1
|
Vidlund J, Gelalcha BD, Gillespie BE, Agga GE, Schneider L, Swanson SM, Frady KD, Kerro Dego O. Efficacy of novel staphylococcal surface associated protein vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Vaccine 2024; 42:1247-1258. [PMID: 38281900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland commonly caused by bacteria or fungi. Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterium that causes mastitis in dairy cows. Non-aureus staphylococci are also increasingly reported, with Staphylococcus chromogenes being the most common species. Current staphylococcal mastitis control programs are not fully effective, and treatment with antibiotics is not sustainable. Non-antibiotic sustainable control tools, such as effective vaccines, are critically needed. We previously developed S. aureus surface-associated proteins (SASP) and S. chromogenes surface-associated proteins (SCSP) vaccines that conferred partial protective effects. We hypothesized that vaccination with SASP or SCSP would reduce the incidence of S. aureus mastitis throughout the lactation period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SASP and SCSP vaccines against S. aureus and non-aureus staphylococcal mastitis under natural exposure over 300 days of lactation. Pregnant Holstein dairy cows (n = 45) were enrolled and assigned to receive SASP (n = 15) or SCSP (n = 16) vaccines or unvaccinated control (n = 14). Cows were vaccinated with 1.2 mg of SASP or SCSP with Emulsigen-D adjuvant. Control cows were injected with phosphate-buffered saline with Emulsigen-D adjuvant. Three vaccine injections were given subcutaneously at 60, 40, and 20 days before the expected calving. Booster vaccinations were given at 120 and 240 days in milk. Cows were monitored for mastitis at quarter and cow levels, staphylococcal mastitis incidence, changes in serum and milk anti-SASP and anti-SCSP antibody titers, bacterial counts in milk, adverse reactions, milk yield and milk somatic cells count over 300 days of lactation. The SCSP vaccine conferred a significant reduction in the incidence of staphylococcal mastitis. Milk and serum anti-SASP and anti-SCSP antibody titers were increased in the vaccinated cows compared to unvaccinated control cows. Anti-SASP and anti-SCSP antibody titers decreased at about 120 days in milk, indicating the duration of immunity of about four months. In conclusion, the SASP and SCSP vaccines conferred partial protection from natural infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center-Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, University of Tennessee, Walland, TN 37886, USA
| | - Benti D Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Barbara E Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Liesel Schneider
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Stephanie M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kinsley D Frady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dobrut A, Młodzińska A, Drożdż K, Wójcik-Grzybek D, Michalak K, Pietras-Ożga D, Karakulska J, Biegun K, Brzychczy-Włoch M. The Two-Track Investigation of Fibronectin Binding Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis as a Potential Candidate for Immunodiagnosis: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076569. [PMID: 37047541 PMCID: PMC10094982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is the most common disease affecting dairy cattle worldwide and it generates substantial losses for cattle breeders. One of the most common pathogens identified in infected milk samples is Staphylococcus aureus. Currently, there is no fast test for recognizing bacteria species on the market. The aim of this study was to bioinformatically and laboratory detect and characterize the fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) of S. aureus (SA) in milk samples obtained from cows diagnosed with mastitis. More than 90,000,000 amino acid sequences were subjected to bioinformatic detection in the search for a potential biomarker for bovine SA. The analysis of FnBPA included the detection of signal peptides and nonclassical proteins, antigenicity, and the prediction of epitopes. To confirm the presence of the fnbA gene in four SA isolates, amplification with specific primers was performed. FnBPA was detected by immunoblotting. The immunoreactivity and selectivity were performed with monoclonal anti-FnBPA antibodies and SA-negative serum. The bioinformatic analysis showed that FnBPA is a surface, conservative, immunoreactive, and species-specific protein with antigenic potential. Its presence was confirmed in all of the SA isolates we studied. Immunoblotting proved its immunoreactivity and specificity. Thus, it can be considered a potential biomarker in mastitis immunodiagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dobrut
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University—Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Drożdż
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University—Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dagmara Wójcik-Grzybek
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Chair of Physiology, Jagiellonian University—Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Department of Epizootiology and Infectious Diseases Clinic, University of Life Science in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Pietras-Ożga
- Department of Epizootiology and Infectious Diseases Clinic, University of Life Science in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Karakulska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Biegun
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University—Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University—Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020296. [PMID: 35214754 PMCID: PMC8876843 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major problem in dairy farming. Vaccine prevention of mammary bacterial infections is of particular interest in helping to deal with this issue, all the more so as antibacterial drug inputs in dairy farms must be reduced. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of current vaccines is not satisfactory. In this review, we examine the possible reasons for the current shortcomings of mastitis vaccines. Some reasons stem from the peculiarities of the mammary gland immunobiology, others from the pathogens adapted to the mammary gland niche. Infection does not induce sterilizing protection, and recurrence is common. Efficacious vaccines will have to elicit immune mechanisms different from and more effective than those induced by infection. We propose focusing our research on a few points pertaining to either the current immune knowledge or vaccinology approaches to get out of the current deadlock. A possible solution is to focus on the contribution of cell-mediated immunity to udder protection based on the interactions of T cells with the mammary epithelium. On the vaccinology side, studies on the orientation of the immune response by adjuvants, the route of vaccine administration and the delivery systems are among the keys to success.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mirzaei R, Sabokroo N, Ahmadyousefi Y, Motamedi H, Karampoor S. Immunometabolism in biofilm infection: lessons from cancer. Mol Med 2022; 28:10. [PMID: 35093033 PMCID: PMC8800364 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm is a community of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix, which can colonize different human cells and tissues and subvert the host immune reactions by preventing immune detection and polarizing the immune reactions towards an anti-inflammatory state, promoting the persistence of biofilm-embedded bacteria in the host. MAIN BODY OF THE MANUSCRIPT It is now well established that the function of immune cells is ultimately mediated by cellular metabolism. The immune cells are stimulated to regulate their immune functions upon sensing danger signals. Recent studies have determined that immune cells often display distinct metabolic alterations that impair their immune responses when triggered. Such metabolic reprogramming and its physiological implications are well established in cancer situations. In bacterial infections, immuno-metabolic evaluations have primarily focused on macrophages and neutrophils in the planktonic growth mode. CONCLUSION Based on differences in inflammatory reactions of macrophages and neutrophils in planktonic- versus biofilm-associated bacterial infections, studies must also consider the metabolic functions of immune cells against biofilm infections. The profound characterization of the metabolic and immune cell reactions could offer exciting novel targets for antibiofilm therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Niloofar Sabokroo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamid Motamedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rainard P, Gilbert FB, Germon P, Foucras G. Invited review: A critical appraisal of mastitis vaccines for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10427-10448. [PMID: 34218921 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the mammary gland remain a frequent disease of dairy ruminants that negatively affect animal welfare, milk quality, farmer serenity, and farming profitability and cause an increase in use of antimicrobials. There is a need for efficacious vaccines to alleviate the burden of mastitis in dairy farming, but this need has not been satisfactorily fulfilled despite decades of research. A careful appraisal of past and current research on mastitis vaccines reveals the peculiarities but also the commonalities among mammary gland infections associated with the major mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. A major pitfall is that the immune mechanisms of effective protection have not been fully identified. Until now, vaccine development has been directed toward the generation of antibodies. In this review, we drew up an inventory of the main approaches used to design vaccines that aim at the major pathogens for the mammary gland, and we critically appraised the current and tentative vaccines. In particular, we sought to relate efficacy to vaccine-induced defense mechanisms to shed light on some possible reasons for current vaccine shortcomings. Based on the lessons learned from past attempts and the recent results of current research, the design of effective vaccines may take a new turn in the years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rainard
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Florence B Gilbert
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, 31076 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma Z, Yin X, Wu P, Hu R, Wang Y, Yi J, Wang Z, Chen C. The Recombinant Expression Proteins FnBP and ClfA From Staphylococcus aureus in Addition to GapC and Sip From Streptococcus agalactiae Can Protect BALB/c Mice From Bacterial Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666098. [PMID: 34250059 PMCID: PMC8263938 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cow mastitis is a serious disease that is mainly caused by intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)]. FnBP and ClfA are the virulence factors of S. aureus, while GapC is the respective factor for S. agalactiae. Sip is a highly immunogenic protein, and it is conserved in all GBS serotypes. In this study, we analyzed the abovementioned four genes prepared a FnBP+ClfA chimeric protein (FC), a GapC+Sip chimeric protein (GS), and a FnBP+ClfA+GapC+Sip chimeric protein (FCGS) based on the antigenic sites to evaluate their use in vaccine development. After expression and purification of the recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, BALB/c mice were immunized with them to examine resistance effects. The total lethal and half lethal doses of S. aureus and S. agalactiae were then measured, and the immunoprotective effects of the fusion proteins were evaluated. The FC and FCGS chimeric proteins could induce mice to produce high levels of antibodies, and bacterial loads were significantly reduced in the spleens and livers after challenge. After immunization with FCGS, the recipients resisted the attacks of both S. aureus and S. agalactiae, indicating the potential of the fusion protein as a mastitis vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinyue Yin
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan X, Li N, Xu M, Yang D, Wang B. Intrapulmonary Vaccination Induces Long-lasting and Effective Pulmonary Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:903-913. [PMID: 33417695 PMCID: PMC8408773 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus causes community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia linked to a high mortality rate. The emergence and rapid transmission of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains has become a serious health concern, highlighting the challenges associated with the development of a vaccine to combat S. aureus pneumonia. Methods This study evaluated the effects of intrapulmonary immunization on the immune response and protection against S. aureus lung infection in a respiratory mouse model using a subunit vaccine. Results Compared with the intranasal immunized mice, the intrapulmonarily immunized mice had lower levels of pulmonary bacterial colonization and lethality, accompanied by alleviated lung inflammation with reduced proinflammatory cytokines and increased levels of interleukin-10 and antimicrobial peptide following intrapulmonary challenge. Optimal protection was associated with increased pulmonary antibodies and resident memory T cells. Moreover, intrapulmonary immunization provided long-lasting pulmonary protection for at least 6 months, with persistent cellular and humoral immunity in the lungs. Conclusions Vaccine reaching the deep lung by intrapulmonary immunization plays a significant role in the induction of efficacious and long-lasting immunity against S. aureus in the lung parenchyma. Hence, intrapulmonary immunization can be a strategy for the development of a vaccine against S. aureus pneumonia. Immunization through the intrapulmonary route with a subunit of S. aureus vaccine elicited tissue resident memory T cells and antigen-specific antibodies in the lungs, and provided optimal and long-term protection against S. aureus pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Decheng Yang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Beinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Cholera-Toxin-Based Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine against Bovine Intramammary Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010006. [PMID: 33374191 PMCID: PMC7824273 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a primary agent of bovine mastitis and a source of significant economic loss for the dairy industry. We previously reported antigen-specific immune induction in the milk and serum of dairy cows following vaccination with a cholera toxin A2 and B subunit (CTA2/B) based vaccine containing the iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA) and clumping factor A (ClfA) antigens of S. aureus (IsdA + ClfA-CTA2/B). The goal of the current study was to assess the efficacy of this vaccine to protect against S. aureus infection after intramammary challenge. Six mid-lactation heifers were randomized to vaccinated and control groups. On days 1 and 14 animals were inoculated intranasally with vaccine or vehicle control, and on day 20 animals were challenged with S. aureus. Clinical outcome, milk quality, bacterial shedding, and somatic cell count (SCC) were followed for ten days post-challenge. Vaccinated animals did not show signs of clinical S. aureus mastitis and had lower SCCs compared to control animals during the challenge period. Reductions in bacterial shedding were observed but were not significant between groups. Antibody analysis of milk and serum indicated that, upon challenge, vaccinated animals produced enhanced IsdA- and ClfA-CTA2/B specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, while responses to CTA2/B alone were not different between groups. Responses after challenge were largely IgG1 against the IsdA antigen and mixed IgG1/IgG2 against the ClfA antigen. In addition, there was a significant increase in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression from blood cells in vaccinated animals on day 20. While preliminary, these findings support evidence of the induction of active immunity by IsdA + ClfA-CTA2/B, and further assessment of this vaccine is warranted.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cai J, Li J, Zhou Y, Wang J, Li J, Cui L, Meng X, Zhu G, Wang H. Staphylococcus aureus facilitates its survival in bovine macrophages by blocking autophagic flux. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3460-3468. [PMID: 31997584 PMCID: PMC7131951 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that is the causative agent of several human and veterinary infections and plays a critical role in the clinical and subclinical mastitis of cattle. Autophagy is a conserved pathogen defence mechanism in eukaryotes. Studies have reported that S aureus can subvert autophagy and survive in cells. Staphylococcus aureus survival in cells is an important cause of chronic persistent mastitis infection. However, it is unclear whether S aureus can escape autophagy in innate immune cells. In this study, initiation of autophagy due to the presence of S aureus was detected in bovine macrophages. We observed autophagic vacuoles increased after S aureus infection of bovine macrophages by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was also found that S aureus‐infected bovine macrophages increased the expression of LC3 at different times(0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours). Data also showed the accumulation of p62 induced by S aureus infection. Application of autophagy regulatory agents showed that the degradation of p62 was blocked in S aureus induced bovine macrophages. In addition, we also found that the accumulation of autophagosomes promotes S aureus to survive in macrophage cells. In conclusion, this study indicates that autophagy occurs in S aureus‐infected bovine macrophages but is blocked at a later stage of autophagy. The accumulation of autophagosomes facilitates the survival of S aureus in bovine macrophages. These findings provide new insights into the interaction of S aureus with autophagy in bovine macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Production and Application of Multicistronic Constructs for Various Human Disease Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110580. [PMID: 31698727 PMCID: PMC6920891 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multicistronic vectors has opened up new opportunities to address the fundamental issues of molecular and cellular biology related to the need for the simultaneous delivery and joint expression of several genes. To date, the examples of the successful use of multicistronic vectors have been described for the development of new methods of treatment of various human diseases, including cardiovascular, oncological, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disorders. The safety and effectiveness of the joint delivery of therapeutic genes in multicistronic vectors based on the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and self-cleaving 2A peptides have been shown in both in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as in clinical trials. Co-expression of several genes in one vector has also been used to create animal models of various inherited diseases which are caused by mutations in several genes. Multicistronic vectors provide expression of all mutant genes, which allows the most complete mimicking disease pathogenesis. This review comprehensively discusses multicistronic vectors based on IRES nucleotide sequence and self-cleaving 2A peptides, including its features and possible application for the treatment and modeling of various human diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C Is an Important Virulence Factor for Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030141. [PMID: 30832302 PMCID: PMC6468914 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen causing bovine mastitis, but little is known about the virulence factor and the inflammatory responses in the mammary infection. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) is the most frequent toxin produced by S. aureus, isolated from bovine mastitis. To investigate the pathogenic activity of SEC in the inflammation of the mammary gland and the immune responses in an animal model, mouse mammary glands were injected with SEC, and the clinical signs, inflammatory cell infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine production in the mammary glands were assessed. SEC induced significant inflammatory reactions in the mammary gland, in a dose-dependent manner. SEC-injected mammary glands showed a severe inflammation with inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage. In addition, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 production in the SEC-injected mammary glands were significantly higher than those in the PBS control glands. Furthermore, the SEC-induced inflammation and tissue damage in the mammary gland were specifically inhibited by anti-SEC antibody. These results indicated, for the first time, that SEC can directly cause inflammation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and tissue damage in mammary glands, suggesting that SEC might play an important role in the development of mastitis associated with S. aureus infection. This finding offers an opportunity to develop novel treatment strategies for reduction of mammary tissue damage in mastitis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Keane OM. Symposium review: Intramammary infections-Major pathogens and strain-associated complexity. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4713-4726. [PMID: 30827546 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intramammary infection (IMI) is one of the most costly diseases to the dairy industry. It is primarily due to bacterial infection and the major intramammary pathogens include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The severity and outcome of IMI is dependent on several host factors including innate host resistance, energy balance, immune status, parity, and stage of lactation. Additionally, the infecting organism can influence the host immune response and progression of disease. It is increasingly recognized that not only the infecting pathogen species, but also the strain, can affect the transmission, severity, and outcome of IMI. For each of 3 major IMI-associated pathogens, S. aureus, Strep. uberis, and E. coli, specific strains have been identified that are adapted to the intramammary environment. Strain-dependent variation in the host immune response to infection has also been reported. The diversity of strains associated with IMI must be considered if vaccines effective against the full repertoire of mammary pathogenic strains are to be developed. Although important advances have been made recently in understanding the molecular mechanism underpinning strain-specific virulence, further research is required to fully elucidate the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of mammary adapted strains and the role of the strain in influencing the pathophysiology of infection. Improved understanding of molecular pathogenesis of strains associated with bovine IMI will contribute to the development of new control strategies, therapies, and vaccines. The development of enabling technologies such as pathogenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can facilitate system-level studies of strain-specific molecular pathogenesis and the identification of key mediators of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hambali IU, Abdullah FFJB, Bhutto KR, Mohd Azmi ML, Wahid AH, Zakaria Z, Odhah MN, Arsalan M, Muhammad NA, Jefri MN. Periodic vicissitudes of different concentrations of a developed prototype killed S. aureus mastitis vaccine on immune modulators, mediators and immunoglobulins in cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:781-789. [PMID: 30449009 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland due to microbial infiltration causing a reduced mammary function. This study aims at developing a vaccine using Malaysian local isolate of Staphylococcus aureus and evaluating serum amyloid A, Interleukin-10, IgM and IgG responses periodically. Four bacterin concentrations (106, 107, 108 and 109 cfu/ml of the local isolate of S. aureus) were adjuvanted with aluminium potassium sulphate. Thirty cows grouped into 4 treatment groups (G-) were vaccinated (2 ml) intramuscularly, with a fifth G-A as control. The mean concentration (MC) of serum amyloid A (SAA) was significantly different (sig-d) (p ˂ 0.05) in G-D at 0 h post vaccination (PV), 3 h PV, 24 h PV, weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 PV (6-, 15-, 5-, 12-, 11-, 4- and 11-fold increased (FI) respectively). The MC of serum amyloid A was also sig-d in G-E at 0 h PV, weeks 1, 2 and 4 PV (3, 8, 5 and 8 FI respectively). The MC of IL-10 was sig-d in G-D and C at 3 h PV and week 2 PV (5 and 2 FI respectively). The IgM MC was sig-d in G-B and C at 3 h PV (5 and 6 FI respectively), at 24 h PV (5 and 9 FI respectively), at week 3 PV(2 and 2 FI respectively) and week 4 PV (3 and 4 FI respectively). The MC of IgG was sig-d in G-E at 0 h, 3 h and week 3 PV(5, 6 and 2 FI respectively) and in G-D at weeks 1-4 (3, 3, 3 and 5 FI respectively). In conclusion, elevated levels of SAA, IgG and IL-10 in G-D(108) informed our choice of best dosage which can be used to evoke immunity in cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Umar Hambali
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Veterinary Public health and Preventive Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600233, Nigeria.
| | - Faez Firdaus Jesse Bin Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Research Centre for Ruminant Disease, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - K R Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Directorate of Veterinary Research and Diagnosis, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Sindh, 70050, Pakistan
| | - M L Mohd Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A H Wahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M N Odhah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, 39, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - M Arsalan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Directorate of Animal Health, Livestock and Dairy Development Department Baluchistan, Lahore, 87300, Pakistan
| | - N A Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Science Lahore, Lahore, 54500, Pakistan
| | - M N Jefri
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Evaluation of the humoral immune response to a multicomponent recombinant vaccine against S. aureus in healthy pregnant heifers. Vet J 2018; 235:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
Nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections are associated with prolonged hospitalizations and increased healthcare costs. Infections associated with surgical implants are becoming more difficult and more costly to manage, as they require repeated surgical procedures and a longer period of time to treat patients. Continued advances in the use of medical devices, an increase in the number of immunocompromised patients, and a steady rise in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms has renewed interest in the development of novel therapies that can be used to prevent and treat nosocomial infections. This review provides an overview of bacterial adhesins and focuses on novel immunological therapies developed to treat staphylococcal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Patti
- Inhibitex, Inc., Alpharetta, Georgia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blanchette KA, Prabhakara R, Shirtliff ME, Wenke JC. Inhibition of fracture healing in the presence of contamination by Staphylococcus aureus: Effects of growth state and immune response. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1845-1854. [PMID: 28387956 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extremity injuries comprise a significant portion of trauma, affecting quality of life, financial burden, and return to duty. Bacterial contamination is commonly associated with failure to heal, despite antibiotic treatment, suggesting that additional therapies must be developed to combat these complications. Treatment failure is likely due to the presence of resistant microbial communities known as biofilms. Biofilm bacteria are able to elicit a direct inhibition of healing through a multitude of known factors. However, they likely also inhibit healing through alteration of the inflammatory response. As inflammation is a critical step in fracture healing, how the presence of biofilm bacteria shifts this response to one that is suboptimal for healing is an important consideration that is currently understudied. The profile of inflammatory factors in response to biofilm bacteria is unique and distinct from those induced during normal healing or by planktonic bacteria alone. This review will examine the presence of inflammatory factors during normal healing and those induced by contaminating bacteria, and will discuss how these differences may ultimately lead to nonunion. Specifically, this review will focus on the Th1/Th2/Th17 type inflammatory responses and how shifts in the balance of these responses during infection can lead to both ineffective clearance and disruption of fracture healing. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1845-1854, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystle A Blanchette
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass STE B, JBSA Ft Sam, Houston 78234-7767, Texas
| | | | | | - Joseph C Wenke
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass STE B, JBSA Ft Sam, Houston 78234-7767, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Immunogenicity of amino acids 1-150 of Streptococcus GapC displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:288-297. [PMID: 28179116 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus is one of the main pathogens that cause bovine mastitis. They includes into S.agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae, and S.uberis. The GapC protein is a virulence factor that is expressed on the surface of Streptococcus species. GapC is highly antigenic and immunization with GapC confers cross-protection against all three species. Our previous data showed that amino acids 1-150 of GapC (GapC1-150) of S. dysgalactiae conferred similar immunoprotection compared to full-length GapC. Thus, the present study aimed to construct a recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-Blue strain that displayed GapC1-150 on its surface, and to investigate the immunogenicity of the surface-localized GapC1-150. To do so, the ompA gene of the E. coli XL1-Blue strain was replaced with the lpp'-ompA-gapC11-150 or lpp'-ompA genes by λ Red recombination, the former of which fused GapC1-150 to an Lpp lipoprotein signal peptide and amino acids 1-159 of OmpA; the recombinant strains were named XL1-Blue/LOG76 and XL1-Blue/LO11, respectively. GapC1-150 was confirmed to localize to the surface of the XL1-Blue/LOG76 strain by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, and laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Then, ICR mice were immunized intramuscularly with the XL1-Blue/LOG76 or XL1-Blue/LO11 strains, or recombinant GapC1-150. The sera of the immunized mice were collected and the anti-GapC1-150 antibody levels were detected by ELISA. Lymphocytes secreting interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon-γ were detected by an enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot assay, as was the level of IL-17A level in the supernatant of cultured splenic lymphocytes. The mice immunized with the XL1-Blue/LOG76 strain or GapC1-150 exhibited better cellular and humoral immunity. Lastly, the immunized mice were challenged with S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, and S. agalactiae strains, and mice that were immunized with the XL1-Blue/LOG76 strain were better protected than those that were immunized with the XL1-Blue/LO11 strain. These results indicate that it is feasible to display GapC1-150 on the E. coli surface as a vaccine against Streptococcus species.
Collapse
|
18
|
Stachyra A, Pietrzak M, Macioła A, Protasiuk A, Olszewska M, Śmietanka K, Minta Z, Góra-Sochacka A, Kopera E, Sirko A. A prime/boost vaccination with HA DNA and Pichia-produced HA protein elicits a strong humoral response in chickens against H5N1. Virus Res 2017; 232:41-47. [PMID: 28159612 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause severe disease and huge economic losses in domestic poultry and might pose a serious threat to people because of the high mortality rates in case of an accidental transmission to humans. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the immune responses and hemagglutination inhibition potential elicited by a combined DNA/recombinant protein prime/boost vaccination compared to DNA/DNA and protein/protein regimens in chickens. A plasmid encoding hemagglutinin (HA) from the A/swan/Poland/305-135V08/2006 (H5N1) virus, or the recombinant HA protein produced in Pichia pastoris system, both induced H5 HA-specific humoral immune responses in chickens. In two independent experiments, anti-HA antibodies were detected in sera collected two weeks after the first dose and the response was enhanced by the second dose of a vaccine, regardless of the type of subunit vaccine (DNA or recombinant protein) administered. The serum collected from chickens two weeks after the second dose was characterized by three types of assays: indirect ELISA, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and a diagnostic test based on H5 antibody competition. Although the indirect ELISA failed to detect superiority of any of the three vaccine regimens, the other two tests clearly indicated that priming of chickens with the DNA vaccine significantly enhanced the protective potential of the recombinant protein vaccine produced in P. pastoris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachyra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Pietrzak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Macioła
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Protasiuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Olszewska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Zenon Minta
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Kopera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boerhout EM, Koets AP, Vernooij JCM, Mols-Vorstermans TGT, Nuijten PJM, Rutten VPMG, Bijlsma JJE, Eisenberg SWF. Reisolation of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine milk following experimental inoculation is influenced by fat percentage and specific immunoglobulin G1 titer in milk. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4259-4269. [PMID: 26995117 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The associations of management parameters, herd characteristics, and individual cow factors with bovine mastitis have been subject of many studies. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between milk composition parameters, including fat, protein, lactose, urea, and specific immunoglobulin levels, at the time of experimental bacterial inoculation of the mammary gland and subsequent shedding dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus. Sixty-eight cows were experimentally infected with S. aureus and closely monitored for 3 wk. Mixed model analyses were used to determine the influence of management and herd characteristics (farm and experimental group), individual cow factors (days in milk, milk yield, and quarter position), and a challenge-related parameter (inoculation dose) in combination with either the milk components fat, protein, lactose and urea, or the S. aureus-specific antibody isotype titers at the time of bacterial inoculation, on the number of S. aureus reisolated from milk after inoculation. A positive association was observed between the milk fat percentage and the number of S. aureus reisolated from quarter milk, and a negative relationship between the S. aureus-specific IgG1 titer in milk and the number of S. aureus. These findings should be considered in the development of a vaccine against S. aureus-induced bovine mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Boerhout
- Ruminants Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5830 AA Boxmeer, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - A P Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Edelhertweg 15, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J C M Vernooij
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T G T Mols-Vorstermans
- Ruminants Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5830 AA Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - P J M Nuijten
- Ruminants Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5830 AA Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - J J E Bijlsma
- Discovery and Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5830 AA Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - S W F Eisenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khan SN, Khan AU. Breaking the Spell: Combating Multidrug Resistant 'Superbugs'. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:174. [PMID: 26925046 PMCID: PMC4757689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a severe threat to community wellbeing. Conventional antibiotics are getting progressively more ineffective as a consequence of resistance, making it imperative to realize improved antimicrobial options. In this review we emphasized the microorganisms primarily reported of being resistance, referred as ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) accentuating their capacity to "escape" from routine antimicrobial regimes. The upcoming antimicrobial agents showing great potential and can serve as alternative therapeutic options are discussed. We also provided succinct overview of two evolving technologies; specifically network pharmacology and functional genomics profiling. Furthermore, In vivo imaging techniques can provide novel targets and a real time tool for potential lead molecule assessment. The employment of such approaches at prelude of a drug development process, will enables more informed decisions on candidate drug selection and will maximize or predict therapeutic potential before clinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asad U. Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gomes F, Henriques M. Control of Bovine Mastitis: Old and Recent Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:377-82. [PMID: 26687332 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is defined as the inflammatory response resulting of the infection of the udder tissue and it is reported in numerous species, namely in domestic dairy animals. This pathology is the most frequent disease of dairy cattle and can be potentially fatal. Mastitis is an economically important pathology associated with reduced milk production, changes in milk composition and quality, being considered one of the most costly to dairy industry. Therefore, the majority of research in the field has focused on control of bovine mastitis and many efforts are being made for the development of new and effective anti-mastitis drugs. Antibiotic treatment is an established component of mastitis control programs; however, the continuous search for new therapeutic alternatives, effective in the control and treatment of bovine mastitis, is urgent. This review will provide an overview of some conventional and emerging approaches in the management of bovine mastitis' infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gomes
- LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Henriques
- LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Which are important targets in development of S. aureus mastitis vaccine? Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
23
|
Camussone C, Pujato N, Renna M, Veaute C, Morein B, Marcipar I, Calvinho L. Immune response and functional role of antibodies raised in heifers against a Staphylococcus aureus CP5 lysate and recombinant antigens vaccine formulated with Iscom Matrix adjuvant. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
24
|
Peton V, Bouchard DS, Almeida S, Rault L, Falentin H, Jardin J, Jan G, Hernandez D, François P, Schrenzel J, Azevedo V, Miyoshi A, Berkova N, Even S, Le Loir Y. Fine-tuned characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305, a strain associated with mild and chronic mastitis in bovines. Vet Res 2014; 45:106. [PMID: 25316113 PMCID: PMC4230361 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S. aureus is a major aetiological agent of ruminant mastitis worldwide. The chronic nature of S. aureus mastitis makes it difficult to cure and prone to resurgence. In order to identify the bacterial factors involved in this chronicity, Newbould 305 (N305), a strain that can reproducibly induce mild and chronic mastitis in an experimental setting, was characterized in depth. We employed genomic and proteomic techniques combined with phenotype characterization, in order to comprehensively analyse N305. The results were compared with data obtained on S. aureus RF122, a strain representative of the major clone involved in severe bovine mastitis worldwide. Five mobile genetic elements were identified in the N305 genome as carrying virulence factors which correlated with phenotypic features such as cytotoxicity, mammary epithelial cell invasion or host-adaptation. In particular, the presence and characteristics of surface exposed proteins correlated well with the greater adhesion and internalization capacities of N305 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. N305 also displayed less diversity of toxin genes but secreted larger quantities of these toxins, associated with a higher cytotoxicity potential. Our data are consistent with the invasiveness and host-adaptation features which contribute to the chronicity of S. aureus mastitis. Mobile genetic elements, exoproteins and surface exposed proteins constitute good targets for further research to explore the underlying mechanisms related to mastitis chronicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Peton
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Damien S Bouchard
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Sintia Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Lucie Rault
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Hélène Falentin
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Julien Jardin
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Gwénaël Jan
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - David Hernandez
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals (HUG), CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals (HUG), CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals (HUG), CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Nadia Berkova
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Sergine Even
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Le Loir
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Renna MS, Pereyra EA, Baravalle C, Camussone CM, Dallard BE, Marcipar IS, Calvinho LF. Functional role of antibodies generated in heifers through immunization withStaphylococcus aureusvaccines in invasion and phagocytosis assays. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 360:62-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María S. Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Elizabet A.L. Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Cecilia M. Camussone
- Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Bibiana E. Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ivan S. Marcipar
- Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Luis F. Calvinho
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Santa Fe Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dairy cows produce cytokine and cytotoxic T cell responses following vaccination with an antigenic fraction from Streptococcus uberis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
27
|
Yu L, Wang N, Ma J, Tong C, Song B, Chi J, Ma G, Zhu Z, Cui Y. Improved protective efficacy of a chimericStaphylococcus aureusvaccine candidate iron-regulated surface determinant B(N126-P361)-target of RNAIII activating protein in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:857-64. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Jiaqi Chi
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Guoda Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing 163319 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Deb R, Kumar A, Chakraborty S, Verma AK, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Singh U, Kumar S. Trends in diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis: a review. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:1653-1661. [PMID: 24506032 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1653.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis (inflammation of mammary gland) is a most devastating disease condition in terms of economic losses occurring throughout the world. The etiological agents may vary from place to place depending on climate; animal species and animal husbandry and include wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria; and fungi. They may be either contagious viz. Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae or environmental viz. S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis, Corynebacterium bovis and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Conventional diagnostic tests viz. California Mastitis Test (CMT); R-mastitest and Mast-O-test methods are applied under field conditions; whereas somatic cell count and Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count (BTSCC) are useful for early mastitis detection and detection of sub clinical or chronic mastitis respectively. In vitro culture based diagnosis require further study as they can detect only viable cells. The advent of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology along with its various versions like multiplex and real time PCR has improved the rapidity and sensitivity of diagnosis. Circulating micro RNA (miRNA) based diagnosis; immune assay and proteomics based detection along with biochips and biosensors prove to be asset to diagnosticians for advanced diagnosis of this economically important condition. Improvement of milking hygiene; implementation of post-milking teat disinfection; regular control of the milking equipments; implementation of milking order; Improvement of bedding material are the general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis. The use of antibiotics (intramammary infusions; bacteriocins) and herbs (Terminalia spp.) are important for prophylaxis and therapeutics. Vaccines viz. cell based; Recombinant (staphylococcal enterotoxin type C mutant) or chimeric (pauA); live (S. uberis 0140J stain based) and bacterial surface extract based; DNA-based and DNA-protein based have greatly aided in management of bovine mastitis. Quorum sensing and disease resistant breeding using novel biomarkers viz. toll like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4, interleukin (IL) 8; breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and calcium channel voltage-dependent alpha 2/delta sub unit 1 (CACNA2D1) are also indispensable. This mini review gives an overview of all these different aspects that act as trend setters as far as the diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis is concerned to help the diagnosticians; epidemiologists and researchers not to remain ignorant about this grave condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Deb
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, Meerut, 250001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resource Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala, 799006 Tripura, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Umesh Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, Meerut, 250001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, Meerut, 250001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary medicine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:602-15. [PMID: 23974078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen in humans and one of the most important pathogenic Staphylococcus species in veterinary medicine. S. aureus is dangerous because of its deleterious effects on animal health and its potential for transmission from animals to humans and vice-versa. It thus has a huge impact on animal health and welfare and causes major economic losses in livestock production. Increasing attention is therefore being paid to both livestock and companion animals in terms of this pathogen. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the animal host adaptation of S. aureus. Different types of S. aureus infections in animals are also presented, with particular emphasis on mastitis in dairy herds, which is probably the costliest and therefore the best documented S. aureus infection seen in animals.
Collapse
|
30
|
Santana VC, Diniz MO, Cariri FAMO, Ventura AM, Cunha-Neto E, Almeida RR, Campos MA, Lima GK, Ferreira LCS. Bicistronic DNA vaccines simultaneously encoding HIV, HSV and HPV antigens promote CD8⁺ T cell responses and protective immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71322. [PMID: 23951135 PMCID: PMC3738591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are currently infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For this enormous contingent of people, the search for preventive and therapeutic immunological approaches represents a hope for the eradication of latent infection and/or virus-associated cancer. To date, attempts to develop vaccines against these viruses have been mainly based on a monovalent concept, in which one or more antigens of a virus are incorporated into a vaccine formulation. In the present report, we designed and tested an immunization strategy based on DNA vaccines that simultaneously encode antigens for HIV, HSV and HPV. With this purpose in mind, we tested two bicistronic DNA vaccines (pIRES I and pIRES II) that encode the HPV-16 oncoprotein E7 and the HIV protein p24 both genetically fused to the HSV-1 gD envelope protein. Mice i.m. immunized with the DNA vaccines mounted antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses, including in vivo cytotoxic responses, against the three antigens. Under experimental conditions, the vaccines conferred protective immunity against challenges with a vaccinia virus expressing the HIV-derived protein Gag, an HSV-1 virus strain and implantation of tumor cells expressing the HPV-16 oncoproteins. Altogether, our results show that the concept of a trivalent HIV, HSV, and HPV vaccine capable to induce CD8+ T cell-dependent responses is feasible and may aid in the development of preventive and/or therapeutic approaches for the control of diseases associated with these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius C. Santana
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana O. Diniz
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco A. M. O. Cariri
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Armando M. Ventura
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edécio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael R. Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Campos
- René Rachou Research Center, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luís C. S. Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brady RA, Mocca CP, Prabhakara R, Plaut RD, Shirtliff ME, Merkel TJ, Burns DL. Evaluation of genetically inactivated alpha toxin for protection in multiple mouse models of Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63040. [PMID: 23658662 PMCID: PMC3639205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen and a leading cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Development of a vaccine against this pathogen is an important goal. While S. aureus protective antigens have been identified in the literature, the majority have only been tested in a single animal model of disease. We wished to evaluate the ability of one S. aureus vaccine antigen to protect in multiple mouse models, thus assessing whether protection in one model translates to protection in other models encompassing the full breadth of infections the pathogen can cause. We chose to focus on genetically inactivated alpha toxin mutant HlaH35L. We evaluated the protection afforded by this antigen in three models of infection using the same vaccine dose, regimen, route of immunization, adjuvant, and challenge strain. When mice were immunized with HlaH35L and challenged via a skin and soft tissue infection model, HlaH35L immunization led to a less severe infection and decreased S. aureus levels at the challenge site when compared to controls. Challenge of HlaH35L-immunized mice using a systemic infection model resulted in a limited, but statistically significant decrease in bacterial colonization as compared to that observed with control mice. In contrast, in a prosthetic implant model of chronic biofilm infection, there was no significant difference in bacterial levels when compared to controls. These results demonstrate that vaccines may confer protection against one form of S. aureus disease without conferring protection against other disease presentations and thus underscore a significant challenge in S. aureus vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Brady
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Mocca
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ranjani Prabhakara
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roger D. Plaut
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tod J. Merkel
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Drusilla L. Burns
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mitra SD, Velu D, Bhuvana M, Krithiga N, Banerjee A, Shome R, Rahman H, Ghosh SK, Shome BR. Staphylococcus aureus spa type t267, clonal ancestor of bovine subclinical mastitis in India. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1604-15. [PMID: 23480572 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the virulence determinants and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis milk. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR detection of virulence genes was performed for 173 Staph. aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis milk. Further, genetic diversity was analysed by agr and spa typing followed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of selected isolates. Screening of virulence genes (n = 19) showed the adherence genes viz. fnbA, clfA, fnbB and cna in 98·8, 97·1, 68·8 and 28·3 percentage of isolates, respectively, and 80 strains (46·24%) positive for enterotoxin genes were distributed as 23 toxinotypes, of which, 5 genotypes contained a single gene and the rest comprised of multiple toxin genes. Out of agr type-1 (87·3%), 74·2 per cent belonged to the three predominant spa types. Of 27 spa types, 11 were identified for the first time. The predominant spa types were t267 (N =44), t359 (N = 42) and t6877 (N =29), which together accounts to 66·5 per cent of isolates. PFGE analysis of isolates (N = 45) covering all the spa types revealed mostly similar or closely related pulsotypes. Local emergence of spa type t6877 in herd-dependant manner was observed. spa sequence-based phylogenetic analysis suggested t267 as the ancestral clone of t359, t6877 and other spa types except two. CONCLUSION Heterogenous virulence profile of the isolates had no significant association with the genotype. High prevalence of agr group I reaffirms their association with persistent subclinical mastitis. The spa type t267 appears to be the ancestral clone endemic in the region causing subclinical mastitis. In addition, few new spa types have emerged in the geographic region. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Gives an insight into the genetic and evolutionary behaviour of Staph. aureus associated with bovine subclinical mastitis in India. The study would pave the way for devising effective control strategy for bovine mastitis in Indian context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Mitra
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fabres-Klein MH, Klein RC, De Paula SO, Ribon AOB. Immunorelevant proteins for the diagnosis of bovine staphylococcal mastitis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1155-60. [PMID: 23386318 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis, a condition in which the udder of the cow is inflamed, reducing the quality and quantity of milk produced. Staphylococcal mastitis is a common infection that can develop into a chronic form. The segregation of infected animals is an important preventive practice but relies on an effective diagnostic method. For this purpose, we constructed a genomic library of S. aureus, and a screening step was conducted with antiserum produced using the total protein extract of the pathogen. The nucleotide sequences of the immunoselected clones were aligned with the genome of bovine S. aureus RF122, which enabled the identification of 65 different loci, including proteins related to metabolism, adhesion and cell wall production, toxins, regulatory proteins, and hypothetical proteins. The subcellular location of the immunoreactive polypeptides was also determined. Fifty-two percent were cytoplasmic, 34 % were located in areas exposed to the host's immune system, and for 14 %, the location could not be determined. In silico analysis of the presence of these proteins in mastitis pathogens showed that Fib, ClfA, and the hypothetical protein SAB0166 were the only proteins specific for S. aureus. Therefore, these proteins are promising candidates for the serodiagnosis of staphylococcal mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Fabres-Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Factores de virulencia de Staphylococcus aureus asociados con infecciones mamarias en bovinos: relevancia y rol como agentes inmunógenos. Rev Argent Microbiol 2013; 45:119-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(13)70011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
36
|
Klein RC, Fabres-Klein MH, Brito MAVP, Fietto LG, Ribon ADOB. Staphylococcus aureus of bovine origin: genetic diversity, prevalence and the expression of adhesin-encoding genes. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:183-8. [PMID: 22709438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-armed pathogen that is a leading cause of bovine mastitis. Attempts to define a set of bacterial proteins that are crucial for infection have failed. The identification of these proteins is important to define biomarkers that can be used for diagnostic purposes and to identify potential vaccine targets. In this study, seven genes that encode virulence factors were analyzed in 85 bacterial isolates that were derived from animals with bovine mastitis. The clfB, spa, sdrCDE and fnBP genes were detected in 91.8%, 85.9%, 85.9% and 63.5% of the isolates, respectively. At least one gene was present in all of the strains, while the most prevalent combination was clfB and sdrCDE (82.4%). The genetic diversity of the isolates was high and allowed for clustering into more than 40 groups, with each group containing bacteria collected from different locations. The gene expression of the four most prevalent adhesins was examined in nine genetically distinct strains. No common pattern of expression was observed for the genes, suggesting that the capacity of S. aureus to cause infection may rely on differential expression of the virulence factors in different isolates. Our results conclude that using only one antigen is unlikely to provide effective protection against bovine mastitis and suggest that a combination of at least three adhesins may be more suitable for developing preventive therapies. We also conclude that the characterization of isolates distributed worldwide is necessary to improve our understanding of pathogenesis in the natural populations of S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Contelli Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Montanaro L, Speziale P, Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Cangini I, Pietrocola G, Giannini S, Arciola CR. Scenery ofStaphylococcusimplant infections in orthopedics. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1329-49. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
38
|
Suppression of the inflammatory immune response prevents the development of chronic biofilm infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2011; 79:5010-8. [PMID: 21947772 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05571-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of prosthetic implant infections, which can become chronic due to the ability of S. aureus to grow as a biofilm. Little is known about adaptive immune responses to these infections in vivo. We hypothesized that S. aureus elicits inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses, associated with biofilm formation, instead of protective Th2/Treg responses. We used an adapted mouse model of biofilm-mediated prosthetic implant infection to determine chronic infection rates, Treg cell frequencies, and local cytokine levels in Th1-biased C57BL/6 and Th2-biased BALB/c mice. All C57BL/6 mice developed chronic S. aureus implant infection at all time points tested. However, over 75% of BALB/c mice spontaneously cleared the infection without adjunctive therapy and demonstrated higher levels of Th2 cytokines and anti-inflammatory Treg cells. When chronic infection rates in mice deficient in the Th2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) via STAT6 mutation in a BALB/c background were assessed, the mice were unable to clear the S. aureus implant infection. Additionally, BALB/c mice depleted of Treg cells via an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (MAb) were also unable to clear the infection. In contrast, the C57BL/6 mice that were susceptible to infection were able to eliminate S. aureus biofilm populations on infected intramedullary pins once the Th1 and Th17 responses were diminished by MAb treatment with anti-IL-12 p40. Together, these results indicate that Th2/Treg responses are mechanisms of protection against chronic S. aureus implant infection, as opposed to Th1/Th17 responses, which may play a role in the development of chronic infection.
Collapse
|
39
|
Evaluation of a novel chimeric B cell epitope-based vaccine against mastitis induced by either Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:893-900. [PMID: 21508165 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00066-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To construct a universal vaccine against mastitis induced by either Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus, the B cell epitopes of the surface immunogenic protein (Sip) from S. agalactiae and clumping factor A (ClfA) from S. aureus were analyzed and predicted. sip-clfA, a novel chimeric B cell epitope-based gene, was obtained by overlap PCR, and then the recombinant Sip-ClfA (rSip-ClfA) was expressed and purified. rSip-ClfA and inactivated S. agalactiae and S. aureus were formulated into different vaccines with mineral oil as the adjuvant and evaluated in mouse models. The rSip-ClfA vaccination induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers higher than those seen in groups immunized with inactivated bacteria. Furthermore, the response to rSip-ClfA immunization was characterized as having a dominant IgG1 subtype, whereas both bacterial immunizations produced similar levels of IgG1 and IgG2a. The antiserum capacities for opsonizing adhesion and phagocytosis were significantly greater in the rSip-ClfA immunization group than in the killed-bacterium immunization groups (P < 0.05). The immunized lactating mice were challenged with either S. agalactiae or S. aureus via the intramammary route. At 24 h postinfection, the numbers of bacteria recovered from the mammary glands in the rSip-ClfA group were >5-fold lower than those in both inactivated-bacterium groups (P < 0.01). Histopathological examination of the mammary glands showed that rSip-ClfA immunization provided better protection of mammary gland tissue integrity against both S. agalactiae and S. aureus challenges. Thus, the recombinant protein rSip-ClfA would be a promising vaccine candidate against mastitis induced by either S. agalactiae or S. aureus.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients 2011; 3:442-74. [PMID: 22254105 PMCID: PMC3257684 DOI: 10.3390/nu3040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins form an important component of the immunological activity found in milk and colostrum. They are central to the immunological link that occurs when the mother transfers passive immunity to the offspring. The mechanism of transfer varies among mammalian species. Cattle provide a readily available immune rich colostrum and milk in large quantities, making those secretions important potential sources of immune products that may benefit humans. Immune milk is a term used to describe a range of products of the bovine mammary gland that have been tested against several human diseases. The use of colostrum or milk as a source of immunoglobulins, whether intended for the neonate of the species producing the secretion or for a different species, can be viewed in the context of the types of immunoglobulins in the secretion, the mechanisms by which the immunoglobulins are secreted, and the mechanisms by which the neonate or adult consuming the milk then gains immunological benefit. The stability of immunoglobulins as they undergo processing in the milk, or undergo digestion in the intestine, is an additional consideration for evaluating the value of milk immunoglobulins. This review summarizes the fundamental knowledge of immunoglobulins found in colostrum, milk, and immune milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Hurley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Peter K. Theil
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Efficacy of Staphylococcus aureus vaccines for bovine mastitis: A systematic review. Vet Microbiol 2011; 148:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has reemerged as an important human pathogen in recent decades. Although many infections caused by this microbial species persist through a biofilm mode of growth, little is known about how the host's adaptive immune system responds to these biofilm infections. In this study, S. aureus cells adhered to pins in culture and were subsequently inserted into the tibiae of C57BL/6 mice, with an infecting dose of 2 × 10⁵ CFU. This model was utilized to determine local cytokine levels, antibody (Ab) function, and T cell populations at multiple time points throughout infection. Like human hosts, S. aureus implant infection was chronic and remained localized in 100% of C57BL/6 mice at a consistent level of approximately 10(7) CFU/gram bone tissue after day 7. This infection persisted locally for >49 days and was recalcitrant to clearance by the host immune response and antimicrobial therapy. Local inflammatory cytokines of the Th1 (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-12 p70, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and IL-1β) and Th17 (IL-6 and IL-17) responses were upregulated throughout the infection, except IL-12 p70, which dwindled late in the infection. In addition, Th1 Ab subtypes against a biofilm antigen (SA0486) were upregulated early in the infection, while Th2 Abs and anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Tregs) were not upregulated until later. These results indicate that early Th1 and Th17 inflammatory responses and downregulated Th2 and Treg responses occur during the development of a chronic biofilm implant infection. This unrestrained inflammatory response may cause tissue damage, thereby enabling S. aureus to attach and thrive in a biofilm mode of growth.
Collapse
|
43
|
Evaluation of clumping factor A binding region A in a subunit vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1746-52. [PMID: 20826613 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00162-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential of recombinant binding region A of clumping factor A (rClfA-A) to be an effective component of a vaccine against mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus in the mouse. rClfA-A and inactivated S. aureus were each emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, mineral oil adjuvant, and Seppic adjuvant; phosphate-buffered saline was used as a control. Seven groups of 12 mice each were immunized intraperitoneally three times at 2-week intervals. The titers of IgG and subtypes thereof (IgG1 and IgG2a) in the rClfA-A-immunized group were more than 1,000-fold higher than those in the killed-bacteria-immunized group (P < 0.01). Of the three adjuvants used, mineral oil adjuvant induced the highest antibody levels for both antigens (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the anti-rClfA-A antibody capacities for bacterial adhesion and opsonizing phagocytosis were significantly greater in the rClfA-A-immunized group than in the killed-bacteria-immunized group (P < 0.05). Lactating mice immunized with either rClfA-A or inactivated vaccine were challenged with S. aureus via the intramammary route. The numbers of bacteria recovered from the murine mammary glands 24 h after inoculation were significantly lower in the rClfA-A group than in the killed-bacteria-immunized group (P < 0.001). Histologic examination of the mammary glands showed that rClfA-A immunization effectively preserved tissue integrity. Thus, rClfA-A emulsified in an oil adjuvant provides strong immune protection against S. aureus-induced mastitis in the mouse.
Collapse
|
44
|
Jensen PØ, Givskov M, Bjarnsholt T, Moser C. The immune system vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:292-305. [PMID: 20579098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ilya Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich were awarded the Nobel price in 1908. Since then, numerous studies have unraveled a multitude of mechanistically different immune responses to intruding microorganisms. However, in the vast majority of these studies, the underlying infectious agents have appeared in the planktonic state. Accordingly, much less is known about the immune responses to the presence of biofilm-based infections (which is probably also due to the relatively short period of time in which the immune response to biofilms has been studied). Nevertheless, more recent in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed both innate as well as adaptive immune responses to biofilms. On the other hand, measures launched by biofilm bacteria to achieve protection against the various immune responses have also been demonstrated. Whether particular immune responses to biofilm infections exist remains to be firmly established. However, because biofilm infections are often persistent (or chronic), an odd situation appears with the simultaneous activation of both arms of the host immune response, neither of which can eliminate the biofilm pathogen, but instead, in synergy, causes collateral tissue damage. Although the present review on the immune system vs. biofilm bacteria is focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mainly because this is the most thoroughly studied), many of the same mechanisms are also seen with biofilm infections generated by other microorganisms.
Collapse
|
45
|
Pellegrino M, Giraudo J, Raspanti C, Odierno L, Bogni C. Efficacy of immunization against bovine mastitis using a Staphylococcus aureus avirulent mutant vaccine. Vaccine 2010; 28:4523-8. [PMID: 20450870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is responsible of major economic losses on dairy farms worldwide. In Argentine dairy herds, Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of the disease. The ineffectiveness of some current practices to control S. aureus infections, often leads to a chronic and recurrent infection with persistent bacterial reservoir within a herd. Vaccination against S. aureus seems to be a rational approach for the control of the disease. In the present study, we investigate the response of dairy heifers after a combined immunization schedule with the avirulent mutant RC122 S. aureus vaccine. Vaccinated and non-vaccinated heifers were challenged 40 days after calving with the parental virulent strain. After challenge, and during the study period, milk bacterial recovery was significantly higher in non-vaccinated heifers than vaccinates. Importantly, inoculated bacteria could not be isolated from the milk of vaccinated heifers until 72 h after challenge, and the overall percentage of infected quarters in these animals was significantly lower. An increase in the level of specific IgG was observed in blood and milk of vaccinated heifers during the trial. At calving, IgG(2) was the main antibody isotype found in blood. Immune sera from vaccinated heifers increased phagocytosis over sera from non-vaccinated heifers and were able to opsonize heterologous S. aureus strains. Results demonstrated that immunization of dairy heifers with strain RC122 was able to elicit a significant opsonic antibody production in blood and milk and provides protection by a significant reduction in bacterial shedding after challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Pellegrino
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hu C, Gong R, Guo A, Chen H. Protective effect of ligand-binding domain of fibronectin-binding protein on mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Vaccine 2010; 28:4038-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
47
|
Relationship between virulence factor genes in bovineStaphylococcus aureussubclinical mastitis isolates and binding to anti-adhesin antibodies. J DAIRY RES 2009; 77:159-67. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029909990598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureusis the most common aetiologic agent of contagious bovine mastitis. It is characterized by a wide array of virulence factors. The differences among strains jeopardize the development of effective vaccines againstStaph. aureusmastitis. We tested the immunogenicity of a peptide subunit vaccine coding for three different adhesion factors, fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb), fibronectin-binding protein A (FnbpA) and clumping factor A (ClfA). Then we evaluated the influence of some virulence factors on the ability of specific anti-adhesin antibodies to react with sixteenStaph. aureusstrains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis. Immunization with the recombinant adhesins stimulated a strong humoural (IgG and IgA) and mucosal IgA immune response in all animals tested. Hyperimmune serum recognized with diverse efficiency the sixteenStaph. aureusstrains and this circumstance correlated well with the level of expression of adhesins. Among the different virulence factors considered to classify strains,spagene polymorphisms showed the strongest influence on isolate reactions to hyperimmune serum. Our results indicate the importance of a disease- and environment-specific analysis of isolates. Thus, as opposed to other pathogens to obtain an effective vaccine we should characterize multiple strains and identify the prevalent virulence factors expressed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Denis M, Wedlock DN, Lacy-Hulbert SJ, Hillerton JE, Buddle BM. Vaccines against bovine mastitis in the New Zealand context: what is the best way forward? N Z Vet J 2009; 57:132-40. [PMID: 19521461 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is an important animal health disease which constitutes a serious problem for the dairy industry in New Zealand. Mastitis reduces milk yield and quality, necessitates the use of antibiotic therapy, with associated risks of contaminating the raw milk supply, and imposes a serious economic burden, currently estimated at NZ$300 million per year. Mastitis is caused by a variety of infectious agents. In the New Zealand context, with cattle grazing on pasture, Streptococcus uberis is a major bacterial pathogen, responsible for a significant proportion of clinical cases, especially during early lactation and the dry period. Other pathogens of significance include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Escherichia coli, as well as so-called 'minor pathogens', namely coagulase-negative staphylococci(CNS). Current strategies aimed at reducing cases of mastitis include improved hygiene in the farm environment, particularly with regards to the health and cleanliness of teats. Once mastitis occurs, antibiotic therapy is a favoured option, and as a prophylactic tool, in the form of dry-cow therapy, has also shown value. Prevention of mastitis using immunological tools such as vaccines lags behind the major vaccine breakthroughs that have been achieved in preventing and/or reducing the severity of numerous infectious diseases in animals. In this review, the current state of research in the area of development of vaccines against mastitis is summarised, with particular emphasis on bacteria important to the dairy farming industry in New Zealand. Few, if any, effective vaccines have been designed to prevent or mitigate intramammary infections. It is argued that novel approaches must be considered to search for vaccine candidates, and vaccines need to be designed and constructed within the special framework of their uses, in the mammary gland which offers a unique immunological environment. In addition, effective vaccines against mastitis due to Strep. uberis may be more likely to emerge from strategies that target the cell-mediated arm of the immune response rather than strategies that target specific antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- AgResearch Grasslands, Hopkirk Research Institute, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The global dairy industry, the predominant pathogens causing mastitis, our understanding of mastitis pathogens and the host response to intramammary infection are changing rapidly. This paper aims to discuss changes in each of these aspects. Globalisation, energy demands, human population growth and climate change all affect the dairy industry. In many western countries, control programs for contagious mastitis have been in place for decades, resulting in a decrease in occurrence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis and an increase in the relative impact of Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli mastitis. In some countries, Klebsiella spp. or Streptococcus dysgalactiae are appearing as important causes of mastitis. Differences between countries in legislation, veterinary and laboratory services and farmers' management practices affect the distribution and impact of mastitis pathogens. For pathogens that have traditionally been categorised as contagious, strain adaptation to human and bovine hosts has been recognised. For pathogens that are often categorised as environmental, strains causing transient and chronic infections are distinguished. The genetic basis underlying host adaptation and mechanisms of infection is being unravelled. Genomic information on pathogens and their hosts and improved knowledge of the host's innate and acquired immune responses to intramammary infections provide opportunities to expand our understanding of bovine mastitis. These developments will undoubtedly contribute to novel approaches to mastitis diagnostics and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rn Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|