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Duan G, Huang P, Zheng C, Zheng J, Yu J, Zhang P, Wan M, Li F, Guo Q, Yin Y, Duan Y. Development and Recovery of Liver Injury in Piglets by Incremental Injection of LPS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1143. [PMID: 37371873 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of the incremental injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on liver histopathology, inflammation, oxidative status, and mitochondrial function in piglets. Forty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire castrated boars (21 ± 2 days old, weight 6.84 ± 0.11 kg) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8) and then slaughtered on days 0 (group 0, without LPS injection), 1 (group 1), 5 (group 5), 9 (group 9), and 15 (group 15) of LPS injection, respectively. The results showed that, compared to the piglets without LPS injection, LPS injection caused liver injury in the early phase, as manifested by the increased activities of serum liver injury-related parameters (aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, and total bile acid) on day 1, and impaired liver morphology (disordered hepatic cell cord arrangement, dissolved and vacuolized hepatocytes, karyopycnosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration and congestion) on days 1 and 5. Meanwhile, LPS injection caused liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction on days 1 and 5, as reflected by the upregulated mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB; increased MPO and MDA content; and impaired mitochondrial morphology. However, these parameters were ameliorated in the later phase (days 9~15). Taken together, our data indicate that the incremental injection of the LPS-induced liver injury of piglets could be self-repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyan Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengliao Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fengna Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Yu J, Zheng C, Zheng J, Duan G, Guo Q, Zhang P, Wan M, Duan Y. Development of Intestinal Injury and Restoration of Weaned Piglets under Chronic Immune Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112215. [PMID: 36358587 PMCID: PMC9686571 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic immune stress on intestinal morphology and function, immune system, oxidative status, and mitochondrial function in piglets. Fifty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (21 ± 2 days old, barrow, 6.98 ± 0.14 kg body weight) were selected and randomly allotted to five groups, which were slaughtered at 0 (0 group), 1, 5, 9, and 15 d of LPS injection. The results showed that compared with the piglets without LPS injection, LPS injection significantly impaired the intestinal morphology and permeability at 1, 5, and 9 d, as manifested by the increased serum lactic acid and decreased ratio of villus height to crypt depth (p < 0.05). Moreover, intestinal inflammation and oxidative and mitochondrial injury were caused at 1 d, as manifested by upregulated IL-6 mRNA expression, increased malondialdehyde content, and impaired mitochondrial morphology (p < 0.05). However, these parameters were restored to levels identical to 0 group at 9~15 d, accompanied by significantly increased antioxidant capacity, enhanced protein expression of CD3+ and CD68+, and upregulated mRNA abundance of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and functions (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that the intestinal injury of piglets caused by chronic immune stress could be self-repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Geyan Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengliao Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0731-8461-9767
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Sánchez J, Matas M, Ibáñez-López FJ, Hernández I, Sotillo J, Gutiérrez AM. The Connection Between Stress and Immune Status in Pigs: A First Salivary Analytical Panel for Disease Differentiation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:881435. [PMID: 35782547 PMCID: PMC9244398 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.881435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes the association between stress and immune response activations in different diseases, based on the salivary analytics. Moreover, a first attempt to discriminate between diseases was performed by principal component analysis. The salivary analytics consisted of the measurement of psychosocial stress (cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase) indicators, innate (acute phase proteins: C-reactive protein and haptoglobin), and adaptive immune (adenosine deaminase, Cu and Zn) markers and oxidative stress parameters (antioxidant capacity and oxidative status). A total of 107 commercial growing pigs in the field were divided into six groups according to the signs of disease after proper veterinary clinical examination, especially, healthy pigs, pigs with rectal prolapse, tail-biting lesions, diarrhea, lameness, or dyspnea. Associations between stress and immune markers were observed with different intensities. High associations (r = 0.61) were observed between oxidative stress markers and adaptive immune markers. On the other hand, moderate associations (r = 0.31–0.48) between psychosocial stress markers with both innate and adaptive immune markers were observed. All pathological conditions showed statistically significant differences in at least 4 out of the 11 salivary markers studied, with no individual marker dysregulated in all the diseases. Moreover, each disease condition showed differences in the degree of activation of the analyzed systems which could be used to create different salivary profiles. A total of two dimensions were selected through the principal component analysis to explain the 48.3% of the variance of our data. Lameness and rectal prolapse were the two pathological conditions most distant from the healthy condition followed by dyspnea. Tail-biting lesions and diarrhea were also far from the other diseases but near to healthy animals. There is still room for improvements, but these preliminary results displayed a great potential for disease detection and characterization using salivary biomarkers profiling in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sánchez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Cefu SA, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Matas
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. J. Ibáñez-López
- Statistical Support Service (SAE), Scientific and Technological Research Area (ACTI), CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I. Hernández
- Statistical Support Service (SAE), Scientific and Technological Research Area (ACTI), CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J. Sotillo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. M. Gutiérrez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: A. M. Gutiérrez
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López-Martínez MJ, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Rubić I, González-Sánchez JC, Mrljak V, Martínez-Subiela S, Muñoz-Prieto A. A Proteomic Approach to Elucidate the Changes in Saliva and Serum Proteins of Pigs with Septic and Non-Septic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126738. [PMID: 35743177 PMCID: PMC9223627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by an infectious agent and is recognized by the World Health Organization as a global concern, since it is one of the major causes of severe illness in humans and animals. The study of the changes that can occur in saliva and serum in sepsis can contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the process and also to discover potential biomarkers that can help in its diagnosis and monitoring. The objective of this study was to characterize the changes that occur in the salivary and serum proteome of pigs with experimentally-induced sepsis. The study included five pigs with sepsis induced by LPS administration and five pigs with non-septic inflammation induced by turpentine for comparative purposes. In saliva, there were eighteen salivary proteins differentially expressed in the sepsis condition and nine in non-septic inflammation. Among these, significant increments in aldolase A and serpin B12 only occurred in the sepsis model. Changes in aldolase A were validated in a larger population of pigs with sepsis due to Streptococcus suis infection. In serum, there were 30 proteins differentially expressed in sepsis group and 26 proteins in the non-septic group, and most of the proteins that changed in both groups were related to non-specific inflammation. In the saliva of the septic animals there were some specific pathways activated, such as the organonitrogen compound metabolic process and lipid transport, whereas, in the serum, one of the main activated pathways was the regulation of protein secretion. Overall, saliva and serum showed different proteome variations in response to septic inflammation and could provide complementary information about the pathophysiological mechanisms occurring in this condition. Additionally, salivary aldolase A could be a potential biomarker of sepsis in pigs that should be confirmed in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.C.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Anđelo Beletić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | | | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.C.); (A.M.-P.)
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Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266524. [PMID: 35511825 PMCID: PMC9070874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense nature of pig production has increased the animals’ exposure to stressful conditions, which may be detrimental to their welfare and productivity. Some of the most common sources of stress in pigs are extreme thermal conditions (thermal stress), density and mixing during housing (social stress), or exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms that may challenge their immune system (immune-related stress). The stress response can be monitored based on the animals’ coping mechanisms, as a result of specific environmental, social, and health conditions. These animal-based indicators may support decision making to maintain animal welfare and productivity. The present study aimed to systematically review animal-based indicators of social, thermal, and immune-related stresses in farmed pigs, and the methods used to monitor them. Peer-reviewed scientific literature related to pig production was collected using three online search engines: ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The manuscripts selected were grouped based on the indicators measured during the study. According to our results, body temperature measured with a rectal thermometer was the most commonly utilized method for the evaluation of thermal stress in pigs (87.62%), as described in 144 studies. Of the 197 studies that evaluated social stress, aggressive behavior was the most frequently-used indicator (81.81%). Of the 535 publications examined regarding immune-related stress, cytokine concentration in blood samples was the most widely used indicator (80.1%). Information about the methods used to measure animal-based indicators is discussed in terms of validity, reliability, and feasibility. Additionally, the introduction and wide spreading of alternative, less invasive methods with which to measure animal-based indicators, such as cortisol in saliva, skin temperature and respiratory rate via infrared thermography, and various animal welfare threats via vocalization analysis are highlighted. The information reviewed was used to discuss the feasible and most reliable methods with which to monitor the impact of relevant stressors commonly presented by intense production systems on the welfare of farmed pigs.
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Cerón JJ, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Martínez MJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Franco-Martínez L, Rubio CP, Muñoz-Prieto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F. Basics for the potential use of saliva to evaluate stress, inflammation, immune system, and redox homeostasis in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:81. [PMID: 35227252 PMCID: PMC8883734 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of saliva as a biological sample has many advantages, being especially relevant in pigs where the blood collection is highly stressful and painful, both for the animal and the staff in charge of the sampling. Currently one of the main uses of saliva is for diagnosis and detection of infectious diseases, but the saliva can also be used to measure biomarkers that can provide information of stress, inflammation, immune response and redox homeostasis. This review will be focused on the analytes that can be used for such evaluations. Emphasis will be given in providing data of practical use about their physiological basis, how they can be measured, and their interpretation. In addition, some general rules regarding sampling and saliva storage are provided and the concept of sialochemistry will be addressed. There is still a need for more data and knowledge for most of these biomarkers to optimize their use, application, and interpretation. However, this review provides updated data to illustrate that besides the detection of pathogens in saliva, additional interesting applicative information regarding pigs´ welfare and health can be obtained from this fluid. Information that can potentially be applied to other animal species as well as to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - M J López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - F Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Pastorelli G, Serra V, Turin L, Redaelli V, Luzi F, Barbieri S. Tranquillizing Effect of Passiflora incarnata Extract: Outcome on Behavioral and Physiological Indicators in Weaning Pigs with Intact Tails. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020203. [PMID: 35049826 PMCID: PMC8773376 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Post-weaning is the most critical phase in pig farming, characterized by efforts to ensure health, performance and welfare of animals. Despite that EU Directive 2008/120/EC prohibits the practice of tail docking, it is still commonly applied in intensive farming to avoid tail biting. From a nutritional perspective, the dietary supplementation with natural extracts with calming properties could represent a promising approach to overcome common production stressors, reducing abnormal behaviors such as tail biting. This study intended to determine the effects of the dietary inclusion of Passiflora incarnata, known for its tranquillizing activity, on skin lesions, thermal imaging, behavior, salivary cortisol and IgA levels on post-weaning piglets reared with intact tails. Growth performances were also monitored. No differences were recorded between diets regarding growth performance, whereas findings concerning aggressive and abnormal behaviors, such as tail and ear biting, and lower levels of cortisol confirmed the hypothesis of the calming effect of P. incarnata on post-weaning piglets. Abstract Tail docking has been used in the pig industry to decrease the occurrence of tail biting behavior. This abnormal behavior has a multifactorial origin since it is a response to simultaneous environmental, nutritional and management changes. Given the calming properties of Passiflora incarnata, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with the extract in weaned pigs could result in a modification of behavior and physiologic indicators linked to stress. Weaned piglets (n = 120, mean body weight 9.07 ± 2.30 kg) were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: control diet (CON) and CON supplemented with 1 kg/t of P. incarnata (PAS). The trial was 28 days long. The presence of skin lesions was assessed at d-1, d-10, d-19, and d-28, and saliva samples were collected for IgA and cortisol determinations at the same sampling times. Results showed the PAS group was characterized by equal growth performance as the CON group, fewer ear lesions (p < 0.05), less aggressive behavior (p < 0.001), higher enrichment exploration (p < 0.001) and lower cortisol levels (p < 0.01). Time effect was observed for tail lesions (p < 0.001) and behavioral observations (p < 0.001). Additional research is required to determine the effect of P. incarnata extract using a larger number of animals and longer period of supplementation when risks associated with tail biting are uncontrolled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (L.T.); Tel.: +39-02-503-34762 (V.S.); +39-02-503-34518 (L.T.)
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (L.T.); Tel.: +39-02-503-34762 (V.S.); +39-02-503-34518 (L.T.)
| | - Veronica Redaelli
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via della Commenda 10, 20100 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via della Commenda 10, 20100 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Sara Barbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
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8
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Sali V, Veit C, Valros A, Junnikkala S, Heinonen M, Nordgreen J. Dynamics of Salivary Adenosine Deaminase, Haptoglobin, and Cortisol in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Growing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:698628. [PMID: 34722692 PMCID: PMC8551609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.698628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory conditions are common especially in growing pigs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important antigenic structure of Gram-negative bacteria and can be used to induce inflammation experimentally. As pigs are usually group-housed in commercial conditions, it is difficult to detect sick individuals, particularly at an early stage of illness. Acute phase proteins such as haptoglobin (Hp) are known indicators of an activated innate immune system whereas adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a relatively novel inflammatory biomarker in pigs. Both parameters can be measured in saliva and could be used as indicators of inflammation. Compared with blood sampling, saliva sampling is a less stressful procedure that is rapid, non-invasive and easy to perform both at group and at individual level. In this blinded randomized clinical trial, 32 female pigs at their post-weaning phase were allocated to one of four treatments comprising two injections of the following substance combinations: saline-saline (SS), ketoprofen-saline (KS), saline-LPS (SL), and ketoprofen-LPS (KL). First, ketoprofen or saline was administered intramuscularly on average 1 h before either LPS or saline was given through an ear vein catheter. In all groups, saliva was collected prior to injections (baseline) and at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection for determination of ADA, Hp, and cortisol concentrations. A multivariate model was applied to describe the dynamics of each biomarker. Pairwise relationships between ADA, Hp, and cortisol responses from baseline to 4 h post-injection within the SL group were studied with Spearman correlations. A significant increase in the SL group was seen in all biomarkers 4 h post-injection compared to baseline and other time points (pairwise comparisons, p < 0.01 for all) and ketoprofen alleviated the LPS effect. We found a significant positive correlation between ADA and Hp within the SL group (r = 0.86, p < 0.05). The primary and novel findings of the present study are the response of ADA to LPS, its time course and alleviation by ketoprofen. Our results support the evidence that ADA and Hp can be used as inflammatory biomarkers in pigs. We suggest further studies to be conducted in commercial settings with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Sali
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | - Christina Veit
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Valros
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | - Sami Junnikkala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Distillation remnants of shochu, a traditional Japanese liquor, improve pork meat quality by reducing stress. Food Chem 2020; 318:126488. [PMID: 32151924 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Distillation remnants of Shochu, a traditional Japanese liquorare fed to livestock, but their effects on livestock health have not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of these remnants on pig stress and pork quality (N = 6/group). The remnants reduced plasma cortisol (17.94 ± 0.92 [control] and 10.59 ± 1.28 [sample]) and increased salivary IgA (6.06 ± 2.21 [control] and 21.60 ± 5.37 [sample]). Blind sensory assessments showed that, in remnant-fed pork, sirloin tenderness (3.18 ± 0.19 [control] and 4.27 ± 0.38 [sample]) and the juiciness, umami, and fat tastiness of fillets were improved. Oleic acid percentages were higher (35.23 ± 0.65 [control] and 37.87 ± 0.60 [sample]) in remnant-fed pork, contributing to a favorable sensory evaluation. Two-group comparisons were analyzed by student's t test. p < 0.05. This study promotes the reutilization of remnants to reduce livestock stress and improve meat quality.
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10
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Sánchez J, Montilla M, Gutiérrez-Panizo C, Sotillo J, Fuentes P, Montes A, Gutiérrez AM. Analytical characterization of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in saliva of pigs under common pathological conditions in the field: a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:27. [PMID: 32000745 PMCID: PMC6993390 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study is focused on the measurement of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in the saliva of pigs in order to study their levels on different porcine pathological conditions in the field. The experiment involved 15 pigs without clinical signs of disease and 42 diseased pigs (suffering from lameness, rectal prolapse, fatigue or growth rate retardation). Individual saliva samples were collected, allowing the pigs to chew a sponge each for trace element quantifications through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Since this is the first report on the measurements of trace elements in porcine saliva, a routine analytical validation study was performed for the quantification of all the studied elements. Moreover, the acute phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoblobin (Hp), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were quantified in the saliva samples for the animal’s health status assessment. Results Modifications in the levels of acute phase proteins or ADA were only recorded in animals with lameness and rectal prolapse and those with fatigue respectively. Moreover, TAC level changes were observed in pigs with growth-rate retardation. However, alterations in the levels of two or more trace elements were reported for all the different groups of diseased pigs with evident variations within pathologies. Conclusions The salivary quantification of trace elements could be considered as a complementary tool to acute phase proteins, TAC and ADA determinations for disease detection and differentiation in the pig and should be explored in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sánchez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Cefu S.A., 30840, Alhama de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Montilla
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cándido Gutiérrez-Panizo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Sotillo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fuentes
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Cefu S.A., 30840, Alhama de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Montes
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María Gutiérrez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Plangsangmas T, Brown JL, Thitaram C, Silva-Fletcher A, Edwards KL, Punyapornwithaya V, Towiboon P, Somgird C. Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Immunoglobulin A and Associations with Cortisol as A Stress Biomarker in Captive Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010157. [PMID: 31963391 PMCID: PMC7023042 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) has been proposed as a potential indicator of welfare for various species, including Asian elephants, and may be related to adrenal cortisol responses. This study aimed to distinguish circadian rhythm effects on sIgA in male and female Asian elephants and compare patterns to those of salivary cortisol, information that could potentially have welfare implications. Subjects were captive elephants at an elephant camp in Chiang Mai province, Thailand (n = 5 males, 5 females). Salivette® kits were used to collect saliva from each elephant every 4 h from 06:00 to 22:00 h for 3 consecutive days (n = 15 samples/elephant). Enzyme immunoassays were used to quantify concentrations of IgA and cortisol in unextracted saliva. Circadian rhythm patterns were determined using a generalized least-squares method. Both sIgA and cortisol followed a circadian rhythm, although the patterns differed. sIgA displayed a daily quartic trend, whereas cortisol concentrations demonstrated a decreasing linear trend in concentrations throughout the day. There was no clear relationship between patterns of sIgA and salivary cortisol, implying that mechanisms of control and secretion differ. Results demonstrate for the first time that circadian rhythms affect sIgA, and concentrations follow a daily quartic pattern in Asian elephants, so standardizing time of collection is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tithipong Plangsangmas
- Master’s Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Ayona Silva-Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Katie L. Edwards
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton-by-Chester, CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53948-015
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12
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Prims S, Van Raemdonck G, Vanden Hole C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Van Ostade X, Casteleyn C. On the characterisation of the porcine gland-specific salivary proteome. J Proteomics 2019; 196:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Martín-Cuervo M, Tecles F, Escribano D. Salivary alpha-amylase activity and concentration in horses with acute abdominal disease: Association with outcome. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:569-574. [PMID: 30623475 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers could be useful to objectively evaluate critical illness and prognosis for survival in horses with acute abdominal disease. OBJECTIVES To compare salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity and concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute abdominal disease, and evaluate the association between sAA activity and concentration with disease severity and outcome. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort. METHODS sAA activity, measured using a colorimetric commercial kit, and concentration, measured using a Time-resolved immunofluorometric assay, in 25 healthy horses and in 33 horses with acute abdominal disease was compared using an ANOVA. Associations between survival to discharge and sAA activity and concentration and other clinical parameters were examined using univariable logistic regression and Spearman correlation. RESULTS sAA activity and concentration were different between healthy (median = 4.3 [2.6-11.2] IU/L and 58.4 [53.4-80.6] ng/mL, respectively) and diseased (median = 29.8 [14.2-168.9] IU/L and 388.3 [189.1-675.8] ng/mL, respectively) (P<0.001). The sAA activity was higher in non-survivors (median = 479.0 [78.7-2064.0] IU/L, n = 8) compared to survivors (median = 19.3 [12.1-103.7] IU/L, n = 25, P<0.001) and sAA activity and concentration correlated (P<0.001) moderately with HR (r = 0.66 and r = 0.61, respectively). sAA activity correlated weakly with salivary cortisol (r = 0.45, P<0.001) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome score (r = 0.43, P<0.05), while activity and concentration correlated (P<0.001) moderately with plasma lactate concentration (r = 0.57 and r = 0.60, respectively). The sAA activity was significantly (P = 0.01) associated with increased risk of nonsurvival. MAIN LIMITATIONS Pain scores were not recorded. The sample population was small. CONCLUSIONS The sAA activity, but not concentration, shows potential as a biomarker of prognosis for survival in horses with acute abdominal disease. The summary is available in Spanish - see Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Martín-Cuervo
- Medice Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad S-N, Cáceres, Spain
| | - F Tecles
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Tang JY, Wang LQ, Jia G, Liu GM, Chen XL, Tian G, Cai JY, Shang HY, Zhao H. The hydroxy-analogue of selenomethionine alleviated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses is associated with recover expression of several selenoprotein encoding genes in the spleens of Kunming mice. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40462-40470. [PMID: 35542664 PMCID: PMC9076260 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07260h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether hydroxy-analogue of selenomethionine (HMSeBA) supplementation could alleviate LPS-induced immunological stress in mice. A total of 90 Kunming mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups. The CON-LPS and CON+LPS groups were fed basal diet (BD), the others were fed BD with different levels of HMSeBA (0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg Se per kg) for 4 weeks. Mice were injected with LPS (3 mg per kg BW) or the corresponding physiological saline at 14 d and 28 d. Plasma and spleens were collected at 28 d. The results showed that: (1) LPS injection decreased ADG of mice at the 3rd week, and increased the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma and the spleen index; (2) LPS injection induced immunological stress, up-regulated 8 inflammation-related genes and 3 selenoprotein encoding genes, and down-regulated 16 selenoprotein encoding genes in spleens; (3) compared with the CON+LPS group, HMSeBA supplementation increased ADG of mice at 3 weeks and GSH-Px activity in plasma and spleens, decreased spleen index and plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels, down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, ICAM-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, and up-regulated IL-10 and iNOS in spleens. 0.30 mg Se per kg of HMSeBA exhibited the optimal protective effect; (4) HMSeBA supplementation modestly recovered the expression of 8 selenoprotein encoding genes in the spleens of the stressed mice. The results indicated that HMSeBA supplementation alleviated LPS-induced immunological stress accompanied up-regulation of a subset of selenoprotein encoding genes in spleens of mice. This study aimed to determine whether hydroxy-analogue of selenomethionine (HMSeBA) supplementation could alleviate LPS-induced immunological stress in mice.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Long-Qiong Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Guang-Mang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Xiao-Ling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Jing-Yi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Hai-Ying Shang
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition
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15
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Staley M, Conners MG, Hall K, Miller LJ. Linking stress and immunity: Immunoglobulin A as a non-invasive physiological biomarker in animal welfare studies. Horm Behav 2018; 102:55-68. [PMID: 29705025 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the animal welfare community strives to empirically assess how care and management practices can help maintain or even enhance welfare, the development of tools for non-invasively measuring physiological biomarkers is essential. Of the suite of physiological biomarkers, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), particularly the secretory form (Secretory IgA or SIgA), is at the forefront because of its crucial role in mucosal immunity and links to physical health, stress, and overall psychological well-being. While interpretation of changes in SIgA concentrations on short time scales is complex, long-term SIgA patterns are consistent: conditions that create chronic stress lead to suppression of SIgA. In contrast, when welfare is enhanced, SIgA is predicted to stabilize at higher concentrations. In this review, we examine how SIgA concentrations are reflective of both physiological stress and immune function. We then review the literature associating SIgA concentrations with various metrics of animal welfare and provide detailed methodological considerations for SIgA monitoring. Overall, our aim is to provide an in-depth discussion regarding the value of SIgA as physiological biomarker to studies aiming to understand the links between stress and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Staley
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States.
| | - Melinda G Conners
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States
| | - Katie Hall
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States
| | - Lance J Miller
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States
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16
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Kaiser M, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Cerón JJ, Dahl J, Escribano D, Jacobsen S. Inflammatory markers before and after farrowing in healthy sows and in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29530043 PMCID: PMC5848515 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) in sows is not fully elucidated and affected sows often present vague clinical signs. Accurate and timely diagnosis is difficult, and PDS is often recognized with a delay once piglets begin to starve. Increased rectal temperature of the sow is an important diagnostic parameter, but it may also be influenced by a number of other parameters and is thus difficult to interpret. Inflammatory markers may be important adjuncts to the clinical assessment of sows with PDS, but such markers have only been studied to a limited extent. The objective was to characterize the inflammatory response in healthy sows and in sows suffering from PDS, and to identify biomarkers that may assist in early identification of PDS-affected sows. Results Thirty-eight PDS-affected (PDS+) and 38 healthy (PDS-) sows underwent clinical examination and blood sampling every 24 h, from 60 h before the first piglet was born to 36 h after parturition. In both groups, inflammatory markers changed in relation to parturition. Most inflammatory markers changed 12-36 h after parturition [white blood cell counts (WBC), neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), iron (Fe) and albumin (ALB)]. Changes in neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, CRP, Fe and ALB were observed -12 to 0 h before parturition. WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, Hp and Fe differed between PDS+ and PDS- sows. These differences were mainly apparent 12 to 36 h after parturition, but already at 12 h before parturition, PDS+ sows had lower lymphocyte counts than PDS- sows. Conclusions Parturition itself caused significant inflammatory changes, but PDS+ sows showed a more severe response than PDS- sows. WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, Hp and Fe can be potential biomarkers for PDS. Lymphocyte counts may be used to detect PDS at pre-partum. To assess their diagnostic potential, these markers must be investigated further and most likely combined with assessment of clinical parameters and other biomarkers for improved identification of sows at risk of developing PDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1382-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Center, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
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17
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Fan X, Jiao H, Zhao J, Wang X, Lin H. Lipopolysaccharide impairs mucin secretion and stimulated mucosal immune stress response in respiratory tract of neonatal chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 204:71-78. [PMID: 29203321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chicken immune system is immature at the time of hatching. The development of the respiratory immune system after hatching is vital to young chicks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LPS on respiratory mucin and IgA production in chicks. In this study, we selected 7days old AA broilers of similar weigh randomly; LPS atomized at 1mg/kg body weigh dose in the confined space of 1 cubic meter. The chickens exposed for 2h. Then collect samples after 4h and 8h respectively. Compared to control, LPS inhibited mucus production in BALF, caused a rising trend of the concentration of IgA in serum and BALF, and increased the protein expression of IgA in lung tissue. And LPS treat induced a decreasing trend of the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β and significantly decreased the gene expression of TGF-α and EGFR after 4h. After 8h the LPS suppressed the TGF-β mRNA expression significantly. In addition, LPS treatment stimulated airway epithelial cilia sparse after 4h. Therefore, results proved: LPS can impair mucin expression and stimulated mucosal immune stress reaction of respiratory tract. This study suggested that LPS involved in respiratory tract mucosal immune response in chicks by regulating gene expression of cytokines and epithelial growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Fan
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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18
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Lippolis KD, Cooke RF, Schubach KM, Marques RS, Bohnert DW. Effects of intravenous lipopolysaccharide administration on feed intake, ruminal forage degradability, and liquid parameters and physiological responses in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2859-2870. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tecles F, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Miró S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Cerón JJ. Total esterase measurement in saliva of pigs: Validation of an automated assay, characterization and changes in stress and disease conditions. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:170-176. [PMID: 28441610 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An automated spectrophotometric method for total esterase activity (TEA) measurement in porcine saliva has been developed and validated, using 4-nitrophenyl acetate (4-NA) as substrate. The method was precise and accurate, with low limit of detection, and was able to measure samples with TEA activities up to 400IU/L without any dilution. In addition, the different enzymes contributing to TEA were characterized, being identified carbonic anhydrase VI (CA-VI), lipase, cholinesterase (ChE) and cholesterol esterase (CEL). TEA significantly increased (1.49-fold, P<0.01) in healthy pigs just after applying an acute stress stimulus consisting of nasal restraint, being lipase and cholinesterase the main responsible of this increase. TEA was significantly increased (1.83-fold, P<0.001) in a group of pigs with lameness; in this case, in addition to lipase and ChE, CA-VI also increased. The results found in this report indicate that TEA can be easily measured in porcine saliva with an accurate and highly reproducible automated method. Salivary TEA is mainly due to the activity of four enzymes: CA-VI, lipase, ChE and CEL, and these enzymes can change in a different way in situations of stress or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tecles
- Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Animal Production Department, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | | | - Damián Escribano
- Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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20
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Martínez-Miró S, Tecles F, Ramón M, Escribano D, Hernández F, Madrid J, Orengo J, Martínez-Subiela S, Manteca X, Cerón JJ. Causes, consequences and biomarkers of stress in swine: an update. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:171. [PMID: 27543093 PMCID: PMC4992232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades there has been a growing concern about animal stress on intensive pig farms due to the undesirable consequences that stress produces in the normal physiology of pigs and its effects on their welfare and general productive performance. This review analyses the most important types of stress (social, environmental, metabolic, immunological and due to human handling), and their biological consequences for pigs. The physio-pathological changes associated with stress are described, as well as the negative effects of stress on pig production. In addition an update of the different biomarkers used for the evaluation of stress is provided. These biomarkers can be classified into four groups according to the physiological system or axis evaluated: sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and immune system. CONCLUSIONS Stress it is a process with multifactorial causes and produces an organic response that generates negative effects on animal health and production. Ideally, a panel of various biomarkers should be used to assess and evaluate the stress resulting from diverse causes and the different physiological systems involved in the stress response. We hope that this review will increase the understanding of the stress process, contribute to a better control and reduction of potential stressful stimuli in pigs and, finally, encourage future studies and developments to better monitor, detect and manage stress on pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Ramón
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fuensanta Hernández
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Madrid
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Orengo
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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21
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Yin G, Huang J, Ma M, Suo X, Huang Z. Oyster crude polysaccharides attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines production and PPARγ expression in weanling piglets. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:677. [PMID: 27350914 PMCID: PMC4899395 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether oyster crude polysaccharides (OPS) attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune stress in weanling piglets. Thirty healthy crossbred piglets (28 ± 1 days old) were randomly divided into five groups (6 piglets/group). Blank control and LPS groups were fed with the basal diet, while low, medium and high dose of OPS groups were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 % OPS, respectively, for 30 days. LPS group, as well as low, medium and high dose of OPS groups were then injected intraperitoneally with LPS (100 μg/kg body weight), whereas the blank control group was given phosphate buffered saline. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in plasma were detected by ELISA. The mRNA levels of PPARγ in liver, spleen, adrenal gland and thymus were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that compared with the blank control, LPS treatment significantly increased plasma IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, which was significantly attenuated by supplementing 0.5, 0.8 or 1.2 % OPS in the diet. In addition, LPS significantly induced expression of PPARγ mRNA in liver, spleen, adrenal gland, and thymus, which was blocked by adding OPS regardless of the doses. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of OPS was able to alleviate the immune stress induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Yin
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Pharmaceuticals and College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian Province China
| | - Juhui Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Pharmaceuticals and College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian Province China
| | - Maotao Ma
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Pharmaceuticals and College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian Province China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Pharmaceuticals and College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian Province China
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22
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Jia AF, Feng JH, Zhang MH, Chang Y, Li ZY, Hu CH, Zhen L, Zhang SS, Peng QQ. Effects of immunological challenge induced by lipopolysaccharide on skeletal muscle fiber type conversion of piglets1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5194-203. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J. H. Feng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - M. H. Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y. Chang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Z. Y. Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - C. H. Hu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L. Zhen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S. S. Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q. Q. Peng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
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23
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Wyns H, Plessers E, De Backer P, Meyer E, Croubels S. In vivo porcine lipopolysaccharide inflammation models to study immunomodulation of drugs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:58-69. [PMID: 26099806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a structural part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the most effective stimulators of the immune system and has been widely applied in pigs as an experimental model for bacterial infection. For this purpose, a variety of Escherichia coli serotypes, LPS doses, routes and duration of administration have been used. LPS administration induces the acute phase response (APR) and is associated with dramatic hemodynamic, clinical and behavioral changes in pigs. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are involved in the induction of the eicosanoid pathway and the hepatic production of acute phase proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp) and pig major acute phase protein (pig-MAP). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) play a major role in the development of fever and pulmonary hypertension in LPS-challenged pigs, respectively. The LPS-induced APR can be modulated by drugs. Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ((N)SAIDs) possess anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties through (non)-selective central and peripheral cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. Antimicrobial drugs, especially macrolide antibiotics, which are commonly used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial respiratory diseases, have been recurrently reported to exert clinically important immunomodulatory effects in human and murine research. To investigate the influence of these drugs on the clinical response, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APP) and the course of the febrile response in pigs, in vivo LPS inflammation models can be applied. Yet, to date, in vivo research on the immunomodulatory properties of antimicrobial drugs in these models in pigs is largely lacking. This review provides acritical overview of the use of in vivo porcine E. coli LPS inflammation models for the study of the APR, as well as the potential immunomodulatory properties of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wyns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - E Plessers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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