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Yang J, Yang Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Gao X, Li J, Gun S. METTL3-Mediated LncRNA EN_42575 m6A Modification Alleviates CPB2 Toxin-Induced Damage in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065725. [PMID: 36982798 PMCID: PMC10054829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) modified by n6-methyladenosine (m6A) have been implicated in the development and progression of several diseases. However, the mechanism responsible for the role of m6A-modified lncRNAs in Clostridium perfringens type C piglet diarrhea has remained largely unknown. We previously developed an in vitro model of CPB2 toxin-induced piglet diarrhea in IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, we previously performed RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq), which demonstrated lncRNA EN_42575 as one of the most regulated m6A-modified lncRNAs in CPB2 toxin-exposed IPEC-J2 cells. In this study, we used MeRIP-qPCR, FISH, EdU, and RNA pull-down assays to determine the function of lncRNA EN_42575 in CPB2 toxin-exposed IPEC-J2 cells. LncRNA EN_42575 was significantly downregulated at different time points in CPB2 toxin-treated cells. Functionally, lncRNA EN_42575 overexpression reduced cytotoxicity, promoted cell proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis and oxidative damage, whereas the knockdown of lncRNA EN_42575 reversed these results. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase analysis revealed that METTL3 regulated lncRNA EN_42575 expression in an m6A-dependent manner. In conclusion, METTL3-mediated lncRNA EN_42575 exerted a regulatory effect on IPEC-J2 cells exposed to CPB2 toxins. These findings offer novel perspectives to further investigate the function of m6A-modified lncRNAs in piglet diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence:
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2
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METTL3 Regulates the Inflammatory Response in CPB2 Toxin-Exposed IPEC-J2 Cells through the TLR2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415833. [PMID: 36555481 PMCID: PMC9781724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin is one of the main pathogenic toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens, which causes intestinal diseases in animals and humans. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most common reversible modification in eukaryotic disease processes. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) regulates immunity and inflammatory responses induced by the bacterial infections in animals. However, METTL3's involvement in CPB2-treated intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2 (IPEC-J2) remains unclear. In the current study, we used methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay to determine the role of METTL3 in CPB2-exposed IPEC-J2 cells. The findings revealed that m6A and METTL3 levels were increased in CPB2 treated IPEC-J2 cells. Functionally, METTL3 overexpression promoted the release of inflammatory factors, increased cytotoxicity, decreased cell viability and disrupted tight junctions between cells, while the knockdown of METTL3 reversed these results. Furthermore, METTL3 was involved in the inflammatory response of IPEC-J2 cells by activating the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway through regulating TLR2 m6A levels. In conclusion, METTL3 overexpression triggered the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted CPB2-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells. These findings may provide a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea caused by Clostridium perfringens.
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3
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Fathima S, Hakeem WGA, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101958. [PMID: 36296234 PMCID: PMC9610872 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A and C are the primary etiological agents associated with necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. The predisposing factors implicated in the incidence of NE changes the physical properties of the gut, immunological status of birds, and disrupt the gut microbial homeostasis, causing an over-proliferation of C. perfringens. The principal virulence factors contributing to the pathogenesis of NE are the α-toxin, β-toxin, and NetB toxin. The immune response to NE in poultry is mediated by the Th1 pathway or cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. C. perfringens type A and C are also pathogenic in humans, and hence are of public health significance. C. perfringens intoxications are the third most common bacterial foodborne disease after Salmonella and Campylobacter. The restrictions on the use of antibiotics led to an increased incidence of NE in poultry. Hence, it is essential to develop alternative strategies to keep the prevalence of NE under check. The control strategies rely principally on the positive modulation of host immune response, nutritional manipulation, and pathogen reduction. Current knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, predisposing factors, immune response, effect on the gut microbial homeostasis, and preventative strategies of NE in this post-antibiotic era is addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Huang A, Luo X, Xu Z, Huang L, Wang X, Xie S, Pan Y, Fang S, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Hao H. Optimal Regimens and Clinical Breakpoint of Avilamycin Against Clostridium perfringens in Swine Based on PK-PD Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:769539. [PMID: 35281904 PMCID: PMC8908370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.769539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes significant morbidity and mortality in swine worldwide. Avilamycin showed no cross resistance and good activity for treatment of C. perfringens. The aim of this study was to formulate optimal regimens of avilamycin treatment for C. perfringens infection based on the clinical breakpoint (CBP). The wild-type cutoff value (COWT) was defined as 0.25 μg/ml, which was developed based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions of 120 C. perfringens isolates and calculated using ECOFFinder. Pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) of avilamycin in ileal content were analyzed based on the high-performance liquid chromatography method and WinNonlin software to set up the target of PK/PD index (AUC0–24h/MIC)ex based on sigmoid Emax modeling. The PK parameters of AUC0–24h, Cmax, and Tmax in the intestinal tract were 428.62 ± 14.23 h μg/mL, 146.30 ± 13.41 μg/ml,, and 4 h, respectively. The target of (AUC0–24h/MIC)ex for bactericidal activity in intestinal content was 36.15 h. The PK-PD cutoff value (COPD) was defined as 8 μg/ml and calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. The dose regimen designed from the PK-PD study was 5.2 mg/kg mixed feeding and administrated for the treatment of C. perfringens infection. Five respective strains with different MICs were selected as the infection pathogens, and the clinical cutoff value was defined as 0.125 μg/ml based on the relationship between MIC and the possibility of cure (POC) following nonlinear regression analysis, CART, and “Window” approach. The CBP was set to be 0.25 μg/ml and selected by the integrated decision tree recommended by the Clinical Laboratory of Standard Institute. The formulation of the optimal regimens and CBP is good for clinical treatment and to control drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxiong Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Luo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiwei Fang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
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5
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Benz R, Piselli C, Hoxha C, Koy C, Glocker MO, Popoff MR. Clostridium perfringens Beta2 toxin forms highly cation-selective channels in lipid bilayers. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 51:15-27. [PMID: 34854958 PMCID: PMC8827211 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a potent producer of a variety of toxins. Well studied from these are five toxins (alpha, Beta (CPB), epsilon, iota and CPE) that are produced by seven toxinotype strains (A–G) of C. perfringens. Besides these toxins, C. perfringens produces also another toxin that causes necrotizing enterocolitis in piglets. This toxin termed consensus Beta2 toxin (cCPB2) has a molecular mass of 27,620 Da and shows only little homology to CPB and no one to the other toxins of C. perfringens. Its primary action on cells remained unknown to date. cCPB2 was heterogeneously expressed as fusion protein with GST in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Although cCPB2 does not exhibit the typical structure of beta-stranded pore-forming proteins and contains no indication for the presence of amphipathic alpha-helices we could demonstrate that cCPB2 is a pore-forming component with an extremely high activity in lipid bilayers. The channels have a single-channel conductance of about 700 pS in 1 M KCl and are highly cation-selective as judged from selectivity measurements in the presence of salt gradients. The high cation selectivity is caused by the presence of net negative charges in or near the channel that allowed an estimate of the channel size being about 1.4 nm wide. Our measurements suggest that the primary effect of cCPB2 is the formation of cation-selective channels followed by necrotic enteritis in humans and animals. We searched in databases for homologs of cCPB2 and constructed a cladogram representing the phylogenetic relationship to the next relatives of cCPB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Benz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Claudio Piselli
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Cezarela Hoxha
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- Bacterial Toxins, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
| | - Cornelia Koy
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael O Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Bacterial Toxins, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
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6
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Jiang H, Qin YM, Yang XT, Li QL, Shen QC, Ding JB, Wei RY, Zhang JD, Sun JL, Sun MJ, Fan XZ. Bacteriological and molecular typing of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated in retail beef in Beijing, China. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1593-1596. [PMID: 34456197 PMCID: PMC8569878 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important zoonotic pathogen. This study was designed to explore the prevalence and toxin types of C. perfringens in retail beef collected from Beijing, China. Among 221 beef samples collected, 53 samples were positive for C. perfringens, resulting in the average prevalence as 23.98%. By toxin gene-based typing, the most C. perfringens strains belong to type A (96.23%, 51/53), only 2 strains were identified as type D. By a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)-based analysis, a total of 36 sequence types (STs) were detected, and the most STs (n=30) represented just a single strain. These finding suggested that the prevalence of C. perfringens in retail beef in Beijing was considerably high and these bacteria displayed extreme diversity in genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu-Ming Qin
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Li
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qing-Chun Shen
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jia-Bo Ding
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Run-Yu Wei
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Jia-Li Sun
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Xue-Zheng Fan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
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7
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Gao X, Yang Q, Zhang S, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Luo R, Wang W, Xie K, Gun S. Epigenetic upregulation of ssc-miR-124a following treatment with Clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin attenuates both apoptosis and inflammation in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108806. [PMID: 33587903 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a globally recognized zoonotic pathogen. It has been reported that the beta2-toxin produced by C. perfringens can cause a variety of gastrointestinal diseases and even systemic inflammation. MicroRNA-124a (miR-124a) has been reported to play important roles in the host response to pathogenic infection. Although C. perfringens beta2-toxin induced injury in intestinal porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells has been established, the underlying molecular mechanism is not completely unraveled. Here we show that a significant upregulation of ssc-miR-124a in IPEC-J2 cells after beta2-toxin stimulation was associated with the MiR-124A-1 and MiR-124A-2 gene promoter demethylation status. Importantly, overexpression of ssc-miR-124a significantly increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis and cytotoxicity in beta2-toxin treated IPEC-J2 cells. Transfection of IPEC-J2 cells with ssc-miR-124a mimic suppressed beta2-toxin induced inflammation. On the contrary, ssc-miR-124a inhibitor promoted aggravation of cell apoptosis and excessive damage. Furthermore, rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) was identified as the direct target gene of ssc-miR-124a in IPEC-J2 cells and its siRNA transfection reversed the promotion of apoptosis and aggravation of cellular damage induced by ssc-miR-124a inhibitor. Overall, we speculated that the miR-124A-1/2 gene was epigenetically regulated in IPEC-J2 cells after beta2-toxin treatment. Upregulation of ssc-miR-124a may restrain ROCK1, and attenuate apoptosis and inflammation induced by beta2-toxin that prevent IPEC-J2 cells from severe damages. We discover a new molecular mechanism by which IPEC-J2 cells counteract beta2-toxin-induced damage through the ssc-miR-124a/ROCK1 axis partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Farmer Education and Training Work Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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8
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Salamon D, Ochońska D, Wojak I, Mikołajczyk E, Bulanda M, Brzychczy-Włoch M. Evidence for Infections by the Same Strain of Beta 2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens Type A Acquired in One Hospital Ward. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:323-329. [PMID: 31880878 PMCID: PMC7256698 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study conducts a comparative phenotypic and genetic analysis of C. perfringens strains isolated from two patients hospitalized at the same time in 2017 in the surgical ward of the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Włocławek (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province) who developed necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI). To explain the recurring cases of this infection, a comparative analysis was performed for these strains and the ones originating from infections recorded at the same hospital in three patients with gas gangrene in 2015. The two C. perfringens isolates studied in 2017 (8554/M/17 from patient No. 1 and 8567/M/17 from patient No. 2) had identical biochemical profiles. A comparison of research results using multiplex PCR from 2017 with a genetic analysis of strains from 2015 enabled us to demonstrate that the strains currently studied have the genes encoding the same toxins (α and β2) as the two strains analyzed in 2015: no. 7143 (patient No. 3) and no. 7149 (patient No. 2). A comparative analysis of the strain profiles obtained with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in 2017 with the results from 2015 has found one identical and genetically unique restriction profile, corresponding to one clone of C. perfringens comprising of two strains: no. 8567/M/17 (patient No. 2 in 2017) and no. 7143 (patient No. 3 in 2015). The epidemiological data and detailed analysis of the course of both events suggest that this clone of C. perfringens possibly survived in adverse conditions of the external environment in the operating block of this hospital for many months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Salamon
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Dorota Ochońska
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Ilona Wojak
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics, Blessed Father Jerzy Popieluszko Provincial Specialist Hospital , Wloclawek , Poland
| | - Ewa Mikołajczyk
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics, Blessed Father Jerzy Popieluszko Provincial Specialist Hospital , Wloclawek , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bulanda
- Department of Epidemiology of Infections, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
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9
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Oliveira Júnior CA, Silva ROS, Lage AP, Coura FM, Ramos CP, Alfieri AA, Guedes RMC, Lobato FCF. Non-toxigenic strain of Clostridioides difficile Z31 reduces the occurrence of C. difficile infection (CDI) in one-day-old piglets on a commercial pig farm. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:1-6. [PMID: 30955794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal porcine diarrhea (NPD) is a current problem on pig farms and is caused by several enteropathogens. Among them, Clostridioides difficile stands out due to its importance in piglets and zoonotic potential. A non-toxigenic strain of C. difficile (NTCD), named Z31, was previously tested in hamster and piglet experimental models as a strategy to prevent C. difficile infection (CDI). To evaluate the capacity of the strain Z31 to prevent CDI and NPD in one-day-old piglets on a commercial farm, 90 piglets from 16 litters received 1 × 106 spores of Z31 while 84 animals from the same litters served as controls. Animals were clinically evaluated, and fecal samples were collected 24 h after administration and submitted to A/B toxin detection and isolation of C. difficile. Stool samples were also submitted to rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens detection. Administration of Z31 reduced the incidence of CDI in treated animals (7.8%) when compared to the control group (25.0%; P = 0.003). In animals that developed CDI, the intensity of diarrhea was lower in those that received Z31 than in the control group. Neonatal porcine diarrhea was reduced in treated animals when compared to untreated animals (P < 0.001). The present study suggests that Z31 can potentially be used to prevent CDI in piglets on commercial farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Oliveira Júnior
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - R O S Silva
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | - A P Lage
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - F M Coura
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - C P Ramos
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - A A Alfieri
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, CEP 86.057-970, Brazil
| | - R M C Guedes
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - F C F Lobato
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
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10
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Kongsted H, Pedersen K, Hjulsager CK, Larsen LE, Pedersen KS, Jorsal SE, Bækbo P. Diarrhoea in neonatal piglets: a case control study on microbiological findings. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:17. [PMID: 30186621 PMCID: PMC6120089 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many factors can influence the occurrence of neonatal diarrhoea in piglets. Currently, well-known pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type C appear to play a minor role in development of disease. Other infectious pathogens may be involved. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of selected infectious pathogens in neonatal piglets with clinical and pathological signs of enteric disease. The association between rotavirus A, Enterococcus hirae, Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens type A/C and diarrhoea was investigated in a case control study on piglet level. The possible role of E. coli virulence factors was investigated in a multistep-procedure using herd-pools of E.coli isolates to screen for their presence. Results Rotavirus A was detected more often in cases (25%) than in controls (6%) (P < 0.001). The detection rate of Enterococcus hirae, Clostridium difficile and C. perfringens type A positive for beta2 genes was the same in the two groups of piglets. C. perfringens type C was not detected in the study. Investigations on E. coli virulence factors showed a high prevalence of EAST1 toxin genes (55% of tested case piglets were positive) and AIDA-1 adhesin genes (63% of toxin positive case piglets were positive) in case piglets. Conclusions Detection of rotavirus A was statistically significantly associated with neonatal piglet diarrhoea. An aetiologic role of E. coli carrying virulence factors EAST1 and AIDA-1 needs further investigation as the study points out these two factors as possible causative factors in neonatal diarrhoea. Detection of E.hirae, C.difficile and C. perfringens type A carrying beta 2 genes was not associated with neonatal piglet diarrhoea. However, the study suggested that massive overgrowth by E. hirae could be part of the pathogenesis in some cases of neonatal diarrhoea. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0094-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Kongsted
- 1Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.,SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- 3National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- 3National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Sven Erik Jorsal
- 3National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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11
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Pereira APM, Sant’Ana AS. Diversity and fate of spore forming bacteria in cocoa powder, milk powder, starch and sugar during processing: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Serroni A, Magistrali CF, Pezzotti G, Bano L, Pellegrini M, Severi G, Di Pancrazio C, Luciani M, Tittarelli M, Tofani S, De Giuseppe A. Expression of deleted, atoxic atypical recombinant beta2 toxin in a baculovirus system and production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28545467 PMCID: PMC5445335 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium perfringens is an important animal and human pathogen that can produce more than 16 different major and minor toxins. The beta-2 minor toxin (CPB2), comprising atypical and consensus variants, appears to be involved in both human and animal enterotoxaemia syndrome. The exact role of CPB2 in pathogenesis is poorly investigated, and its mechanism of action at the molecular level is still unknown because of the lack of specific reagents such as monoclonal antibodies against the CPB2 protein and/or the availability of a highly purified antigen. Previous studies have reported that purified wild-type or recombinant CPB2 toxin, expressed in a heterologous system, presented cytotoxic effects on human intestinal cell lines. Undoubtedly, for this reason, to date, these purified proteins have not yet been used for the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Recently, monoclonal antibodies against CPB2 were generated using peptides designed on predicted antigenic epitopes of this toxin. Results In this paper we report, for the first time, the expression in a baculovirus system of a deleted recombinant C-terminal 6xHis-tagged atypical CPB2 toxin (rCPB2Δ1–25-His6) lacking the 25 amino acids (aa) of the N-terminal putative signal sequence. A high level of purified recombinant rCPB2Δ1–25-His6 was obtained after purification by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The purified product showed no in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Polyclonal antibodies and twenty hybridoma-secreting Mabs were generated using purified rCPB2Δ1–25-His6. Finally, the reactivity and specificity of the new antibodies were tested against both recombinant and wild-type CPB2 toxins. Conclusions The high-throughput of purified atoxic recombinant CPB2 produced in insect cells, allowed to obtain monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The availability of these molecules could contribute to develop immunoenzymatic methods and/or to perform studies about the biological activity of CPB2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Serroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy.,Scuola di Specializzazione "Biochimica Clinica" G. d'Annunzio, University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pezzotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Bano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicolo Mazzini 4, Villorba Di Treviso, Italy
| | - Martina Pellegrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulio Severi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pancrazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G.Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G.Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G.Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Silvia Tofani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio De Giuseppe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
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13
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Goossens E, Valgaeren BR, Pardon B, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez PR, Van Immerseel F. Rethinking the role of alpha toxin in Clostridium perfringens-associated enteric diseases: a review on bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. Vet Res 2017; 48:9. [PMID: 28209206 PMCID: PMC5314468 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis is an economically important disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A strains. The disease mainly affects calves under intensive rearing conditions and is characterized by sudden death associated with small intestinal haemorrhage, necrosis and mucosal neutrophil infiltration. The common assumption that, when causing intestinal disease, C. perfringens relies upon specific, plasmid-encoded toxins, was recently challenged by the finding that alpha toxin, which is produced by all C. perfringens strains, is essential for necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. In addition to alpha toxin, other C. perfringens toxins and/or enzymes might contribute to the pathogenesis of necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. These additional virulence factors might contribute to breakdown of the protective mucus layer during initial stage of pathogenesis, after which alpha toxin, either or not in synergy with other toxins such as perfringolysin O, can act on the mucosal tissue. Furthermore, alpha toxin alone does not cause intestinal necrosis, indicating that other virulence factors might be needed to cause the extensive tissue necrosis observed in necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. This review summarizes recent research that has increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis and provides information that is indispensable for the development of novel control strategies, including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bonnie R Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet R Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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14
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Dors A, Czyżewska-Dors E, Wasyl D, Pomorska-Mól M. Prevalence and factors associated with the occurrence of bacterial enteropathogens in suckling piglets in farrow-to-finish herds. Vet Rec 2016; 179:598. [PMID: 27655436 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine both environmental and infectious factors, influencing occurrence of bacterial enteropathogens in suckling piglets. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study in 70 Polish farrow-to-finish pig herds was performed. In each herd, presence of selected intestinal pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella species) in faeces of suckling piglets were determined using bacteriological and PCR methods. Using logistic regression models, risk factors for enterotoxigenic E coli with fimbriae F4 (ETEC-F4) and C perfringens type A were established. Prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens in investigated herds was as follows (on herd and sample level): ETEC-F4 30.0 per cent and 9.3 per cent, respectively, C perfringens type A 91.4 per cent and 58.3 per cent, C perfringens type C 1.4 per cent and 0.3 per cent, Salmonella species 2.9 per cent and 0.5 per cent. The occurrence of ETEC-F4 was associated with presence of diarrhoea in piglets and vulval discharge in sows. Vulval discharge in sows, not slatted floor in farrowing pen and lack of coccidiosis prevention were determined as risk factors for C perfringens type A. The results obtained in the study revealed the high prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in pig herds and indicate management and organisation of production as factors having the greatest impact on the incidence of bacterial enteropathogens in piglets before weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - E Czyżewska-Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - D Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - M Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
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15
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Zeng J, Song F, Yang Y, Ma C, Deng G, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu X. The Generation and Characterization of Recombinant Protein and Antibodies of Clostridium perfringens Beta2 Toxin. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5708468. [PMID: 27672668 PMCID: PMC5031884 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5708468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) beta2 toxin (CPB2) is an important virulent factor of necrotic enteritis in both animals and humans. However, studies of its pathogenic roles and functional mechanisms have been hampered due to the difficulty of purification and lack of specific antibodies against this toxin. Methods. A recombinant His-tagged C. perfringens beta2 (rCPB2) toxin and monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against CPB2 were generated and characterized by assays of cytotoxicity, immunoblotting, ELISA, neutralization, and immunofluorescence. Results. A His-tagged rCPB2 with integrity and cytotoxicity of native CPB2 was purified from E. coli expressing system, which exhibited a moderate cytotoxicity on NCM460 human intestinal epithelial cells. The rCPB2 could induce apoptotic cell death rather than necrotic death in part through a pathway involved in caspase-3 signaling. Mechanistically, rCPB2 was able to first bind to cell membrane and dynamically translocate into cytoplasm for its cytotoxic activity. Three McAbs 1E23, 2G7 and 2H7 were characterized to be able to immunologically react with CPB2 and neutralize rCPB2 cytotoxicity on NCM460 cells. Conclusion. These results indicated the rCPB2 and antibodies generated in this study are useful tools for studies of biological functions and pathogenic mechanisms of CPB2 in future, which warrants for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Fuyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Chenjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
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16
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Case-control study of pathogens involved in piglet diarrhea. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:22. [PMID: 26754836 PMCID: PMC4710041 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea in piglets directly affects commercial swine production. The disease results from the interaction of pathogens with the host immune system and is also affected by management procedures. Several pathogenic agents such as Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., group A rotavirus (RV-A), coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), as well as nematode and protozoan parasites, can be associated with disease cases. Results All bacterial, viral, protozoan, and parasitic agents here investigated, with the exception of Salmonella spp. as well as both coronaviruses, were detected in varying proportions
in piglet fecal samples, and positive animals were equally distributed between case and control groups. A statistically significant difference between case and control groups was found only for Cystoisospora suis (p = 0.034) and Eimeria spp. (p = 0.047). When co-infections were evaluated, a statistically significant difference was found only for C. perfringens β2 and C. suis (p = 0.014). Conclusions The presence of pathogens in piglets alone does not determine the occurrence of diarrhea episodes. Thus, the indiscriminate use of antibiotic and anthelminthic medication should be re-evaluated. This study also reinforces the importance of laboratory diagnosis and correct interpretation of results as well as the relevance of control and prophylactic measures.
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17
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Theuns S, Vyt P, Desmarets LMB, Roukaerts IDM, Heylen E, Zeller M, Matthijnssens J, Nauwynck HJ. Presence and characterization of pig group A and C rotaviruses in feces of Belgian diarrheic suckling piglets. Virus Res 2015; 213:172-183. [PMID: 26677793 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of group A and C rotaviruses (RVA and RVC) in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in Belgian suckling pigs is poorly investigated, and it is not known which strains are circulating in the Belgian suckling pig population. Obtaining better insights in the occurrence of both viral species in the swine population is essential in order to develop accurate diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to protect suckling pigs against diarrhea in a durable manner. In the present study, viral loads of RVA and RVC were quantified in diarrhea samples of suckling piglets less than 2 weeks old, collected on 36 different Belgian farms. On 22 of 36 farms tested (61%), high viral loads of RVA (6.96-11.95 log10 copies/g feces) and/or RVC (5.40-11.63 log10 copies/g feces) were detected. Seventeen RVA isolates were genotyped for their outer capsid proteins VP7 and VP4. Four different G-genotypes (G3, G4, G5 and G9) for VP7 were found together with 4 different P-genotypes (P[6], P[7], P[13] and P[23]) for VP4, in 8 different G/P combinations. All characterized RVC strains belonged to genotype G6 (VP7), except for one strain possessing the G1 genotype. VP4 genes of Belgian RVC strains were genetically heterogeneous, but were classified in the genotype P5. Most rotavirus positive samples also contained Escherichia coli, whereas Clostridium perfringens infections were mainly detected in rotavirus negative samples. Results of the present study offer better insights in the occurrence of RVA and RVC infections in Belgian diarrheic suckling piglets. As a conclusion, routine diagnostic testing for both viral species in cases of diarrhea in suckling pigs is highly recommended. Furthermore, the present findings also offer valuable information for the development of new prophylactic measures against rotavirus. Finally, the relatedness between RVC strains from pigs and other host species is described, and their possible implications in interspecies transmission events are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Theuns
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Yasugi M, Sugahara Y, Hoshi H, Kondo K, Talukdar PK, Sarker MR, Yamamoto S, Kamata Y, Miyake M. In vitro cytotoxicity induced by Clostridium perfringens isolate carrying a chromosomal cpe gene is exclusively dependent on sporulation and enterotoxin production. Microb Pathog 2015; 85:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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