which is known to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eriksson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Eriksson M, Englesson S, Hartvig P. Acidified propofol retains its anaesthetic potency after storage. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 16:166-8. [PMID: 10225165 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1999.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in propofol-induced pain on injection caused by the addition of lignocaine results mainly from a drop in pH, which reduces the concentration of propofol in the aqueous phase of the emulsion. It is not an effect of the local anaesthetic per se. Propofol emulsion mixed with lignocaine destabilizes within hours. We mixed 10 parts of propofol 1% emulsion with one part of 0.0064 M HCl or 0.013 M HCl, respectively. These mixtures were stored for 3 months and compared with a freshly prepared solution of propofol 1% emulsion and saline, in the same proportion, regarding their ability to induce anaesthesia in the rat. There was no significant difference in the amount of propofol required to induce anaesthesia, nor was there any difference in recovery time between the three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eriksson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ekesbo A, Torstenson R, Hartvig P, Carlsson A, Sonesson C, Waters N, Tedroff J, Långström B. Effects of the substituted (S)-3-phenylpiperidine (-)-OSU6162 on PET measurements of [11C]SCH23390 and [11C]raclopride binding in primate brains. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38:331-8. [PMID: 10219971 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The substituted (S)-3-phenylpiperidine (-)-OSU6162 belongs to a novel class of functional modulators of dopaminergic systems. In vivo, (-)-OSU6162 has a unique stabilising profile on dopaminergic functions. In vitro this compound exhibits low affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor, but due to its similarity to neuroleptics on brain dopaminergic neurochemistry and different postsynaptic effects it has been characterised as a preferential dopamine autoreceptor antagonist. To further clarify the effects of (-)-OSU6162 on the postjunctional nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, dopamine receptor binding was measured in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by positron emission tomography (PET) using the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor radioligands [11C]SCH23390 and [11C]raclopride respectively, before and during continuous intravenous infusions of(-)-OSU6162. Additionally, the test-retest variability of sequential [11C]SCH23390 scans was estimated. Following the administration of (-)-OSU6162, [11C]raclopride binding in striatum was dose-dependently decreased with a 76% reduction occurring after 3.0 mg/kg per h continuous infusion. Whereas (-)-OSU6162 in the lower doses had no effect on [11C]SCH23390 binding, the highest dose, 3.0 mg/kg per h, increased [11C]SCH23390 binding, which may indicate a potentiating effect on D1 dopamine receptor mediated functions. Thus, in contrast to the conditions in vitro, (-)-OSU6162 produces a high displacement of raclopride from D2 receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ekesbo
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Nilsson D, Lennernäs H, Fasth KJ, Sundin A, Tedroff J, Aquilonius SM, Hartvig P, Långström B. Absorption of L-DOPA from the proximal small intestine studied in the rhesus monkey by positron emission tomography. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 7:185-9. [PMID: 9845804 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(98)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) seems to be a valuable method for the understanding of intestinal absorption mechanisms, for simultaneous quantitation of absorption rate and distribution kinetics to the tissues of interest after oral drug delivery. PET was evaluated in three Rhesus monkeys for quantitation of the absorption rate from the gastrointestinal tract and the distribution kinetics into different organs. To obtain optimal standardized conditions for the measurement of absorption the drug was administered via a naso-duodenal catheter directly to the absorption site in the proximal small intestine. l-DOPA was used as study drug given in a suspension together with carbidopa and the radiomarker l-[beta-11C]DOPA. The l-DOPA suspension was given into the duodenum without and after administration of a suspension of six l-amino acids (120 mM) in order to investigate any interaction on the intestinal absorption and distribution of l-DOPA into the liver and brain tissue. Intestinal absorption was in general minor during the first study period and higher together with administered l-amino acids. The somewhat contradictory result with increased absorption when amino acids were present in the intestinal lumen, may be a consequence of increased intestinal motility initiated by the nutrient load.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nilsson
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Uppsala, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Nordfors M, Hartvig P. [New discoveries on St John's wort can improve pharmacotherapy in depression]. Lakartidningen 1999; 96:12-3. [PMID: 9951240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Mikkola S, Andersson S, Hakala K, Antoni G, Björkman M, Forngren BH, Forngren T, Hartvig P, Markides K, Yngve U, Ögren M. The Hydrolytic Stability of Hydroxypropano Adducts of 2'-Deoxyguanosine Formed by Reaction with Acrolein and Crotonaldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.53-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sletten J, Julve M, Lezama L, Arriortua MI, Björkman M, Forngren BH, Forngren T, Hartvig P, Markides K, Yngve U, Ögren M. Crystal and Molecular Structure of Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II) Trifluoromethylsulfonate Monohydrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.53-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mesa JL, Urtiaga K, Lezama L, Arriortua MI, Björkman M, Forngren BH, Forngren T, Hartvig P, Markides K, Yngve U, Ögren M. Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of the Bis[(S-thiocyanate) (2,2'-dipyridylamine)] Copper(II) Complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.53-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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