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O’Ketch M, Williams S, Larson C, Uhrlaub JL, Wong R, Hall B, Deshpande NR, Schenten D. MAVS regulates the quality of the antibody response to West-Nile Virus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009009. [PMID: 33104760 PMCID: PMC7644103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A key difference that distinguishes viral infections from protein immunizations is the recognition of viral nucleic acids by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Insights into the functions of cytosolic PRRs such as the RNA-sensing Rig-I-like receptors (RLRs) in the instruction of adaptive immunity are therefore critical to understand protective immunity to infections. West Nile virus (WNV) infection of mice deficent of RLR-signaling adaptor MAVS results in a defective adaptive immune response. While this finding suggests a role for RLRs in the instruction of adaptive immunity to WNV, it is difficult to interpret due to the high WNV viremia, associated exessive antigen loads, and pathology in the absence of a MAVS-dependent innate immune response. To overcome these limitations, we have infected MAVS-deficient (MAVSKO) mice with a single-round-of-infection mutant of West Nile virus. We show that MAVSKO mice failed to produce an effective neutralizing antibody response to WNV despite normal antibody titers against the viral WNV-E protein. This defect occurred independently of antigen loads or overt pathology. The specificity of the antibody response in infected MAVSKO mice remained unchanged and was still dominated by antibodies that bound the neutralizing lateral ridge (LR) epitope in the DIII domain of WNV-E. Instead, MAVSKO mice produced IgM antibodies, the dominant isotype controlling primary WNV infection, with lower affinity for the DIII domain. Our findings suggest that RLR-dependent signals are important for the quality of the humoral immune response to WNV.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- West Nile Fever/immunology
- West Nile Fever/virology
- West Nile virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin O’Ketch
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Spencer Williams
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cameron Larson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brenna Hall
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Neha R. Deshpande
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dominik Schenten
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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2
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He Y, Wang M, Chen S, Cheng A. The role of capsid in the flaviviral life cycle and perspectives for vaccine development. Vaccine 2020; 38:6872-6881. [PMID: 32950301 PMCID: PMC7495249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of flaviviral capsid are very flexible. The capsid gene contains conserved RNA secondary structures. Both steps of assembly and dissociation of nucleocapsid complexes are obscure. Capsid mutant viruses are highly attenuated and immunogenic. ΔC-replicon and single-round infectious particles are promising vaccine approaches.
The arthropod-borne flaviviruses cause a series of diseases in humans and pose a significant threat to global public health. In this review, we aimed to summarize the structure of the capsid protein (CP), its relevant multiple functions in the viral life cycle and innovative vaccines targeting CP. The flaviviral CP is the smallest structural protein and forms a homodimer by antiparallel α-helixes. Its primary function is to package the genomic RNA; however, both steps of assembly and dissociation of nucleocapsid complexes (NCs) have been obscure until now; in fact, flaviviral budding is NC-free, demonstrated by the subviral particles that generally exist in flavivirus infection. In infected cells, CPs associate with lipid droplets, which possibly store CPs prior to packaging. However, the function of nuclear localization of CPs remains unknown. Moreover, introducing deletions into CPs can be used to rationally design safe and effective live-attenuated vaccines or noninfectious replicon vaccines and single-round infectious particles, the latter two representing promising approaches for innovative flaviviral vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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3
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Abstract
The persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) infections throughout the USA since its inception in 1999 and its continuous spread throughout the globe calls for an urgent need of effective treatments and prevention measures. Although the licensing of several WNV vaccines for veterinary use provides a proof of concept, similar efforts on the development of an effective vaccine for humans remain still unsuccessful. Increased understanding of biology and pathogenesis of WNV together with recent technological advancements have raised hope that an effective WNV vaccine may be available in the near future. In addition, rapid progress in the structural and functional characterization of WNV and other flaviviral proteins have provided a solid base for the design and development of several classes of inhibitors as potential WNV therapeutics. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies demonstrate an excellent efficacy against WNV in animal models and represent a promising class of WNV therapeutics. However, there are some challenges as to the design and development of a safe and efficient WNV vaccine or therapeutic. In this chapter, we discuss the current approaches, progress, and challenges toward the development of WNV vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
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Joó K, Bakonyi T, Szenci O, Sárdi S, Ferenczi E, Barna M, Malik P, Hubalek Z, Fehér O, Kutasi O. Comparison of assays for the detection of West Nile virus antibodies in equine serum after natural infection or vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 183:1-6. [PMID: 28063471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) mainly infects birds, horses and humans. Outcomes of the infection range from mild uncharacteristic signs to fatal neurologic disease. The main objectives of the present study were to measure serum IgG and IgM antibodies in naturally exposed and vaccinated horses and to compare results of haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT). Altogether 224 animals were tested by HIT for WNV antibodies and 41 horses were simultaneously examined by ELISA and PRNT. After primary screening for WNV antibodies, horses were vaccinated. Samples were taken immediately before and 3-5 weeks after each vaccination. McNemar's chi-squared and percent agreement tests were used to detect concordance between HIT, ELISA and PRNT. Analyses by HIT confirmed the presence of WNV antibodies in 27/105 (26%) naturally exposed horses. Sera from 57/66 (86%) vaccinated animals were positive before the first booster and from 11/11 (100%) before the second booster. HIT was less sensitive for detecting IgG antibodies. We could detect postvaccination IgM in 13 cases with IgM antibody capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA) and in 7 cases with HIT. WNV is endemic in Hungary and regularly causes natural infections. Protective antibodies could not be measured in some of the cases 12 months after primary vaccinations; protection is more reliable after the first yearly booster. Based on our findings it was not possible to differentiate infected from recently vaccinated horses using MAC-ELISA. HIT cannot be used as a substitute for ELISA or PRNT when detecting IgG, but it proved to be a useful tool in this study to gain statistical information about the tendencies within a fixed population of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Joó
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra major, Üllő, 2225, Hungary; Kaposvár University, Doctoral School of Animal Science, Guba Sándor u. 40., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hungária krt. 23-25., Budapest, 1143, Hungary; Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ottó Szenci
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra major, Üllő, 2225, Hungary.
| | - Sára Sárdi
- Vet Agro Sup, Universite de Lyon, Cliniques Vétérinaires, Lyon, France.
| | - Emőke Ferenczi
- National Center for Epidemiology, National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest, 1097, Hungary.
| | - Mónika Barna
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hungária krt. 23-25., Budapest, 1143, Hungary.
| | - Péter Malik
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2., 1143, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zdenek Hubalek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 60365, Brno, Czechia.
| | - Orsolya Fehér
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra major, Üllő, 2225, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Kutasi
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra major, Üllő, 2225, Hungary; University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Abstract
The advent of reverse genetic approaches to manipulate the genomes of both positive (+) and negative (-) sense RNA viruses allowed researchers to harness these genomes for basic research. Manipulation of positive sense RNA virus genomes occurred first largely because infectious RNA could be transcribed directly from cDNA versions of the RNA genomes. Manipulation of negative strand RNA virus genomes rapidly followed as more sophisticated approaches to provide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complexes coupled with negative-strand RNA templates were developed. These advances have driven an explosion of RNA virus vaccine vector development. That is, development of approaches to exploit the basic replication and expression strategies of RNA viruses to produce vaccine antigens that have been engineered into their genomes. This study has led to significant preclinical testing of many RNA virus vectors against a wide range of pathogens as well as cancer targets. Multiple RNA virus vectors have advanced through preclinical testing to human clinical evaluation. This review will focus on RNA virus vectors designed to express heterologous genes that are packaged into viral particles and have progressed to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mogler
- Harrisvaccines, Inc., 1102 Southern Hills Drive, Suite 101, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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6
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Winkelmann ER, Widman DG, Xia J, Johnson AJ, van Rooijen N, Mason PW, Bourne N, Milligan GN. Subcapsular sinus macrophages limit dissemination of West Nile virus particles after inoculation but are not essential for the development of West Nile virus-specific T cell responses. Virology 2014; 450-451:278-89. [PMID: 24503091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages encounter flaviviruses early after injection by arthropod vectors. Using in vivo imaging of mice inoculated with firefly luciferase-expressing single-cycle flavivirus particles (FLUC-SCFV), we examined the initial dissemination of virus particles in the presence or absence of lymph node (LN)-resident macrophages. Higher luciferase activity, indicating higher SCFV gene expression, was detected in the footpad of macrophage-depleted mice after 24h post infection (hpi). Moreover, FLUC-SCFV particles disseminated to the spleen within 14 hpi in macrophage-depleted, but not control mice. Although macrophages presented SCFV to naïve T cells in vitro, depletion of subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages did not alter the magnitude or effector function of the WNV-specific CD8(+) T cell response. Together, these results indicate that SCS macrophages play a role in limiting the dissemination of SCFV early in infection but are not required for the generation of a polyfunctional WNV-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the draining LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro R Winkelmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Douglas G Widman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Peter W Mason
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Pediatrics, UTMB, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA
| | - Gregg N Milligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UTMB, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA.
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7
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Magnusson SE, Karlsson KH, Reimer JM, Corbach-Söhle S, Patel S, Richner JM, Nowotny N, Barzon L, Bengtsson KL, Ulbert S, Diamond MS, Stertman L. Matrix-M™ adjuvanted envelope protein vaccine protects against lethal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infection in mice. Vaccine 2013; 32:800-8. [PMID: 24380682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus and an emerging pathogen in many parts of the world. In the elderly and immunosuppressed, infection can progress rapidly to debilitating and sometimes fatal neuroinvasive disease. Currently, no WNV vaccine is approved for use in humans. As there have been several recent outbreaks in the United States and Europe, there is an increasing need for a human WNV vaccine. In this study, we formulated the ectodomain of a recombinant WNV envelope (E) protein with the particulate saponin-based adjuvant Matrix-M™ and studied the antigen-specific immune responses in mice. Animals immunized with Matrix-M™ formulated E protein developed higher serum IgG1 and IgG2a and neutralizing antibody titers at antigen doses ranging from 0.5 to 10 μg compared to those immunized with 3 or 10 μg of E alone, E adjuvanted with 1% Alum, or with the inactivated virion veterinary vaccine, Duvaxyn(®) WNV. This phenotype was accompanied by strong cellular recall responses as splenocytes from mice immunized with Matrix-M™ formulated vaccine produced high levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Addition of Matrix-M™ prolonged the duration of the immune response, as elevated humoral and cellular responses were maintained for more than 200 days. Importantly, mice vaccinated with Matrix-M™ formulated E protein were protected from lethal challenge with both lineage 1 and 2 WNV strains. In summary, Matrix-M™ adjuvanted E protein elicited potent and durable immune responses that prevented lethal WNV infection, and thus is a promising vaccine candidate for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sameera Patel
- University of Zürich, Institute of Virology, Switzerland
| | - Justin M Richner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
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8
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Marka A, Diamantidis A, Papa A, Valiakos G, Chaintoutis SC, Doukas D, Tserkezou P, Giannakopoulos A, Papaspyropoulos K, Patsoula E, Badieritakis E, Baka A, Tseroni M, Pervanidou D, Papadopoulos NT, Koliopoulos G, Tontis D, Dovas CI, Billinis C, Tsakris A, Kremastinou J, Hadjichristodoulou C. West Nile virus state of the art report of MALWEST Project. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:6534-610. [PMID: 24317379 PMCID: PMC3881129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last three years Greece is experiencing the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics. Within this framework, an integrated surveillance and control programme (MALWEST project) with thirteen associate partners was launched aiming to investigate the disease and suggest appropriate interventions. One out of seven work packages of the project is dedicated to the State of the Art report for WNV. Three expert working groups on humans, animals and mosquitoes were established. Medical databases (PubMed, Scopus) were searched together with websites: e.g., WHO, CDC, ECDC. In total, 1,092 relevant articles were initially identified and 258 of them were finally included as references regarding the current knowledge about WNV, along with 36 additional sources (conference papers, reports, book chapters). The review is divided in three sections according to the fields of interest: (1) WNV in humans (epidemiology, molecular characteristics, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, surveillance); (2) WNV in animals (epidemiological and transmission characteristics concerning birds, horses, reptiles and other animal species) and (3) WNV in mosquitoes (control, surveillance). Finally, some examples of integrated surveillance programmes are presented. The introduction and establishment of the disease in Greece and other European countries further emphasizes the need for thorough research and broadening of our knowledge on this viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriani Marka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Alexandros Diamantidis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos 38446, Greece; E-mails: (A.D.); (N.T.P.)
| | - Anna Papa
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mail:
| | - George Valiakos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mails: (S.C.C.); (C.I.D.)
| | - Dimitrios Doukas
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Persefoni Tserkezou
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Papaspyropoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Eleni Patsoula
- Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Tropical Diseases, National School of Public Health, Athens 11521, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Evangelos Badieritakis
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece; E-mails: (E.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Agoritsa Baka
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Tseroni
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Danai Pervanidou
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos 38446, Greece; E-mails: (A.D.); (N.T.P.)
| | - George Koliopoulos
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece; E-mails: (E.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Dimitrios Tontis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mails: (S.C.C.); (C.I.D.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +30-2410-565-007; Fax: +30-2410-565-051
| | - Jenny Kremastinou
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
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Li XF, Zhao W, Lin F, Ye Q, Wang HJ, Yang D, Li SH, Zhao H, Xu YP, Ma J, Deng YQ, Zhang Y, Qin ED, Qin CF. Development of chimaeric West Nile virus attenuated vaccine candidate based on the Japanese encephalitis vaccine strain SA14-14-2. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2700-2709. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include a large group of important human medical pathogens. Several chimaeric flaviviruses have been constructed, and show potential for vaccine development. Although Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) live vaccine SA14-14-2 has been widely used with ideal safety and efficacy profiles, no chimaeric flavivirus based on the JEV vaccine has been described to date. Based on the reverse genetic system of the JEV vaccine SA14-14-2, a novel live chimaeric flavivirus carrying the protective antigens of West Nile virus (WNV) was constructed and recovered in this study. The resulting chimaera (ChinWNV) replicated efficiently in both mammalian and mosquito cells and possessed genetic stability after in vitro serial passaging. ChinWNV exhibited a small-plaque phenotype, and its replication was significantly restricted in mouse peripheral blood and brain compared with parental WNV. Importantly, ChinWNV was highly attenuated with regard to both neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in mice. Furthermore, a single ChinWNV immunization stimulated robust WNV-specific adaptive immune responses in mice, conferring significant protection against lethal WNV infection. Our results demonstrate that chimaeric flaviviruses based on the JEV vaccine can serve as a powerful platform for vaccine development, and that ChinWNV represents a potential WNV vaccine candidate that merits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Fang Lin
- The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Shi-Hua Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yan-Peng Xu
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - E-De Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Graduate School, Guangxi Medical University, Guilin 530021, PR China
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10
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TLR3- and MyD88-dependent signaling differentially influences the development of West Nile virus-specific B cell responses in mice following immunization with RepliVAX WN, a single-cycle flavivirus vaccine candidate. J Virol 2013; 87:12090-101. [PMID: 23986602 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01469-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) results in the activation of innate signaling pathways that drive the innate immune response and ultimately shape the adaptive immune response. RepliVAX WN, a single-cycle flavivirus (SCFV) vaccine candidate derived from West Nile virus (WNV), is intrinsically adjuvanted with multiple PAMPs and induces a vigorous anti-WNV humoral response. However, the innate mechanisms that link pattern recognition and development of vigorous antigen-specific B cell responses are not completely understood. Moreover, the roles of individual PRR signaling pathways in shaping the B cell response to this live attenuated SCFV vaccine have not been established. We examined and compared the role of TLR3- and MyD88-dependent signaling in the development of anti-WNV-specific antibody-secreting cell responses and memory B cell responses induced by RepliVAX WN. We found that MyD88 deficiency significantly diminished B cell responses by impairing B cell activation, development of germinal centers (GC), and the generation of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) and memory B cells (MBCs). In contrast, TLR3 deficiency had more effect on maintenance of GCs and development of LLPCs, whereas differentiation of MBCs was unaffected. Our data suggest that both TLR3- and MyD88-dependent signaling are involved in the intrinsic adjuvanting of RepliVAX WN and differentially contribute to the development of vigorous WNV-specific antibody and B cell memory responses following immunization with this novel SCFV vaccine.
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An inactivated cell culture Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-ADVAX) formulated with delta inulin adjuvant provides robust heterologous protection against West Nile encephalitis via cross-protective memory B cells and neutralizing antibody. J Virol 2013; 87:10324-33. [PMID: 23864620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00480-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), currently the cause of a serious U.S. epidemic, is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and member of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serocomplex. There is currently no approved human WNV vaccine, and treatment options remain limited, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity from human infection. Given the availability of approved human JE vaccines, this study asked whether the JE-ADVAX vaccine, which contains an inactivated cell culture JE virus antigen formulated with Advax delta inulin adjuvant, could provide heterologous protection against WNV infection in wild-type and β2-microglobulin-deficient (β2m(-/-)) murine models. Mice immunized twice or even once with JE-ADVAX were protected against lethal WNV challenge even when mice had low or absent serum cross-neutralizing WNV titers prior to challenge. Similarly, β2m(-/-) mice immunized with JE-ADVAX were protected against lethal WNV challenge in the absence of CD8(+) T cells and prechallenge WNV antibody titers. Protection against WNV could be adoptively transferred to naive mice by memory B cells from JE-ADVAX-immunized animals. Hence, in addition to increasing serum cross-neutralizing antibody titers, JE-ADVAX induced a memory B-cell population able to provide heterologous protection against WNV challenge. Heterologous protection was reduced when JE vaccine antigen was administered alone without Advax, confirming the importance of the adjuvant to induction of cross-protective immunity. In the absence of an approved human WNV vaccine, JE-ADVAX could provide an alternative approach for control of a major human WNV epidemic.
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Suthar MS, Diamond MS, Gale Jr M. West Nile virus infection and immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:115-28. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN. Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination. Vet Res 2012; 43:16. [PMID: 22380523 PMCID: PMC3311072 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, a large family with 3 main genera (flavivirus, hepacivirus and pestivirus). Among these viruses, there are several globally relevant human pathogens including the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Since the mid-1990s, outbreaks of WN fever and encephalitis have occurred throughout the world and WNV is now endemic in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe and the Unites States. This review describes the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and highlights recent progress regarding diagnosis and vaccination against WNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Winkelmann ER, Widman DG, Xia J, Ishikawa T, Miller-Kittrell M, Nelson MH, Bourne N, Scholle F, Mason PW, Milligan GN. Intrinsic adjuvanting of a novel single-cycle flavivirus vaccine in the absence of type I interferon receptor signaling. Vaccine 2012; 30:1465-75. [PMID: 22226862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical for controlling pathogenic virus infections and can enhance immune responses. Hence their impact on the effectiveness of live-attenuated vaccines involves a balance between limiting viral antigen expression and enhancing the development of adaptive immune responses. We examined the influence of type I IFNs on these parameters following immunization with RepliVAX WN, a single-cycle flavivirus vaccine (SCFV) against West Nile virus (WNV) disease. RepliVAX WN-immunized mice produced IFN-α and displayed increased IFN-stimulated gene transcription in draining lymph nodes (LN). SCFV gene expression was over 100 fold-higher on days 1-3 post-infection in type I IFN receptor knockout mice (IFNAR(-/-)) compared to wild-type (wt) mice indicating a profound IFN-mediated suppression of SCFV gene expression in the wt animals. IFNAR(-/-) mice produced nearly equivalent levels of WNV-specific serum IgG and WNV-specific CD4(+) T cell responses compared to wt mice. However, significantly higher numbers of WNV-specific CD8(+) T cells were produced by IFNAR(-/-) mice and a significantly greater percentage of these T cells from IFNAR(-/-) mice produced only IFN-γ following antigen-specific re-stimulation. This altered cytokine expression was not associated with increased antigen load suggesting the loss of type I IFN receptor signaling was responsible for the altered quality of the CD8(+) effector T cell response. Together, these results indicate that although type I IFN is not essential for the intrinsic adjuvanting of RepliVAX WN, it plays a role in shaping the cytokine secretion profiles of CD8(+) effector T cells elicited by this SCFV.
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Metz SW, Pijlman GP. Arbovirus vaccines; opportunities for the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S16-30. [PMID: 21784227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is a well-established technology for the production of heterologous viral (glyco)proteins in cultured cells, applicable for basic scientific research as well as for the development and production of vaccines and diagnostics. Arboviruses form an emerging group of medically important viral pathogens that are transmitted to humans and animals via arthropod vectors, mostly mosquitoes, ticks or midges. Few arboviral vaccines are currently available, but there is a growing need for safe and effective vaccines against some highly pathogenic arboviruses such as Chikungunya, dengue, West Nile, Rift Valley fever and Bluetongue viruses. This comprehensive review discusses the biology and current state of the art in vaccine development for arboviruses belonging to the families Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae and Reoviridae and the potential of the baculovirus-insect cell expression system for vaccine antigen production The members of three of these four arbovirus families have enveloped virions and display immunodominant glycoproteins with a complex structure at their surface. Baculovirus expression of viral antigens often leads to correctly folded and processed (glyco)proteins able to induce protective immunity in animal models and humans. As arboviruses occupy a unique position in the virosphere in that they also actively replicate in arthropod cells, the baculovirus-insect cell expression system is well suited to produce arboviral proteins with correct folding and post-translational processing. The opportunities for recombinant baculoviruses to aid in the development of safe and effective subunit and virus-like particle vaccines against arboviral diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Metz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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