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Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res 2023; 54:18. [PMID: 36864517 PMCID: PMC9983233 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. In addition, research efforts are needed to develop effective vaccines against emerging equine pathogens. In this review, we provide an inventory of approved adjuvants for equine vaccines worldwide, and discuss their composition and mode of action when available. A wide range of adjuvants are used in marketed vaccines for horses, the main families being aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins and ISCOMs. We also present veterinary adjuvants that are already used for vaccination in other species and are currently evaluated in horses to improve equine vaccination and to meet the expected level of protection against pathogens in the equine industry. Finally, we discuss new adjuvants such as liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles and co-polymers that are in development. Our objective is to help professionals in the horse industry understand the composition of marketed equine vaccines in a context of mistrust towards vaccines. Besides, this review provides researchers with a list of adjuvants, either approved or at least evaluated in horses, that could be used either alone or in combination to develop new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Carnet
- grid.508204.bLABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France ,grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Laure Perrin-Cocon
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- grid.451003.30000 0004 0387 5232School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford, CM1 3RR UK
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. .,BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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Streptococcus equi-derived extracellular vesicles as a vaccine candidate against Streptococcus equi infection. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109165. [PMID: 34225054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies equi is a pathogenic bacterium that causes strangles, a highly contagious respiratory infection in horses and other equines. The limitations of current vaccines against S. equi infection warrants the development of an affordable, safe, and effective vaccine. Because gram-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) transport various immunogenic antigens, they are attractive vaccine candidates. Here, we purified the EVs of S. equi ATCC 39506 and evaluated them as a vaccine candidate against S. equi infection in mice. As an initial step, comparative proteomic analysis was performed to characterize the functional features of the EVs. Reverse vaccinology and knowledge-based annotations were then used to screen potential vaccine candidates (PVCs) for S. equi ATCC 39506. Finally, 32 PVCs were found to be enriched in the EV fraction, suggesting the usefulness of this fraction as a vaccine. Importantly, a significantly higher survival rate after S. equi infection was detected in mice immunized with S. equi-derived EVs via the intraperitoneal route than in mice immunized with heat-killed bacteria. Of note, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry results validated various immunogenic antigens within the EV proteome. In conclusion, our results suggest that S. equi-derived EVs can serve as a vaccine candidate against S. equi infection.
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Chen X, Zhao Y, Su L, Wang L, Ma X, Zhang B, Su Y. Enhanced immune effects and protection conferred by simultaneously targeting GAPDH, SeM, and EAG of S. equi via TLR4. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:100-108. [PMID: 34126448 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strangles, which is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, is one of the most prevalent equine infectious diseases and poses heavy economic losses worldwide. Although various vaccines have been used for decades, they seemed to be sub-optimal to demonstrate effective protection, and the antigen component of vaccines against S. equi remains to be optimized. In the present study, three target antigens (M-like protein, α2-macroglobulin and IgG-binding protein, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) were selected and expressed. Mice were immunized and challenged, and their immune response and efficacy were evaluated. The results revealed that this optimized multi-antigen treatment elicited a high expression level of T-cell receptor, major histocompatibility complex I, toll-like receptor TLR-4, and increased specific antibody. In addition, the challenge experiment showed an evidently improved protection efficacy. The present work demonstrated that these three proteins might be used as a promising multicomponent subunit vaccine candidate against S. equi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lingling Su
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Baojiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Zhang H, Zhou T, Su L, Wang H, Zhang B, Su Y. Effects of srtA variation on phagocytosis resistance and immune response of Streptococcus equi. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104732. [PMID: 33503504 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Strangles, which is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi), is one of the most prevalent equine infectious diseases with worldwide distribution and leads to serious economic loss in the horse industry. Sortase A (srtA) is a transpeptidase that anchors multiple virulence-associated surface proteins to the cell surface of S. equi. srtA plays a major role in S. equi infection and colonization of the host cell. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of srtA mutation on the phagocytic activity and immunogenicity of S. equi. The point-mutated recombinant sortases, including srtA-HT1112 (I88V), srtA-5012 (R147G), and srtA-ZZM17 (control), were expressed, purified, and used to immunize the mouse models. Phagocytic activity was assessed using equine polymorphonuclear cells, whereas opsonophagocytic function and adherence inhibition were measured using the antiserum of these mutants. Mouse serum antibody, bacterial load, and weight gain were also measured. The srtA-HT1112 (I88V) mutant showed significantly enhanced antiphagocytic capability, and its antiserum exhibited increased adherence inhibition activity. In addition, the srtA-HT1112 (I88V) mutant presented the highest lung bacterial load and lowest protection rate (50%) after the challenge with S. equi ZZM17. The srtA-5012 (R147G) mutant exhibited a high IgG2a level and protection rate (62.5%-75%) and the lowest lung bacterial load. These results indicate that the I88V mutation is associated with a high antiphagocytic activity, whereas R147G mutation is associated with the decreased lung bacterial load. Our findings may be useful for the evaluation and development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lining Su
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Baojiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Optimized GAPDH-truncated immunogen of Streptococcus equi elicits an enhanced immune response and provides effective protection in a mouse model. Vet Microbiol 2020; 254:108953. [PMID: 33647714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strangles is an acute and frequently diagnosed infectious disease caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Infection with this pathogen can cause grave losses to the equine industry. The present work investigates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an important surface-localized virulence factor of S. equi, to determine whether it could be developed into an efficacious and suitable subunit vaccine against strangles. Two different recombinant fragments of S. equi GAPDH, namely, GAPDH-L and GAPDH-S, were constructed and expressed. Further, the antigenicity and immunogenicity of these two recombinant proteins were compared and evaluated in a mouse model. Our results revealed that immune responses were efficiently induced by the proteins in immunized mice. Remarkably, higher survival rates and significantly lower bacterial loads in the lung, liver, kidney, and spleen were observed in the GAPDH-S group compared with the GAPDH-L group after challenge with S. equi. High levels of specific antibodies, elevated antibody titers, and increased proportions of CD8 + T cells further indicated that GAPDH-S elicited better humoral and cellular immune responses than GAPDH-L. Furthermore, the induction of TCR, TLR-2, TLR-3, and TLR-4 significantly increased in the GAPDH-S group compared with those in the GAPDH-L and negative control groups. In summary, our results indicate that the optimized recombinant protein GAPDH-S is a promising candidate construct that may be further developed into a multivalent subunit vaccine for strangles.
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SpeS: A Novel Superantigen and Its Potential as a Vaccine Adjuvant against Strangles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124467. [PMID: 32586031 PMCID: PMC7352279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens (sAgs) are powerful activators of the immune response that trigger unspecific T cell responses accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Streptococcus equi (S. equi) and Streptococcus zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) produce sAgs that play an important role in their ability to cause disease. Strangles, caused by S. equi, is one of the most common infectious diseases of horses worldwide. Here, we report the identification of a new sAg of S. zooepidemicus, SpeS, and show that mutation of the putative T cell receptor (TCR)-binding motif (YAY to IAY) abrogated TCR-binding, whilst maintaining interaction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. The fusion of SpeS and SpeSY39I to six S. equi surface proteins using two different peptide linkers was conducted to determine if MHC class II-binding properties were maintained. Proliferation assays, qPCR and flow cytometry analysis showed that SpeSY39I and its fusion proteins induced less mitogenic activity and interferon gamma expression when compared to SpeS, whilst retaining Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)-binding properties. Our data suggest that SpeSY39I-surface protein fusions could be used to direct vaccine antigens towards antigen-presenting cells in vivo with the potential to enhance antigen presentation and improve immune responses.
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Ma X, Wang C, Zhang B, Xia L, Su Y. Antibody kinetics and immune profile analysis of a Streptococcus equi DNA vaccine expressing the FljB and SeM fusion protein in murine and equine models. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:82-88. [PMID: 31174167 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Strangles is a highly prevalent, extremely contagious, and occasionally lethal infectious disease affecting horses worldwide. Prophylactic antibiotics are ineffective in prevention of disease but are recommended for exposed horses at the first sign of fever and any horse obviously ill from strangles or with complications and there is an urgent need of a cost-effective, safe, efficacious vaccine. In the present study, we sought to develop effective vaccines by fusing the Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) antigen SeM with the flagellin of Salmonella abortus equi FljB. We also explored the immunogenicity and efficacy of this candidate vaccine in mice and horses by intramuscular injection. Mice and horses immunized with FljB-SeM DNA vaccine showed high levels of specific antibody and increased production of IFN-γ and IL-4. This confirmed that both Th1 and Th2 type responses were induced. The mice survival rate was significantly higher after immunization with FljB-SeM than with SeM alone. The FljB-SeM DNA could strengthen both the Th1 and Th2 immune responses compared to SeM and could provide better protection against S. equi. This technique could help develop a candidate vaccine for S. equi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Caidie Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Baojiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lining Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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8
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Tscheschlok L, Venner M, Steward K, Böse R, Riihimäki M, Pringle J. Decreased Clinical Severity of Strangles in Weanlings Associated with Restricted Seroconversion to Optimized Streptococcus equi ssp equi Assays. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:459-464. [PMID: 29377359 PMCID: PMC5787152 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus equi ssp. equi causes characteristic clinical signs that are most severe in young horses, including fever, purulent nasal discharge, and lymph node abscessation in the head region. Hypothesis/Objectives Clinical, serologic, and microbiologic factors related to unexpectedly mild disease severity in a natural outbreak of strangles in immunologically naïve weanlings were investigated. Animals One‐hundred and twelve warmblood weanlings. Methods Prospective longitudinal observational study of a natural outbreak of strangles. The entire cohort was examined at the peak of the outbreak by deep nasal swabs for culture and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the presence of S. equi and clinically and serologically in a sequential manner by an optimized ELISA from the index case throughout the outbreak until resolution. Descriptive statistics were calculated and comparisons made using a nondirectional Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Results Outbreak morbidity was 53%, with 9 of 14 horses culture positive and 26 of 53 horses qPCR positive for S. equi lacking clinical signs characteristic of strangles. By resolution, 91 of 112 had seroconverted to Antigen A by ELISA but seroconversion to antigen C (part of the SeM protein) was minimal. Sequencing of the isolates detected no alterations in the SeM protein, but identified a 61 bp deletion in the gene SEQ_0402. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Absence of clinical signs alone in naïve horses may be an insufficient criterion to release horses from strangles quarantine measures. Restricted seroconversion to antigen C may have been associated with decreased clinical severity. The role of a minor gene deletion in SEQ_0402 in the virulence of S. equi warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Venner
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Destedt, Germany
| | - K Steward
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
| | - R Böse
- Labor Dr. Böse GmbH, Harsum, Germany
| | - M Riihimäki
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Pringle
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Long term dynamics of a Streptococcus equi ssp equi outbreak, assessed by qPCR and culture and seM sequencing in silent carriers of strangles. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Characterization of SeseC_01411 as a surface protective antigen of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:517-521. [PMID: 29758536 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (Streptococcus zooepidemicus, SEZ) is a commensal bacterium related to opportunistic infections of many species, including humans, dogs, cats, and pigs. SeseC_01411 has been proven to be immunogenic. However, its protective efficacy remained to be evaluated. In the present study, the purified recombinant SeseC_01411 could elicit a strong humoral antibody response and protect against lethal challenge with virulent SEZ in mice. Our finding confirmed that SeseC_01411 distributes on the surface of SEZ. In addition, the hyperimmune sera against SeseC_01411 could efficiently kill the bacteria in the phagocytosis test. The present study identified the immunogenic protein, SeseC_01411, as a novel surface protective antigen of SEZ.
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Strangvac: A recombinant fusion protein vaccine that protects against strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi. Vaccine 2018; 36:1484-1490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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López-Álvarez MR, Salze M, Cenier A, Robinson C, Paillot R, Waller AS. Immunogenicity of phospholipase A 2 toxins and their role in Streptococcus equi pathogenicity. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:15-19. [PMID: 28532794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) is the causative agent of strangles, one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses worldwide. Phospholipase A2 toxins (PLA2) cleave phospholipid molecules at position sn-2 contributing to the production of leukotrienes that are important inflammatory mediators. Two homologous phospholipases, SlaA and SlaB are encoded by the S. equi genome suggesting that PLA2 toxins may contribute to its pathogenicity. Here we report the immunogenicity and role of PLA2 toxins during natural and experimental infection of horses with S. equi. The levels of anti-PLA2 specific antibodies in serum from horses naturally exposed to S. equi or without exposure were measured by indirect ELISA. Furthermore, the importance of PLA2 was determined during experimental infection of Welsh Mountain ponies with a mutant strain of S. equi lacking slaA and slaB. Our results show that PLA2 toxins are immunogenic, which supports their production during natural S. equi infection, but that these toxins are not essential for the development of strangles in a susceptible natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R López-Álvarez
- Animal Health Trust, Centre of Preventative Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - M Salze
- Animal Health Trust, Centre of Preventative Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA (Institut de Biologie Fondamentale et Appliquée) and Chair of Excellence «Equine Immunology», 14032 Caen, France
| | - A Cenier
- Animal Health Trust, Centre of Preventative Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA (Institut de Biologie Fondamentale et Appliquée) and Chair of Excellence «Equine Immunology», 14032 Caen, France
| | - C Robinson
- Animal Health Trust, Centre of Preventative Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - R Paillot
- Animal Health Trust, Centre of Preventative Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA (Institut de Biologie Fondamentale et Appliquée) and Chair of Excellence «Equine Immunology», 14032 Caen, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du Cheval, 6 Avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France
| | - A S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Centre of Preventative Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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13
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Lukomski S, Bachert BA, Squeglia F, Berisio R. Collagen-like proteins of pathogenic streptococci. Mol Microbiol 2017; 103:919-930. [PMID: 27997716 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The collagen domain, which is defined by the presence of the Gly-X-Y triplet repeats, is amongst the most versatile and widespread known structures found in proteins from organisms representing all three domains of life. The streptococcal collagen-like (Scl) proteins are widely present in pathogenic streptococci, including Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, and S. equi. Experiments and bioinformatic analyses support the hypothesis that all Scl proteins are homotrimeric and cell wall-anchored. These proteins contain the rod-shaped collagenous domain proximal to cell surface, as well as a variety of outermost non-collagenous domains that generally lack predicted functions but can be grouped into one of six clusters based on sequence similarity. The well-characterized Scl1 proteins of S. pyogenes show a dichotomous switch in ligand binding between human tissue and blood environments. In tissue, Scl1 adhesin specifically recognizes the wound microenvironment, promotes adhesion and biofilm formation, decreases bacterial killing by neutrophil extracellular traps, and modulates S. pyogenes virulence. In blood, ligands include components of complement and coagulation-fibrinolytic systems, as well as plasma lipoproteins. In all, the Scl proteins signify a large family of structurally related surface proteins, which contribute to the ability of streptococci to colonize and cause diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Beth A Bachert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, I-80134, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, I-80134, Italy
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14
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Robinson C, Heather Z, Slater J, Potts N, Steward KF, Maskell DJ, Fontaine MC, Lee JJ, Smith K, Waller AS. Vaccination with a live multi-gene deletion strain protects horses against virulent challenge with Streptococcus equi. Vaccine 2015; 33:1160-7. [PMID: 25597942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses and there remains a significant need to develop new preventative vaccines. We generated a live vaccine strain of S. equi containing deletions in six genes: sagA, hasA, aroB, pyrC, seM and recA, which was administered to nine Welsh mountain ponies via the intramuscular route. Four vaccinated ponies developed adverse reactions following the first vaccination from which the live vaccine strain was isolated. Two of these ponies were withdrawn from the study and seven ponies received a second vaccination, one of which then developed an adverse reaction. Nine control ponies injected with culture media alone developed no adverse reactions. Following challenge with a virulent strain of S. equi, none of the seven vaccinated ponies had developed clinical signs of strangles eleven days post-challenge, compared to six of nine control ponies over the same period (P=0.0114). A lymph node abscess was identified in one of the seven vaccinated ponies at post-mortem examination, whilst all nine control ponies had at least one lymph node abscess (P=0.0009). Three of the six vaccinated ponies that were protected from strangles had not developed an adverse reaction following vaccination, suggesting that a better understanding of the pro-inflammatory responses to S. equi could lead to the development of a live attenuated vaccine against strangles that is safe for administration via intramuscular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Robinson
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Heather
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Slater
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Potts
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Karen F Steward
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeong-Jin Lee
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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Fu Q, Wei Z, Chen Y, Xiao P, Lu Z, Liu X. Identification of a surface protective antigen, CSP of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus. Vaccine 2013; 31:1400-5. [PMID: 23306366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (Streptococcus zooepidemicus, SEZ) is an important pathogen associated with opportunistic infections of a wide range of species, including horses, pigs and humans. The absence of suitable vaccine confounds the control of SEZ infection. Cell surface protein (CSP) has been identified as an immunogenic protein in the previous study but its protective efficacy is not clear. In the present study, the purified recombinant CSP could elicit a significant humoral antibody response and could confer significant protection against challenge with lethal dose of SEZ in mice model. CSP could adhere to the HEp-2 cells confirmed by flow cytometry and inhibit adherence of SEZ to HEp-2 cells in an adherence inhibition assay. In addition, real-time PCR demonstrated that CSP was induced in vivo following infection of mice with SEZ. Our findings suggest that CSP may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of SEZ and could be a target for the development of a novel subunit vaccine against SEZ infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
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Borst LB, Patterson SK, Lanka S, Barger AM, Fredrickson RL, Maddox CW. Evaluation of a commercially available modified-live Streptococcus equi subsp equi vaccine in ponies. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1130-8. [PMID: 21801073 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a commercially available modified-live Streptococcus equi subsp equi vaccine for safety and persistence in vaccinated ponies and to detect recombination or reversion events in the vaccine strain. ANIMALS 5 ponies that were 1.5 to 8 years old (group 1) and 4 ponies that were 6 months old (group 2). PROCEDURES Ponies were vaccinated, with a subsequent booster vaccination 2 to 3 weeks later, and monitored for 50 days. At booster vaccination, an equal amount of a tetracycline-resistant wild-type strain of S equiwas administered. Recovery of all strains was performed by use of bacteriologic culture and PCR assays. RESULTS Ponies in group 1 had background antibody titers against S equi antigen before vaccination despite the lack of known exposure to S equi. Ponies in group 2 were immunologically naïve. Increases in anti-S equi antibody titers were detected in both groups. Ponies in group 1 did not have clinical signs of disease caused by S equi. In group 2, all ponies developed abscesses in retropharyngeal lymph nodes; 1 pony developed severe clinical disease and was euthanized. The vaccine strain was recovered from ponies in group 2 for up to 24 days after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although the vaccine was successful in inducing IgG antibodies against S equi in all ponies, findings suggested that the vaccine may have caused substantial morbidity and some deaths in the young ponies. In young ponies, the vaccine strain persisted in tissues for weeks; however, no evidence of recombination was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Protecting against Streptococcus zooepidemicus opportunism: The challenge of vaccine design. Vet J 2010; 184:128-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Guss B, Flock M, Frykberg L, Waller AS, Robinson C, Smith KC, Flock JI. Getting to grips with strangles: an effective multi-component recombinant vaccine for the protection of horses from Streptococcus equi infection. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000584. [PMID: 19763180 PMCID: PMC2736577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is a clonal, equine host-adapted pathogen of global importance that causes a suppurative lymphodendopathy of the head and neck, more commonly known as Strangles. The disease is highly prevalent, can be severe and is highly contagious. Antibiotic treatment is usually ineffective. Live attenuated vaccine strains of S. equi have shown adverse reactions and they suffer from a short duration of immunity. Thus, a safe and effective vaccine against S. equi is highly desirable. The bacterium shows only limited genetic diversity and an effective vaccine could confer broad protection to horses throughout the world. Welsh mountain ponies (n = 7) vaccinated with a combination of seven recombinant S. equi proteins were significantly protected from experimental infection by S. equi, resembling the spontaneous disease. Vaccinated horses had significantly reduced incidence of lymph node swelling (p = 0.0013) lymph node abscessation (p = 0.00001), fewer days of pyrexia (p = 0.0001), reduced pathology scoring (p = 0.005) and lower bacterial recovery from lymph nodes (p = 0.004) when compared with non-vaccinated horses (n = 7). Six of 7 vaccinated horses were protected whereas all 7 non-vaccinated became infected. The protective antigens consisted of five surface localized proteins and two IgG endopeptidases. A second vaccination trial (n = 7+7), in which the IgG endopeptidases were omitted, demonstrated only partial protection against S. equi, highlighting an important role for these vaccine components in establishing a protective immune response. S. equi shares >80% sequence identity with Streptococcus pyogenes. Several of the components utilized here have counterparts in S. pyogenes, suggesting that our findings have broader implications for the prevention of infection with this important human pathogen. This is one of only a few demonstrations of protection from streptococcal infection conferred by a recombinant multi-component subunit vaccine in a natural host. Numerous research groups have vaccinated, using recombinant antigens, against streptococcal infections in mouse model systems and shown protection. We have here demonstrated efficient protective vaccination of the natural host, the horse, using recombinant antigens. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is an equine host-adapted and highly contagious pathogen of global importance. Six out of seven Welsh mountain ponies vaccinated with a combination of seven recombinant S. equi proteins were protected from experimental infection as assessed by clinical examination, pyrexia, lymph node swelling, inflammation, bacterial recovery, and post mortem examination. The protective antigens consisted of five surface localized proteins and two endopeptidases that are specific for IgG; the latter were shown to be of major importance for efficacy. Several of the antigens used here have similarities in Streptococcus pyogenes, implying that our findings are of importance for development of a vaccine against this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Guss
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Flock
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cellbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Frykberg
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew S. Waller
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Robinson
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Ken C. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Ingmar Flock
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cellbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Hulting G, Flock M, Frykberg L, Lannergård J, Flock JI, Guss B. Two novel IgG endopeptidases ofStreptococcus equi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 298:44-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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20
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Lewis MJ, Meehan M, Owen P, Woof JM. A common theme in interaction of bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins with immunoglobulins illustrated in the equine system. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17615-23. [PMID: 18411272 PMCID: PMC2427354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709844200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The M protein of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi known as fibrinogen-binding protein (FgBP) is a cell wall-associated protein with antiphagocytic activity that binds IgG. Recombinant versions of the seven equine IgG subclasses were used to investigate the subclass specificity of FgBP. FgBP bound predominantly to equine IgG4 and IgG7, with little or no binding to the other subclasses. Competitive binding experiments revealed that FgBP could inhibit the binding of staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G to both IgG4 and IgG7, implicating the Fc interdomain region in binding to FgBP. To identify which of the two IgG Fc domains contributed to the interaction with FgBP, we tested two human IgG1/IgA1 domain swap mutants and found that both domains are required for full binding, with the CH3 domain playing a critical role. The binding site for FgBP was further localized using recombinant equine IgG7 antibodies with single or double point mutations to residues lying at the CH2-CH3 interface. We found that interaction of FgBP with equine IgG4 and IgG7 was able to disrupt C1q binding and antibody-mediated activation of the classical complement pathway, demonstrating an effective means by which S. equi may evade the immune response. The mode of interaction of FgBP with IgG fits a common theme for bacterial Ig-binding proteins. Remarkably, for those interactions studied in detail, it emerges that all the Ig-binding proteins target the CH2-CH3 domain interface, regardless of specificity for IgG or IgA, streptococcal or staphylococcal origin, or host species (equine or human).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Lewis
- Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD19SY, United Kingdom
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Movahedi AR, Hampson DJ. New ways to identify novel bacterial antigens for vaccine development. Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:1-13. [PMID: 18372122 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of developments in approaches to identify novel bacterial components for use in recombinant subunit vaccines. In particular it describes the processes involved in "reverse vaccinology", and some associated complementary technologies such as proteomics that can be used in the identification of new and potentially useful vaccine antigens. Results obtained from the application of these new methods are forming a basis for a new generation of vaccines for use in the control of bacterial infections of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Reza Movahedi
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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