1
|
Abi Younes JN, Campbell JR, Otto SJG, Gow SP, Woolums AR, Jelinski M, Lacoste S, Waldner CL. Variation in Pen-Level Prevalence of BRD Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance Following Feedlot Arrival in Beef Calves. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:322. [PMID: 38666998 PMCID: PMC11047553 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are crucial for treating bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef feedlots. Evidence is needed to support antimicrobial use (AMU) decisions, particularly in the early part of the feeding period when BRD risk is highest. The study objective was to describe changes in prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of BRD bacterial pathogens at feedlot processing (1 day on feed (1DOF)), 12 days later (13DOF), and for a subset at 36DOF following metaphylactic antimicrobial treatment. Mixed-origin steer calves (n = 1599) from Western Canada were managed as 16 pens of 100 calves, receiving either tulathromycin (n = 1199) or oxytetracycline (n = 400) at arrival. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs collected at all time points underwent culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Variability in the pen-level prevalence of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were observed over time, between years, and metaphylaxis options. Susceptibility to most antimicrobials was high, but resistance increased from 1DOF to 13DOF, especially for tetracyclines and macrolides. Simulation results suggested that sampling 20 to 30 calves per pen of 200 reflected the relative pen-level prevalence of the culture and AST outcomes of interest. Pen-level assessment of antimicrobial resistance early in the feeding period can inform the evaluation of AMU protocols and surveillance efforts and support antimicrobial stewardship in animal agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Abi Younes
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.N.A.Y.)
| | - John R. Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.N.A.Y.)
| | - Simon J. G. Otto
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
| | - Sheryl P. Gow
- Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7L 0Z2, Canada
| | - Amelia R. Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Murray Jelinski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.N.A.Y.)
| | - Stacey Lacoste
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.N.A.Y.)
| | - Cheryl L. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.N.A.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sorin-Dupont B, Picault S, Pardon B, Ezanno P, Assié S. Modeling the effects of farming practices on bovine respiratory disease in a multi-batch cattle fattening farm. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106009. [PMID: 37688889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) affects young bulls, causing animal welfare and health concerns as well as economical costs. BRD is caused by an array of viruses and bacteria and also by environmental and abiotic factors. How farming practices influence the spread of these causal pathogens remains unclear. Our goal was to assess the impact of zootechnical practices on the spread of three causal agents of BRD, namely the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis. In that extent, we used an individual based stochastic mechanistic model monitoring risk factors, infectious processes, detection and treatment in a farm possibly featuring several batches simultaneously. The model was calibrated with three sets of parameters relative to each of the three pathogens using data extracted from literature. Separated batches were found to be more effective than a unique large one for reducing the spread of pathogens, especially for BRSV and M.bovis. Moreover, it was found that allocating high risk and low risk individuals into separated batches participated in reducing cumulative incidence, epidemic peaks and antimicrobial usage, especially for M. bovis. Theses findings rise interrogations on the optimal farming practices in order to limit BRD occurrence and pave the way to models featuring coinfections and collective treatments p { line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.25 cm; background: transparent}a:link { color: #000080; text-decoration: underline}a.cjk:link { so-language: zxx}a.ctl:link { solanguage: zxx}.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Het Lam J, Derkman THJ, van Garderen E, Dijkman R, van Engelen E. Distinct Mannheimia haemolytica serotypes isolated from fatal infections in veal calves and dairy cows. Vet J 2023; 292:105940. [PMID: 36543311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatal Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) infections in cattle, which emerged in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2018, showed two distinct disease presentations: acute fibrinous polyserositis (FPS) in veal calves, and acute fibrinous pleuro-pneumonia (FPP) in adult dairy cattle. To determine whether these presentations were caused by different M. haemolytica genotypes, whole genome sequencing was performed on 96 isolates cultured after necropsy from inflamed sites of veal calves that died of M. haemolytica-associated FPS (n = 49) or with FPP lesions (n = 2), and from dairy cows that died of M. haemolytica-associated FPP (n = 45). Among the 96 M. haemolytica isolates, 93 were shown to belong to either of two large clusters, with 48/51 calf isolates belonging to one, and 43/45 cow isolates and two calf isolates from cases of FPP to the other. All M. haemolytica isolates from veal calves with FPS were of serotype A2, whereas the isolates from dairy cows and two calves with FPP were predominantly of serotypes A1 and A6. Most serotype A2 isolates from veal calves with FPS (95.6 %) contained multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) against three to five antimicrobial classes (phenicols, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides or beta-lactams). In contrast, these ARGs were only present in 10.8 % of M. haemolytica A1 and A6 isolates from pneumonic adult cattle and absent in isolates from the two calves with FPP. These two disease presentations appear to be caused by genetically distinct strains with different antimicrobial resistance gene patterns. While M. haemolytica serotype A2 is generally considered to be a commensal microorganism of cattle, it was clearly associated with fatal FPS in veal calves in the Netherlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Het Lam
- Ruminant Health Department, Royal GD (Animal Health Service), Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - T H J Derkman
- Ruminant Health Department, Royal GD (Animal Health Service), Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - E van Garderen
- Laboratory for Pathology and Histology, Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - R Dijkman
- Research and Development, Molecular Biology Department, Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - E van Engelen
- Research and Development, Bacteriology Department, Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hirsch C, Timsit E, Uddin MS, Guan LL, Alexander TW. Comparison of pathogenic bacteria in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of cattle either directly transported to a feedlot or co-mingled at auction markets prior to feedlot placement. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1026470. [PMID: 36761402 PMCID: PMC9902877 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1026470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacterial bronchopneumonia (BP) has been associated with purchasing cattle through auction markets. However, whether auction markets are a source of BP-associated bacterial pathogens is unknown. This study evaluated prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic relatedness (using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PFGE) of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni isolated from cattle either transported to an auction market prior to feedlot placement (AUC), or directly to a feedlot from a farm (RANC). Methods Two groups of cattle were enrolled (N = 30 per group) from two separate farms with 15 animals from an individual farm designated as AUC or RANC. Deep nasal swab (DNS) and trans-tracheal aspirates (TTA) were collected on day 0 at weaning (T0) and on day 2 at on-arrival processing at the feedlot (T1). The DNS were also collected on day 9 (T2) and day 30 (T3) after arrival at the feedlot. Results and discussion In both TTA and DNS, prevalence of bacteria did not differ between AUC and RANC groups (P > 0.05). None of the bacteria isolated at T0 were resistant to antimicrobials and diversity of all bacteria was greatest at T0 and T1. In Group 1 cattle, 100% of P. multocida isolated at T2 and T3 were multi-drug resistant. These isolates were highly related (>90%) according to PFGE, with most being clones. Though limited in size, results for animals evaluated in this study suggested that auction markets were not a major source of resistant BP pathogens, however, horizontal transmission of a multi-resistant strain of P. multocida occurred in a feedlot. Spread of resistant P. multocida was likely due to the selective pressures imposed by feedlot antimicrobial use and encoded resistance by the bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammed Salah Uddin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Trevor W. Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Alexander
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Impact of Water Sources and Shared Fence Lines on Bovine Respiratory Disease Incidence in the First 45 Days on Feed. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110646. [PMID: 36423094 PMCID: PMC9697601 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease in feedlot cattle, but little is known on the role of pen housing conditions. The objective of this research is to use a retrospective analysis with data from 10 U.S. feedlots to determine potential associations between BRD risk during the first 45 days after arrival with pen-level management factors including the number of water sources, shared water sources, and shared fence lines. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations between management factors, cattle demographics, and BRD incidence. The effect of shared water sources on BRD risk was modified by arrival weight and cohort size (p < 0.05). Cattle with two water sources had lower BRD morbidity (5.55% ± 0.98) compared to cattle with one water source (8.80% ± 1.50) when arrival weight was 227 kg to 272 kg, while there were few differences in heavier weight cattle. Cattle with two water sources had lower BRD morbidity (3.11% ± 0.56) compared to one water (5.50% ± 0.10) when cohort size was 100−175 head, but there were no BRD morbidity differences when bigger or smaller cohorts were evaluated. Shared fence lines and water sources were associated with BRD risk; however, no biologically meaningful results were identified. The number of water sources was associated with BRD risk, and effects were modified by cohort size and arrival weight.
Collapse
|
6
|
Picault S, Ezanno P, Smith K, Amrine D, White B, Assié S. Modelling the effects of antimicrobial metaphylaxis and pen size on bovine respiratory disease in high and low risk fattening cattle. Vet Res 2022; 53:77. [PMID: 36195961 PMCID: PMC9531528 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) dramatically affects young calves, especially in fattening facilities, and is difficult to understand, anticipate and control due to the multiplicity of factors involved in the onset and impact of this disease. In this study we aimed to compare the impact of farming practices on BRD severity and on antimicrobial usage. We designed a stochastic individual-based mechanistic BRD model which incorporates not only the infectious process, but also clinical signs, detection methods and treatment protocols. We investigated twelve contrasted scenarios which reflect farming practices in various fattening systems, based on pen sizes, risk level, and individual treatment vs. collective treatment (metaphylaxis) before or during fattening. We calibrated model parameters from existing observation data or literature and compared scenario outputs regarding disease dynamics, severity and mortality. The comparison of the trade-off between cumulative BRD duration and number of antimicrobial doses highlighted the added value of risk reduction at pen formation even in small pens, and acknowledges the interest of collective treatments for high-risk pens, with a better efficacy of treatments triggered during fattening based on the number of detected cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen Smith
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - David Amrine
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brad White
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gaudino M, Nagamine B, Ducatez MF, Meyer G. Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Vet Res 2022; 53:70. [PMID: 36068558 PMCID: PMC9449274 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most important diseases impacting the global cattle industry, resulting in significant economic loss. Commonly referred to as shipping fever, BRD is especially concerning for young calves during transport when they are most susceptible to developing disease. Despite years of extensive study, managing BRD remains challenging as its aetiology involves complex interactions between pathogens, environmental and host factors. While at the beginning of the twentieth century, scientists believed that BRD was only caused by bacterial infections (“bovine pasteurellosis”), we now know that viruses play a key role in BRD induction. Mixtures of pathogenic bacteria and viruses are frequently isolated from respiratory secretions of animals with respiratory illness. The increased diagnostic screening data has changed our understanding of pathogens contributing to BRD development. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine experimental evidence from all existing studies performed to understand coinfections between respiratory pathogens in cattle. Despite the fact that pneumonia has not always been successfully reproduced by in vivo calf modelling, several studies attempted to investigate the clinical significance of interactions between different pathogens. The most studied model of pneumonia induction has been reproduced by a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection, with strong evidence suggesting this could potentially be one of the most common scenarios during BRD onset. Different in vitro studies indicated that viral priming may increase bacterial adherence and colonization of the respiratory tract, suggesting a possible mechanism underpinning bronchopneumonia onset in cattle. In addition, a few in vivo studies on viral coinfections and bacterial coinfections demonstrated that a primary viral infection could also increase the pathogenicity of a secondary viral infection and, similarly, dual infections with two bacterial pathogens could increase the severity of BRD lesions. Therefore, different scenarios of pathogen dynamics could be hypothesized for BRD onset which are not limited to a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Valeris-Chacin R, Powledge S, McAtee T, Morley PS, Richeson J. Mycoplasma bovis is associated with Mannheimia haemolytica during acute bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946792. [PMID: 35979489 PMCID: PMC9376970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) represents a significant burden to the health of feedlot cattle and the profitability of the beef industry in the US. Mannheimia haemolytica is widely regarded as the primary bacterial pathogen driving acute BRD. While Mycoplasma bovis is most commonly implicated in chronic cases of BRD, this agent's potential role in acute stages of BRD is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential associations between M. bovis and M. haemolytica during acute BRD in feedlot cattle. Nasal swabs (n = 1,044) were collected over time from feedlot cattle (n = 270) enrolled in an experiment assessing the effect of vaccination for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). Swabs were analyzed for detection of M. bovis, M. haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and BRSV via multiplex qPCR assays. Data were analyzed using inverse conditional probability weighted (ICPW) logistic regression models to investigate potential effects of M. bovis presence on arrival (d0), day seven (d7) and day 14 (d14) post-arrival on M. haemolytica prevalence on day 28 (d28) post-arrival, adjusting for the previous history of P. multocida, H. somni, BRSV, BRD morbidity, and body weight. The potential association between time-to-BRD detection and M. bovis presence on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival, was inferred via an ICPW time-to-event model. The presence of M. bovis in nasal swabs collected on d7 post-arrival was significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of M. haemolytica on d28 (prevalence difference: 45%; 95% Confidence Interval: 31%, 60%; P-value < 0.001). Significant time-varying coefficients for M. bovis presence were detected at d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival in the ICPW time-to-event model (P-value < 0.001). The shortest median time-to-BRD detection was 29 days in cattle that were M. bovis positive on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival and in those that were positive on d0 and d14 post-arrival. Under the conditions of this study, our findings suggest that M. bovis may be influencing the respiratory environment during the acute phase of BRD, increasing the abundance of M. haemolytica, which could have important impacts on the occurrence of BRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Valeris-Chacin
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert Valeris-Chacin
| | - Sherri Powledge
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Taylor McAtee
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Paul S. Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO), Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - John Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Melchner A, van de Berg S, Scuda N, Feuerstein A, Hanczaruk M, Schumacher M, Straubinger RK, Marosevic D, Riehm JM. Antimicrobial Resistance in Isolates from Cattle with Bovine Respiratory Disease in Bavaria, Germany. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121538. [PMID: 34943750 PMCID: PMC8698709 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) regarding Pasteurella multocida (n = 345), Mannheimia haemolytica (n = 273), Truperella pyogenes (n = 119), and Bibersteinia trehalosi (n = 17) isolated from calves, cattle and dairy cows with putative bovine respiratory disease syndrome were determined. The aim of this study was to investigate temporal trends in AMR and the influence of epidemiological parameters for the geographic origin in Bavaria, Germany, between July 2015 and June 2020. Spectinomycin was the only antimicrobial agent with a significant decrease regarding not susceptible isolates within the study period (P. multocida 88.89% to 67.82%, M. haemolytica 90.24% to 68.00%). Regarding P. multocida, significant increasing rates of not susceptible isolates were found for the antimicrobials tulathromycin (5.56% to 26.44%) and tetracycline (18.52% to 57.47%). The proportions of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. multocida isolates (n = 48) increased significantly from 3.70% to 22.90%. The proportions of MDR M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolates (n = 62) were significantly higher in fattening farms (14.92%) compared to dairy farms (3.29%) and also significantly higher on farms with more than 300 animals (19.49%) compared to farms with 100 animals or less (6.92%). The data underline the importance of the epidemiological farm characteristics, here farm type and herd size regarding the investigation of AMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Melchner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Sarah van de Berg
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Nelly Scuda
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Andrea Feuerstein
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Matthias Hanczaruk
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Magdalena Schumacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Durdica Marosevic
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Julia M. Riehm
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (A.M.); (S.v.d.B.); (N.S.); (A.F.); (M.H.); (M.S.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prediction of Mannheimia haemolytica serotypes based on whole genomic sequences. Vet Microbiol 2021; 262:109232. [PMID: 34509701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the investigation was to predict the serotypes of M. haemolytica based on whole genomic sequences with the capsular gene region as target. A total of 22 strains selected to have been serotyped and to represent all serotypes were investigated by whole genomic sequencing. The BIGSdb (Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence Database) was downloaded and installed on a Linux server. Here the sequence database was setup with unique loci at serotype level. The server allows serotypes of M. haemolytica to be predicted from whole genomic sequences and the service is available to the public for free from https://ivsmlst.sund.root.ku.dk.
Collapse
|
11
|
Schönecker L, Schnyder P, Schüpbach-Regula G, Meylan M, Overesch G. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of opportunistic pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs of veal calves in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105182. [PMID: 33152661 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the bacterial flora in the calf nasopharynx might influence the risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The aims of the present study were, firstly, to investigate the prevalence of bacteria potentially involved in BRD in the nasopharynx of veal calves and to identify associated risk factors for their presence, and, secondly, to provide data on antimicrobial resistance levels in these bacteria. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from veal calves on 12 Swiss farms over a period of one year by non-random, but systematic sampling for isolation of Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasma (M.) bovis and dispar. Associations of potential risk factors with occurrence of these bacteria were tested in multivariable mixed logistic regression analyses, based on information gained from extensive questionnaires completed with the farmers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for Pasteurellaceae by broth microdilution method to obtain minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Pasteurellaceae, including Pasteurella (P.) multocida, Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica, Bisgaard Taxon 39 and Histophilus (H.) somni, were almost twice as prevalent as M. bovis and dispar in this study. Continuous stocking was a risk factor for the presence of Pasteurellaceae, especially when calves originated from more than six suppliers. In young calves (≤ 91 days), feeding of California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive milk was an additional risk factor for the presence of Pasteurellaceae whereas transport of calves by farmers and livestock traders (as opposed to transport only by farmers) increased the risk in older calves (> 91 days). Risk factors for the presence of M. bovis/dispar were higher number of calves per drinking nipple in young calves, and no access to an outside pen and feeding of CMT positive milk in older calves, respectively. While further research will have to investigate the observed associations in more detail, this suggests that management can play an important role in the prevalence of nasopharyngeal bacteria with a potential subsequent involvement in BRD. Antimicrobial resistance differed between the three bacterial species tested in this study and was highest to oxytetracycline and spectinomycin in P. multocida, oxytetracycline and penicillin in M. haemolytica, and ampicillin and penicillin in H. somni. Only two European VetCAST breakpoints (for florfenicol in P. multocida and M. haemolytica) have been published to date, matching the MIC distribution of the present isolate populations well, in contrast to certain commonly applied American Clinical and Laboratory Institute interpretive criteria. This highlights the potential for further refinement of clinical breakpoints in veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Schönecker
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Schnyder
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Schüpbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3097 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Overesch
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pardon B, Buczinski S. Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis: What Progress Has Been Made in Infectious Diagnosis? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:425-444. [PMID: 32451034 PMCID: PMC7244442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stokstad M, Klem TB, Myrmel M, Oma VS, Toftaker I, Østerås O, Nødtvedt A. Using Biosecurity Measures to Combat Respiratory Disease in Cattle: The Norwegian Control Program for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bovine Coronavirus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:167. [PMID: 32318587 PMCID: PMC7154156 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cause important health problems in all cattle husbandry systems. It contributes substantially to the use of antimicrobial substances and compromises animal welfare and the sustainability of the cattle industry. The existing preventive measures of BRD focus at the individual animal or herd level and include vaccination, mass treatment with antimicrobials and improvement of the animal's environment and general health status. Despite progress in our understanding of disease mechanism and technological development, the current preventive measures are not sufficiently effective. Thus, there is a need for alternative, sustainable strategies to combat the disease. Some of the primary infectious agents in the BRD complex are viruses that are easily transmitted between herds such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV). This conceptual analysis presents arguments for combatting BRD through improved external biosecurity in the cattle herds. As an example of a population-based approach to the control of BRD, the Norwegian BRSV/BCoV control-program is presented. The program is voluntary and launched by the national cattle industry. The core principle is classification of herds based on antibody testing and subsequent prevention of virus-introduction through improved biosecurity measures. Measures include external herd biosecurity barriers and regulations in the organization of animal trade to reduce direct and indirect transmission of virus. Improved biosecurity in a large proportion of herds will lead to a considerable effect at the population level. Positive herds are believed to gain freedom by time if new introduction is avoided. Vaccination is not used as part of the program. Dissemination of information to producers and veterinarians is essential. We believe that reducing the incidence of BRD in cattle is essential and will lead to reduced antimicrobial usage while at the same time improving animal health, welfare and production. Alternative approaches to the traditional control measures are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veslemøy Sunniva Oma
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Toftaker
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Østerås
- Section for Research and Development in Primary Production, Tine SA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antimicrobial Resistance in Members of the Bacterial Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Isolated from Lung Tissue of Cattle Mortalities Managed with or without the Use of Antimicrobials. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020288. [PMID: 32093326 PMCID: PMC7074851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a two-year period, Mannheimia haemolytica (MH; n = 113), Pasteurella multocida (PM; n = 47), Histophilus somni (HS; n = 41) and Mycoplasma bovis (MB; n = 227) were isolated from bovine lung tissue at necropsy from cattle raised conventionally (CON, n = 29 feedlots) or without antimicrobials [natural (NAT), n = 2 feedlots]. Excluding MB, isolates were assayed by PCR to detect the presence of 13 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and five core genes associated with integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs, µg/mL) were determined for a subset of isolates (MH, n = 104; PM, n = 45; HS, n = 23; and MB, n = 61) using Sensititre analyses. A subset of isolates (n = 21) was also evaluated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) based on variation in AMR phenotype. All five ICE core genes were detected in PM and HS by PCR, but only 3/5 were present in MH. Presence of mco and tnpA ICE core genes in MH was associated with higher MICs (p < 0.05) for all tetracyclines, and 2/3 of all macrolides, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones evaluated. In contrast, association of ICE core genes with MICs was largely restricted to macrolides for PM and to individual tetracyclines and macrolides for HS. For MH, the average number of AMR genes markedly increased (p < 0.05) in year 2 of the study due to the emergence of a strain that was PCR positive for all 13 PCR-tested AMR genes as well as two additional AMR genes (aadA31 and blaROB-1) detected by WGS. Conventional management of cattle increased (p < 0.05) MICs of tilmicosin and tulathromycin for MH; neomycin and spectinomycin for PM; and gamithromycin and tulathromycin for MB. The average number of PCR-detected AMR genes in PM was also increased (p < 0.05) in CON mortalities. This study demonstrates increased AMR especially to macrolides by bovine respiratory disease organisms in CON as compared to NAT feedlots and a rapid increase in AMR following dissemination of strain(s) carrying ICE-associated multidrug resistance.
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo Y, McMullen C, Timsit E, Hallewell J, Orsel K, van der Meer F, Yan S, Alexander TW. Genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance in respiratory bacteria from beef calves sampled from spring processing to 40 days after feedlot entry. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108478. [PMID: 31902491 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown an increase in antimicrobial-resistant bovine respiratory disease (BRD) pathogens. To investigate the origin of antimicrobial resistance in the respiratory microbiota of beef cattle, three groups (A, B, or C) of 40 calves sourced from different calf-ranches were sampled by deep nasopharyngeal swab (DNS) at the time of first on-ranch vaccination (Time point 1, T1), feedlot entry (Time point 2, T2), and 40 days after feedlot entry (Time point 3, T3; feedlots differed by group). Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni were isolated from DNS samples, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antimicrobial resistance genes [tet(H), tet(W), and sul2] were also quantified in DNS metagenomic DNA using PCR. Prevalence of calves positive for BRD pathogens differed among groups and time-points but P. multocida was the most prevalent (61% of calves positive, at least, at one timepoint), followed by M. haemolytica (48%) and H. somni (26%). Most M. haemolytica were susceptible to all antimicrobials (88.6%; n = 70). For P. multocida, the dominant resistance phenotype was against oxytetracycline and neomycin (35.8%). Resistant P. multocida isolates were mainly detected in group C at T3 and had the same PFGE profile. For H. somni, the dominant resistance phenotype was against neomycin (63.3%) and was only observed at T3. The abundance of tet(W) did not change significantly over time (P > 0.05). Abundances of tet(H) and sul2 only increased for group C at T3 (P < 0.05). Overall, this study showed that resistance in the respiratory microbiota of beef calves can increase from calf-ranch to feedlot however, the results can vary by calf-ranch and feedlot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Guo
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Christopher McMullen
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Simpson Ranch Chair in Beef Cattle Health and Wellness, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sumei Yan
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Snyder ER, Alvarez-Narvaez S, Credille BC. Genetic characterization of susceptible and multi-drug resistant Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from high-risk stocker calves prior to and after antimicrobial metaphylaxis. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:110-117. [PMID: 31282368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a major threat to animal health and welfare in the cattle industry. Strains of Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials are becoming a major concern in the beef industry, as the frequency of isolation of these strains has been increasing. Mobile genetic elements, such as integrative conjugative elements (ICE), are frequently implicated in this rapid increase in multi-drug resistance. The objectives of the current study were to determine the genetic relationship between the isolates collected at arrival before metaphylaxis and at revaccination after metaphylaxis, to identify which resistance genes might be present in these isolates, and to determine if they were carried on an ICE. Twenty calves culture positive for Mh at arrival and revaccination were identified, and a total of 48 isolates with unique susceptibility profiles (26 from arrival, and 22 from revaccination) were submitted for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). A phylogenetic tree was constructed, showing the arrival isolates falling into four clades, and all revaccination isolates within one clade. All revaccination isolates, and one arrival isolate, were positive for the presence of an ICE. Three different ICEs with resistance gene modules were identified. The resistance genes aphA1, strA, strB, sul2, floR, erm42, tetH/R, aadB, aadA25, blaOXA-2, msrE, mphE were all located within an ICE. The gene bla-ROB1 was also present in the isolates, but was not located within an ICE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Snyder
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, United States.
| | - Sonsiray Alvarez-Narvaez
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, United States
| | - Brent C Credille
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Serotyping and antimicrobial resistance of Mannheimia haemolytica strains from European cattle with bovine respiratory disease. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:10-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
18
|
Zhang M, Hill JE, Fernando C, Alexander TW, Timsit E, van der Meer F, Huang Y. Respiratory viruses identified in western Canadian beef cattle by metagenomic sequencing and their association with bovine respiratory disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1379-1386. [PMID: 30873724 PMCID: PMC7168561 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes considerable economic losses in North America. The pathogenesis involves interactions between bacteria, viruses, environment and management factors. Primary viral infection can increase the risk of secondary fatal bacterial infection. The objective of this study was to use metagenomic sequencing to characterize the respiratory viromes of paired nasal swabs and tracheal washes from western Canadian feedlot cattle, with or without BRD. A total of 116 cattle (116 nasal swabs and 116 tracheal washes) were analysed. The presence of influenza D virus (IDV), bovine rhinitis A virus (BRAV), bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV), bovine coronavirus (BCV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was associated with BRD. Agreement between identification of viruses in nasal swabs and tracheal washes was generally weak, indicating that sampling location may affect detection of infection. This study reported several viruses for the first time in Canada and provides a basis for further studies investigating candidate viruses important to the prevention of BRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maodong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Janet E Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Champika Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Simpson Ranch Chair in Beef Cattle Health and Wellness, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, AB, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yanyun Huang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sahay S, Shome R, Sankarasubramanian J, Vishnu US, Prajapati A, Natesan K, Shome BR, Rahman H, Rajendhran J. Genome sequence analysis of the Indian strain Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A2 from ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
20
|
Stroebel C, Alexander T, Workentine ML, Timsit E. Effects of transportation to and co-mingling at an auction market on nasopharyngeal and tracheal bacterial communities of recently weaned beef cattle. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:126-133. [PMID: 30173738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study effects of transportation to and co-mingling at an auction market on nasopharyngeal and tracheal bacterial communities of feedlot cattle. Two groups of 30 Angus-cross heifers were studied from weaning to 28 d after arrival at a feedlot. For each group, half the heifers were either transported directly to a feedlot after weaning (RANC) or transported to and co-mingled at an auction market for 24 h before being placed in a feedlot (AUCT). Deep nasal swabs (DNS) and trans-tracheal aspirates (TTA) were collected at weaning (d0) and at on-arrival processing at the feedlot (d2). At 7 (d9) and 28 d (d30) after arrival, DNS were repeated. The DNA was extracted from DNS and TTA and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene sequenced (MiSeq). Alpha diversity analysis did not reveal differences between AUCT and RANC. However, bacterial diversity decreased over time in the nasopharynx, especially at d9. Although beta-diversity was not different between AUCT and RANC, interval after arrival and feedlot where heifers were placed affected composition of the nasopharyngeal bacterial communities. In both groups, a large increase in Mycoplasma was observed after arrival; in one group, Mycoplasma bovis was dominant at d9 and remained dominant until d30. However, in the other group, Mycoplasma dispar dominated at d9 and was replaced by Moraxella at d30. We concluded that transportation to and co-mingling at an auction market for 24 h did not significantly influence diversity or composition of nasopharyngeal or tracheal bacterial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stroebel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Trevor Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | | | - Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Simpson Ranch Chair in Beef Cattle Health and Wellness, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Timsit E, Workentine M, van der Meer F, Alexander T. Distinct bacterial metacommunities inhabit the upper and lower respiratory tracts of healthy feedlot cattle and those diagnosed with bronchopneumonia. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:105-113. [PMID: 29981695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Specific nasopharyngeal bacterial communities can provide colonization resistance against respiratory pathogens in cattle. However, the role of bacterial communities of the lower airways in respiratory health remains largely unknown. Therefore, our objective was to compare nasopharyngeal and tracheal bacterial communities between healthy feedlot cattle and those with bronchopneumonia (BP). Deep nasal swabs and trans-tracheal aspiration samples were collected from steers with (n = 60) and without (n = 60) BP at 4 feedlots in Western Canada. After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene (V4) was amplified and sequenced. Alpha-diversity analysis revealed a lower bacterial diversity in the nasopharynx and trachea of steers with BP compared to healthy pen-mates. Bacterial communities present within the airways clustered into 4 distinct metacommunities that were associated with sampling locations and health status. Metacommunity 1, enriched with Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, was dominant in the nasopharynx and trachea of steers with BP. In contrast, metacommunity 3, enriched with Mycoplasma dispar, Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus casei, was mostly present in the trachea of healthy steers. Metacommunity 4, enriched with Corynebacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Psychrobacter and Planomicrobium, was present in the nasopharynx only. Metacommunity 2, enriched with Histophilus somni, Moraxella and L. lactis, was present in both healthy and sick steers, but was primarily detected in one feedlot. We concluded that distinct bacterial metacommunities inhabited the nasopharynx and trachea of healthy feedlot cattle and those with BP. Because L. lactis and L. casei can inhibit M. haemolytica growth in vitro, their presence in healthy steers may have provided colonization resistance against bacterial respiratory pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Simpson Ranch Chair in Beef Cattle Health and Wellness, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, AB, Canada.
| | - Matthew Workentine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Trevor Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ovine Mannheimia haemolytica isolates from lungs with and without pneumonic lesions belong to similar genotypes. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Magstadt DR, Schuler AM, Coetzee JF, Krull AC, O'Connor AM, Cooper VL, Engelken TJ. Treatment history and antimicrobial susceptibility results for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni isolates from bovine respiratory disease cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2013 to 2015. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:99-104. [PMID: 29034785 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717737589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease is the most costly disease facing the cattle industry. Increasing resistance to antimicrobial treatment has been presented as a significant contributing factor, often through summarized susceptibility testing data. We assessed the relationship between previous antimicrobial treatment and antimicrobial susceptibility results from isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni cultured from bovine respiratory cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2013 to 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility data from 1,251 bacterial isolates were included for analysis. More bacterial isolates from cattle that received antimicrobial treatment showed resistance compared to isolates from untreated cattle, and the percentage of resistant isolates increased as the number of antimicrobial treatments increased. Resistance to enrofloxacin, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was present in >75% of M. haemolytica isolates from cattle that had received 3 or more antimicrobial treatments; resistance to each of those 4 antimicrobials was present in ≤10% of M. haemolytica isolates from untreated cattle. Similar but less dramatic trends were apparent for isolates of P. multocida and H. somni. The percentage of multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates also increased with the number of treatments. Results of our study suggest that previous antimicrobial treatment may have a profound effect on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Summarized susceptibility results from diagnostic laboratories should not be used to make generalized statements regarding trends in antimicrobial resistance without providing context regarding antimicrobial treatment history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adlai M Schuler
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adam C Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Vickie L Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Terry J Engelken
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni isolated from the lower respiratory tract of healthy feedlot cattle and those diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:118-125. [PMID: 28888626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current information on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacterial respiratory pathogens is crucial to guide antimicrobial choice for control and treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The objectives were to describe the prevalence of three BRD-associated bacteria (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni) in the lower airways of feedlot cattle, and to analyze AMR in these bacteria. Cattle with (n=210) and without (n=107) BRD were sampled by trans-tracheal aspiration at four feedlots (Nov. 15-Jan. 16). These cattle had received 2.5mg/kg of tulathromycin on arrival at the feedlot for BRD control and two in-feed pulses of chlortetracycline (5g/animal/day for 5days) within the first 21days on feed to prevent histophilosis. Bacteria were detected by culture and AMR was tested by microdilution. Pasteurella multocida was the most frequent bacterium isolated in cattle with BRD (54.8%), followed by M. haemolytica (30.5%) and H. somni (22.9%). Compared to those with BRD, healthy cattle were less likely to be positive for P. multocida (OR=0.27), M. haemolytica (OR=0.32), or H. somni (OR=0.25). There were high levels of resistance (>70%) against tulathromycin and oxytetracycline in M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolates and high levels of resistance against oxytetracycline (67%) and penicillin (52%) in H. somni isolates. None or few isolates were resistant to florfenicol, enrofloxacin and ceftiofur. The high prevalence of resistance against tulathromycin and oxytetracycline suggests that these antimicrobials should not be repeatedly used for both control and treatment of BRD and/or histophilosis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The association between transportation and the occurrence of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) has long been recognised. Many hypotheses regarding this association have been declared through the past decades, and it is agreed upon by most researchers that the multiple stressors that calves experience during transportation result in an overall immunosuppression that allows the respiratory tract to be invaded by numerous opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the innate immune cells, neutrophils, may be trapped in a paradox whereby their crucial defence and pathogen-killing activities are counteracted by excessive inflammation and tissue damage that may exacerbate disease, including the BRDC. Neutrophilia in response to glucocorticoids has been attributed to an influx of immature neutrophils newly released from the bone marrow, a decrease in neutrophil margination along endothelial walls, and a decrease in neutrophil apoptosis. Several of these explanations have been confirmed by altered expression of genes and proteins important for neutrophil margination and apoptosis.
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Driessche L, Valgaeren BR, Gille L, Boyen F, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Deprez P, Pardon B. A Deep Nasopharyngeal Swab Versus Nonendoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens from Preweaned Calves With Respiratory Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:946-953. [PMID: 28425146 PMCID: PMC5435039 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a practical alternative for a deep nasopharyngeal swab (DNS) to sample the airways of a large number of calves in a short period of time. The extent of commensal overgrowth and agreement of BAL with DNS culture results in preweaned calves are unknown. Objectives To compare commensal overgrowth and bacterial culture results between DNS and BAL samples. Animals A total of 183 preweaned calves (144 with bovine respiratory disease and 39 healthy animals). Methods Cross‐sectional study. Deep nasopharyngeal swab and BAL samples were taken from each calf and cultured to detect Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasma bovis. Agreement and associations between culture results of DNS and BAL samples were determined by kappa statistics and logistic regression. Results Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were less often polymicrobial, more frequently negative and yielded more pure cultures compared to DNS, leading to a clinically interpretable culture result in 79.2% of the cases compared to only in 31.2% of the DNS samples. Isolation rates were lower in healthy animals, but not different between DNS and BAL samples. Only Histophilus somni was more likely to be isolated from BAL samples. In clinical cases, a polymicrobial DNS culture result did not increase the probability of a polymicrobial BAL result by ≥30%, nor did it influence the probability of a negative culture. A significant herd effect was noted for all observed relationships. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Nonendoscopic BAL samples are far less overgrown by bacteria compared to DNS samples under the conditions of this study, facilitating clinical interpretation and resulting in a higher return on investment in bacteriologic culturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B R Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Snyder E, Credille B, Berghaus R, Giguère S. Prevalence of multi drug antimicrobial resistance in Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from high-risk stocker cattle at arrival and two weeks after processing1. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1124-1131. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
28
|
Timsit E, Workentine M, Crepieux T, Miller C, Regev-Shoshani G, Schaefer A, Alexander T. Effects of nasal instillation of a nitric oxide-releasing solution or parenteral administration of tilmicosin on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of beef feedlot cattle at high-risk of developing respiratory tract disease. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:117-124. [PMID: 28231472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide has bactericidal and virucidal properties. Nasal instillation of a nitric oxide releasing solution (NORS) on arrival at the feedlot was recently reported as inferior to a parenteral injection of tilmicosin (macrolide antibiotic) for control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle at high-risk of developing BRD. We hypothesized that this inferiority was due to differences between treatments with regards to their effects on the nasopharyngeal microbiota. The objective was to compare nasal instillation of NORS versus parenteral administration of tilmicosin regarding their effects on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of feedlot cattle at high-risk of developing BRD. Culture-independent community profiling (16S rRNA sequencing) and culture-based methods were used to evaluate treatment effects. High-risk Angus-cross heifers (n=20) were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups on arrival at a feedlot and received either NORS or tilmicosin for prevention of BRD. Heifers were sampled using guarded deep nasal swabs immediately prior to treatment (day 0) and on days 1, 5 and 10 after treatment. Based on culture-independent community profiling, there was a distinct shift in composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiota during the first 10 d after arrival, with 116 OTUs changing over time, but no difference between treatment groups. However, culture-based methods detected a difference between treatment groups, with more cattle culture-positive for Pasteurellaceae in the NORS group at day 5 post-treatment. This difference in ability to inhibit colonization of the nasopharynx by Pasteurellaceae may be the basis for NORS being inferior to tilmicosin for control of BRD in high-risk cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Timsit
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - M Workentine
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T Crepieux
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Miller
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Bovicor Pharmatech Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G Regev-Shoshani
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Bovicor Pharmatech Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Schaefer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - T Alexander
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cameron A, McAllister TA. Antimicrobial usage and resistance in beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27999667 PMCID: PMC5154118 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are critical to contemporary high-intensity beef production. Many different antimicrobials are approved for beef cattle, and are used judiciously for animal welfare, and controversially, to promote growth and feed efficiency. Antimicrobial administration provides a powerful selective pressure that acts on the microbial community, selecting for resistance gene determinants and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria resident in the bovine flora. The bovine microbiota includes many harmless bacteria, but also opportunistic pathogens that may acquire and propagate resistance genes within the microbial community via horizontal gene transfer. Antimicrobial-resistant bovine pathogens can also complicate the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in beef feedlots, threatening the efficiency of the beef production system. Likewise, the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes to bovine-associated human pathogens is a potential public health concern. This review outlines current antimicrobial use practices pertaining to beef production, and explores the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in major bovine pathogens. The effect of antimicrobials on the composition of the bovine microbiota is examined, as are the effects on the beef production resistome. Antimicrobial resistance is further explored within the context of the wider beef production continuum, with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance genes in the food chain, and risk to the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada ; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Timsit E, Workentine M, Schryvers AB, Holman DB, van der Meer F, Alexander TW. Evolution of the nasopharyngeal microbiota of beef cattle from weaning to 40 days after arrival at a feedlot. Vet Microbiol 2016; 187:75-81. [PMID: 27066712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDc) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in beef cattle. There is recent evidence suggesting that the nasopharyngeal microbiota has a key role in respiratory health and disease susceptibility in cattle. However, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding evolution of the nasopharyngeal microbiota when cattle are most likely to develop BRDc (i.e., from weaning to 40days after arrival at a feedlot). The objective was to describe the evolution of the nasopharyngeal microbiota of beef cattle from weaning to 40days after arrival at a feedlot. Deep nasal swabs (DNS) from 30 Angus-cross steers were collected at weaning, on arrival at a feedlot, and at day 40 after arrival. The DNA was extracted from DNS and the hypervariable region V3 of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced (Illumina MiSeq platform). Nasopharyngeal microbiota underwent a profound evolution from weaning to arrival at the feedlot and from arrival to day 40, with the abundance of 92 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) significantly changing over time. Mycoplasma (M. dispar and M. bovirhinis) was the most abundant genus in the nasopharynx, accounting for 53% of the total bacterial population. Because an evolving bacterial community may be less capable of resisting colonization by pathogenic bacteria, the instability of the nasopharyngeal microbiota documented in this study might explain why cattle are most likely to be affected with BRDc during the first weeks after weaning and arrival at a feedlot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Matthew Workentine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony B Schryvers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Devin B Holman
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rainbolt S, Pillai DK, Lubbers BV, Moore M, Davis R, Amrine D, Mosier D. Comparison of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates from an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:82-6. [PMID: 26711032 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the clonal relatedness of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates responsible for an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease in a commercial feedlot. The isolates were obtained from the lungs of 21 calves with fatal pneumonia that were part of a group of 206 total calves. All isolates were serotyped and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and for antibiotic sensitivity patterns. ELISA and immunoblotting assays were performed to compare serum antibody levels to M. haemolytica antigens in calves with fatal pneumonia to those calves that survived the outbreak. Isolates were categorized into 14 different PFGE groups based on 90% similarity. Two Group D isolates (1 and 6), and 3 Group H isolates (14, 15, and 16) were characterized as 100% similar. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles defined 8 groups based on differences in patterns of resistance between isolates. The two 100% similar isolates from PFGE Group D were both in susceptibility Group 1. All but isolate 14 from PFGE Group H (3, 15, 16, and 19) were in susceptibility Group 4a. Serum antibody levels to M. haemolytica antigens in the dead calves were not different than the antibody levels in the 185 calves that survived the outbreak. Immunoblots of selected isolates from each of the PFGE groups demonstrated only minimal differences in antigenic profiles between strains when reacted with serum from calves that either died from or survived the outbreak. Based on the characteristics of these isolates, multiple strains of M. haemolytica were responsible for fatal pneumonia during this outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rainbolt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - D K Pillai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - B V Lubbers
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606 USA
| | - M Moore
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606 USA
| | - R Davis
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606 USA
| | - D Amrine
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - D Mosier
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moore SJ, O'Dea MA, Perkins N, O'Hara AJ. Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:6-17. [PMID: 25525134 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714559741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was investigated in cattle prior to export. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect nucleic acids from the following viruses and bacteria in nasal swab samples: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV; Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. Between 2010 and 2012, nasal swabs were collected from 1,484 apparently healthy cattle destined for export to the Middle East and Russian Federation. In addition, whole blood samples from 334 animals were tested for antibodies to BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The nasal prevalence of BoCV at the individual animal level was 40.1%. The nasal and seroprevalence of BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 was 1.0% and 39%, 1.2% and 46%, 3.0% and 56%, and 1.4% and 87%, respectively. The nasal prevalence of H. somni, M. bovis, M. haemolytica, and P. multocida was 42%, 4.8%, 13.4%, and 26%, respectively. Significant differences in nasal and seroprevalence were detected between groups of animals from different geographical locations. The results of the current study provide baseline data on the prevalence of organisms associated with BRD in Australian live export cattle in the preassembly period. This data could be used to develop strategies for BRD prevention and control prior to loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jo Moore
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Mark A O'Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Nigel Perkins
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Amanda J O'Hara
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Capik SF, White BJ, Lubbers BV, Apley MD, Mosier DA, Larson RL, Murray RW. Characterization of Mannheimia haemolytica in beef calves via nasopharyngeal culture and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:568-75. [PMID: 26330399 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715597724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica is a major bacterial component of bovine respiratory disease (BRD); unfortunately, very little is known about M. haemolytica transmission dynamics among cattle. Identifying potential variation in M. haemolytica populations over time and induction of nasopharyngeal colonization and subsequent shedding are 2 areas where knowledge is lacking. In our study, 2 separate loads of 20 mixed-origin, male calves were purchased through an order buyer on different dates. Deep nasopharyngeal cultures (NPC) were performed on all calves on arrival and, if M. haemolytica-negative, a second screening culture was obtained. Calves that were negative on 2 initial NPCs (NEG; n = 4) were subsequently challenged with a previously isolated field strain of M. haemolytica in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, individually housed, and then monitored for M. haemolytica shedding via NPCs at 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days postchallenge. Naturally M. haemolytica-positive calves (2 per load) were kept for additional daily cultures (POS; n = 4). Individual calf M. haemolytica status for both the POS and NEG groups was inconsistent between study days. Additionally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis performed on isolates from the positive cultures showed that the NEG calves did not shed the M. haemolytica challenge strain, but rather 2 distinct clusters of M. haemolytica were shared among POS and NEG calves regardless of their initial status. Although sample sizes were small, these findings illustrate how variable the results of a single nasopharyngeal swab can be and the challenges of using an individual culture to truly represent animal M. haemolytica status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Capik
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (White, Apley, Larson)Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology (Capik, Mosier), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSKansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Lubbers), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSZoetis, Kalamazoo, MI (Murray)
| | - Brad J White
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (White, Apley, Larson)Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology (Capik, Mosier), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSKansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Lubbers), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSZoetis, Kalamazoo, MI (Murray)
| | - Brian V Lubbers
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (White, Apley, Larson)Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology (Capik, Mosier), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSKansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Lubbers), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSZoetis, Kalamazoo, MI (Murray)
| | - Michael D Apley
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (White, Apley, Larson)Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology (Capik, Mosier), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSKansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Lubbers), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSZoetis, Kalamazoo, MI (Murray)
| | - Derek A Mosier
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (White, Apley, Larson)Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology (Capik, Mosier), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSKansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Lubbers), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSZoetis, Kalamazoo, MI (Murray)
| | - Robert L Larson
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (White, Apley, Larson)Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology (Capik, Mosier), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSKansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Lubbers), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSZoetis, Kalamazoo, MI (Murray)
| | - Robert W Murray
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (White, Apley, Larson)Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology (Capik, Mosier), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSKansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Lubbers), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSZoetis, Kalamazoo, MI (Murray)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Nasal isolation of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida as predictors of respiratory disease in shipped calves. Res Vet Sci 2014; 99:41-5. [PMID: 25599936 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred ninety five calves were purchased from sale barns and delivered to the Willard Sparks Beef Research Center. Nasal swabs were collected to determine if presence of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in the upper respiratory tract (URT) can facilitate diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Samples were collected at arrival and at treatment for BRD. Clinically healthy control calves were sampled at time of treatment of sick calves. M. haemolytica was more commonly isolated from calves at treatment than at time of arrival or from control calves. M. haemolytica was more common in calves requiring treatment than in those never treated. Need for treatment and number of treatments were negatively associated with average daily gain, supporting the accuracy of diagnosis. These results suggest that URT sampling, when combined with clinical diagnosis, may assist in providing greater diagnostic accuracy, improving ability to evaluate risk factors, interventions, and treatments.
Collapse
|
36
|
Pathogen variation across time and space: sequencing to characterize Mannheimia haemolytica diversity. Anim Health Res Rev 2014; 15:169-71. [PMID: 25381881 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252314000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a major animal health and economic issue that affects cattle industries worldwide. Within the USA, the beef cattle industry loses up to an estimated 1 billion dollars a year due to BRDC. There are many contributors to BRDC, including environmental stressors and viral and/or bacterial infections. One species of bacteria in particular, Mannheimia haemolytica, is recognized as the major cause of severe fibrinonecrotic pneumonia in cattle. M. haemolytica is an opportunistic pathogen that normally populates the upper respiratory tract of cattle, and invades the lower respiratory tract in stressed and/or virally infected cattle by mechanisms that are not completely understood. However, not all M. haemolytica appear to be equally pathogenic to cattle. Thus, a test could be developed to distinguish M. haemolytica genetic subtypes by their propensity to cause respiratory disease, allowing isolation and/or treatment of cattle harboring strains with an increased propensity to cause disease. To that end, the genomes of over 300 M. haemolytica strains are being sequenced.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a worldwide health concern and is the number one disease of stocker, backgrounder, and feedlot cattle in North America. In feedlots in the USA, BRD accounts for 70-80% of all feedlot morbidity and 40-50% of all mortality. In 2011, the US Department of Agriculture's National Animal Health Monitoring System conducted a feedlot study that showed 16.2% of all feedlot cattle were treated for BRD. It is universally accepted that this number is distressingly high and that our industry has the tools available to reduce the incidence of BRD.
Collapse
|
38
|
Taylor JD, Doyle DJ, Blackall PJ, Confer AW. Use of REP-PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for comparison of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates obtained from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease in the USA and Australia. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:15-23. [PMID: 24471877 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the variability of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates obtained from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in the USA and Australia using repetitive sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. METHODS We examined 22 isolates from the USA and 36 isolates from Australia using (GTG)5 and BOX-A1R REP-PCR primers, as well as sequencing a 700-base pair length of the 16S rRNA gene. The discriminatory ability of each typing method was assessed and correlation coefficients were calculated to assess concordance between the results of each approach. RESULTS All methods appeared to discriminate among isolates, with BOX-A1R being the most sensitive and sequencing the least sensitive. Modest to moderate diversity was seen among the isolates, with as much variation within a continent as between the two. CONCLUSIONS Using samples from diverse origins may permit extrapolation even to isolates with distant geographic and temporal relationships. Further, this information can serve as a baseline in assessing whether M. haemolytica is an opportunistic pathogen or if there are notable features that distinguish commensal isolates from those more likely to be associated with disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Taylor
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlots conferring multidrug resistance via integrative conjugative elements. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:438-48. [PMID: 24478472 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02485-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the prevalence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)-associated viral and bacterial pathogens in cattle and characterized the genetic profiles, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and nature of antimicrobial resistance determinants in collected bacteria. Nasopharyngeal swab and lung tissue samples from 68 BRD mortalities in Alberta, Canada (n = 42), Texas (n = 6), and Nebraska (n = 20) were screened using PCR for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza type 3 virus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Excepting bovine herpesvirus 1, all agents were detected. M. haemolytica (91%) and BVDV (69%) were the most prevalent, with cooccurrence in 63% of the cattle. Isolates of M. haemolytica (n = 55), P. multocida (n = 8), and H. somni (n = 10) from lungs were also collected. Among M. haemolytica isolates, a clonal subpopulation (n = 8) was obtained from a Nebraskan feedlot. All three bacterial pathogens exhibited a high rate of antimicrobial resistance, with 45% exhibiting resistance to three or more antimicrobials. M. haemolytica (n = 18), P. multocida (n = 3), and H. somni (n = 3) from Texas and Nebraska possessed integrative conjugative elements (ICE) that conferred resistance for up to seven different antimicrobial classes. ICE were shown to be transferred via conjugation from P. multocida to Escherichia coli and from M. haemolytica and H. somni to P. multocida. ICE-mediated multidrug-resistant profiles of bacterial BRD pathogens could be a major detriment to many of the therapeutic antimicrobial strategies currently used to control BRD.
Collapse
|
40
|
Caswell JL. Failure of respiratory defenses in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia of cattle. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:393-409. [PMID: 24021557 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813502821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system is well defended against inhaled bacteria by a dynamic system of interacting layers, including mucociliary clearance, host defense factors including antimicrobial peptides in the epithelial lining fluid, proinflammatory responses of the respiratory epithelium, resident alveolar macrophages, and recruited neutrophils and monocytes. Nevertheless, these manifold defenses are susceptible to failure as a result of stress, glucocorticoids, viral infections, abrupt exposure to cold air, and poor air quality. When some of these defenses fail, the lung can be colonized by bacterial pathogens that are equipped to evade the remaining defenses, resulting in the development of pneumonia. This review considers the mechanisms by which these predisposing factors compromise the defenses of the lung, with a focus on the development of bacterial pneumonia in cattle and supplemented with advances based on mouse models and the study of human disease. Deepening our understanding of how the respiratory defenses fail is expected to lead to interventions that restore these dynamic immune responses and prevent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|