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Altissimi C, Noé-Nordberg C, Ranucci D, Paulsen P. Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat-A Literature Survey for the Period 2012-2022. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081689. [PMID: 37107481 PMCID: PMC10137515 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild boar is an abundant game species with high reproduction rates. The management of the wild boar population by hunting contributes to the meat supply and can help to avoid a spillover of transmissible animal diseases to domestic pigs, thus compromising food security. By the same token, wild boar can carry foodborne zoonotic pathogens, impacting food safety. We reviewed literature from 2012-2022 on biological hazards, which are considered in European Union legislation and in international standards on animal health. We identified 15 viral, 10 bacterial, and 5 parasitic agents and selected those nine bacteria that are zoonotic and can be transmitted to humans via food. The prevalence of Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica on muscle surfaces or in muscle tissues of wild boar varied from 0 to ca. 70%. One experimental study reported the transmission and survival of Mycobacterium on wild boar meat. Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacteria have been isolated from the liver and spleen. For Brucella, studies stressed the occupational exposure risk, but no indication of meat-borne transmission was evident. Furthermore, the transmission of C. burnetii is most likely via vectors (i.e., ticks). In the absence of more detailed data for the European Union, it is advisable to focus on the efficacy of current game meat inspection and food safety management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Altissimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Scott-Baumann J, Pizzey R, Beckmann M, Villarreal-Ramos B, King J, Hopkins B, Rooke D, Hewinson G, Mur LAJ. Metabotyping the Welsh population of badgers based on thoracic fluid. Metabolomics 2022; 18:30. [PMID: 35524831 PMCID: PMC9079023 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The European badger (Meles meles) is a known wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and a better understanding of the epidemiology of bTB in this wildlife species is required for disease control in both wild and farmed animals. Flow infusion electrospray-high-resolution mass spectrometry (FIE-HRMS) may potentially identify novel metabolite biomarkers based on which new, rapid, and sensitive point of care tests for bTB infection could be developed. OBJECTIVES In this foundational study, we engaged on assessing the baseline metabolomic variation in the non-bTB infected badger population ("metabotyping") across Wales. METHODS FIE-HRMS was applied on thoracic fluid samples obtained by post-mortem of bTB negative badgers (n = 285) which were part of the Welsh Government 'All Wales Badger Found Dead' study. RESULTS Using principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analyses, the major sources of variation were linked to sex, and to a much lesser extent age, as indicated by tooth wear. Within the female population, variation was seen between lactating and non-lactating individuals. No significant variation linked to the presence of bite wounds, obvious lymphatic lesions or geographical region of origin was observed. CONCLUSION Future metabolomic work when making comparisons between bTB infected and non-infected badger samples will only need be sex-matched and could focus on males only, to avoid lactation bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Scott-Baumann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Richard Pizzey
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Ceredigion, UK
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3AR, UK
- TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Jonathan King
- Wales Veterinary Science Centre, Y Buarth, Aberystwyth, SY23 1ND, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Beverley Hopkins
- Wales Veterinary Science Centre, Y Buarth, Aberystwyth, SY23 1ND, Ceredigion, UK
| | | | - Glyn Hewinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Ceredigion, UK
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3AR, UK
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Ceredigion, UK.
- , B2.03 Edward Llwyd, Penglais, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FL, UK.
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Mitchell JL, Ganis L, Blacklock BT, Petrushkin H, Hope JC, Gunn-Moore DA. Ocular Tuberculosis: More than 'Of Mice and Men'. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 30:34-38. [PMID: 32946291 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1797116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex, is one of the oldest known infectious disease entities, resulting in the death of millions of humans each year. It also results in a substantial degree of morbidity and mortality in animal species. Extrapulmonary TB is well recognized in humans, and the eye is one site that can be affected. Studies seeking to understand ocular TB have often relied on animal models; however, these have their limitations and may not truly reflect what happens in humans. We wish to raise awareness among ophthalmologists and vision scientists of naturally occurring cases of ocular TB in animals, namely cattle and domestic cats, and the possibilities of gaining further understanding of this presentation of TB by adopting a collaborative approach. This will hopefully improve outcomes for both human and animal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Mitchell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Laura Ganis
- Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Benjamin T Blacklock
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Harry Petrushkin
- Moorfields Eye Hospital Foundation Trust, Uveitis and Scleritis Service, London, UK.,Rheumatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Barandiaran S, Marfil MJ, Capobianco G, Pérez Aguirreburualde MS, Zumárraga MJ, Eirin ME, Cuerda MX, Winter M, Martínez Vivot M, Perez AM, La Sala LF. Epidemiology of Pig Tuberculosis in Argentina. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:693082. [PMID: 34381835 PMCID: PMC8350762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.693082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease caused mainly by the Mycobacterium bovis and that is endemic to livestock populations in most Latin American countries. Traditionally, bTB control programs are costly and targeted to cattle, largely disregarding other species such as swine and wildlife. According to official services, in Argentina disease prevalence in pigs is comparable to that observed in cattle, suggesting the need for efficient control programs to manage the disease in both species. Additionally, extensive farming systems, which are commonly practiced in Argentina, allow the interaction between livestock and wildlife such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), which is considered a natural host of the disease. Here, we evaluated the bTB pigs- cattle interface, studying the dynamics of M. bovis isolates in the pig population and identifying farm-level epidemiological variables associated with the disease confirmation at slaughterhouses. Additionally, to assess the potential multi-host systems in the transmission of bTB, the molecular characterization of wild boar mycobacterial strains was included in the study, as this interaction has not been previously evaluated in this region. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between farm-level epidemiological variables (location, farm size, and co-existence with cattle and goats) and bTB confirmation in pig tuberculosis-like lesions samples. Results showed that when cattle were present, the odds of bTB in pigs decreased 0.3 or 0.6% for every additional sow when cattle were present or absent in the farm, respectively. Pigs shared 60% (18/30) of the genotypes with cattle and wild boar, suggesting transmission at the interface between pigs and cattle and highlighting the potential role of wild boar in bTB maintenance. These results provide novel information about the molecular diversity of M. bovis strains in pigs in Argentina and proposes the potential relevance of a multi-host system in the epidemiology of bTB in the region. The statistical models presented here may be used in the design of a low cost, abattoir-based surveillance program for bTB in the pig industry in Argentina, with potential extension to other settings with similar epidemiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Barandiaran
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jimena Marfil
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Capobianco
- Departamento de Matemática, Instituto de Matemática de Bahía Blanca- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Pérez Aguirreburualde
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota City, MN, United States
| | - Martín José Zumárraga
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Eirin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Ximena Cuerda
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Winter
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Río Negro, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Marcela Martínez Vivot
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres Maximiliano Perez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano Francisco La Sala
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mitchell JL, Del Pozo J, Woolley CSC, Dheendsa R, Hope JC, Gunn-Moore DA. Histological and immunohistochemical features suggesting aetiological differences in lymph node and (muco)cutaneous feline tuberculosis lesions. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:174-187. [PMID: 34101189 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and describe histological and immunohistochemical criteria that may differentiate between skin and lymph node lesions associated with Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. microti in a diagnostic pathology setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archived skin and lymph node biopsies of tuberculous lesions were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen and Masson's Trichrome. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of calprotectin, CD3 and Pax5. Samples were scored for histological parameters (i.e. granulomas with central necrosis versus small granulomas without central necrosis, percentage necrosis and/or multinucleated giant cells), number of acid-fast bacilli (bacterial index) and lesion percentage of fibrosis and positive immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Twenty-two samples were examined (M. bovis n=11, M. microti n=11). When controlling for age, gender and tissue, feline M. bovis-associated lesions more often featured large multi-layered granulomas with central necrosis. Conversely, this presentation was infrequent in feline M. microti-associated lesions, where small granulomas without central necrosis predominated. The presence of an outer fibrous capsule was variable in both groups, as was the bacterial index. There were no differences in intralesional expression of immunohistochemical markers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Differences in the histological appearance of skin and lymph node lesions may help to infer feline infection with either M. bovis or M. microti at an earlier stage when investigating these cases, informing clinicians of the potential zoonotic risk. Importantly, cases of tuberculosis can present with numerous acid-fast bacilli. This implies that a high bacterial index does not infer infection with non-zoonotic non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mitchell
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J Del Pozo
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C S C Woolley
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R Dheendsa
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J C Hope
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D A Gunn-Moore
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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6
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Fellag M, Loukil A, Drancourt M. The puzzle of the evolutionary natural history of tuberculosis. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41:100712. [PMID: 33996102 PMCID: PMC8094893 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pieces of the puzzle of the natural history of tuberculosis are assembled in this review to illustrate the potential reservoirs and sources of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) mycobacteria, their transmission to animals and humans, and their fate in populations, in a co-evolutionary perspective. Millennia-old companions of mammalian and human populations, MTBC are detected in the soil, in which they infect and survive within vegetative amoebae and cysts, except for Mycobacterium canettii. Never detected in the sphere of plants, they are transmissible by transcutaneous, digestive and respiratory routes and cause an infection of the lymphatic system with secondary dissemination in most tissues, in which they determine a specific and non-pathognomonic granulomatous inflammatory reaction; in which MTBC survives in dormant form irrespective of MTBC species and mammalian species; indicating that the current epidemiology in mammalian populations is essentially governed by the probabilities of contact between mammalian species and MTBC species. Individual variabilities in clinical expression of tuberculosis are related to MTBC species, strain and inoculum; host genetic factors; acquired modulations of the inflammatory response; and probably human microbiota. This review of the literature suggests an evolutionary natural history of telluric environmental mycobacteria, satellites of unicellular eukaryotes, transmissible to mammals via the digestive and then respiratory tracts, in which they determine a fatal contagious infection that is primarily lymphatic and a quiescence-mimicking encysted form. This review opens perspectives for microbiological and translational medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fellag
- Aix-Marseille-Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - A. Loukil
- Aix-Marseille-Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - M. Drancourt
- Aix-Marseille-Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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7
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Ramos B, Pereira AC, Reis AC, Cunha MV. Estimates of the global and continental burden of animal tuberculosis in key livestock species worldwide: A meta-analysis study. One Health 2020; 10:100169. [PMID: 33134472 PMCID: PMC7582805 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic animal tuberculosis (TB) is a One Health paradigm infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria, that affects different host species with varying levels of management. In most developed countries, official surveillance and control strategies support the longitudinal reporting of herd and/or animal prevalence. However, for under resourced countries without surveillance plans, this information may be obtained from cross-sectional studies only. The objective of this meta-analysis was to perform a worldwide estimate of the overall prevalence of animal TB in different livestock species whose importance in production systems varies according to the region of the world. The ISI's Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched combining keywords and related database-specific subject terms to identify relevant cohort or cross-sectional work published in this topic. A total of 443 articles were retrieved, screened, and a final set of 182 references included. Potential sources of variation were investigated using subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Prevalence estimates in five mammalian host groups were stratified according to host species, host characteristics, anatomical localization of lesions, sample size, geographical location, and diagnostic tests. The multivariable meta-regression analysis accounted for a range between 0% (farmed wild boar) and 68.71% (camelids) of the overall observed heterogeneity, indicating that the pondered predictors partially explain the observed variability. Differences in the overall prevalence of TB across hosts were small, with most groups showing values around 10%, except farmed wild boar (41%). The sample size emerged as an important moderator, with small size studies leading to the overestimation of prevalence. TB prevalence rates were very heterogeneous across continents and depended on the host, with lower values (below 10%) in Africa and Asia, while North America (33.6%, cattle), Europe (51%, goats), and South America (85.7%, pigs) exhibited higher rates, possibly related to greater densities of specific host groups managed on more intensive production systems. Stratification by diagnostic tests evidenced heterogeneous prevalence rates depending on the host group, possibly reflecting differences in test performance across different hosts. Results from this study highlight different TB burden scenarios, pinpointing host groups and diagnostics that should be prioritized in surveillance systems in different regions, thus providing policy-relevant information to catalyse TB control in settings with lower installed capacity and better resource allocation at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ramos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André C. Pereira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Reis
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica V. Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Konold T, Dale J, Spiropoulos J, Simmons H, Godinho A. Case of TB in a sheep caused by
Mycobacterium bovis
with transmission to another sheep and a steer in the same building. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - James Dale
- Bacterial Characterisation Group (TB Genotyping)Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - Hugh Simmons
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - Ana Godinho
- School of MedicineUniversity of Minho Life and Health Sciences Research InstituteBragaPortugal
- ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate LaboratoryUniversidade do Minho Instituto de Investigacao em Ciencias da Vida e SaudeGuimarãesPortugal
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Macedo Couto R, Ranzani OT, Waldman EA. Zoonotic Tuberculosis in Humans: Control, Surveillance, and the One Health Approach. Epidemiol Rev 2020; 41:130-144. [PMID: 32294188 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic tuberculosis is a reemerging infectious disease in high-income countries and a neglected one in low- and middle-income countries. Despite major advances in its control as a result of milk pasteurization, its global burden is unknown, especially due the lack of surveillance data. Additionally, very little is known about control strategies. The purpose of this review was to contextualize the current knowledge about the epidemiology of zoonotic tuberculosis and to describe the available evidence regarding surveillance and control strategies in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. We conducted this review enriched by a One Health perspective, encompassing its inherent multifaceted characteristics. We found that the burden of zoonotic tuberculosis is likely to be underreported worldwide, with higher incidence in low-income countries, where the surveillance systems are even more fragile. Together with the lack of specific political commitment, surveillance data is affected by lack of a case definition and limitations of diagnostic methods. Control measures were dependent on risk factors and varied greatly between countries. This review supports the claim that a One Health approach is the most valuable concept to build capable surveillance systems, resulting in effective control measures. The disease characteristics and suggestions to implement surveillance and control programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Macedo Couto
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio T Ranzani
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Alves Waldman
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fielding HR, McKinley TJ, Delahay RJ, Silk MJ, McDonald RA. Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191806. [PMID: 32431877 PMCID: PMC7211880 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trading animals between farms and via markets can provide a conduit for spread of infections. By studying trading networks, we might better understand the dynamics of livestock diseases. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Our findings are consistent with variation in bTB risk associated with region, herd size, disease risk area and history of previous bTB incidents on the root farm and nearby farms. However, we also identified effects of both direct and indirect trading patterns, such that connections to more farms in the England High-Risk Area up to three movements away from the root farm increased the odds of a bTB incident, while connections with more farms in the England Low-Risk Area up to eight movements away decreased the odds. Relative to other risk factors for bTB, trading behaviours are arguably more amenable to change, and consideration of risks associated with indirect trading, as well direct trading, might therefore offer an additional approach to bTB control in Great Britain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Fielding
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Trevelyan J. McKinley
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Richard J. Delahay
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Nympsfield, Stonehouse GL10 3UJ, UK
| | - Matthew J. Silk
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
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11
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Carneiro PAM, Pasquatti TN, Takatani H, Zumárraga MJ, Marfil MJ, Barnard C, Fitzgerald SD, Abramovitch RB, Araujo FR, Kaneene JB. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and buffalo in Amazon Region, Brazil. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:133-141. [PMID: 31571406 PMCID: PMC7036311 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and buffalo tissue samples, from two Brazilian states, and to analyse their genetic diversity by spoligotyping. Tissue samples from tuberculosis suspect animals, 57 in Amazonas State (12 cattle and 45 buffaloes) and six from Pará State (5 cattle and one buffalo) from slaughterhouses under State Veterinary Inspection, were isolated in culture medium Stonebrink. The positive cultures were confirmed by PCR and analysed by the spoligotyping technique and the patterns (spoligotypes) were identified and compared at the Mycobacterium bovis Spoligotype Database (http://www.mbovis.org/). There was bacterial growth in 44 (69.8%) of the tissues of the 63 animals, of which PCR for region of differentiation 4 identified 35/44 (79.5%) as Mycobacterium bovis. Six different spoligotypes were identified among the 35 Mycobacterium bovis isolates, of which SB0295, SB1869, SB0121 and SB1800 had already been described in Brazil, and SB0822 and SB1608 had not been described. The most frequent spoligotype in this study (SB0822) had already been described in buffaloes in Colombia, a neighbouring country of Amazonas state. The other identified spoligotypes were also described in other South American countries, such as Argentina and Venezuela, and described in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás, indicating an active movement of Mycobacterium bovis strains within Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A M Carneiro
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Amazonas State Federal Institute, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Haruo Takatani
- Agencia de Defesa Agropecuaria do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Martin J Zumárraga
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria J Marfil
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Flábio R Araujo
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Attig F, Barth SA, Kohlbach M, Baumgärtner W, Lehmbecker A. Unusual Manifestation of a Mycobacterium bovis SB0950 Infection in a Domestic Cat. J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:1-4. [PMID: 31690406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the main agent of bovine tuberculosis, but has also zoonotic potential. An 8-month-old female domestic shorthaired cat imported from Ukraine developed wound complications after abdominal surgery. A second surgery performed in Germany showed a focal, partly cystic mass within the mesentery. Despite antimicrobial treatment, the cat did not recover and was humanely destroyed. Grossly, several abdominal lymph nodes were enlarged. Histopathology revealed a mild to moderate, multifocal, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous, partially necrotizing inflammation, most prominent in the abdominal cavity. Within the lesions there were acid-fast bacilli within the cytoplasm of macrophages demonstrated by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Further investigations revealed M. bovis SB0950 in the affected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Attig
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - S A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - M Kohlbach
- Veterinary Joint Practice Janssen and König, Wennigsen, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - A Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Černá P, O'Halloran C, SjatkovskaJ O, Gunn-Moore DA. Outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a cattery of Abyssinian cats in Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:250-258. [PMID: 30179308 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is a re-emerging zoonosis; it was diagnosed in five Abyssinian cats in a breeding cattery in Italy. The infection entered the cattery with an imported kitten (cat A); it had a suspected bite wound on its leg that had been treated at a veterinary clinic in Kiev, Ukraine, which is probably where it became infected with M. bovis. When the kitten arrived in Italy, there were four cats in the cattery; an adult female, her two kittens and a kitten imported from Russia. These were all healthy, and had no outdoor access. All five cats developed tuberculous interstitial pneumonia; in cat A this occurred 6 weeks after importation, the others were diagnosed 4-6 weeks later. Three cats were euthanised with deteriorating pneumonia while two cats remained clinically well on antibiotic therapy (marbofloxacin, doxycycline and azithromycin). The latter cases were euthanised after 5 weeks, as required by Italian law once M. bovis infection was suspected. Changes consistent with tuberculosis on gross post-mortem examination included mesenteric and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, and the presence of disseminated focal white lesions on the cut surface of the spleen, liver and lungs. Visible acid-fast bacteria (cats A, B and C) were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR (cats A, B, C, D and E), refined to M. bovis (cats A, B and D), spoligotype SB0950 (cats A and D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | | | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Bovine tuberculosis in working foxhounds: lessons learned from a complex public health investigation. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e24. [PMID: 30298799 PMCID: PMC6518589 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, Public Health England South East Health Protection Team (HPT) were involved in the management of an outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis) in a pack of working foxhounds. This paper summarises the actions taken by the team in managing the public health aspects of the outbreak, and lessons learned to improve the management of future potential outbreaks. A literature search was conducted to identify relevant publications on M. bovis. Clinical notes from the Public Health England (PHE) health protection database were reviewed and key points extracted. Animal and public health stakeholders involved in the management of the situation provided further evidence through unstructured interviews and personal communications. The PHE South East team initially provided ‘inform and advise’ letters to human contacts whilst awaiting laboratory confirmation to identify the infectious agent. Once M. bovis had been confirmed in the hounds, an in-depth risk assessment was conducted, and contacts were stratified in to risk pools. Eleven out of 20 exposed persons with the greatest risk of exposure were recommended to attend TB screening and one tested positive, but had no evidence of active TB infection. The number of human contacts working with foxhound packs can be large and varied. HPTs should undertake a comprehensive risk assessment of all potential routes of exposure, involve all other relevant stakeholders from an early stage and undertake regular risk assessments. Current guidance should be revised to account for the unique risks to human health posed by exposure to infected working dogs.
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O'Halloran C, Hope JC, Dobromylskyj M, Burr P, McDonald K, Rhodes S, Roberts T, Dampney R, De la Rua-Domenech R, Robinson N, Gunn-Moore DA. An outbreak of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis infection in a pack of English Foxhounds (2016-2017). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1872-1884. [PMID: 30058193 PMCID: PMC6282731 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis can cause tuberculosis (TB) in social mammals including lions, cattle and man, but canine infections are considered rare. In 2016/17 we investigated a M. bovis TB outbreak in a pack of approximately 180 Foxhounds within the bovine TB Edge Area of England. We employed a combination of immunological tests including an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and a serological assay (DPP VetTB, Chembio). Test‐positive hounds were euthanased and subjected to post‐mortem examination (PME). Overall 164 hounds were tested; 97 (59%) responded positively to at least one test. Eighty‐five (52%) dogs responded to M. bovis antigens by IGRA while only 21 (12.9%) had detectable serological responses. At PME three hounds (3.1%) had visible lesions (VL) due to M. bovis infection, later confirmed by culture. Samples from 24 non‐VL hounds were cultured and M. bovis infection was confirmed in a further three hounds (11%). This study is the first investigation and report of an outbreak of M. bovis TB in a canine species. We establish that, in principle, diagnostic tests used for identifying infected individuals of other species can effectively be used in the dog. Further work is urgently needed to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the testing approach used in this study for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tony Roberts
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | - Danielle A Gunn-Moore
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Experimental infection of dromedaries with Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus is accompanied by massive ciliary loss and depletion of the cell surface receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9778. [PMID: 29950581 PMCID: PMC6021449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) represents an important respiratory disease accompanied by lethal outcome in one-third of human patients. Recent data indicate that dromedaries represent an important source of infection, although information regarding viral cell tropism and pathogenesis is sparse. In the current study, tissues of eight dromedaries receiving inoculation of MERS-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) after recombinant Modified-Vaccinia-Virus-Ankara (MVA-S)-vaccination (n = 4), MVA-vaccination (mock vaccination, n = 2) and PBS application (mock vaccination, n = 2), respectively, were investigated. Tissues were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. MERS-CoV infection in mock-vaccinated dromedaries revealed high numbers of MERS-CoV-nucleocapsid positive cells, T cells, and macrophages within nasal turbinates and trachea at day four post infection. Double immunolabeling demonstrated cytokeratin (CK) 18 expressing epithelial cells to be the prevailing target cell of MERS-CoV, while CK5/6 and CK14 expressing cells did not co-localize with virus. In addition, virus was occasionally detected in macrophages. The acute disease was further accompanied by ciliary loss along with a lack of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), known to mediate virus entry. DPP4 was mainly expressed by human lymphocytes and dromedary monocytes, but overall the expression level was lower in dromedaries. The present study underlines significant species-specific manifestations of MERS and highlights ciliary loss as an important finding in dromedaries. The obtained results promote a better understanding of coronavirus infections, which pose major health challenges.
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Immunohistochemical characterization of tuberculous lesions in sheep naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:154. [PMID: 29728127 PMCID: PMC5935922 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sheep have been traditionally considered as less susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis (Mbovis) infection than other domestic ruminants such as cattle and goats. However, there is increasing evidence for the role of this species as a domestic Mbovis reservoir, mostly when sheep share grazing fields with infected cattle and goats. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information about the pathogenesis and the immune response of Mbovis infection in sheep. The goals of this study were to characterize the granuloma stages produced by the natural infection of Mbovis in sheep, to compare them with other species and to identify possible differences in the sheep immune response. Samples from bronchial lymph nodes from twelve Mbovis-naturally infected sheep were used. Four immunohistochemical protocols for the specific detection of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were performed to study the local immune reaction within the granulomas. Results Differences were observed in the predominant cell type present in each type of granuloma, as well as differences and similarities with the development of tuberculous granulomas in other species. Very low numbers of T-lymphocytes were observed in all granuloma types indicating that specific cellular immune response mediated by T-cells might not be of much importance in sheep in the early stages of infection, when macrophages are the predominant cell type within lesions. Plasma cells and mainly B lymphocytes increased considerably as the granuloma developed being attracted to the lesions in a shift towards a Th2 response against the increasing amounts of mycobacteria. Therefore, we have proposed that the granulomas could be defined as initial, developed and terminal. Conclusions Results showed that the study of the lymphoid tissue granulomata reinforces the view that the three different types of granuloma represent stages of lesion progression and suggest an explanation to the higher resistance of sheep based on a higher effective innate immune response to control tuberculosis infection.
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Pekkarinen H, Airas N, Savolainen LE, Rantala M, Kilpinen S, Miuku O, Speeti M, Karkamo V, Malkamäki S, Vaara M, Sukura A, Syrjä P. Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria can Cause Disseminated Mycobacteriosis in Cats. J Comp Pathol 2018; 160:1-9. [PMID: 29729715 PMCID: PMC7094269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is a rising concern in human medicine both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. In cats, mycobacteriosis caused by NTM is considered mostly to be a focal or dermal infection, with disseminated disease mostly caused by Mycobacterium avium. We describe three cases of disseminated mycobacteriosis in cats, caused by Mycobacterium malmoense, Mycobacterium branderi/shimoidei and M. avium, with no identified underlying immunosuppression. In all cases, extracellular mycobacteria were seen in the pulmonary epithelium, intestinal lumen and glomerular tufts, which could affect the shedding of the organism. The present study highlights the importance of mycobacteriosis as a differential even in immunocompetent animals. Considering the close relationship of owners and pets and the potential presence of free mycobacteria in secretions, cats should be considered as a possible environmental reservoir for mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pekkarinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - N Airas
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - L E Savolainen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Finland
| | - M Rantala
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Kilpinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Miuku
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Speeti
- Herttoniemi Veterinary Clinic, Hiihtomäentie 35, Finland
| | - V Karkamo
- Pathology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Malkamäki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Vaara
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Finland
| | - A Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Syrjä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, University of Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00518-16. [PMID: 27974399 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00518-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis in goats is usually diagnosed clinically, at postmortem, or by a positive skin test. However, none of these approaches detects all infected animals. Serology offers an additional tool to identify infected animals missed by current tests. We describe the use of the Enferplex Caprine TB serology test to aid the management of a large dairy goat herd undergoing a tuberculosis breakdown. Initial skin and serology testing showed that IgG antibodies were present in both serum and milk from 100% of skin test-positive animals and in serum and milk from 77.8 and 95.4% of skin test-negative animals, respectively. A good correlation was observed between serum and milk antibody levels. The herd had been vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, but no direct serological cross-reactions were found. Subsequent skin testing revealed 13.7% positive animals, 64.9% of which were antibody positive, while 42.1% of skin test-negative animals were seropositive. Antibody responses remained high 1 month later (57.1% positive), and the herd was slaughtered. Postmortem analysis of 20 skin test-negative goats revealed visible lesions in 6 animals, all of which had antibodies to six Mycobacterium bovis antigens. The results provide indirect evidence that serology testing with serum or milk could be a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in goats.
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Fitzgerald SD, Hollinger C, Mullaney TP, Bruning-Fann CS, Tilden J, Smith R, Averill J, Kaneene JB. Herd outbreak of bovine tuberculosis illustrates that route of infection correlates with anatomic distribution of lesions in cattle and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:129-32. [PMID: 26965232 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715626484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in a Michigan dairy herd resulted in quarantine, depopulation, pathology, and epidemiologic investigations. This herd, compared to other TB-infected herds in Michigan, was unusual in the long-term feeding of waste milk to its replacement calves. The herd had 80 cattle with positive results on caudal fold test or gamma interferon testing, which were reclassified as suspects because the herd had never been known to be tuberculous previously. Autopsy revealed striking variation in the anatomic distribution of gross anatomic lesions, microscopic lesions, and culture-positive lymph nodes between the adult cattle, the calves, and the domestic cats present on the farm. Adult cattle had lesions and culture-positive lymph nodes predominantly within the thoracic lymph nodes, whereas cats had 50% of their lesions and culture-positive lymph nodes in their abdomens, and 50% of positive calves had culture-positive lymph nodes in their abdomens. This difference in anatomic distribution correlated with the likely routes of infection, which are believed to be by direct airborne transmission in adult cattle and indirect ingestion of contaminated milk in both calves and cats. Although TB literature over the past 100-plus years states that the route of infection may manifest itself in differences in lesion anatomic distribution, our team has been working with TB for over 20 years, and we have never encountered such striking variation between different groups of animals on the same farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Fitzgerald
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
| | - Charlotte Hollinger
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
| | - Thomas P Mullaney
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
| | - Colleen S Bruning-Fann
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
| | - John Tilden
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
| | - Rick Smith
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
| | - James Averill
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
| | - John B Kaneene
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Fitzgerald, Hollinger, Mullaney)District Office, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI (Bruning-Fann)Food Safety Planning and Response Unit, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Tilden)State Veterinarian's Office, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI (Smith, Averill)Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Kaneene)
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A review of risk factors for bovine tuberculosis infection in cattle in the UK and Ireland. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2899-2926. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease of cattle caused by infection withMycobacterium bovis, a pathogen that may be extremely difficult to eradicate in the presence of a true wildlife reservoir. Our objective was to identify and review relevant literature and provide a succinct summary of current knowledge of risk factors for transmission of infection of cattle. Search strings were developed to identify publications from electronic databases to February 2015. Abstracts of 4255 papers identified were reviewed by three reviewers to determine whether the entire article was likely to contain relevant information. Risk factors could be broadly grouped as follows: animal (including nutrition and genetics), herd (including bTB and testing history), environment, wildlife and social factors. Many risk factors are inter-related and study designs often do not enable differentiation between cause and consequence of infection. Despite differences in study design and location, some risk factors are consistently identified, e.g. herd size, bTB history, presence of infected wildlife, whereas the evidence for others is less consistent and coherent, e.g. nutrition, local cattle movements. We have identified knowledge gaps where further research may result in an improved understanding of bTB transmission dynamics. The application of targeted, multifactorial disease control regimens that address a range of risk factors simultaneously is likely to be a key to effective, evidence-informed control strategies.
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First results on small ruminant brucellosis and tuberculosis and caprine arthritis-encephalitis in El Salvador. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1083-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ma Y, Han F, Liang J, Yang J, Shi J, Xue J, Yang L, Li Y, Luo M, Wang Y, Wei J, Liu X. A species-specific activation of Toll-like receptor signaling in bovine and sheep bronchial epithelial cells triggered by Mycobacterial infections. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ramdas KEF, Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Robbe-Austerman S, McManis C, Waters WR. Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and cats in same household, Texas, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:480-3. [PMID: 25695666 PMCID: PMC4344262 DOI: 10.3201/eid2103.140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infection of cats is exceedingly rare in regions where bovine tuberculosis is not endemic. We describe the diagnosis and clinical management of pulmonary M. bovis infection in 2 indoor-housed cats and their association with at least 1 M. bovis-infected human in Texas, USA, in September 2012.
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Sarradell JE, Alvarez J, Biscia M, Zumarraga M, Wunschmann A, Armien AG, Perez AM. Mycobacterium bovis infection in a horse with granulomatous enterocolitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:203-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715571359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old dappled Percheron horse had a wasting condition that did not respond to antibiotic treatments and ultimately resulted in death. Thickening of the wall of the large colon and enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes were observed at postmortem examination, along with the presence of pinpoint whitish foci in the liver. Microscopic examination of affected tissues revealed diffuse chronic granulomatous enterocolitis, granulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis, and multifocal granulomatous hepatitis. The DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded intestinal and lymph node samples was analyzed using both a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and PCR–restriction endonuclease analysis and demonstrated the presence of Mycobacterium bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E. Sarradell
- Department of General and Systemic Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, National University of Rosario, Casilda, Argentina (Sarradell, Biscia)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Alvarez, Perez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wunschmann, Armien), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Biotechnology Institute, Centre of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Zumarraga)
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of General and Systemic Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, National University of Rosario, Casilda, Argentina (Sarradell, Biscia)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Alvarez, Perez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wunschmann, Armien), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Biotechnology Institute, Centre of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Zumarraga)
| | - Mariana Biscia
- Department of General and Systemic Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, National University of Rosario, Casilda, Argentina (Sarradell, Biscia)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Alvarez, Perez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wunschmann, Armien), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Biotechnology Institute, Centre of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Zumarraga)
| | - Martin Zumarraga
- Department of General and Systemic Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, National University of Rosario, Casilda, Argentina (Sarradell, Biscia)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Alvarez, Perez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wunschmann, Armien), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Biotechnology Institute, Centre of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Zumarraga)
| | - Arno Wunschmann
- Department of General and Systemic Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, National University of Rosario, Casilda, Argentina (Sarradell, Biscia)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Alvarez, Perez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wunschmann, Armien), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Biotechnology Institute, Centre of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Zumarraga)
| | - Anibal G. Armien
- Department of General and Systemic Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, National University of Rosario, Casilda, Argentina (Sarradell, Biscia)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Alvarez, Perez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wunschmann, Armien), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Biotechnology Institute, Centre of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Zumarraga)
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Department of General and Systemic Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, National University of Rosario, Casilda, Argentina (Sarradell, Biscia)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Alvarez, Perez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wunschmann, Armien), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Biotechnology Institute, Centre of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Zumarraga)
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Costa P, Botelho A, Couto I, Viveiros M, Inácio J. Standing of nucleic acid testing strategies in veterinary diagnosis laboratories to uncover Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:16. [PMID: 25988157 PMCID: PMC4428369 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid testing (NAT) designate any molecular approach used for the detection, identification, and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms, enabling the rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. These assays have been widely used since the 90s of the last century in human clinical laboratories and, subsequently, also in veterinary diagnostics. Most NAT strategies are based in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its several enhancements and variations. From the conventional PCR, real-time PCR and its combinations, isothermal DNA amplification, to the nanotechnologies, here we review how the NAT assays have been applied to decipher if and which member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is present in a clinical sample. Recent advances in DNA sequencing also brought new challenges and have made possible to generate rapidly and at a low cost, large amounts of sequence data. This revolution with the high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies makes whole genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomics the trendiest NAT strategies, today. The ranking of NAT techniques in the field of clinical diagnostics is rising, and we provide a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis with our view of the use of molecular diagnostics for detecting tuberculosis in veterinary laboratories, notwithstanding the gold standard being still the classical culture of the agent. The complementary use of both classical and molecular diagnostics approaches is recommended to speed the diagnostic, enabling a fast decision by competent authorities and rapid tackling of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária IPLisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Botelho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária IPLisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - João Inácio
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of BrightonBrighton, UK
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Roberts T, O'Connor C, Nuñez-Garcia J, de la Rua-Domenech R, Smith NH. Unusual cluster of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cats. Vet Rec 2014; 174:326. [PMID: 24676263 PMCID: PMC3995260 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Roberts
- AHVLA, Field Services South East, 11 Fenlock Court, Blenheim Office Park, Long Hanborough, Oxford OX29 8LN, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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In the Literature. Clin Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chomel BB. Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:434-45. [PMID: 26480316 PMCID: PMC4494318 DOI: 10.3390/ani4030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs and cats have been sharing our environment for a long time and as pets they bring major psychological well-being to our modern urbanized society. However, they still can be a source of human infection by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Abstract Since the middle of the 20th century, pets are more frequently considered as “family members” within households. However, cats and dogs still can be a source of human infection by various zoonotic pathogens. Among emerging or re-emerging zoonoses, viral diseases, such as rabies (mainly from dog pet trade or travel abroad), but also feline cowpox and newly recognized noroviruses or rotaviruses or influenza viruses can sicken our pets and be transmitted to humans. Bacterial zoonoses include bacteria transmitted by bites or scratches, such as pasteurellosis or cat scratch disease, leading to severe clinical manifestations in people because of their age or immune status and also because of our closeness, not to say intimacy, with our pets. Cutaneous contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Leptospira spp., and/or aerosolization of bacteria causing tuberculosis or kennel cough are also emerging/re-emerging pathogens that can be transmitted by our pets, as well as gastro-intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella or Campylobacter. Parasitic and fungal pathogens, such as echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, onchocercosis, or sporotrichosis, are also re-emerging or emerging pet related zoonoses. Common sense and good personal and pet hygiene are the key elements to prevent such a risk of zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Rodriguez-Campos S, Smith NH, Boniotti MB, Aranaz A. Overview and phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms: implications for diagnostics and legislation of bovine tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S5-S19. [PMID: 24630673 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) cause a serious disease with similar pathology, tuberculosis; in this review, bovine tuberculosis will be considered as disease caused by any member of the MTBC in bovids. Bovine tuberculosis is responsible for significant economic loss due to costly eradication programs and trade limitations and poses a threat to both endangered and protected species as well as to public health. We here give an overview on all members of the MTBC, focusing on their isolation from different animal hosts. We also review the recent advances made in elucidating the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of members of the MTBC. Because the nomenclature of the MTBC is controversial, its members have been considered species, subspecies or ecotypes, this review discusses the possible implications for diagnostics and the legal consequences of naming of new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Noel H Smith
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Maria B Boniotti
- Centro Nazionale di Referenza per la Tubercolosi Bovina, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hiero s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Mycobacterium bovis infection: Everything but the cow. Vet J 2013; 198:303-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Broughan J, Crawshaw T, Downs S, Brewer J, Clifton-Hadley R. Mycobacterium bovis infections in domesticated non-bovine mammalian species. Part 2: A review of diagnostic methods. Vet J 2013; 198:346-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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