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Luo T, Xin C, Liu H, Li C, Chen H, Xia C, Gao C. Potential SLA Hp-4.0 haplotype-restricted CTL epitopes identified from the membrane protein of PRRSV induce cell immune responses. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404558. [PMID: 38841061 PMCID: PMC11150780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I molecule-restricted T-cell epitopes, which induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, play a critical role in the clearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the development of efficient protective vaccines. The SLA-1*04:01:01, SLA-2*04:01, and SLA-3*04:01 alleles, assigned the Hp-4.0 haplotype, are highly prevalent and usually present in all pig breeds. However, the SLA Hp-4.0 haplotype-restricted CTL epitopes in the structural membrane (M) protein of PRRSV are still unknown. In this study, we predicted 27 possible 9-mer epitope peptides in M protein with high binding scores for SLA-1*04:01:01 using CTL epitope prediction tools. In total, 45 SLA class I complexes, comprising the predicted peptide, extracellular region of the SLA-I molecules, and β2-microglobulin, were constructed in vitro to detect the specific binding of these peptides to SLA-1*04:01:01 (27 complexes), SLA-2*04:01 (9 complexes), and SLA-3*04:01 (9 complexes), respectively. Our results showed that the M27 (T91WKFITSRC), M39 (N130HAFVVRRP), and M49 (G158RKAVKQGV) peptides bind specifically to SLA-1*04:01:01, SLA-2*04:01, and SLA-3*04:01, respectively. Subsequently, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the homozygous Hp-4.0 and Hp-26.0 haplotype piglets vaccinated with commercial PRRSV HuN4-F112 strain, we determined the capacities of these 27 potential peptides to stimulate their proliferation with a Cell Counting Kit-8 and their secretion and expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) with an ELISpot assay and real-time qPCR, respectively. The immunological activities of M27, M39, and M49 were therefore confirmed when they efficiently induced PBMC proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in PBMCs from piglets with the prevalent SLA Hp-4.0 haplotype. The amino acid sequence alignment revealed that M27, M39, and M49 are highly conserved among 248 genotype II PRRSV strains collected between 1998 and 2019. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of cell-mediated immune responses to PRRSV. Our study also provides a novel strategy for identifying and confirming potential SLA haplotype-restricted CTL epitopes that could be used to develop novel peptide-based vaccines against swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Changyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
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Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Jiang D, Tu T, Zhou Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Yao X, Yang Z, Ren M, Wang Y. Epidemiological investigation and pathogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Sichuan, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241354. [PMID: 37779701 PMCID: PMC10533931 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (PRRSV-2) lineage 8 was first detected in mainland China in 2006 and has since rapidly spread to become the primary epidemic strain in the country. In this study, samples such as lung tissue, hilar lymph nodes, abortion fetuses, and blood were collected from large-scale pig farms across 11 prefecture-level cities in Sichuan province between 2019 and 2020 for antigen detection and PRRS virus isolation. The antigen detection results indicated that the positive rate of HP-PRRSV (JXA1-Like strain) was 44.74% (51/114), NADC30-Like PRRSV was 17.54% (20/114), and classical PRRSV (VR2332-Like strain) was 37.72% (43/114). The predominant strain was HP-PRRSV. Positive samples were further inoculated into Marc-145 cells for virus isolation and identification, leading to the isolation of a new JXA1-Like PRRSV strain named SCSN2020. The strain was characterized by RT-qPCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), plaque purification, electron microscopy, and whole genome sequencing. The total length of the viral genome was determined to be approximately 15,374 bp. A comparison of the SCSN2020 genome with VR2332 revealed that both strains had the same discontinuous 30-amino acid deletion on the Nsp2 gene. ORF5 genotyping classified the SCSN2020 strain as sublineage 8.7, with a whole genome sequence identity of 99.34% with JXA1. Furthermore, we evaluated the pathogenicity of the SCSN2020 strain in 28-day-old piglets and observed persistent fever from day 4 to day 10, weight loss started on day 7, dyspnea and severe lung lesions began started on day 14. The results of this study highlight the current PRRSV epidemic situation in Sichuan province and provide a scientific reference for subsequent prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Teng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Miranda J, Romero S, de Lucas L, Saito F, Fenech M, Díaz I. Protection provided by a commercial modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 vaccine (PRRSV1-MLV) against a Japanese PRRSV2 field strain. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e54. [PMID: 37638707 PMCID: PMC10556292 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines do not provide full cross-protection, mainly due to the virus genetic variability. Despite this, vaccines based on modified-live PRRSV (PRRSV-MLV) reduce the disease impact. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of two commercial vaccines-one based on PRRSV1 (PRRSV1-MLV) and another on PRRSV2 (PRRSV2-MLV)-against a Japanese PRRSV2 field strain. METHODS Two groups of three-week-old piglets were vaccinated (G1: PRRSV1-MLV; G2: PRRSV2-MLV) and two were kept as non-vaccinated (INF and CTRL). One month later, G1, G2, and INF were challenged with a PRRSV2 field strain. RESULTS After the challenge, clinical signs were only observed in INF. Moreover, the highest rectal temperatures and values for the area under the curve (AUC) were observed in INF. Regarding viral detection, both AUC and the proportion of positive samples in blood were higher in INF. In G1, viremic animals never reached 100%. At necropsy (21 d after the challenge), differences for titers among groups were only found in tonsils (G1 < G2 and INF). One animal (belonging to G1) was negative in all tissues. Regarding humoral responses, G1 and G2 seroconverted after vaccination, as detected in the corresponding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific neutralizing antibodies (NA) against PRRSV1-MLV were already detected at 14 d after vaccination in G1, showing a significant booster after the challenge, while PRRSV2-MLV NA were detected in G2 at the end of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS Despite genetic differences, PRRSV1-MLV has been demonstrated to confer partial protection against a Japanese PRRSV2 strain, at least as good as PRRSV2-MLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Miranda
- Laboratorios Hipra S.A., 17170 Amer, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mar Fenech
- R&D, Hipra Scientific, S.L.U., 17170 Amer, Girona, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Chadha A, Dara R, Pearl DL, Gillis D, Rosendal T, Poljak Z. Classification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome clinical impact in Ontario sow herds using machine learning approaches. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1175569. [PMID: 37351555 PMCID: PMC10284593 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1175569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus outbreaks have been reported across various parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. The incursion of PRRS virus (PRRSV) in swine herds could result in various clinical manifestations, resulting in a substantial impact on the incidence of respiratory morbidity, reproductive loss, and mortality. Veterinary experts, among others, regularly analyze the PRRSV open reading frame-5 (ORF-5) for prognostic purposes to assess the risk of severe clinical outcomes. In this study, we explored if predictive modeling techniques could be used to identify the severity of typical clinical signs observed during PRRS outbreaks in sow herds. Our study aimed to evaluate four baseline machine learning (ML) algorithms: logistic regression (LR) with ridge and lasso regularization techniques, random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM), for the clinical impact classification of ORF-5 sequences and demographic data into high impact and low impact categories. First, baseline classifiers were evaluated using different input representations of ORF-5 nucleotides, amino acid sequences, and demographic data using a 10-fold cross-validation technique. Then, we designed a consensus voting ensemble approach to aggregate the different types of input representations for genetic and demographic data for classifying clinical impact. In this study, we observed that: (a) for abortion and pre-weaning mortality (PWM), different classifiers gained improvement over baseline accuracy, which showed the plausible presence of both genotypic-phenotypic and demographic-phenotypic relationships, (b) for sow mortality (SM), no baseline classifier successfully established such linkages using either genetic or demographic input data, (c) baseline classifiers showed good performance with a moderate variance of the performance metrics, due to high-class overlap and the small dataset size used for training, and (d) the use of consensus voting ensemble techniques helped to make the predictions more robust and stabilized the performance evaluation metrics, but overall accuracy did not substantially improve the diagnostic metrics over baseline classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Chadha
- School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rozita Dara
- School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Gillis
- School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Li S, Li J, Tian Y, Liu J, Zhu J, Chen N, Shang S. A potent CD8 T-cell response may be associated with partial cross-protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine against NADC30-like PRRSV challenge. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37159409 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most devastating pathogens to the global swine industry. Many commercial PRRSV vaccines, originally designed to provide homologous protection, have shown partial protection against heterologous strains. However, the protective immune mechanisms mediated by these PRRSV vaccines are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the factors responsible for partial protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine (TJM-F92) against heterologous NADC30-like PRRSV. By analysing peripheral T-cell responses induced by the TJM-F92 vaccine and local and systemic memory responses following challenge with NADC30-like PRRSV (SD17-38 strains) as well as neutralizing antibody response, we found that the TJM-F92 vaccine induced a significant expansion of CD8 T cells but not CD4 T cells or γδ T cells. The expanded CD8 T cells exhibited a phenotype of effector memory T cells and secreted IFN-γ upon restimulation with SD17-38 strains in vitro. In addition, only CD8 T cells in the prior immunized pigs rapidly expanded in the blood and spleen after heterologous challenge, with higher magnitude, compared to the unvaccinated pigs, showing a remarkable memory response. In contrast, no obvious humoral immune response was enhanced in the vaccinated and challenged pigs, and no heterologous neutralizing antibodies were detected throughout the experiment. Our results suggested that CD8 T cells elicited by the TJM-F92 vaccine may be responsible for partial heterologous protection against NADC30-like PRRSV strains and potentially recognize the conserved antigens among PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
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Clilverd H, Martín-Valls G, Li Y, Martín M, Cortey M, Mateu E. Infection dynamics, transmission, and evolution after an outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1109881. [PMID: 36846785 PMCID: PMC9947509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at describing the infection dynamics, transmission, and evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) after an outbreak in a 300-sow farrow-to-wean farm that was implementing a vaccination program. Three subsequent batches of piglets (9-11 litters/batch) were followed 1.5 (Batch 1), 8 (Batch 2), and 12 months after (Batch 3) from birth to 9 weeks of age. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that shortly after the outbreak (Batch 1), one third of sows were delivering infected piglets and the cumulative incidence reached 80% by 9 weeks of age. In contrast, in Batch 2, only 10% animals in total got infected in the same period. In Batch 3, 60% litters had born-infected animals and cumulative incidence rose to 78%. Higher viral genetic diversity was observed in Batch 1, with 4 viral clades circulating, of which 3 could be traced to vertical transmission events, suggesting the existence of founder viral variants. In Batch 3 though only one variant was found, distinguishable from those circulating previously, suggesting that a selection process had occurred. ELISA antibodies at 2 weeks of age were significantly higher in Batch 1 and 3 compared to Batch 2, while low levels of neutralizing antibodies were detected in either piglets or sows in all batches. In addition, some sows present in Batch 1 and 3 delivered infected piglets twice, and the offspring were devoid of neutralizing antibodies at 2 weeks of age. These results suggest that a high viral diversity was featured at the initial outbreak followed by a phase of limited circulation, but subsequently an escape variant emerged in the population causing a rebound of vertical transmission. The presence of unresponsive sows that had vertical transmission events could have contributed to the transmission. Moreover, the records of contacts between animals and the phylogenetic analyses allowed to trace back 87 and 47% of the transmission chains in Batch 1 and 3, respectively. Most animals transmitted the infection to 1-3 pen-mates, but super-spreaders were also identified. One animal that was born-viremic and persisted as viremic for the whole study period did not contribute to transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Rodriguez AL, Fowler VL, Huether M, Reddick D, Tait-Burkard C, O’Shea M, Perkins S, Dias N, Buterbaugh R, Benchaoui HA. Effects of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone in sows or in combination with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:31. [PMID: 36726139 PMCID: PMC9890818 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyop) was investigated in two animal studies. In a PRRSV challenge model in pregnant sows (n = 18), six sows received water medicated at target dose of 5 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day from 3 days prior to challenge until the end of gestation. Six sows were left untreated, with a third group remaining untreated and unchallenged. Sows were challenged with PRRSV-2 at approximately 85 days of gestation. Cytokines, viremia, viral shedding, sow reproductive parameters and piglet performance to weaning were evaluated. In a dual infection study (n = 16), piglets were challenged with Mhyop on days 0, 1 and 2, and with PRRSV-1 on day 14 and euthanized on day 24. From day 10 to 20, eight piglets received water medicated at target dose of 20 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day and eight piglets were left untreated. Cytokines, viremia, bacteriology and lung lesions were evaluated. RESULTS In the PRRSV challenge study in pregnant sows, tylvalosin significantly reduced the levels of serum IL-8 (P < 0.001), IL-12 (P = 0.032), TNFα (P < 0.001) and GM-CSF (P = 0.001). IL-8 (P = 0.100) tended to be lower in uterus of tylvalosin sows. All piglets from tylvalosin sows surviving to weaning were PRRSV negative in faecal swabs at weaning compared to 33.3% PRRSV positive piglets from untreated sows (P = 0.08). In the dual challenge study in piglet, tylvalosin reduced serum IL1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1α, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, GM-CSF, TGFβ1, TNFα, CCL3L1, MIG, PEPCAM-1 (P < 0.001) and increased serum IFNα, IL-1ra and MIP-1b (P < 0.001). In the lungs, tylvalosin reduced IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 compared to untreated pigs (P < 0.001) and tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.082). Lung lavage samples from all tylvalosin treated piglets were negative for Mhyop (0 cfu/mL) compared to the untreated piglets which had mean Mhyop counts of 2.68 × 104 cfu/mL (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION Overall, tylvalosin reduced both local and systemic proinflammatory cytokines after challenge with respiratory pathogens in sows and in piglets. Tylvalosin was effective in reducing Mhyop recovery from the lungs and may reduce virus shedding in piglets following transplacental PRRSV infection in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Reddick
- Moredun Scientific Ltd, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Christine Tait-Burkard
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Marie O’Shea
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | | | - Nirosh Dias
- grid.505215.6RTI, LLC, 801 32nd Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
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Zhang J, Li F, Sun P, Wang J, Li K, Zhao Z, Bai X, Cao Y, Bao H, Li D, Zhang J, Liu Z, Lu Z. Downregulation of miR-122 by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus promotes viral replication by targeting SOCS3. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Franzo G, Faustini G, Legnardi M, Cecchinato M, Drigo M, Tucciarone CM. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic reconstruction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Europe: Patterns and determinants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2175-e2184. [PMID: 35403349 PMCID: PMC9790212 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is among the most devastating diseases affecting the pig industry. Despite vaccines having been available for decades, the remarkable genetic variability of this virus, leading to poor cross-protection, has limited their efficacy, and other measures must be adopted to effectively control the viral circulation. Some recent studies have investigated the factors involved in viral spreading and persistence, at least at the local level. However, despite the topic's relevance, no statistically grounded evidence is currently available evaluating the variables more involved in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) epidemiological success at a broader scale, such as the European scale. In the present study, an extensive phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed on more than 1000 ORF5 sequences to investigate the history, dynamics and spreading patterns of PRRSV within European borders. Moreover, several potential predictors, representative of swine population features and trade, human population, economy and geographic characteristics, were evaluated through a specifically designed generalized linear model (GLM) to assess their weight on viral migration rate between countries over time. Although pig stock density, mean PRRSV strain genetic diversity, investments in agriculture (including a likely role of vaccination) and farmer education were involved to a certain extent, the major determinant was proven to be by far the live pig trade. Providing a robust depiction of PRRSV European molecular epidemiology patterns and determinants, the present study could contribute to a more rational allocation of limited resources based on an effective prioritization of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS)University of PaduaLegnaro PDItaly
| | - Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS)University of PaduaLegnaro PDItaly
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS)University of PaduaLegnaro PDItaly
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS)University of PaduaLegnaro PDItaly
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS)University of PaduaLegnaro PDItaly
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Yi H, Yu Z, Wang Q, Sun Y, Peng J, Cai Y, Ma J, Chen Y, Qin C, Cai M, Ji C, Zhang G, Wang H. Panax Notoginseng Saponins Suppress Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication in vitro and Enhance the Immune Effect of the Live Vaccine JXA1-R in Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:886058. [PMID: 35619609 PMCID: PMC9127999 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.886058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) suppresses the innate immune response in the host, reducing and delaying neutralizing antibody production against PRRSV infection and promoting viral infection. Here, we aimed to assess the potential of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) for improving the immune response exerted upon PRRSV-2-modified live virus (MLV) vaccine administration. Thirty piglets were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 piglets were injected with medium 0 days post vaccination (dpv). Group 2 piglets were fed PNS 0–28 dpv. Group 3 and group 4 piglets were administered the JXA1-R vaccine 0 dpv. Group 4 piglets were also fed PNS 0–28 dpv. Group 1–4 piglets were challenged intranasally with the PRRSV JXA1 strain 28 dpv. Group 5 piglets were fed with PNS without challenge. Group 6 piglets served as controls. During the experiment, the samples were collected regularly for 49 days. Compared with group 1 piglets, group 3 piglets showed significantly reduced viremia and clinical scores, and significantly increased average daily gain (ADWG). Compared with group 3 piglets, group 4 piglets showed significantly improved neutralizing antibody titers, IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA expression, and significantly decreased viremia and viral load in the lungs and lymph nodes, but did not demonstrate any further improvement in PRRSV-specific antibody titer, rectal temperature, ADWG, or clinical scores. PNS upregulates neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV-2 and enhances the expression of IFN-α and IFN-β, which may reduce PRRSV viremia upon PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine administration. PNS may serve as an effective immunomodulator for boosting the immune defense against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyou Yi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Beijing Veterinary Peptide Vaccine Design and Preparation, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qiumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenxiao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou, China
| | - Chihai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guihong Zhang
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Heng Wang
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Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266524. [PMID: 35511825 PMCID: PMC9070874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense nature of pig production has increased the animals’ exposure to stressful conditions, which may be detrimental to their welfare and productivity. Some of the most common sources of stress in pigs are extreme thermal conditions (thermal stress), density and mixing during housing (social stress), or exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms that may challenge their immune system (immune-related stress). The stress response can be monitored based on the animals’ coping mechanisms, as a result of specific environmental, social, and health conditions. These animal-based indicators may support decision making to maintain animal welfare and productivity. The present study aimed to systematically review animal-based indicators of social, thermal, and immune-related stresses in farmed pigs, and the methods used to monitor them. Peer-reviewed scientific literature related to pig production was collected using three online search engines: ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The manuscripts selected were grouped based on the indicators measured during the study. According to our results, body temperature measured with a rectal thermometer was the most commonly utilized method for the evaluation of thermal stress in pigs (87.62%), as described in 144 studies. Of the 197 studies that evaluated social stress, aggressive behavior was the most frequently-used indicator (81.81%). Of the 535 publications examined regarding immune-related stress, cytokine concentration in blood samples was the most widely used indicator (80.1%). Information about the methods used to measure animal-based indicators is discussed in terms of validity, reliability, and feasibility. Additionally, the introduction and wide spreading of alternative, less invasive methods with which to measure animal-based indicators, such as cortisol in saliva, skin temperature and respiratory rate via infrared thermography, and various animal welfare threats via vocalization analysis are highlighted. The information reviewed was used to discuss the feasible and most reliable methods with which to monitor the impact of relevant stressors commonly presented by intense production systems on the welfare of farmed pigs.
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Choi HY, Kim MS, Kang YL, Choi JC, Choi IY, Jung SW, Jeong JY, Kim MC, Hwang SS, Lee SW, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee JB. Development of a Chimeric Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-2 Vaccine Candidate Expressing Hypo-Glycosylated Glycoprotein-5 Ectodomain of Korean Lineage-1 Strain. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040165. [PMID: 35448663 PMCID: PMC9028511 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a practical method to provide protection against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), but current PRRSV vaccines show limited efficacy against divergent field strains. Lineage 1 PRRSV includes virulent strains such as NADC30 and MN184 and now has become one of the most prevalent viruses in Korea. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop a new vaccine for Korean lineage-1 strains. In this study, a vaccine candidate against Korean lineage-1 PRRSV, vCSL1-GP5-N33D, was developed by reverse genetics technology. vCSL1-GP5-N33D was designed as a hypo-glycosylated chimeric virus containing the glycoprotein 5 ectodomain region of the Korean lineage-1 wild-type strain. An inactivated vaccine of vCSL1-GP5-N33D was applied to a PRRS-endemic farm and elicited high serum virus neutralization (SVN) antibody titers. The vaccinated group induced SVN antibody titers of 4.40 (log2) ± 2.46, which were approximately 2-fold higher than those of the negative control at 8-weeks post-vaccination. Moreover, 60% of pigs in the vaccinated group displayed SVN antibody titers of ≥5 (log2), while none of the pigs in the negative control exhibited SVN antibody titers of ≥5 (log2). The overall results of the animal experiment suggest that the vCSL1-GP5-N33D inactivated vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi-Yeon Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Yeong-Lim Kang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Jong-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - In-Yeong Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Sung-Won Jung
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Ji-Yun Jeong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
- Careside Co. Ltd., Woolim Lions Valley A-B210, #146-8, Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Careside Co. Ltd., Woolim Lions Valley A-B210, #146-8, Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Seong-Soo Hwang
- Samhwa Breedings Agri. Inc., 435, Sinjin-ri, Gwangcheon-eup, Hongseong-gun 35090, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (M.-S.K.); (Y.-L.K.); (J.-C.C.); (I.-Y.C.); (S.-W.J.); (J.-Y.J.); (S.-W.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (I.-S.C.)
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Jiang D, Zhang L, Zhu G, Zhang P, Wu X, Yao X, Luo Y, Yang Z, Ren M, Wang X, Chen S, Wang Y. The Antiviral Effect of Isatis Root Polysaccharide against NADC30-like PRRSV by Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073688. [PMID: 35409050 PMCID: PMC8998840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In recent years, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has become a virulent pathogen that has caused devastating diseases and economic losses worldwide in the swine industry. IRPS has attracted extensive attention in the field of virology. However, it is not clear that IRPS has an antiviral effect on PRRSV at gene and protein levels. (2) Methods: We used transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to investigate the antiviral effect of IRPS against PRRSV. Additionally, a microbiome was used to explore the effects of IRPS on gut microbes. (3) Results: IRPS significantly extenuated the pulmonary pathological lesions and inflammatory response. We used transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to investigate the antiviral effect of IRPS against PRRSV. In the porcine model, 1669 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 370 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Analysis of the DEG/DEP-related pathways indicated immune-system and infectious-disease (viral) pathways, such as the NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, and Influenza A-associated signaling pathways. It is noteworthy that IRPS can inhibit NLR-dependent gene expression, then reduce the inflammatory damage. IRPS could exert beneficial effects on the host by regulating the structure of intestinal flora. (4) Conclusions: The antiviral effect of IRPS on PRRSV can be directly achieved by omics techniques. Specifically, the antiviral mechanism of IPRS can be better elucidated by screening target genes and proteins using transcriptome and proteome sequencing, and then performing enrichment and classification according to DEGs and DEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Xulong Wu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Xinping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Y.W.)
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Rückner A, Plagge L, Heenemann K, Harzer M, Thaa B, Winkler J, Dänicke S, Kauffold J, Vahlenkamp TW. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) can deteriorate vaccination efficacy against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at subtoxic levels. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:13. [PMID: 35307023 PMCID: PMC8935682 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Feedgrain contamination with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON, “vomitoxin”) is relatively frequently encountered. Pigs are particularly sensitive to the toxicity of DON. To assess the interplay between DON and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), we performed an experimental DON exposure–PRRSV vaccination–challenge infection trial. Three-week-old piglets were divided into four groups. Groups I, II and III (10 animals/group) were vaccinated with a PRRSV modified live vaccine and 2 weeks later challenged with a heterologous field strain. While group I was not supplemented with DON, animals in groups II and III received DON for 4 weeks prior to challenge infection at levels that can be encountered in pig feed, employing a low-dose or high-dose regime (group II: 40 µg DON/kg body weight per day; group III: 80 µg DON/kg body weight per day, corresponding to approx. 1 or 2 mg DON/kg feed, respectively). Eight animals (group IV; unvaccinated, not DON exposed) served as control animals for the challenge infection.
Results
We assessed clinical signs, virus load in serum and various organs as well as antibody titres in the animals. All vaccinated animals mounted an efficient PRRSV-specific antibody response within 2 weeks, except for 20% of the animals receiving the higher DON dose. Upon virus challenge, the vaccinated animals in group I were protected from clinical signs. Vaccinated DON-exposed animals in group II and III were protected from clinical signs to a lesser extent. Clinical signs in group III receiving the higher dose of DON were as severe as in the (unvaccinated, not DON exposed) control group IV. The animals of group III also displayed lower antibody titres compared with the animals in group I and II.
Conclusions
The experimental vaccination/challenge study therefore revealed that exposure of pigs to DON for a period of 4 weeks deteriorates the efficacy of vaccination against clinical signs of PRRS.
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Petersen GEL, Buntjer JB, Hely FS, Byrne TJ, Doeschl-Wilson A. Modeling suggests gene editing combined with vaccination could eliminate a persistent disease in livestock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2107224119. [PMID: 35217603 PMCID: PMC8892294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107224119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in gene-editing technologies that can render individual animals fully resistant to infections may offer unprecedented opportunities for controlling future epidemics in farm animals. Yet, their potential for reducing disease spread is poorly understood as the necessary theoretical framework for estimating epidemiological effects arising from gene-editing applications is currently lacking. Here, we develop semistochastic modeling approaches to investigate how the adoption of gene editing may affect infectious disease prevalence in farmed animal populations and the prospects and time scale for disease elimination. We apply our models to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), one of the most persistent global livestock diseases to date. Whereas extensive control efforts have shown limited success, recent production of gene-edited pigs that are fully resistant to the PRRS virus have raised expectations for eliminating this deadly disease. Our models predict that disease elimination on a national scale would be difficult to achieve if gene editing was used as the only disease control. However, from a purely epidemiological perspective, disease elimination may be achievable within 3 to 6 y, if gene editing were complemented with widespread and sufficiently effective vaccination. Besides strategic distribution of genetically resistant animals, several other key determinants underpinning the epidemiological impact of gene editing were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaap B Buntjer
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | | | - Timothy John Byrne
- AbacusBio International, Roslin Innovation Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland
- The Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland
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Highly Pathogenic PRRSV-Infected Alveolar Macrophages Impair the Function of Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030452. [PMID: 35336858 PMCID: PMC8948932 DOI: 10.3390/v14030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), especially the highly pathogenic strains, can cause serious acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by extensive hemorrhage, inflammatory cells and serous fluid infiltration in the lung vascular system. Meanwhile, the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) are essential for forming the air–blood barrier and keeping the water–salt balance to prevent leakage of circulating nutrients, solutes, and fluid into the underlying tissues. As well, they tightly regulate the influx of immune cells. To determine the possible relationship between the PMVECs’ function changes and lung vascular permeability during PRRSV infection, the PMVECs were co-cultured with HP-PRRSV-inoculated primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in transwell model, and then the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were carried out to characterize the dynamic transcriptome landscapes of PMVECs. In total, 16,489 annotated genes were identified, with 275 upregulated and 270 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were characterized at both 18 and 24 h post PRRSV inoculation. The GO terms and KEGG pathways analysis indicated that the immune response, metabolic pathways, cell death, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, viral responses, and apoptotic process are significantly regulated upon co-culture with PRRSV-infected PAMs. Moreover, according to the TERR and dextran flux assay results, dysregulation of TJ proteins, including CLDN1, CLDN4, CLDN8, and OCLN, is further confirmed to correlate with the increased permeability of PMVECs. These transcriptome profiles and DEGs will provide valuable clues for further exploring the roles of PMVECs in PRRSV-induced ALI in the future.
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Razzuoli E, Armando F, De Paolis L, Ciurkiewicz M, Amadori M. The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020175. [PMID: 35215119 PMCID: PMC8875149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- National Network of Veterinary Immunology (RNIV), Via Istria 3, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
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19
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Li C, Gong B, Sun Q, Xu H, Zhao J, Xiang L, Tang YD, Leng C, Li W, Guo Z, Fu J, Peng J, Wang Q, Zhou G, Yu Y, Meng F, An T, Cai X, Tian ZJ, Zhang H. First Detection of NADC34-like PRRSV as a Main Epidemic Strain on a Large Farm in China. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010032. [PMID: 35055980 PMCID: PMC8778757 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged sublineage 1.5 (NADC34-like) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has posed a direct threat to the Chinese pig industry since 2018. However, the prevalence and impact of NADC34-like PRRSV on Chinese pig farms is unclear. In the present study, we continuously monitored pathogens—including PRRSV, African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)—on a fattening pig farm with strict biosecurity practices located in Heilongjiang Province, China, from 2020 to 2021. The results showed that multiple types of PRRSV coexisted on a single pig farm. NADC30-like and NADC34-like PRRSVs were the predominant strains on this pig farm. Importantly, NADC34-like PRRSV—detected during the period of peak mortality—was one of the predominant strains on this pig farm. Sequence alignment suggested that these strains shared the same 100 aa deletion in the NSP2 protein as IA/2014/NADC34 isolated from the United States (U.S.) in 2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on open reading frame 5 (ORF5) showed that the genetic diversity of NADC34-like PRRSV on this farm was relatively singular, but it had a relatively high rate of evolution. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis showed that almost all ORF5 RFLPs were 1-7-4, with one 1-4-4. In addition, two complete genomes of NADC34-like PRRSVs were sequenced. Recombination analysis and sequence alignment demonstrated that both viruses, with 98.9% nucleotide similarity, were non-recombinant viruses. This study reports the prevalence and characteristics of NADC34-like PRRSVs on a large-scale breeding farm in northern China for the first time. These results will help to reveal the impact of NADC34-like PRRSVs on Chinese pig farms, and provide a reference for the detection and further prevention and control of NADC34-like PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China;
| | - Wansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Fandan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13624503578
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20
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Anderson TK, Inderski B, Diel DG, Hause BM, Porter EG, Clement T, Nelson EA, Bai J, Christopher-Hennings J, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Harmon KM, Main R, Lager KM, Faaberg KS. The United States Swine Pathogen Database: integrating veterinary diagnostic laboratory sequence data to monitor emerging pathogens of swine. Database (Oxford) 2021; 2021:6462938. [PMID: 35165687 PMCID: PMC8903347 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary diagnostic laboratories derive thousands of nucleotide sequences from clinical samples of swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Senecavirus A and swine enteric coronaviruses. In addition, next generation sequencing has resulted in the rapid production of full-length genomes. Presently, sequence data are released to diagnostic clients but are not publicly available as data may be associated with sensitive information. However, these data can be used for field-relevant vaccines; determining where and when pathogens are spreading; have relevance to research in molecular and comparative virology; and are a component in pandemic preparedness efforts. We have developed a centralized sequence database that integrates private clinical data using PRRSV data as an exemplar, alongside publicly available genomic information. We implemented the Tripal toolkit, a collection of Drupal modules that are used to manage, visualize and disseminate biological data stored within the Chado database schema. New sequences sourced from diagnostic laboratories contain: genomic information; date of collection; collection location; and a unique identifier. Users can download annotated genomic sequences using a customized search interface that incorporates data mined from published literature; search for similar sequences using BLAST-based tools; and explore annotated reference genomes. Additionally, custom annotation pipelines have determined species, the location of open reading frames and nonstructural proteins and the occurrence of putative frame shifts. Eighteen swine pathogens have been curated. The database provides researchers access to sequences discovered by veterinary diagnosticians, allowing for epidemiological and comparative virology studies. The result will be a better understanding on the emergence of novel swine viruses and how these novel strains are disseminated in the USA and abroad. Database URLhttps://swinepathogendb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Blake Inderski
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Diego G. Diel, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hause
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Porter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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21
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Sanglard LP, Huang Y, Gray KA, Linhares DCL, Dekkers JCM, Niederwerder MC, Fernando RL, Serão NVL. Further host-genomic characterization of total antibody response to PRRSV vaccination and its relationship with reproductive performance in commercial sows: genome-wide haplotype and zygosity analyses. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:91. [PMID: 34875996 PMCID: PMC8650375 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility of using antibody response (S/P ratio) to PRRSV vaccination measured in crossbred commercial gilts as a genetic indicator for reproductive performance in vaccinated crossbred sows has motivated further studies of the genomic basis of this trait. In this study, we investigated the association of haplotypes and runs of homozygosity (ROH) and heterozygosity (ROHet) with S/P ratio and their impact on reproductive performance. Results There was no association (P-value ≥ 0.18) of S/P ratio with the percentage of ROH or ROHet, or with the percentage of heterozygosity across the whole genome or in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. However, specific ROH and ROHet regions were significantly associated (P-value ≤ 0.01) with S/P ratio on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, and 17 but not (P-value ≥ 0.10) with reproductive performance. With the haplotype-based genome-wide association study (GWAS), additional genomic regions associated with S/P ratio were identified on chromosomes 4, 7, and 9. These regions harbor immune-related genes, such as SLA-DOB, TAP2, TAPBP, TMIGD3, and ADORA. Four haplotypes at the identified region on chromosome 7 were also associated with multiple reproductive traits. A haplotype significantly associated with S/P ratio that is located in the MHC region may be in stronger linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the quantitative trait loci (QTL) than the previously identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (H3GA0020505) given the larger estimate of genetic variance explained by the haplotype than by the SNP. Conclusions Specific ROH and ROHet regions were significantly associated with S/P ratio. The haplotype-based GWAS identified novel QTL for S/P ratio on chromosomes 4, 7, and 9 and confirmed the presence of at least one QTL in the MHC region. The chromosome 7 region was also associated with reproductive performance. These results narrow the search for causal genes in this region and suggest SLA-DOB and TAP2 as potential candidate genes associated with S/P ratio on chromosome 7. These results provide additional opportunities for marker-assisted selection and genomic selection for S/P ratio as genetic indicator for litter size in commercial pig populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00676-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia P Sanglard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yijian Huang
- Smithfield Premium Genetic, Rose Hill, NC, 28458, USA
| | - Kent A Gray
- Smithfield Premium Genetic, Rose Hill, NC, 28458, USA
| | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Rohan L Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Nick V L Serão
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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22
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Time-series transcriptomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from virulent and low virulent PRRSV-1-infected piglets. J Virol 2021; 96:e0114021. [PMID: 34851149 PMCID: PMC8826917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has evolved to escape the immune surveillance for a survival advantage leading to a strong modulation of host’s immune responses and favoring secondary bacterial infections. However, limited data are available on how the immunological and transcriptional responses elicited by virulent and low-virulent PRRSV-1 strains are comparable and how they are conserved during the infection. To explore the kinetic transcriptional signature associated with the modulation of host immune response at lung level, a time-series transcriptomic analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon experimental in vivo infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence, virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low-virulent subtype 1 3249 strain. The time-series analysis revealed overlapping patterns of dysregulated genes enriched in T-cell signaling pathways among both virulent and low-virulent strains, highlighting an upregulation of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory immune checkpoints that were disclosed as Hub genes. On the other hand, virulent Lena infection induced an early and more marked “negative regulation of immune system process” with an overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors genes related to T-cell and NK cell functions, in association with more severe lung lesion, lung viral load, and BAL cell kinetics. These results underline a complex network of molecular mechanisms governing PRRSV-1 immunopathogenesis at lung level, revealing a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints in the pulmonary disease, which may have an impact on T-cell activation and related pathways. These immune checkpoints, together with the regulation of cytokine-signaling pathways, modulated in a virulence-dependent fashion, orchestrate an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major threats to swine health and global production, causing substantial economic losses. We explore the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host immune response at lung level performing a time-series transcriptomic analysis upon experimental infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. A complex network of molecular mechanisms was revealed to control the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV-1 infection, highlighting an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses as a potential mechanism to restrict inflammation-induced lung injury. Moreover, a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints was evidenced, which may lead to progressive dysfunction of T cells, impairing viral clearance and leading to persistent infection, favoring as well secondary bacterial infections or viral rebound. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the functional role of immune checkpoints in advanced stages of PRRSV infection and explore a possible T-cell exhaustion state.
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23
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Kreutzmann H, Dürlinger S, Knecht C, Koch M, Cabana M, Torrent G, Balasch M, Taylor LP, Balka G, Gerner W, Ladinig A. Efficacy of a Modified Live Virus Vaccine against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) Administered to 1-Day-Old Piglets in Front of Heterologous PRRSV-1 Challenge. Pathogens 2021; 10:1342. [PMID: 34684293 PMCID: PMC8537468 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PRRSV is one of the most important viruses in the global swine industry and is often controlled by the use of modified live virus (MLV) vaccines. This study assessed the impact of a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine applied to 1-day-old piglets challenged on day 28 of life with a PRRSV-1 field isolate (AUT15-33). Twenty-one piglets were vaccinated within 24 h of birth (T02), whereas 20 piglets were left unvaccinated (T01). Necropsy was performed two weeks post-challenge. Comparing the two groups, T02 piglets showed significantly higher (p = 0.017) average daily weight gain. In addition, significantly lower (p < 0.0001) PRRSV RNA loads were measured in serum of T02 piglets at all investigated time points. All T01 piglets were viremic and shed virus in nasal swabs, whereas only 71.4% and 38.1% of the T02 group were viremic or shed virus, respectively. Piglets from T02 had significantly higher numbers (p < 0.0001) of IFN-γ producing lymphocytes compared to T01. At necropsy, differences in gross and histologic lung lesions were statistically significant (p = 0.012 and p < 0.0001, respectively) between the two groups. Hence, this MLV vaccine administered to 1-day-old piglets was able to protect piglets against PRRSV infection at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sophie Dürlinger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Michaela Koch
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marta Cabana
- Zoetis Manufacturing and Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n Finca La Riba, 17813 Girona, Spain; (M.C.); (G.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Gerard Torrent
- Zoetis Manufacturing and Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n Finca La Riba, 17813 Girona, Spain; (M.C.); (G.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Mònica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing and Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n Finca La Riba, 17813 Girona, Spain; (M.C.); (G.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Lucas P. Taylor
- Global Development & Operations, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA;
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- The Pirbright Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
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Amadori M, Listorti V, Razzuoli E. Reappraisal of PRRS Immune Control Strategies: The Way Forward. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091073. [PMID: 34578106 PMCID: PMC8469074 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is still a major issue worldwide in the pig farming sector. Despite extensive research efforts and the practical experience gained so far, the syndrome still severely affects farmed pigs worldwide and challenges established beliefs in veterinary virology and immunology. The clinical and economic repercussions of PRRS are based on concomitant, additive features of the virus pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and the influence of environmental, microbial, and non-microbial stressors. This makes a case for integrated, multi-disciplinary research efforts, in which the three types of contributing factors are critically evaluated toward the development of successful disease control strategies. These efforts could be significantly eased by the definition of reliable markers of disease risk and virus pathogenicity. As for the host's susceptibility to PRRSV infection and disease onset, the roles of both the innate and adaptive immune responses are still ill-defined. In particular, the overt discrepancy between passive and active immunity and the uncertain role of adaptive immunity vis-à-vis established PRRSV infection should prompt the scientific community to develop novel research schemes, in which apparently divergent and contradictory findings could be reconciled and eventually brought into a satisfactory conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Amadori
- Italian Network of Veterinary Immunology, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeria Listorti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (V.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (V.L.); (E.R.)
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Paploski IAD, Pamornchainavakul N, Makau DN, Rovira A, Corzo CA, Schroeder DC, Cheeran MCJ, Doeschl-Wilson A, Kao RR, Lycett S, VanderWaal K. Phylogenetic Structure and Sequential Dominance of Sub-Lineages of PRRSV Type-2 Lineage 1 in the United States. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:608. [PMID: 34198904 PMCID: PMC8229766 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity and frequent emergence of novel genetic variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type-2 (PRRSV) hinders control efforts, yet drivers of macro-evolutionary patterns of PRRSV remain poorly documented. Utilizing a comprehensive database of >20,000 orf5 sequences, our objective was to classify variants according to the phylogenetic structure of PRRSV co-circulating in the U.S., quantify evolutionary dynamics of sub-lineage emergence, and describe potential antigenic differences among sub-lineages. We subdivided the most prevalent lineage (Lineage 1, accounting for approximately 60% of available sequences) into eight sub-lineages. Bayesian coalescent SkyGrid models were used to estimate each sub-lineage's effective population size over time. We show that a new sub-lineage emerged every 1 to 4 years and that the time between emergence and peak population size was 4.5 years on average (range: 2-8 years). A pattern of sequential dominance of different sub-lineages was identified, with a new dominant sub-lineage replacing its predecessor approximately every 3 years. Consensus amino acid sequences for each sub-lineage differed in key GP5 sites related to host immunity, suggesting that sub-lineage turnover may be linked to immune-mediated competition. This has important implications for understanding drivers of genetic diversity and emergence of new PRRSV variants in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Nakarin Pamornchainavakul
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Maxim C-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Rowland R. Kao
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
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Commercial PRRS Modified-Live Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020185. [PMID: 33671826 PMCID: PMC7926738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) presents one of the challenging viral pathogens in the global pork industry. PRRS is characterized by two distinct clinical presentations; reproductive failure in breeding animals (gilts, sows, and boars), and respiratory disease in growing pigs. PRRSV is further divided into two species: PRRSV-1 (formerly known as the European genotype 1) and PRRSV-2 (formerly known as the North American genotype 2). A PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine was first introduced in North America in 1994, and, six years later, a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was also introduced in Europe. Since then, MLV vaccination is the principal strategy used to control PRRSV infection. Despite the fact that MLV vaccines have shown some efficacy, they were problematic as the efficacy of vaccine was often unpredictable and depended highly on the field virus. This paper focused on the efficacy of commercially available MLV vaccines at a global level based on respiratory disease in growing pigs, and maternal and paternal reproductive failure in breeding animals.
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Choi HY, Lee SH, Ahn SH, Choi JC, Jeong JY, Lee BJ, Kang YL, Hwang SS, Lee JK, Lee SW, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee JB. A chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2 vaccine is safe under international guidelines and effective both in experimental and field conditions. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:143-152. [PMID: 33517163 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is currently the most effective strategy to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). New-generation PRRS vaccines are required to be safe and broadly cross-protective. We have recently created the chimeric PRRS virus K418DM which proved to be a good vaccine candidate under field conditions. In the present study, we designed safety and efficacy tests under experimental and field conditions for further evaluation of K418DM1.1, a plaque-purified K418DM. In the homologous challenge study, K418DM1.1 induced high serum virus neutralization (SVN) antibody titers (i.e., 4.2 log2 ± 1.7) at 21 days post-challenge (dpc) and provided protection as demonstrated by the significantly lower levels of viremia at 3 and 7 dpc and significantly lower microscopic lung lesion scores compared to the unvaccinated group. K418DM1.1 was also protective in the heterologous challenge study, with vaccinated pigs showing significantly lower levels of viremia at 14 dpc compared to the unvaccinated pigs. A field study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of K418DM1.1 against heterologous exposure and vaccinated pigs presented significantly lower viremia than unvaccinated pigs. According to the safety test for the examination of virulence reversion, no infectivity was observed in tissue homogenate filtrate both in the vaccinated and comingled groups. Thus, the risk of virulence, as well as transmission, appeared negligible. These overall results indicate that K418DM1.1 is a good vaccine candidate based on its safety and protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi-Yeon Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyun Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeun Ahn
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Jeong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Lim Kang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Hwang
- Samhwa Breedings Agri. Inc., 435, Sinjin-ri, Gwangcheon-eup, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-Do 350-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555, North 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Respiratory viral infections drive different lung cytokine profiles in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:5. [PMID: 33407470 PMCID: PMC7786461 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swine influenza A virus (IAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are considered key viral pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex. Concerning the effect of one virus on another with respect to local immune response is still very limited. Determination of presence and quantity of cytokines in the lung tissue and its relation to the lung pathology can lead to a better understanding of the host inflammatory response and its influence on the lung pathology during single or multi-virus infection. The aim of the present study was to explore and compare the patterns of lung cytokine protein response in pigs after single or dual infection with swine IAV and/or PRRSV. Results Inoculation with IAV alone causes an increase in lung concentration of IFN-α, IFN-ɣ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, especially at 2 and 4 DPI. In PRRSV group, beyond early IFN-α, IFN-ɣ, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 induction, elevated levels of cytokines at 10 and 21 DPI have been found. In IAV+PRRSV inoculated pigs the lung concentrations of all cytokines were higher than in control pigs. Conclusions Current results indicate that experimental infection of pigs with IAV or PRRSV alone and co-infection with both pathogens induce different kinetics of local cytokine response. Due to strong positive correlation between local TNF-α and IL-10 concentration and lung pathology, we hypothesize that these cytokines are involved in the induction of lung lesions during investigates infection. Nevertheless, no apparent increase in lung cytokine response was seen in pigs co-inoculated simultaneously with both pathogens compared to single inoculated groups. It may also explain no significant effect of co-infection on the lung pathology and pathogen load, compared to single infections. Strong correlation between local concentration of TNF-α, IFN-ɣ, IL-8 and SwH1N1 load in the lung, as well as TNF-α, IL-8 and PRRSV lung titres suggested that local replication of both viruses also influenced the local cytokine response during infection.
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Calderón Díaz JA, Fitzgerald RM, Shalloo L, Rodrigues da Costa M, Niemi J, Leonard FC, Kyriazakis I, García Manzanilla E. Financial Analysis of Herd Status and Vaccination Practices for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms Using a Bio-Economic Simulation Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:556674. [PMID: 33240946 PMCID: PMC7680737 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.556674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed (1) to quantify the effects of positive status and vaccination practices for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv), swine influenza virus (SIV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO) on the profitability of farrow-to-finish pig farms and (2) to examine the financial impact of vaccination status in PRRSv and SIV positive farms. Data from 56 Irish farrow-to-finish pig farms were used for this study. Production effects associated with herd status for the three pathogens were incorporated into the Teagasc Pig Production Model (TPPM), a bio-economic stochastic simulation model for farrow-to-finish pig farms. In the analysis, farms negative (–) for either PRRSv, SIV or MHYO were assumed as baseline when presenting results for farms positive (+) for each pathogen. While all MHYO(+) farms used vaccination against the pathogen, not all PRRSv(+) or SIV(+) farms vaccinated against the disease. For all scenarios, a 728-sow farrow-to-finish farm with weekly farrowing batches was simulated. Financial risk analysis was conducted by Monte Carlo simulation within the TPPM using the Microsoft Excel add-in @Risk. Mortality rates, feedstuff costs and price per kg of meat produced were included as input stochastic variables and annual net profit was set as stochastic output variable. Positive farms sold fewer pigs and produced less kg of meat than negative farms and had increased feed usage during the weaner and finisher stages. Variable costs increased in positive farms due to increased feed costs, more dead animals for disposal and healthcare costs. Annual mean profit was lower by 24% in vaccinated PRRSv(+), 14.6% in unvaccinated PRRSv(+), 36.7% in vaccinating SIV(+), 12.8% in unvaccinated SIV(+), and 41% in MHYO(+) farms. Negative farms were first order stochastically dominant over positive farms, indicating that for a given level of profit, the financial risk is lower by avoiding respiratory pathogens. Similarly, unvaccinated farms were second order stochastically dominant over vaccinating farms suggesting that farms that do not vaccinate are less affected by the disease. Results from this study provide further evidence to encourage farmers to undertake improved disease control measures and/or to implement eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose Mary Fitzgerald
- Bio-Explore, Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Ireland
| | - Laurence Shalloo
- Livestock Production Systems, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Maria Rodrigues da Costa
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jarkko Niemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Oh T, Park S, Cho H, Yang S, Ham HJ, Chae C. Comparative evaluation of 4 commercial modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines against heterologous dual Korean PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:846-853. [PMID: 32437071 PMCID: PMC7738743 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified-live vaccines (MLV) was compared to protect growing pigs against dual challenge of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. METHODS Two of the vaccines were based on PRRSV-1, and two on PRRSV-2. A total of 72 PRRSV-naïve pigs were divided into six groups (12 pigs/group). RESULTS Two PRRSV-1 MLV-vaccinated and two PRRSV-2 MLV-vaccinated groups reduced significantly (p < .05) genomic copies of PRRSV-1 in their sera compared to the unvaccinated challenged group. Two PRRSV-2 MLV-vaccinated groups reduced significantly (p < .05) fewer genomic copies of PRRSV-2 in their sera whereas two PRRSV-1 MLV-vaccinated groups were unable to reduce genomic copies of PRRSV-2 compared to unvaccinated challenged groups. Two PRRSV-1 MLV-vaccinated groups induced a stronger PRRSV-1 specific IFN-γ-SC response, while two PRRSV-2 MLV-vaccinated groups induced a stronger PRRSV-2 specific IFN-γ-SC response. Two PRRSV-2 MLV-vaccinated groups showed significantly (p < .05) lower mean macroscopic and microscopic lung lesion scores compared to two PRRSV-1 MLV-vaccinated groups. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that two PRRSV-2 vaccines were efficacious and exhibited similar protection while, two PRRSV-1 vaccines were largely ineffective against the dual challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Oh
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Su‐Jin Park
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Ham
- College of Liberal ArtsAnyang UniversityAnyang‐siRepublic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
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31
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reverse Genetics and the Major Applications. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111245. [PMID: 33142752 PMCID: PMC7692847 DOI: 10.3390/v12111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that is known to infect only pigs. The virus emerged in the late 1980s and became endemic in most swine producing countries, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. The first reverse genetics system for PRRSV was reported in 1998. Since then, several infectious cDNA clones for PRRSV have been constructed. The availability of these infectious cDNA clones has facilitated the genetic modifications of the viral genome at precise locations. Common approaches to manipulate the viral genome include site-directed mutagenesis, deletion of viral genes or gene fragments, insertion of foreign genes, and swapping genes between PRRSV strains or between PRRSV and other members of the Arteriviridae family. In this review, we describe the approaches to construct an infectious cDNA for PRRSV and the ten major applications of these infectious clones to study virus biology and virus–host interaction, and to design a new generation of vaccines with improved levels of safety and efficacy.
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32
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Lim B, Kim S, Lim KS, Jeong CG, Kim SC, Lee SM, Park CK, Te Pas MFW, Gho H, Kim TH, Lee KT, Kim WI, Kim JM. Integrated time-serial transcriptome networks reveal common innate and tissue-specific adaptive immune responses to PRRSV infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:128. [PMID: 33050948 PMCID: PMC7552595 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is the most important viral disease causing severe economic losses in the swine industry. However, mechanisms underlying gene expression control in immunity-responsible tissues at different time points during PRRSV infection are poorly understood. We constructed an integrated gene co-expression network and identified tissue- and time-dependent biological mechanisms of PRRSV infection through bioinformatics analysis using three tissues (lungs, bronchial lymph nodes [BLNs], and tonsils) via RNA-Seq. Three groups with specific expression patterns (i.e., the 3-dpi, lung, and BLN groups) were discovered. The 3 dpi-specific group showed antiviral and innate-immune signalling similar to the case for influenza A infection. Moreover, we observed adaptive immune responses in the lung-specific group based on various cytokines, while the BLN-specific group showed down-regulated AMPK signalling related to viral replication. Our study may provide comprehensive insights into PRRSV infection, as well as useful information for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghwi Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Haesu Gho
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tai Lee
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Go N, Belloc C, Bidot C, Touzeau S. Why, when and how should exposure be considered at the within-host scale? A modelling contribution to PRRSv infection. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2020; 36:179-206. [PMID: 29790952 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of pathogen exposure on the within-host dynamics and its outcome in terms of infectiousness is a key issue to better understand and control the infection spread. Most experimental and modelling studies tackling this issue looked at the impact of the exposure dose on the infection probability and pathogen load, very few on the within-host immune response. Our aim was to explore the impact on the within-host response not only of the exposure dose, but also of its duration and peak, for contrasted virulence levels. We used an integrative modelling approach of the within-host dynamics at the between-cell level. We focused on the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, a major concern for the swine industry. We quantified the impact of exposure and virulence on the viral dynamics and immune response by global sensitivity analyses and descriptive statistics. We found that the area under the viral curve, an indicator of the infection severity, was fully determined by the exposure intensity. The infection duration increased with the strain virulence and, for a given strain, exhibited a positive linear correlation with the exposure intensity logarithm and the exposure duration. Taking into account the exposure intensity is hence necessary. Besides, representing the exposure due to contacts by a single punctual dose would tend to underestimate the infection duration. As the infection severity and duration both contribute to the pig infectiousness, a prolonged exposure of the adequate intensity would be recommended in an immuno-epidemiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Go
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, LUNAM Université, Nantes, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Caroline Bidot
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Suzanne Touzeau
- ISA, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, France.,BIOCORE, Inria, INRA, CNRS, UPMC Université, Université Côte d'Azur, France
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34
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Lu Y, Gillam F, Cao QM, Rizzo A, Meng XJ, Zhang C. Hepatitis B core antigen-based vaccine demonstrates cross-neutralization against heterologous North American Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2) strains. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113945. [PMID: 32735804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. swine industry have been bearing the financial impact of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) for decades. Absent of a safe and efficacious vaccine to combat PRRS virus's genetic heterogeneity, it remains a costly disease on pig farms across the country. We have developed virus-like-particle (VLP) based vaccines that incorporate 4 PRRSV epitopes in the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) backbone. Administration of the vaccines in female BALB/C mice resulted in extremely significant PRRSV epitope specific antibody response. One vaccine candidate GP3-4 was able to mount a significant viral neutralizing response against both parental PRRSV strain VR2385 and heterologous PRRSV strain NADC20, showing a promising potential for cross-protection against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Frank Gillam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Qian M Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Amy Rizzo
- University Veterinarian & Animal Resources, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - X J Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Yu HY, Qu MS, Zhang JL, Gan L, Zhao Y, Shan XQ, Zhou W, Xia BB, Chen J, Wang ML, Zhao J. Recombinant Porcine Interferon Alpha Enhances Immune Responses to Killed Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccine in Pigs. Viral Immunol 2020; 32:383-392. [PMID: 31693458 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the immunoadjuvant effects of recombinant porcine interferon alpha (rPoIFNα) on the killed virus vaccine (KV) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pigs were investigated. The experimental pigs were divided into six groups, including normal control group, rPoIFNα control group, PRRSV KV control group, KV+40,000 U rPoIFNα immunization group, KV+400,000 U rPoIFNα immunization group, and KV+4,000,000 U rPoIFNα immunization group. The experimental pigs were boosted immunized on the 28th day after the initial immunization, and the heparinized blood and serum samples were collected at different time points of these two immunizations to detect and evaluate the immune responses of pigs after immunization by ELISA assay, neutralization assay, flow cytometry, and so on. The results showed that the proportion of the levels of PRRSV-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, stimulation index, IL-4, IFN-γ, and lymphocytes within the groups immunized with KV+rPoIFNα were significantly higher than that group immunized with KV alone. The humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs were markedly enhanced by rPoIFNα after the coadministration with KV vaccine. Therefore, we tentatively think that rPoIFNα is a potential immune promoter with prospects for future applications in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xue-Qin Shan
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bing-Bing Xia
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ming-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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36
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Ferlazzo G, Ruggeri J, Boniotti MB, Guarneri F, Barbieri I, Tonni M, Bertasio C, Alborali GL, Amadori M. In vitro Cytokine Responses to Virulent PRRS Virus Strains. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:335. [PMID: 32760741 PMCID: PMC7373743 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) affects farmed swine causing heavy direct and indirect losses. The infections sustained by PRRS viruses (PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2) may give rise to severe clinical cases. This highlights the issue of PRRSV pathogenicity and relevant markers thereof. Since PRRSV strains can be discriminated in terms of immunotypes, we aimed to detect possible correlates of virulence in vitro based on the profile of innate immune responses induced by strains of diverse virulence. To this purpose, 10 field PRRSV isolates were investigated in assays of innate immune response to detect possible features associated with virulence. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, and caspase-1 were measured in cultures of PRRSV-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PRRS-naive pigs, unable to support PRRSV replication. Two reference PRRSV strains (highly pathogenic and attenuated, respectively), were included in the screening. The PRRSV strains isolated from field cases were shown to vary widely in terms of inflammatory cytokine responses in vitro, which were substantially lacking with some strains including the reference, highly pathogenic one. In particular, neither the field PRRSV isolates nor the reference highly pathogenic strain gave rise to an IL-1beta response, which was consistently induced by the attenuated strain, only. This pattern of response was reversed in an inflammatory environment, in which the attenuated strain reduced the ongoing IL-1beta response. Results indicate that some pathogenic PRRSV strains can prevent a primary inflammatory response of PBMCs, associated with reduced permissiveness of mature macrophages for PRRSV replication in later phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ferlazzo
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruggeri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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37
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Pomorska-Mól M, Podgórska K, Czyżewska-Dors E, Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Gogulski M, Włodarek J, Łukomska A. Kinetics of single and dual simultaneous infection of pigs with swine influenza A virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1903-1913. [PMID: 32618394 PMCID: PMC7517861 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simultaneous viral infections exhibit the phenomenon of viral interference, but understanding of the effect of one virus on another is limited. Objective Evaluate and compare clinical characteristics, immune and acute phase response, viral shedding and viral load in pigs singly and doubly inoculated with swine influenza A virus (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Animals Fifty‐four 7‐week‐old piglets. Methods Clinical status and gross lung lesions were scored. Titration of swIAV was carried out in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells. The PRRSV RNA was quantified using a commercial qPCR kit. Antibodies were detected by hemagglutination inhibition assay and commercial ELISA. A lymphocyte proliferation assay was used to measure antigen‐specific T‐cell responses. Acute phase proteins were determined using ELISA. Results No differences were found between mean clinical scores, swIAV and PRRSV shedding, and magnitude of the humoral and T‐cell response between single‐inoculated and dual‐inoculated groups. Concentrations of C‐reactive protein and haptoglobin increased in PRRSV‐inoculated and coinoculated groups, whereas serum amyloid A concentration was increased in groups inoculated or coinoculated with swIAV. Mean swIAV TCID50 titers in the lungs did not differ significantly between coinoculated and swIAV single‐inoculated pigs. A significantly higher mean copy number of PRRSV was found in the lungs of PRRSV only‐inoculated pigs at 2 day postinoculation (DPI). From 4 DPI, no significant differences in PRRSV load were identified. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Coinfection of pigs with swIAV and PRRSV did not potentiate clinical signs, lung lesions, immune response, and replication of the viruses in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Gogulski
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Łukomska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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38
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Ruggeri J, Ferlazzo G, Boniotti MB, Capucci L, Guarneri F, Barbieri I, Alborali GL, Amadori M. Characterization of the IgA response to PRRS virus in pig oral fluids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229065. [PMID: 32126095 PMCID: PMC7053757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a complex model of host/virus relationship. Disease control measures often includes "acclimatization", i.e. the exposure of PRRS-naïve gilts and sows to PRRSV-infected pigs and premises before the breeding period. In this respect, we had repeatedly observed an association between PRRSV-specific IgA responses in oral fluids (OF) of gilts and block of PRRSV spread. Therefore, we set out to investigate in vitro the inhibition of PRRSV replication by OF samples with different titers of PRRSV-specific IgA and IgG antibody, using Real-time RT PCR. PRRSV yield reduction in monocyte-derived macrophages was associated with the IgA content in OF samples, whereas the IgG-rich samples were sometimes associated with antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of replication. Accordingly, we could discriminate between ADE-positive and ADE-negative PRRSV strains. Next, we separated Ig isotypes in OF samples of PRRSV-infected pigs by means of protein A and size exclusion chromatography. The above results were confirmed by using separated Ig isotypes. Both dimeric and monomeric IgA were associated with the strongest reduction of PRRSV replication. The treatment of pig macrophages with separated OF antibodies before PRRSV infection was also associated with PRRSV yield reduction, along with clear changes of both CD163 and CD169 surface expression. Our results point at a role of mucosal IgA in the control of PRRSV replication by extra- and/or intracellular interaction with PRRSV, as well as by induction of signals leading to a reduced susceptibility of macrophages to PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ruggeri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ferlazzo
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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39
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus E Protein Degrades Porcine Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00767-19. [PMID: 31341055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00767-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the global pig industry. Previous studies from our group and other groups showed that cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), a multitransmembrane endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzyme, catalyzes the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. However, PRRSV infection also actively decreases porcine CH25H (pCH25H) expression, through unidentified mechanisms. In this study, we found that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a major role in pCH25H degradation during PRRSV infection and that the PRRSV-encoded envelope (E) protein interacts with pCH25H. PRRSV E protein degraded pCH25H via ubiquitination, and the ubiquitination site was at pCH25H Lys28. Interestingly, PRRSV E protein appeared to specifically degrade pCH25H but not human CH25H, likely because of a Lys28Arg substitution in the human orthologue. As expected, ubiquitin-mediated degradation by E protein attenuated the antiviral effect of pCH25H by downregulating 25HC production. In addition, we found that knockdown of pCH25H decreased E protein-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and that pCH25H overexpression had the opposite effect. These findings suggested that regulation of pCH25H expression was associated with E protein-induced inflammatory responses. Taken together, our results and those of previous studies of the anti-PRRSV effects of CH25H highlight the complex interplay between PRRSV and pCH25H.IMPORTANCE CH25H has received significant attention due to its broad antiviral activity, which it mediates by catalyzing the production of 25HC. Most studies have focused on the antiviral mechanisms of CH25H; however, whether viruses also actively regulate CH25H expression has not yet been reported. Previous studies demonstrated that pCH25H inhibits PRRSV replication not only via production of 25HC but also by ubiquitination and degradation of viral nonstructural protein 1α. In this study, we expanded on previous work and found that PRRSV actively degrades pCH25H through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. PRRSV E protein, a viral structural protein, is involved in this process. This study reveals a novel mechanism of interaction between virus and host during PRRSV infection.
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Bitsouni V, Lycett S, Opriessnig T, Doeschl-Wilson A. Predicting vaccine effectiveness in livestock populations: A theoretical framework applied to PRRS virus infections in pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220738. [PMID: 31469850 PMCID: PMC6716781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines remain one of the main tools to control infectious diseases in domestic livestock. Although a plethora of veterinary vaccines are on the market and routinely applied to protect animals against infection with particular pathogens, the disease in question often continues to persist, sometimes at high prevalence. The limited effectiveness of certain vaccines in the field leaves open questions regarding the required properties that an effective vaccine should have, as well as the most efficient vaccination strategy for achieving the intended goal of vaccination programmes. To date a systematic approach for studying the combined effects of different types of vaccines and vaccination strategies is lacking. In this paper, we develop a theoretical framework for modelling the epidemiological consequences of vaccination with imperfect vaccines of various types, administered using different strategies to herds with different replacement rates and heterogeneity in vaccine responsiveness. Applying the model to the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), which despite routine vaccination remains one of the most significant endemic swine diseases worldwide, we then examine the influence of these diverse factors alone and in combination, on within-herd virus transmission. We derive threshold conditions for preventing infection invasion in the case of imperfect vaccines inducing limited sterilizing immunity. The model developed in this study has practical implications for the development of vaccines and vaccination programmes in livestock populations not only for PRRS, but also for other viral infections primarily transmitted by direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bitsouni
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Lambert MÈ, Delisle B, Arsenault J, Poljak Z, D'Allaire S. Positioning Quebec ORF5 sequences of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) within Canada and worldwide diversity. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103999. [PMID: 31408766 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing of ORF5 gene is widely used and considered essential for diagnostics and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in Canada. The objective of this study was to position Quebec ORF5 sequences of PRRS virus within Canada and worldwide diversity. Overall, 76.8% of the 5204 sequences gathered from Quebec (n = 5031), Ontario (n = 151) and Manitoba (n = 18) were classified into one of 34 genetic clusters defined as groupings including ≥15 sequences and having ≥70% rapid bootstrap support value from a maximum likelihood (ML)-phylogeny. Following the addition of PRRSV 2 international reference dataset from Shi et al. (2010), the most predominant lineages in our dataset were wild-type 1 and vaccine-like 5.1 (MLV) and 8.9 (ATP). No strains or only a very few (1 or 2) were assigned to lineages 1.3-1.5, 3, 4, 5.2, 6, 7 or 9. Most wild-type clusters (97%) detected in a dataset from Canada did not include any sequence from the international reference dataset. It might reflect recent subpopulations that were absent at the time of Shi's publication. As an example, cluster #25 first appeared in 2007, but since then had expanded considerably and is now the most prevalent wild-type cluster found in Quebec. A total of 117 RFLP patterns were identified and those were poorly correlated with genetic clusters based on phylogeny. Factors modulating PRRSV diversity such as pig movement that occurred within and between provinces should be further investigated in a perspective of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Lambert
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine (LEMP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Delisle
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine (LEMP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine (LEMP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvie D'Allaire
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine (LEMP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Toman M, Celer V, Kavanová L, Levá L, Frolichova J, Ondráčková P, Kudláčková H, Nechvátalová K, Salat J, Faldyna M. Dynamics and Differences in Systemic and Local Immune Responses After Vaccination With Inactivated and Live Commercial Vaccines and Subsequent Subclinical Infection With PRRS Virus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1689. [PMID: 31447829 PMCID: PMC6691355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of our study were to compare the immune response to different killed and modified live vaccines against PRRS virus and to monitor the antibody production and the cell mediated immunity both at the systemic and local level. In the experiment, we immunized four groups of piglets with two commercial inactivated (A1-Progressis, A2-Suivac) and two modified live vaccines (B3-Amervac, B4-Porcilis). Twenty-one days after the final vaccination, all piglets, including the control non-immunized group (C5), were i.n., infected with the Lelystad strain of PRRS virus. The serum antibody response (IgM and IgG) was the strongest in group A1 followed by two MLV (B3 and B4) groups. Locally, we demonstrated the highest level of IgG antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavages (BALF), and saliva in group A1, whereas low IgA antibody responses in BALF and feces were detected in all groups. We have found virus neutralization antibody at DPV 21 (days post vaccination) and higher levels in all groups including the control at DPI 21 (days post infection). Positive antigen specific cell-mediated response in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was observed in groups B3 and B4 at DPV 7 and in group B4 at DPV 21 and in all intervals after infection. The IFN-γ producing lymphocytes after antigen stimulation were found in CD4-CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ subsets of all immunized groups 7 days after infection. After infection, there were obvious differences in virus excretion. The virus was detected in all groups of piglets in serum, saliva, and occasionally in feces at DPI 3. Significantly lower virus load was found in groups A1 and B3 at DPI 21. Negative samples appeared at DPI 21 in B3 group in saliva. It can be concluded that antibodies after immunization and infection, and the virus after infection can be detected in all the compartments monitored. Immunization with inactivated vaccine A1-Progressis induces high levels of antibodies produced both systemically and locally. Immunization with MLV-vaccines (Amervac and Porcilis) produces sufficient antibody levels and also cell-mediated immunity. After infection virus secretion gradually decreases in group B3, indicating tendency to induce sterile immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Toman
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimir Celer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Kavanová
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Levá
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jitka Frolichova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Ondráčková
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Kudláčková
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
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43
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Wan B, Chen X, Li Y, Pang M, Chen H, Nie X, Pan Y, Qiao S, Bao D. Porcine FcγRIIb mediated PRRSV ADE infection through inhibiting IFN-β by cytoplasmic inhibitory signal transduction. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:198-206. [PMID: 31284005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is a significant obstacle to the development of effective vaccines for controlling PRRS. Our previous results have demonstrated that porcine FcγRIIb (poFcγRIIb) play an important role in mediating ADE of PRRSV infection in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in poFcγRIIb mediated-ADE are still not clear. In this study, MARC-145 cel1 lines stably expressing mutated poFcγRIIb (MARC-poFcγRIIb-T and MARC-poFcγRIIb-CT) in cytoplasm were established and the capacity of poFcγRIIb mutants in mediating ADE of PRRSV was investigated. Our results showed that removal of cytoplasmic domain or disruption the tyrosine residue within ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif) of the poFcγRIIb abolished the ability of poFcγRIIb to mediate ADE of PRRSV. Furthermore, we found that SHIP1 and TBK1 were involved in poFcγRIIb-mediated ADE of PRRSV infection. Taken together, our findings indicated that poFcγRIIb mediated the ADE pathway of PRRSV infection through recruiting SHIP-1, which further inhibited of TBK-1-IRF3-IFN-β signaling pathway to enhance PRRSV infection. These findings will contribute to the molecular mechanism of ADE infection and provide some implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wan
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mimi Pang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xueke Nie
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Dengke Bao
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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44
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Bernelin-Cottet C, Urien C, Stubsrud E, Jakob V, Bouguyon E, Bordet E, Barc C, Boulesteix O, Contreras V, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Trus I, Nauwynck H, Bertho N, Schwartz-Cornil I. A DNA-Modified Live Vaccine Prime-Boost Strategy Broadens the T-Cell Response and Enhances the Antibody Response against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E551. [PMID: 31207934 PMCID: PMC6630347 DOI: 10.3390/v11060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory illnesses in growing pigs and is considered as one of the main pathogenic agents responsible for economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. Modified live PRRSV vaccines (MLVs) are very effective vaccine types against homologous strains but they present only partial protection against heterologous viral variants. With the goal to induce broad and cross-protective immunity, we generated DNA vaccines encoding B and T antigens derived from a European subtype 1 strain that include T-cell epitope sequences known to be conserved across strains. These antigens were expressed either in a native form or in the form of vaccibodies targeted to the endocytic receptor XCR1 and CD11c expressed by different types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). When delivered in skin with cationic nanoparticles and surface electroporation, multiple DNA vaccinations as a stand-alone regimen induced substantial antibody and T-cell responses, which were not promoted by targeting antigens to APCs. Interestingly, a DNA-MLV prime-boost strategy strongly enhanced the antibody response and broadened the T-cell responses over the one induced by MLV or DNA-only. The anti-nucleoprotein antibody response induced by the DNA-MLV prime-boost was clearly promoted by targeting the antigen to CD11c and XCR1, indicating a benefit of APC-targeting on the B-cell response. In conclusion, a DNA-MLV prime-boost strategy, by enhancing the potency and breadth of MLV vaccines, stands as a promising vaccine strategy to improve the control of PRRSV in infected herds.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization Schedule
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Swine
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Urien
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Elise Bordet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Barc
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, INSERM U1184-CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses et 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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45
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Zhang L, Li Z, Deng X, Li J, Li T, Lv Y. Tylvalosin administration in pregnant sows attenuates the enlargement and bluish coloration of inguinal lymph nodes in newborn piglets. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:148-152. [PMID: 31228738 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the porcine industry, some piglets show slightly enlarged and bluish inguinal lymph nodes. However, the causative factors for these signs and prevention of these signs remain unclear. Tylvalosin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with an immunomodulatory function. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of tylvalosin on the abovementioned signs. Thus, fifteen 90-day pregnant sows were divided into an untreated control group and 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg feed tylvalosin-treated groups until delivery. Forty-five piglets on day 2 after birth (15 each group) were blooded, then oxidative stress, serum cytokine levels, routine blood analysis, and effect of sera on macrophage phagocytic activity were examined. Fifteen piglets on day 2 after birth (5 in each group) were euthanized and pathological changes in the inguinal lymph nodes were observed. The untreated piglets showed hemorrhage, hemosiderin accumulation, and increased macrophages in the inguinal lymph nodes. However, tylvalosin administration in sows alleviated these signs in their piglets; increased total antioxidant capacity and serum glutathione levels; decreased serum IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels; improved the percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the blood; and increased the body weight of the weaning piglets. In addition, the serum of newborn piglets also showed enhanced RAW264.7 macrophage phagocytic activity. These results demonstrated that tylvalosin administration in pregnant sows attenuates the enlargement and bluish coloration of inguinal lymph nodes in newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohong Deng
- ECO-BIOK Animal Health, English-Chinese Joint Venture of Two Public Stock Companies, Shanghai 200042, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Taomei Li
- ECO-BIOK Animal Health, English-Chinese Joint Venture of Two Public Stock Companies, Shanghai 200042, China
| | - Yingjun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Sánchez-Matamoros A, Camprodon A, Maldonado J, Pedrazuela R, Miranda J. Safety and long-lasting immunity of the combined administration of a modified-live virus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 and an inactivated vaccine against porcine parvovirus and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in breeding pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:11. [PMID: 31057805 PMCID: PMC6485153 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the field, vaccination schedules based on modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines administered twice in gilts and every three to four months in sows are commonly used to immunize breeding herds against porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV). Breeding sows are repeatedly vaccinated against several other agents. Thus, the combined administration of vaccines for their simultaneous use can simplify such complex immunization schedules. Here, we evaluated the safety and long-term immunity of the authorized combined administration of a PRRSV MLV vaccine and an inactivated vaccine against porcine parvovirus (PPV) and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae for their simultaneous use. Six-month-old naïve healthy gilts were vaccinated at day 0 and revaccinated at days 21 and 147, mimicking the abovementioned vaccination schedule. Systemic and local reactions, as well as body temperature, were measured. The excretion of PRRSV1 MLV was evaluated in oral fluids. Humoral responses against the three antigens were measured by ELISA. For PRRSV, homologous neutralizing antibodies (NAs) and homologous and heterologous cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were also assessed. Results The combined administration of the tested vaccines, applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions, was safe based on all evaluated parameters. Overall, we detected antibodies against PPV and PRRSV in all vaccinated pigs already after the first vaccination, whereas antibodies against E. rhusiopathiae were observed in all animals after revaccination. After subsequent revaccinations, we observed boosts for the humoral response for PPV at days 28 and 154 and at day 154 for E. rhusiopathiae. No boosts were detected during the experiment by PRRSV ELISA. In all vaccinated animals, homologous NAs against MLV were already detected before revaccination (day 21). After revaccination, there was a boost with mean titres of homologous NAs remaining constant thereafter. Concerning CMI, PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells were already detected at day 21 for all evaluated strains and we observed boosts for all PRRSV1 strains after revaccination and recall revaccination. Conclusions We showed that the combined administration of tested vaccines described here using a vaccination schedule against PRRSV commonly implemented for breeding pigs in the field is safe and induces long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity against PRRSV, PPV, and E. rhusiopathiae.
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47
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Montaner-Tarbes S, Del Portillo HA, Montoya M, Fraile L. Key Gaps in the Knowledge of the Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:38. [PMID: 30842948 PMCID: PMC6391865 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important swine diseases in the world. It is causing an enormous economic burden due to reproductive failure in sows and a complex respiratory syndrome in pigs of all ages, with mortality varying from 2 to 100% in the most extreme cases of emergent highly pathogenic strains. PRRSV displays complex interactions with the immune system and a high mutation rate, making the development, and implementation of control strategies a major challenge. In this review, the biology of the virus will be addressed focusing on newly discovered functions of non-structural proteins and novel dissemination mechanisms. Secondly, the role of different cell types and viral proteins will be reviewed in natural and vaccine-induced immune response together with the role of different immune evasion mechanisms focusing on those gaps of knowledge that are critical to generate more efficacious vaccines. Finally, novel strategies for antigen discovery and vaccine development will be discussed, in particular the use of exosomes (extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin). As nanocarriers of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, exosomes have potential effects on cell activation, modulation of immune responses and antigen presentation. Thus, representing a novel vaccination approach against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Montaner-Tarbes
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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48
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Immune response development after vaccination of 1-day-old naïve pigs with a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome 1-based modified live virus vaccine. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:2. [PMID: 30761215 PMCID: PMC6359793 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of the innate and adaptive immune responses to Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) after vaccination of 1 day-old pigs with a PRRSV-1 based modified live virus (MLV) vaccine by intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) routes was characterised, before and after challenge with a heterologous PRRSV-1 isolate at 18 weeks post-vaccination. Twenty-five PRRSV-seronegative piglets were used. At 1 day of age, pigs were administered with a single dose of vaccine via the IM (n = 10) or the IN route (n = 10). Control group (n = 5) received saline solution. After vaccination, pigs were bled at days 3, 7, 28, 56, 83, 113 and 125. Levels of cytokines IL-10, IL-8, IFN-α (measured by ELISA tests of serum), TNF-α and IFN-γ (measured by ELISA and ELISPOT, respectively, from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells), and serum neutralising antibodies (NA) to the vaccine strain, were measured. Results The induction of IL-10 was rare, indicating that IL-10 mediated immunomodulation/immune dysfunction was not a feature of this vaccine or of the challenge virus. IL-8 was detected in only two pigs following vaccination, but in the majority of pigs after challenge, indicating that their ability to produce an innate immune response was not impaired. TNF-α was not detected in any vaccinated pigs until day 83. After challenge, only a minority of pigs produced TNF-α. IFN-α was detected in all vaccinated pigs following vaccination, indicating the potential for development of an effective Th1 adaptive immune response. IFN-γ-secreting cells were detected in all vaccinated pigs after vaccination. NA to the vaccine strain were first detected at day 56 in pigs vaccinated by both routes, and remained at similar levels until challenge. After challenge, a boost in NA was observed. The efficacy of the vaccine was demonstrated by reduction of viraemia and nasal shedding after challenge. Conclusions The administration of a PRRSV-1 based MLV vaccine to 1 day-old piglets was able to induce an immune response characterised by: (1) undetectable or low levels of IL-10, IL-8 and TNF-α, (2) an increase in IFN-α expression within the first seven days, (3) a gradual increase in the number of antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells, and (4) induction of detectable NA. After challenge with a heterologous strain, there was a rapid boost in NA titres, indicating a priming effect of the vaccine.
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Go N, Touzeau S, Islam Z, Belloc C, Doeschl-Wilson A. How to prevent viremia rebound? Evidence from a PRRSv data-supported model of immune response. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:15. [PMID: 30696429 PMCID: PMC6352383 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding what determines the between-host variability in infection dynamics is a key issue to better control the infection spread. In particular, pathogen clearance is desirable over rebounds for the health of the infected individual and its contact group. In this context, the Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome virus (PRRSv) is of particular interest. Numerous studies have shown that pigs similarly infected with this highly ubiquitous virus elicit diverse response profiles. Whilst some manage to clear the virus within a few weeks, others experience prolonged infection with a rebound. Despite much speculation, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this undesirable rebound phenomenon remain unclear. Results We aimed at identifying immune mechanisms that can reproduce and explain the rebound patterns observed in PRRSv infection using a mathematical modelling approach of the within-host dynamics. As diverse mechanisms were found to influence PRRSv infection, we established a model that details the major mechanisms and their regulations at the between-cell scale. We developed an ABC-like optimisation method to fit our model to an extensive set of experimental data, consisting of non-rebounder and rebounder viremia profiles. We compared, between both profiles, the estimated parameter values, the resulting immune dynamics and the efficacies of the underlying immune mechanisms. Exploring the influence of these mechanisms, we showed that rebound was promoted by high apoptosis, high cell infection and low cytolysis by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, while increasing neutralisation was very efficient to prevent rebounds. Conclusions Our paper provides an original model of the immune response and an appropriate systematic fitting method, whose interest extends beyond PRRS infection. It gives the first mechanistic explanation for emergence of rebounds during PRRSv infection. Moreover, results suggest that vaccines or genetic selection promoting strong neutralising and cytolytic responses, ideally associated with low apoptotic activity and cell permissiveness, would prevent rebound. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0666-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Go
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, Nantes, France. .,BIOCORE, Inria, INRA, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Côte d'Azur, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, Sophia Antipolis, France. .,Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK.
| | - Suzanne Touzeau
- BIOCORE, Inria, INRA, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Côte d'Azur, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, Sophia Antipolis, France.,ISA, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Zeenath Islam
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Catherine Belloc
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, Nantes, France
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Oh T, Kim H, Park KH, Jeong J, Yang S, Kang I, Chae C. Comparison of four commercial PRRSV MLV vaccines in herds with co-circulation of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:66-73. [PMID: 30961820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of four commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines against respiratory disease was evaluated and compared in pig farms suffering from co-infection with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. All vaccinated groups on average exhibited improved growth rate compared to the unvaccinated pigs. Interestingly, the two groups vaccinated with either of the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines had a better overall growth rate compared to the pigs vaccinated with either of the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccines. Vaccination of pigs with either of the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccines did not result in reduction of PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 viremia whereas vaccination of pigs with either of the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines resulted in the reduction of PRRSV-2 viremia only. Taken together, the results of this field study demonstrate that a PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine can be efficacious against respiratory disease caused by co-infection with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Oh
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjin Kim
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae Kang
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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