1
|
Kobayashi K, Omatsu N, Han L, Shan-Ni L, Nishimura T. Early effects of lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus on milk production-related signaling pathways in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2022; 420:113352. [PMID: 36108712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes subclinical mastitis; lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from S. aureus causes mastitis-like adverse effects on milk production by mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Here, we investigated the early effects of LTA from S. aureus on mouse MECs using a culture model, in which MECs produced milk components and formed less permeable tight junctions (TJs). In MECs of this model, Toll-like receptor 2 (receptor for LTA), was localized on the apical membrane, similar to MECs in lactating mammary glands. LTA weakened the TJ barrier within 1 h, concurrently with localization changes of claudin 4. LTA treatment for 24 h increased αS1-casein and decreased β-casein levels. In MECs exposed to LTA, the activation level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (major transcriptional factor for milk production) was low. LTA activated signaling pathways related to cell survival (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, heat shock protein 27, and Akt) and inflammation (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor κB). Thus, LTA caused abnormalities in casein production and weakened the TJs by affecting multiple signaling pathways in MECs. LTA-induced changes in signaling pathways were not uniform in all MECs. Such complex and semi-negative actions of LTA may contribute to subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Omatsu
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Liang Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Lu Shan-Ni
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rainard P, Gilbert FB, Germon P. Immune defenses of the mammary gland epithelium of dairy ruminants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031785. [PMID: 36341445 PMCID: PMC9634088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the mammary gland (MG) fulfills three major functions: nutrition of progeny, transfer of immunity from mother to newborn, and its own defense against infection. The defense function of the epithelium requires the cooperation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with intraepithelial leucocytes, macrophages, DCs, and resident lymphocytes. The MG is characterized by the secretion of a large amount of a nutrient liquid in which certain bacteria can proliferate and reach a considerable bacterial load, which has conditioned how the udder reacts against bacterial invasions. This review presents how the mammary epithelium perceives bacteria, and how it responds to the main bacterial genera associated with mastitis. MECs are able to detect the presence of actively multiplying bacteria in the lumen of the gland: they express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) released by the growing bacteria. Interactions with intraepithelial leucocytes fine-tune MECs responses. Following the onset of inflammation, new interactions are established with lymphocytes and neutrophils recruited from the blood. The mammary epithelium also identifies and responds to antigens, which supposes an antigen-presenting capacity. Its responses can be manipulated with drugs, plant extracts, probiotics, and immune modifiers, in order to increase its defense capacities or reduce the damage related to inflammation. Numerous studies have established that the mammary epithelium is a genuine effector of both innate and adaptive immunity. However, knowledge gaps remain and newly available tools offer the prospect of exciting research to unravel and exploit the multiple capacities of this particular epithelium.
Collapse
|
3
|
Peptidomic changes in the milk of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with intramammary infection by non-aureus staphylococci. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8371. [PMID: 35589845 PMCID: PMC9120474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) is a significant issue in dairy buffalo farming. In a herd with subclinical NAS mastitis, we identified Staphylococcus microti as the predominant species. To assess milk protein integrity and investigate potential disease markers, we characterized 12 NAS-positive and 12 healthy quarter milk samples by shotgun peptidomics combining peptide enrichment and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We observed significant changes in the milk peptidome. Out of 789 total peptides identified in each group, 49 and 44 were unique or increased in NAS-positive and healthy milk, respectively. In NAS-positive milk, the differential peptides belonged mainly to caseins, followed by milk fat globule membrane proteins (MFGMP) and by the immune defense/antimicrobial proteins osteopontin, lactoperoxidase, and serum amyloid A. In healthy milk, these belonged mainly to MFGMP, followed by caseins. In terms of abundance, peptides from MFGMP and immune defense protein were higher in NAS-positive milk, while peptides from caseins were higher in healthy milk. These findings highlight the impact of NAS on buffalo milk quality and mammary gland health, even when clinical signs are not evident, and underscore the need for clarifying the epidemiology and relevance of the different NAS species in this dairy ruminant.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kamiya S, Shimizu K, Okada A, Inoshima Y. Induction of Serum Amyloid A3 in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoteichoic Acid. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061548. [PMID: 34070499 PMCID: PMC8230092 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein present in mammals and birds. Based on the amino acid sequence, SAA has been classified into isoforms SAA1–4 in mice. Previously, it was reported that after the stimulation with bacterial antigens, the expression of the Saa3 mRNA was induced more strongly than that of the Saa1 mRNA in mouse epithelia, including colonic and alveolar epithelial cells, indicating that SAA3 plays a role in the local response. However, the contribution of SAA3 to the local response in mouse mammary epithelium, where mastitis occurs due to bacterial infection, has not been completely determined yet. In this study, to clarify whether mouse SAA3 has a role in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium, normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LPS and LTA significantly enhanced mRNA expression level of the Saa3 gene but not that of Saa1. Furthermore, LPS induced SAA3 protein expression more strongly than LTA. Our data indicate that SAA3 expression in mouse mammary epithelial cells was increased by the stimulation with bacterial antigens, suggesting that SAA3 is involved in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium. Abstract In this study, to establish whether serum amyloid A (SAA) 3 plays a role in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium, normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LPS and LTA significantly enhanced mRNA expression level of the Saa3 gene, whereas no significant change was observed in the Saa1 mRNA level. Furthermore, LPS induced SAA3 protein expression more strongly than LTA, whereas neither LPS nor LTA significantly affected SAA1 protein expression. These data indicate that the expression of SAA3 in mouse mammary epithelial cells was increased by the stimulation with bacterial antigens. SAA3 has been reported to stimulate neutrophils in the intestinal epithelium and increase interleukin-22 expression, which induces activation of the innate immune system and production of antibacterial proteins, such as antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, collectively, these data suggest that SAA3 is involved in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sato Kamiya
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Ayaka Okada
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-293-2863
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamr A, Arbaga A, El-Bahrawy A, Elsify A, Khaled H, Hassan H. The therapeutic efficacy of Aloe vera gel ointment on staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs. Vet World 2020; 13:2371-2380. [PMID: 33363329 PMCID: PMC7750235 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2371-2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Staphylococcus pyoderma is a common problem in dogs that need a novel treatment rather than antibiotic therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel ointment on dogs' Staphylococcus pyoderma compared to gentamicin ointment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibition zone of A. vera extract 20% and 40% and gentamicin 1% against Staphylococcus aureus was determined on well diffusion agar. Twenty Baladi local breed dogs were used as control negative group before intradermal inoculation with 105 CFU S. aureus. The animals were classified into four equal groups, control positive group without treatment (n=5), treated groups by 20% A. vera gel ointment (n=5), 40% A. vera gel ointment (n=5), and gentamicin ointment 1% (n=5). Topical application of A. vera and gentamicin ointments was carried out twice daily for 2 weeks until complete healing of dogs' pyoderma. Clinical evaluation was recorded. Inflammatory, oxidant, and antioxidant parameters were measured in serum. RESULTS The inhibition zone of A. vera extracts 20% and 40% was 19 mm and 23 mm, respectively, while gentamicin 1% was 18 mm. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (of A. vera 20% and 40% were 13.70 with R2=0.98. Dogs' pyoderma treated with A. vera gel ointment 20% and 40% were more likely to have low haptoglobin and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations than gentamicin 1% ([odds ratio [OR]=4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.31-17.40; p<0.05]; [OR=5.2; 95% CI=1.04-22.30; p<0.05]), respectively. CONCLUSION It seems evident that A. vera has therapeutic effect, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects against dogs' staphylococcal pyoderma than gentamicin that would support its further use rather than antibiotics in one health arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamr
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ali Arbaga
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Amanallah El-Bahrawy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hadeer Khaled
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hany Hassan
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soler L, Dąbrowski R, García N, Alava MA, Lampreave F, Piñeiro M, Wawron W, Szczubiał M, Bochniarz M. Acute-phase inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) levels in serum and milk of cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus species and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:539-546. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins were isolated and named over 50 years ago. They are small (104 amino acids) and have a striking relationship to the acute phase response with serum levels rising as much as 1000-fold in 24 hours. SAA proteins are encoded in a family of closely-related genes and have been remarkably conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Amino-terminal fragments of SAA can form highly organized, insoluble fibrils that accumulate in “secondary” amyloid disease. Despite their evolutionary preservation and dynamic synthesis pattern SAA proteins have lacked well-defined physiologic roles. However, considering an array of many, often unrelated, reports now permits a more coordinated perspective. Protein studies have elucidated basic SAA structure and fibril formation. Appreciating SAA’s lipophilicity helps relate it to lipid transport and metabolism as well as atherosclerosis. SAA’s function as a cytokine-like protein has become recognized in cell-cell communication as well as feedback in inflammatory, immunologic, neoplastic and protective pathways. SAA likely has a critical role in control and possibly propagation of the primordial acute phase response. Appreciating the many cellular and molecular interactions for SAA suggests possibilities for improved understanding of pathophysiology as well as treatment and disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George H Sack
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Physiology 615, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamaruzzaman NF, Chong SQY, Edmondson-Brown KM, Ntow-Boahene W, Bardiau M, Good L. Bactericidal and Anti-biofilm Effects of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide in Models of Intracellular and Biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1518. [PMID: 28848527 PMCID: PMC5554503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection is a common cause of mastitis, reducing milk yield, affecting animal welfare and causing huge economic losses within the dairy industry. In addition to the problem of acquired drug resistance, bacterial invasion into udder cells and the formation of surface biofilms are believed to reduce antibiotic efficacy, leading to treatment failure. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial activities of enrofloxacin, an antibiotic that is commonly used in mastitis therapy and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), an antimicrobial polymer. The antimicrobial activities were tested against intracellular S. aureus in infected Mac-T cells (host cells). Also, fluorescein-tagged PHMB was used to study PHMB uptake and localization with S. aureus within the infected Mac-T cells. Anti-biofilm activities were tested by treating S. aureus biofilms and measuring effects on biofilm mass in vitro. Enrofloxacin and PHMB at 15 mg/L killed between 42 to 92 and 99.9% of intracellular S. aureus, respectively. PHMB-FITC entered and colocalized with the intracellular S. aureus, suggesting direct interaction of the drug with the bacteria inside the host cells. Enrofloxacin and PHMB at 15 mg/L reduced between 10 to 27% and 28 to 37% of biofilms' mass, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) obtained from a cytotoxicity assay were 345 ± 91 and 21 ± 2 mg/L for enrofloxacin and PHMB, respectively; therefore, both compounds were tolerated by the host cells at high concentrations. These findings suggest that both antimicrobials are effective against intracellular S. aureus and can disrupt biofilm structures, with PHMB being more potent against intracellular S. aureus, highlighting the potential application of PHMB in mastitis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor F Kamaruzzaman
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary CollegeLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Stacy Q Y Chong
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary CollegeLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Winnie Ntow-Boahene
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary CollegeLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Marjorie Bardiau
- Centre for Expertise in the Treatment and Management of Water (CEBEDEAU)Liège, Belgium
| | - Liam Good
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary CollegeLondon, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hesselager MO, Codrea MC, Sun Z, Deutsch EW, Bennike TB, Stensballe A, Bundgaard L, Moritz RL, Bendixen E. The Pig PeptideAtlas: A resource for systems biology in animal production and biomedicine. Proteomics 2016; 16:634-44. [PMID: 26699206 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological research of Sus scrofa, the domestic pig, is of immediate relevance for food production sciences, and for developing pig as a model organism for human biomedical research. Publicly available data repositories play a fundamental role for all biological sciences, and protein data repositories are in particular essential for the successful development of new proteomic methods. Cumulative proteome data repositories, including the PeptideAtlas, provide the means for targeted proteomics, system-wide observations, and cross-species observational studies, but pigs have so far been underrepresented in existing repositories. We here present a significantly improved build of the Pig PeptideAtlas, which includes pig proteome data from 25 tissues and three body fluid types mapped to 7139 canonical proteins. The content of the Pig PeptideAtlas reflects actively ongoing research within the veterinary proteomics domain, and this article demonstrates how the expression of isoform-unique peptides can be observed across distinct tissues and body fluids. The Pig PeptideAtlas is a unique resource for use in animal proteome research, particularly biomarker discovery and for preliminary design of SRM assays, which are equally important for progress in research that supports farm animal production and veterinary health, as for developing pig models with relevance to human health research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius C Codrea
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tue B Bennike
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Louise Bundgaard
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Emøke Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ceciliani F, Soler L, Grilli G, Marques AT, Giudice C, Lecchi C. The localization and differential expression of Serum Amyloid A in bovine liver and adipose tissue depots. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:35-9. [PMID: 26319890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this article the localization of the acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A (SAA) in different depots of bovine adipose tissue (AT) and liver is reported. Quantitative (Real Time) PCR was paired to immunohistochemistry after the production of a specific polyclonal antibody. SAA's mRNA was found in all analyzed AT depots included in the present study, the AT located in the withers being the major source of SAA mRNA. A polyclonal antibody was raised against bovine SAA and was used to validate gene expression analyses. Western Blotting confirmed that SAA is present in all the seven adipose tissue depots include in the present experiment. Anti-SAA polyclonal antibody also stained diffusely adipocytes. In liver, intracytoplasmic immunolabeling was observed in hepatocytes. Staining was generally mild and not diffuse: negative hepatocytes were intermixed with positive ones. A positive intracytoplasmic immunostaining was occasionally observed in endothelial cells lining small blood vessels within AT septa and liver parenchyma. Our data confirm that bovine AT may provide an important source of SAA in healthy subjects. It remains to be determined which is the contribution of AT in the serum concentration of SAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Soler
- UMR PRC - URA - INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Guido Grilli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andreia T Marques
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Contribution of mammary epithelial cells to the immune response during early stages of a bacterial infection to Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Res 2014; 45:16. [PMID: 24521038 PMCID: PMC3937043 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To differentiate between the contribution of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and infiltrating immune cells to gene expression profiles of mammary tissue during early stage mastitis, we investigated in goats the in vivo transcriptional response of MEC to an experimental intra mammary infection (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus, using a non-invasive RNA sampling method from milk fat globules (MFG). Microarrays were used to record gene expression patterns during the first 24 hours post-infection (hpi). This approach was combined with laser capture microdissection of MEC from frozen slides of mammary tissue to analyze some relevant genes at 30 hpi. During the early stages post-inoculation, MEC play an important role in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells through the IL-8 signalling pathway and initiate a sharp induction of innate immune genes predominantly associated with the pro-inflammatory response. At 30 hpi, MEC express genes encoding different acute phase proteins, including SAA3, SERPINA1 and PTX3 and factors, such as S100A12, that contribute directly to fighting the infection. No significant change in the expression of genes encoding caseins was observed until 24 hpi, thus validating our experimental model to study early stages of infection before the occurrence of tissue damage, since the milk synthesis function is still operative. This is to our knowledge the first report showing in vivo, in goats, how MEC orchestrate the innate immune response to an IMI challenge with S. aureus. Moreover, the non-invasive sampling method of mammary representative RNA from MFG provides a valuable tool to easily follow the dynamics of gene expression in MEC to search for sensitive biomarkers in milk for early detection of mastitis and therefore, to successfully improve the treatment and thus animal welfare.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zbinden C, Stephan R, Johler S, Borel N, Bünter J, Bruckmaier RM, Wellnitz O. The inflammatory response of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus strains is linked to the bacterial phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87374. [PMID: 24498088 PMCID: PMC3907564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major mastitis-causing pathogen in dairy cows. The latex agglutination-based Staphaurex test allows bovine S. aureus strains to be grouped into Staphaurex latex agglutination test (SLAT)-negative [SLAT(−)] and SLAT-positive [SLAT(+)] isolates. Virulence and resistance gene profiles within SLAT(−) isolates are highly similar, but differ largely from those of SLAT(+) isolates. Notably, specific genetic changes in important virulence factors were detected in SLAT(−) isolates. Based on the molecular data, it is assumed that SLAT(+) strains are more virulent than SLAT(−) strains. The objective of this study was to investigate if SLAT(−) and SLAT(+) strains can differentially induce an immune response with regard to their adhesive capacity to epithelial cells in the mammary gland and in turn, could play a role in the course of mastitis. Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) were challenged with suspensions of heat inactivated SLAT(+) (n = 3) and SLAT(−) (n = 3) strains isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases. After 1, 6, and 24 h, cells were harvested and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, RANTES, SAA, lactoferrin, GM-CSF, COX-2, and TLR-2) was evaluated by reverse transcription and quantitative PCR. Transcription (ΔΔCT) of most measured factors was induced in challenged bMEC for 6 and 24 h. Interestingly, relative mRNA levels were higher (P<0.05) in response to SLAT(+) compared to SLAT(−) strains. In addition, adhesion assays on bMEC also showed significant differences between SLAT(+) and SLAT(−) strains. The present study clearly shows that these two S. aureus strain types cause a differential immune response of bMEC and exhibit differences in their adhesion capacity in vitro. This could reflect differences in the severity of mastitis that the different strain types may induce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zbinden
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Bünter
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Olga Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saremi B, Mielenz M, Rahman M, Hosseini A, Kopp C, Dänicke S, Ceciliani F, Sauerwein H. Hepatic and extrahepatic expression of serum amyloid A3 during lactation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6944-6954. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
14
|
Rune I, Hansen CHF, Ellekilde M, Nielsen DS, Skovgaard K, Rolin BC, Lykkesfeldt J, Josefsen K, Tranberg B, Kihl P, Hansen AK. Ampicillin-improved glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese C57BL/6NTac mice is age dependent. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:319321. [PMID: 24369539 PMCID: PMC3863492 DOI: 10.1155/2013/319321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ampicillin has been shown to improve glucose tolerance in mice. We hypothesized that this effect is present only if treatment is initiated prior to weaning and that it disappears when treatment is terminated. High-fat fed C57BL/6NTac mice were divided into groups that received Ampicillin at different ages or not at all. We found that both diet and Ampicillin significantly changed the gut microbiota composition in the animals. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in Ampicillin-treated, five-week-old mice compared to nontreated mice in the control group. At study termination, expressions of mRNA coding for tumor necrosis factor, serum amyloid A, and lactase were upregulated, while the expression of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 15 was downregulated in the ileum of Ampicillin-treated mice. Higher dendritic cell percentages were found systemically in high-fat diet mice, and a lower tolerogenic dendritic cell percentage was found both in relation to high-fat diet and late Ampicillin treatment. The results support our hypothesis that a "window" exists early in life in which an alteration of the gut microbiota affects glucose tolerance as well as development of gut immunity and that this window may disappear after weaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I. Rune
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *I. Rune:
| | - C. H. F. Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - M. Ellekilde
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - D. S. Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K. Skovgaard
- Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - B. C. Rolin
- Translational Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - J. Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K. Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet Department 3733, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B. Tranberg
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - P. Kihl
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A. K. Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brenaut P, Bangera R, Bevilacqua C, Rebours E, Cebo C, Martin P. Validation of RNA isolated from milk fat globules to profile mammary epithelial cell expression during lactation and transcriptional response to a bacterial infection. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6130-44. [PMID: 22921620 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most costly infectious disease of dairy ruminants worldwide. Although it receives considerable attention, the early steps of the host response remain poorly defined. Here, we report a noninvasive method using milk fat globules (MFG) as a source of mammary RNA to follow the dynamics of the global transcriptional response of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) during the course of a bacterial infection. We first assessed that RNA isolated from MFG were representative of MEC RNA; we then evaluated whether MFG RNA could be used to monitor the MEC response to infection. Sufficiently high yields of good-quality RNA (RNA integrity numbers ranging between 6.7 and 8.7) were obtained from goat MFG for subsequent analyses. Contamination of MFG by macrophages and neutrophils, which can be trapped during creaming, was assessed and when using quantitative real-time PCR for cell-type specific markers, was shown to be weak enough (<8%) to affect MFG gene expression profiling. Using microarrays, we showed that RNA extracted from MFG and from mammary alveolar parenchyma shared approximately 90% of the highlighted probes corresponding in particular to genes encoding milk proteins (CSN, BLG, LALBA) and enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis and secretion (FASN, XDH, ADRP, SCD, and DGAT1). In addition, a gene involved in the acute-phase reaction, coding for the serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) protein, was found within the first 50 most highly expressed genes in a noninfectious context in both mammary alveolar parenchyma and MFG, strongly suggesting that SAA3 is expressed in MEC. We took advantage of this noninvasive RNA sampling to follow the early proinflammatory response of MEC during the course of a bacterial infection and showed that the levels of mRNA encoding SAA3 sharply increased at 24h postinfection. Taken together, our results demonstrate that MFG represent a unique source of MEC RNA to noninvasively sample sufficient amounts of high-quality RNA to assess the dynamics of MEC gene expression in vivo, especially during the first steps of infection, thereby paving the way for the discovery of early biomarkers for the control of intramammary infections. Furthermore, this noninvasive technique could be used to provide mammary transcriptomic data on a large scale, thus filling the gap between genomic and phenotypic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Brenaut
- INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, équipe «Lait, Génome & Santé» F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Acute phase proteins in ruminants. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4207-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
17
|
The effect of storage temperature and time on the concentrations of bovine serum amyloid a and its mammary associated isoform. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:861458. [PMID: 22577611 PMCID: PMC3329682 DOI: 10.1155/2012/861458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage under various conditions on the concentrations of major bovine acute phase protein—serum amyloid A, and its mammary isoform. Blood samples were taken from seven clinically healthy calves, and milk samples from six clinically healthy dairy cows. The harvested blood serum and the milk samples were fractioned into aliquots. One aliquot was analyzed on the day of collection without storage. The second aliquots were stored at 4°C for 1 day, the remaining aliquots were kept frozen at −18°C for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days, and then analyzed. Blood serum was analyzed for serum amyloid A (SAA). The concentrations of mammary isoform of SAA (M-SAA) were measured in milk samples. Over time, the concentrations of SAA in serum showed a tendency of significant decrease during storage at −18°C (P < 0.01). Similarly, the values of M-SAA decreased significantly in samples maintained at freezer temperatures (P < 0.001). In the refrigerated samples, we found non-significantly lower values of SAA, as well as M-SAA. Presented results indicate that the storage temperature and duration may markedly affect the concentrations of bovine SAA and M-SAA.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bonnefont CMD, Rainard P, Cunha P, Gilbert FB, Toufeer M, Aurel MR, Rupp R, Foucras G. Genetic susceptibility to S. aureus mastitis in sheep: differential expression of mammary epithelial cells in response to live bacteria or supernatant. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:403-16. [PMID: 22337903 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00155.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent pathogen for mastitis in dairy ruminants and is responsible for both clinical and subclinical mastitis. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) represent not only a physical barrier against bacterial invasion but are also active players of the innate immune response permitting infection clearance. To decipher their functions in general and in animals showing different levels of genetic predisposition to Staphylococcus in particular, MEC from ewes undergoing a divergent selection on milk somatic cell count were stimulated by S. aureus. MEC response was also studied according to the stimulation condition with live bacteria or culture supernatant. The early MEC response was studied during a 5 h time course by microarray to identify differentially expressed genes with regard to the host genetic background and as a function of the conditions of stimulation. In both conditions of stimulation, metabolic processes were altered, the apoptosis-associated pathways were considerably modified, and inflammatory and immune responses were enhanced with the upregulation of il1a, il1b, and tnfa and several chemokines known to enhance neutrophil (cxcl8) or mononuclear leukocyte (ccl20) recruitment. Genes associated with oxidative stress were increased after live bacteria stimulation, whereas immune response-related genes were higher after supernatant stimulation in the early phase. Only 20 genes were differentially expressed between Staphylococcus spp-mastitis resistant and susceptible animals without any clearly defined role on the control of infection. To conclude, this suggests that MEC may not represent the cell type at the origin of the difference of mastitis susceptibility, at least as demonstrated in our genetic model. Supernatant or heat-killed S. aureus produce biological effects that are essentially different from those induced by live bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile M D Bonnefont
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique (INP), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1225, Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and milk from cows with Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Bougarn S, Cunha P, Gilbert FB, Harmache A, Foucras G, Rainard P. Staphylococcal-associated molecular patterns enhance expression of immune defense genes induced by IL-17 in mammary epithelial cells. Cytokine 2011; 56:749-59. [PMID: 22004923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F have been shown to mediate a crucial crosstalk between the immune system and various epithelial tissues, stimulating various defensive mechanisms to bacterial infections. A number of studies have characterized the response to IL-17A and IL-17F of epithelial cells from airways, intestine, and skin, but not from the mammary gland. To evaluate the potential contribution of IL-17 to the immune defense of the mammary gland, we analyzed the effects of recombinant bovine IL-17A and IL-17F on primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC) by quantitative PCR and ELISA. We found expression (mRNA) of the two components of the IL-17 receptor complex, IL-17RA and IL-17RC, in mammary tissue and MEC in vitro. The expression of a number of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and proteins endowed with antibacterial activities was increased by IL-17A, and to a lesser extent by IL-17F, but the magnitude of responses was modest. As expected, responses were augmented by the combination of IL-17A or IL-17F with TNF-α. Interestingly, responses of a few of the tested genes, such as IL8, CCL20, iNOS, and CfB, were augmented by the combination of IL-17A with staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid or muramyl dipeptide, bacterial agonists of the innate immune system. This can be interpreted as indicating that IL-17A and IL-17F are tailored to exert their full potential in a septic environment. MEC responses were characterized by the expression of chemokines targeting not only neutrophils (CXCL3 and CXCL8) but also mononuclear leucocytes (CCL2, CCL20). Production of IL-6 was low and the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were expressed (mRNA) but proteins were not secreted. Altogether, our results suggest that IL-17A and IL-17F have a potential to modulate the mammary gland immune response to mastitis-causing pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Bougarn
- INRA, UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique (IASP), F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Kumon Y, Yasuoka Y, Yamanaka S, Wada A, Takeuchi H, Sugiura T. Acute-phase serum amyloid A is present in human colostrum and milk. Amyloid 2011; 18 Suppl 1:11-3. [PMID: 21838415 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2011.574354003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kumon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pyörälä S, Hovinen M, Simojoki H, Fitzpatrick J, Eckersall PD, Orro T. Acute phase proteins in milk in naturally acquired bovine mastitis caused by different pathogens. Vet Rec 2011; 168:535. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pyörälä
- Department of Production Animal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Paroninkuja 20 04920 Saarentaus Finland
| | - M. Hovinen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Paroninkuja 20 04920 Saarentaus Finland
| | - H. Simojoki
- Department of Production Animal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Paroninkuja 20 04920 Saarentaus Finland
| | - J. Fitzpatrick
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH2 0PZ
| | - P. D. Eckersall
- Division of Animal Production and Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - T. Orro
- Department of Animal Health and Environment; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Kreutzwaldi 62 51014 Tartu Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ning R, Zhang X, Guo X, Li Q. Attachment of Staphylococcus aureus is required for activation of nuclear factor kappa B in human osteoblasts. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:883-92. [PMID: 21051440 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which can attach to and invade human osteoblasts, is the most common causative agent of osteomyelitis. To determine whether S. aureus can activate NF-κB in human osteoblasts and explore the possible factors of activation in response to infection, we used flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblots, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays to quantify the invasion of bacteria, to measure the interleukin-6 (IL-6) of culture supernatants, and to investigate the IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation in human osteoblasts. Moreover, we explored the possible factors responsible for the activation of NF-κB by preventing S. aureus from physically touching human osteoblasts or inhibiting the invasion of S. aureus into human osteoblasts under co-culture conditions, by incubating proteinase K-treated or ultraviolet-killed S. aureus with human osteoblasts and by treating human osteoblasts with peptidoglycan (PGN) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). We found that S. aureus induced the IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation, which could regulate IL-6 secretion in the culture supernatants of human osteoblasts in response to infection. In addition, the maximal IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation in human osteoblasts occurred prior to the maximal invasion of S. aureus. It was the attachment not invasion or the secreted soluble factor(s), PGN, LTA of S. aureus, that could induce the IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation in human osteoblasts. These results indicated that S. aureus can activate NF-κB in human osteoblasts and that the attachment of S. aureus is required for this activation in response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rende Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Evaluation of interleukin-2 treatment for prevention of intramammary infections in cows after calving. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 32:439-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
26
|
Molenaar AJ, Harris DP, Rajan GH, Pearson ML, Callaghan MR, Sommer L, Farr VC, Oden KE, Miles MC, Petrova RS, Good LL, Singh K, McLaren RD, Prosser CG, Kim KS, Wieliczko RJ, Dines MH, Johannessen KM, Grigor MR, Davis SR, Stelwagen K. The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A3 is expressed in the bovine mammary gland and plays a role in host defence. Biomarkers 2009; 14:26-37. [PMID: 19283521 DOI: 10.1080/13547500902730714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The serum amyloid A protein is one of the major reactants in the acute-phase response. Using representational difference analysis comparing RNA from normal and involuting quarters of a dairy cow mammary gland, we found an mRNA encoding the SAA3 protein (M-SAA3). The M-SAA3 mRNA was localized to restricted populations of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs). It was expressed at a moderate level in late pregnancy, at a low level through lactation, was induced early in milk stasis, and expressed at high levels in most MECs during mid to late involution and inflammation/mastitis. The mature M-SAA3 peptide was expressed in Escherichia coli, antibodies made, and shown to have antibacterial activity against E. coli, Streptococcus uberis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that the mammary SAA3 may have a role in protection of the mammary gland during remodelling and infection and possibly in the neonate gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Molenaar
- Dairy Science and Technology, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Suojala L, Orro T, Järvinen H, Saatsi J, Pyörälä S. Acute phase response in two consecutive experimentally induced E. coli intramammary infections in dairy cows. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:18. [PMID: 18554387 PMCID: PMC2440372 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute phase proteins haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) have suggested to be suitable inflammatory markers for bovine mastitis. The aim of the study was to investigate acute phase markers along with clinical parameters in two consecutive intramammary challenges with Escherichia coli and to evaluate the possible carry-over effect when same animals are used in an experimental model. Methods Mastitis was induced with a dose of 1500 cfu of E. coli in one quarter of six cows and inoculation repeated in another quarter after an interval of 14 days. Concentrations of acute phase proteins haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) were determined in serum and milk. Results In both challenges all cows became infected and developed clinical mastitis within 12 hours of inoculation. Clinical disease and acute phase response was generally milder in the second challenge. Concentrations of SAA in milk started to increase 12 hours after inoculation and peaked at 60 hours after the first challenge and at 44 hours after the second challenge. Concentrations of SAA in serum increased more slowly and peaked at the same times as in milk; concentrations in serum were about one third of those in milk. Hp started to increase in milk similarly and peaked at 36–44 hours. In serum, the concentration of Hp peaked at 60–68 hours and was twice as high as in milk. LBP concentrations in milk and serum started to increase after 12 hours and peaked at 36 hours, being higher in milk. The concentrations of acute phase proteins in serum and milk in the E. coli infection model were much higher than those recorded in experiments using Gram-positive pathogens, indicating the severe inflammation induced by E. coli. Conclusion Acute phase proteins would be useful parameters as mastitis indicators and to assess the severity of mastitis. If repeated experimental intramammary induction of the same animals with E. coli is used in cross-over studies, the interval between challenges should be longer than 2 weeks, due to the carry-over effect from the first infection.
Collapse
|
28
|
Duggan VE, Holyoak GR, MacAllister CG, Cooper SR, Confer AW. Amyloid A in equine colostrum and early milk. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:150-5. [PMID: 17681383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the protein, amyloid A3 (AA3), in equine colostrum and early milk. We hypothesized that AA3 was consistently present in equine colostrum and early milk, that no correlation existed between serum and colostrum concentrations of this protein in individual mares at parturition and that colostrum/milk concentrations of this mammary protein may be affected by age, breed, length of gestation and/or induction of parturition. Thirty-eight peripartum mares and seven non-pregnant, non-lactating mares were included in the study. Mean serum concentrations of this protein in the pregnant and non-pregnant mares were consistent with previous reports. Amyloid A3 was found in all colostrum and early milk samples at consistently higher concentrations than in peripartum maternal serum. There was no correlation between serum AA and colostrum AA3 concentrations at parturition. Age and breed effects were not significant. Increased gestation length and induction of parturition were associated with decreased colostrum and milk AA3 concentrations. We conclude that AA3 is consistently present in equine colostrum and early milk. The production of this protein in the mammary gland is likely to be under different stimulus to the production of serum AA, and may have protective effects in the neonatal intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne E Duggan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sharp JA, Lefevre C, Brennan AJ, Nicholas KR. The fur seal-a model lactation phenotype to explore molecular factors involved in the initiation of apoptosis at involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:47-58. [PMID: 17431798 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland involution requires co-ordination of milk production, immune responses, apoptosis and remodeling. Initiation and progression of each of these components involves integral control by the mammary gland. Although cell-based culture models and genetically manipulated animals have shed light on these processes, the factors controlling each step in the involution cascade are still poorly understood. The fur seal displays a unique lactation phenotype. During the lactation cycle the mammary gland downregulates milk production and initiates an immune response but fails to initiate the apoptotic phase of involution, allowing the female fur seal to undertake long foraging trips of up to 28 days between suckling bouts. Upon return to shore the female continues feeding her pup following resumption of lactation and milk production. Expression profiling of genes involved in this lactation cycle provides valuable tools for investigation of the factors responsible for the initiation of apoptosis at involution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Sharp
- CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Proteomic approach for acute-phase proteins of hemolymph and muscles in Scylla serrata challenged by a pathogenic bacterium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-006-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
31
|
Larson MA, Weber A, McDonald TL. Bovine serum amyloid A3 gene structure and promoter analysis: induced transcriptional expression by bacterial components and the hormone prolactin. Gene 2006; 380:104-10. [PMID: 16837143 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the bovine Saa3 promoter in response to signaling molecules associated with lactation or bacterial infection was assessed using a luciferase reporter system. Although the liver is the primary site for the production of acute phase proteins, typically serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) and serum amyloid A2 (SAA2), analysis of the differential expression of serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) by mammary epithelial cells is limited. Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the Gram-positive bacterial lipoteichoic acid (LTA) substantially upregulated transcriptional expression driven by the Saa3 promoter in bovine mammary epithelial cells by 18.5-fold and 12.5-fold, respectively, whereas the lactogenic hormone, prolactin (PRL) stimulated a 3.5-fold increase. The minimal Saa3 promoter fragment that retained responsiveness to LPS, LTA, or PRL was 352 bp in size. A 1056 bp Saa3 promoter region exhibited the highest level of LPS or LTA inducible activity. This activity was 2-fold higher than the constitutive activity obtained with the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) promoter. The 53 bp 5' untranslated region (UTR) in exon 1 of the Saa3 gene enhanced expression levels in response to the stimulants LPS and LTA and the AT-rich region between nt -2571 and -2338 in the Saa3 promoter contained an enhancer that negated a silencer region(s) located between nt -2338 and -1003. Collectively, these data support the proposal that SAA3 serves an important tissue-specific function for the welfare of the mammary gland during both bacterial infection and tissue remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilynn A Larson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|