1
|
Kaplan BS, Malmberg JL, Sondgeroth KS, Davila KS, Dassanayake RP, Sacco RE, Casas E, Buttke DE. Serum IgG Immunoglobulin Levels are Associated with Reduced PCR Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in Naturally Infected American Bison (Bison bison). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:594-604. [PMID: 38757149 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen of American bison (Bison bison), associated with high morbidity and mortality epizootics of respiratory and reproductive disease. Despite the significant negative impact on bison health, little is known about the kinetics of disease and the host immune response to infection. To address these questions, a cohort of bison calves was created and serially sampled 5 times, once every 2-3 mo, over a 12-mo period. At each sampling period nasal swab samples were collected and tested by PCR for the presence of M. bovis. Serum samples were also collected and assessed for M. bovis-specific antibodies using both a commercial and an in-house ELISA. Overall, 19/41 bison (46.3%) had positive PCR tests, and 31/41 (75.6%) were seropositive. Over the course of the study, the frequency of PCR-positive nasal swabs and the ELISA scores decreased, although serum samples remained positive for at least 6 mo following the final positive PCR test. Bison were grouped according to results from the in-house ELISA into high-responder (n=7), low-responder (n=5), and seronegative (n=7) groups. M. bovis-specific IgG antibody levels were significantly elevated in the high-responder group compared to the low-responder and seronegative groups. The differences were statistically significant for 3/5 sampling periods. A trend toward increased IgG2 levels was observed in the high-responder group. High total IgG responses correlated with a decline in positive PCR tests from nasal swabs. These data provide evidence that a strong humoral response is beneficial and is probably involved in the clearance of M. bovis from bison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Kaplan
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Department 3684, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Kerry S Sondgeroth
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Department 3684, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sarlo Davila
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Danielle E Buttke
- United States National Park Service, One Health Program, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaplan BS, Dassanayake RP, Briggs RE, Kanipe CR, Boggiatto PM, Crawford LS, Olsen SC, Menghwar H, Casas E, Tatum FM. An injectable subunit vaccine containing Elongation Factor Tu and Heat Shock Protein 70 partially protects American bison from Mycoplasma bovis infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1408861. [PMID: 38988984 PMCID: PMC11234848 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1408861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is the etiologic agent of high mortality epizootics of chronic respiratory disease in American bison (Bison bison). Despite the severity of the disease, no efficacious commercial vaccines have been licensed for the prevention of M. bovis infection in bison. Elongation factor thermal unstable (EFTu) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70, DnaK) are highly conserved, constitutively expressed proteins that have previously been shown to provide protection against M. bovis infection in cattle. To assess the suitability of EFTu and Hsp70 as vaccine antigens in bison, the immune response to and protection conferred by an injectable, adjuvanted subunit vaccine comprised of recombinantly expressed EFTu and Hsp70 was evaluated. Vaccinates developed robust antibody and cellular immune responses against both EFTu and Hsp70 antigens. To assess vaccine efficacy, unvaccinated control and vaccinated bison were experimentally challenged with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) 4 days prior to intranasal infection with M. bovis. Vaccinated bison displayed reductions in joint infection, lung bacterial loads, and lung lesions compared to unvaccinated controls. Together, these results showed that this subunit vaccine reduced clinical disease and bacterial dissemination from the lungs in M. bovis challenged bison and support the further development of protein subunit vaccines against M. bovis for use in bison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Kaplan
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Robert E. Briggs
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carly R. Kanipe
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lauren S. Crawford
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Steven C. Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Harish Menghwar
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Fred M. Tatum
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wynn EL, Browne AS, Clawson ML. Diversity and antigenic potentials of Mycoplasmopsis bovis secreted and outer membrane proteins within a core genome of strains isolated from North American bison and cattle. Genome 2024; 67:204-209. [PMID: 38330385 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasmopsis bovis is a worldwide economically important pathogen of cattle that can cause or indirectly contribute to bovine respiratory disease. M. bovis is also a primary etiological agent of respiratory disease in bison with high mortality rates. A major challenge in the development of an efficacious M. bovis vaccine is the design of antigens that contain both MHC-1 and MHC-2 T-cell epitopes, and that account for population level diversity within the species. Publicly available genomes and sequence read archive libraries of 381 M. bovis strains isolated from cattle (n = 202) and bison (n = 179) in North America were used to identify a core genome of 575 genes, including 38 that encode either known or predicted secreted or outer membrane proteins. The antigenic potentials of the proteins were characterized by the presence and strength of their T-cell epitopes, and their protein variant diversity at the population-level. The proteins had surprisingly low diversity and varying predictive levels of T-cell antigenicity. These results provide a reference for the selection or design of antigens for vaccine testing against strains infecting North American cattle and bison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Wynn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - A Springer Browne
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael L Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Casas E, Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Register KB, Neill JD. MicroRNA profiles for different tissues from calves challenged with Mycoplasma bovis or challenged with Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271581. [PMID: 35862485 PMCID: PMC9302808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine differences in microRNAs (miRNAs) counts in several tissues of calves challenged with Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) or with M. bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Eight calves approximately 2 months of age were randomly assigned to three groups: Control (CT; n = 2), M. bovis (MB; n = 3), and Coinfection (CO; n = 3). On day 0, calves in CO were intranasally challenged with BVDV and calves in MB with M. bovis. On day 6, CO calves were challenged with M. bovis. Calves were euthanized 17 days post-challenge and serum (SER), white blood cells (WBC), liver (LIV), mesenteric (MLN) and tracheal-bronchial (TBLN) lymph nodes, spleen (SPL), and thymus (THY), were collected at necropsy. MiRNAs were extracted from each tissue from each calf. Significant (P< 0.01) differences in miRNAs expression were observed in SER, LIV, MLN, TBLN, SPL, and THY. There were no significant (P> 0.05) miRNAs in WBC. In SER, the CO group had levels of miR-1343-3p significantly higher than the CT and MB groups (P = 0.0071). In LIV and SPL, the CO group had the lowest counts for all significant miRNAs compared to CT and MB. In TBLN, the CT group had the highest counts of miRNAs, compared to MB and CO, in 14 of the 21 significant miRNAs. In THY, the CO group had the highest counts, in 4 of the 6 significant miRNAs compared to CT and MB. BVDV was associated with reduction of miRNAs in LIV, SPL, MLN, and TBLN, and M. bovis reduced counts of miRNAs in only TBLN. Measuring circulating miRNAs to assess disease condition or to develop intervention strategies to minimize respiratory diseases in cattle caused by BVDV or M. bovis will be of limited use unless an alternative approach is developed to use them as indicators of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Karen B. Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John D. Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
SOURCE AND SEASONALITY OF EPIZOOTIC MYCOPLASMOSIS IN FREE-RANGING PRONGHORN (ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA). J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:524-536. [PMID: 35704476 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an economically important bacterial pathogen of cattle (Bos taurus) and bison (Bison bison) that most commonly causes pneumonia, polyarthritis, and mastitis. It is prevalent in cattle and ranched bison; however, infections in other species are rare. In early 2019, we identified M. bovis in free-ranging pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in northeastern Wyoming. Here, we report on additional pronghorn mortalities caused by M. bovis, in the same approximately 120-km2 geographic region 1 yr later. Genetic analysis by multilocus sequence typing revealed that the mortalities were caused by the same M. bovis sequence type, which is unique among all sequence types documented thus far in North America. To explore whether pronghorn maintain chronic infections and begin assessing M. bovis status in other sympatric species, we used PCR testing of nasal swabs to opportunistically survey select free-ranging ungulates. We found no evidence of subclinical infections in 13 pronghorn sampled from the outbreak area (upper 95% binomial confidence limit [bCL], ∼24.7%) or among 217 additional pronghorn (upper 95% bCL, ∼1.7%) sampled from eight additional counties in Wyoming and 10 in Montana. All mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; n=231; upper 95% bCL, ∼1.6%) sampled from 11 counties in Wyoming also were PCR negative. To assess the potential for environmental transmission, we examined persistence of M. bovis in various substrates and conditions. Controlled experiments revealed that M. bovis can remain viable for 6 h in shaded water and 2 h in direct sunlight. Our results indicate that environmental transmission of M. bovis from livestock to pronghorn is possible and that seasonality of infection could be due to shared resources during late winter. Further investigations to better understand transmission dynamics, to assess population level impacts to pronghorn, and to determine disease risks among pronghorn and other ungulate taxa appear warranted.
Collapse
|
6
|
Complete Genome Sequences of Four Canadian Mycoplasma bovis Strains Isolated from Bison and Cattle. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/17/e00136-21. [PMID: 33927029 PMCID: PMC8086203 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00136-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a major bacterial pathogen that causes respiratory diseases in cattle and bison. We report here the complete genome sequences of four Mycoplasma bovis strains isolated in three Canadian provinces. These genome sequences could provide important information on virulence factors and targets for new vaccines against M. bovis. Mycoplasma bovis is a major bacterial pathogen that causes respiratory diseases in cattle and bison. We report here the complete genome sequences of four Mycoplasma bovis strains isolated in three Canadian provinces. These genome sequences could provide important information on virulence factors and targets for new vaccines against M. bovis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Register KB, Parker M, Patyk KA, Sweeney SJ, Boatwright WD, Jones LC, Woodbury M, Hunter DL, Treanor J, Kohr M, Hamilton RG, Shury TK, Nol P. Serological evidence for historical and present-day exposure of North American bison to Mycoplasma bovis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:18. [PMID: 33413373 PMCID: PMC7791819 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma bovis causes mastitis, otitis, pneumonia and arthritis in cattle and is a major contributor to bovine respiratory disease complex. Around the year 2000, it emerged as a significant threat to the health of North American bison. Whether healthy bison are carriers of M. bovis and when they were first exposed is not known. To investigate these questions we used a commercially available ELISA that detects antibodies to M. bovis to test 3295 sera collected from 1984 through 2019 from bison in the United States and Canada. Results We identified moderately to strongly seropositive bison from as long ago as the late 1980s. Average seroprevalence over the past 36 years is similar in the United States and Canada, but country-specific differences are evident when data are sorted by the era of collection. Seroprevalence in the United States during the pre-disease era (1999 and prior) was significantly higher than in Canada, but was significantly lower than in Canada during the years 2000–2019. Considering individual countries, seroprevalence in the United States since the year 2000 dropped significantly as compared to the years 1985–1999. In Canada the trend is reversed, with seroprevalence increasing significantly since the year 2000. ELISA scores for sera collected from free-ranging bison do not differ significantly from scores for sera from more intensively managed animals, regardless of the era in which they were collected. However, seroprevalence among intensively raised Canadian bison has nearly doubled since the year 2000 and average ELISA scores rose significantly. Conclusions Our data provide the first evidence that North American bison were exposed to M. bovis many years prior to the emergence of M. bovis-related disease. Patterns of exposure inferred from these results differ in the United States and Canada, depending on the era under consideration. Our data further suggest that M. bovis may colonize healthy bison at a level sufficient to trigger antibody responses but without causing overt disease. These findings provide novel insights as to the history of M. bovis in bison and will be of value in formulating strategies to minimize the impact of mycoplasmosis on bison health and production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Margaret Parker
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA:APHIS:Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kelly A Patyk
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA:APHIS:Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven J Sweeney
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA:APHIS:Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William D Boatwright
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lee C Jones
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Health Office, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Murray Woodbury
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - John Treanor
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA
| | - Marshall Kohr
- Animal Medical Center of Wyoming, LLC, Gillette, WY, USA
| | | | | | - Pauline Nol
- Wildlife Livestock Disease Investigations Team, USDA:APHIS:Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Present address: Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Health Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Subbaiyan A, Thomas P, Sankar M, Rana R, Chaudhuri P. Multilocus sequence typing of pathogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri reveals the predominance of a novel clonal complex among isolates from goats in India. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:1149-1157. [PMID: 33211173 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) typically causes pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, keratitis and septicaemia in goats. Mortality associated with Mmc in goat flocks is lower compared to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae-associated respiratory infections. Case fatality rates associated with Mmc ranged from 9.8 to 26.8% among several states in India. Molecular epidemiology approaches aimed at genotyping help to identify the diversity of isolates involved in a disease. Ten clinical pathogenic Mmc isolates were analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for studying genotypic relationships with 50 isolates available from public databases. The MLST analysis indicates high genetic diversity among Mmc isolates. From a total number of 60 isolates, 43 six sequence types (STs) were recognized comprising of six STs from India and 37 STs from other geographical regions. MLST profiles of isolates revealed none of the STs observed in Indian isolates were shared with global isolates. Some of the STs representing Indian isolates (four STs) were clustered into a novel clonal complex 1 (CC1). Maintenance of genetically related STs forming CCs among the goat population in India for longer periods indicates disease causing potentiality of these isolates. Based on various recombination analysis, weak clonal relationship among Mmc isolates were identified. The present study has enlightened further steps in disease investigations and to design future control measures by employing prevalent genotypes as vaccine candidates against Mmc infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anbazhagan Subbaiyan
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Prasad Thomas
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Muthu Sankar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Muktheswar, Uttarakhand, 263132, India
| | - Rajneesh Rana
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Pallab Chaudhuri
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar R, Register K, Christopher-Hennings J, Moroni P, Gioia G, Garcia-Fernandez N, Nelson J, Jelinski MD, Lysnyansky I, Bayles D, Alt D, Scaria J. Population Genomic Analysis of Mycoplasma bovis Elucidates Geographical Variations and Genes associated with Host-Types. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101561. [PMID: 33050495 PMCID: PMC7650767 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among more than twenty species belonging to the class Mollecutes, Mycoplasma bovis is the most common cause of bovine mycoplasmosis in North America and Europe. Bovine mycoplasmosis causes significant economic loss in the cattle industry. The number of M. bovis positive herds recently has increased in North America and Europe. Since antibiotic treatment is ineffective and no efficient vaccine is available, M. bovis induced mycoplasmosis is primarily controlled by herd management measures such as the restriction of moving infected animals out of the herds and culling of infected or shedders of M. bovis. To better understand the population structure and genomic factors that may contribute to its transmission, we sequenced 147 M. bovis strains isolated from four different countries viz. USA (n = 121), Canada (n = 22), Israel (n = 3) and Lithuania (n = 1). All except two of the isolates (KRB1 and KRB8) were isolated from two host types i.e., bovine (n = 75) and bison (n = 70). We performed a large-scale comparative analysis of M. bovis genomes by integrating 103 publicly available genomes and our dataset (250 total genomes). Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogeny using M.agalactiae as an outgroup revealed that M. bovis population structure is composed of five different clades. USA isolates showed a high degree of genomic divergence in comparison to the Australian isolates. Based on host of origin, all the isolates in clade IV was of bovine origin, whereas majority of the isolates in clades III and V was of bison origin. Our comparative genome analysis also revealed that M. bovis has an open pangenome with a large breadth of unexplored diversity of genes. The function based analysis of autogenous vaccine candidates (n = 10) included in this study revealed that their functional diversity does not span the genomic diversity observed in all five clades identified in this study. Our study also found that M. bovis genome harbors a large number of IS elements and their number increases significantly (p = 7.8 × 10−6) as the genome size increases. Collectively, the genome data and the whole genome-based population analysis in this study may help to develop better understanding of M. bovis induced mycoplasmosis in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar 824234, India
| | - Karen Register
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases & Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.M.); (G.G.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell’Università, Università degli Studi di Milano, 6, 26900 Lodi LO, Italy
| | - Gloria Gioia
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Nuria Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
| | - Julia Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Murray D. Jelinski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada;
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel;
| | - Darrell Bayles
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.B.); (D.A.)
| | - David Alt
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bassel LL, Tabatabaei S, Caswell JL. Host Tolerance to Infection with the Bacteria that Cause Bovine Respiratory Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:349-359. [PMID: 32451029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calves vary considerably in their pathologic and clinical responses to infection of the lung with bacteria. The reasons may include resistance to infection because of pre-existing immunity, development of effective immune responses, or infection with a minimally virulent bacterial strain. However, studies of natural disease and of experimental infections indicate that some calves develop only mild lung lesions and minimal clinical signs despite substantial numbers of pathogenic bacteria in the lung. This may represent "tolerance" to pulmonary infection because these calves are able to control their inflammatory responses or protect the lung from damage, without necessarily eliminating bacterial infection. Conversely, risk factors might predispose to bovine respiratory disease by triggering a loss of tolerance that results in a harmful inflammatory and tissue-damaging response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Saeid Tabatabaei
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex and recent reports identified that other species are also affected by M bovis. Control of the disease caused by M bovis has been unsuccessful owing to many factors, including the capacity of M bovis to evade and modulate the immune system of the host; the lack of known virulence factors; the absence of a cell wall, which renders antibiotics targeting cell-wall synthesis unusable; and the failure of vaccines to control disease on the field. The current knowledge on virulence and pathogenesis is presented in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|