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Salinas-Estrella E, Amaro-Estrada I, Cobaxin-Cárdenas ME, Preciado de la Torre JF, Rodríguez SD. Bovine Anaplasmosis: Will there ever be an almighty effective vaccine? Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946545. [PMID: 36277070 PMCID: PMC9581321 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial disease with a worldwide distribution and the cause of severe economic losses in the livestock industry in many countries, including México. In the present work, we first review the elements of the immune response of the bovine, which allows ameliorating the clinical signs while eliminating the majority of the blood forms and generating an immunologic memory such that future confrontations with the pathogen will not end in disease. On the other hand, many vaccine candidates have been evaluated for the control of bovine anaplasmosis yet without no commercial worldwide effective vaccine. Lastly, the diversity of the pathogen and how this diversity has impaired the many efforts to control the disease are reviewed.
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Ashraf S, Parveen A, Asif M, Alanazi AD, Alouffi A, Muhammad Awais M, Khan A, Aktas M, Ozubek S, Iqbal F. First report regarding molecular epidemiology and novel variant identification of Anaplasma centrale in cattle from Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6488-6494. [PMID: 34764763 PMCID: PMC8570948 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma centrale (A. centrale) is an obligate red blood cell residing tick transmitted rickettsiae that has not been studied extensively for its prevalence in cattle along with its epidemiology. Aim of this investigation was to report the seasonal prevalence, phylogeny and epidemiological parameters associated with the prevalence of A. centrale in cattle breeds enrolled from District Layyah in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 844 blood samples [Cross breed = 300, Holstein Friesian = 244, Sahiwal breed = 300)] were collected from apparently healthy cattle along with epidemiological data during 2017-18. PCR amplified 426 base pair fragment from 16S rRNA gene of A. centrale in 14.4% (122/844) of cattle. Amplified 16S rRNA partial gene sequence of A. centrale were confirmed by DNA sequencing and deposited to GenBank. Highest A. centrale prevalence was observed in spring (24%) followed by autumn (12.4%) summer (10%) and winter (7.1%) seasons. Sahiwal breed (18.3%) was most susceptible to A. centrale infection followed by cross (12.3%) and Holstein Friesian breed (12.3%). 69/844 (8.2%) of Giemsa stained cattle blood smears were also found positive for Anaplasma spp. Farms where animal use to drink pool water and farms where dogs and other dairy animals were living with cattle had higher A. centrale prevalence. Female cattle and dogs having tick burden were found associated with A. centrale infection. Hematological profile was severely disturbed in A. centrale positive cattle. It is recommended that A. centrale should be screened in cattle, in addition to A. marginale, for the effective control of tick born diseases in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Ashraf
- Institute of Pure and Applied biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Asia Parveen
- Institute of Pure and Applied biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Institute of Pure and Applied biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah D Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1977, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mian Muhammad Awais
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Munir Aktas
- Fırat University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Parasitology, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sezayi Ozubek
- Fırat University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Parasitology, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Institute of Pure and Applied biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan
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3
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Futse JE, Buami G, Kayang BB, Koku R, Palmer GH, Graça T, Noh SM. Sequence and immunologic conservation of Anaplasma marginale OmpA within strains from Ghana as compared to the predominant OmpA variant. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217661. [PMID: 31291256 PMCID: PMC6619652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary challenge in developing effective vaccines against obligate, intracellular, bacterial tick-borne pathogens that establish persistent infection is the identification of antigens that cross protect against multiple strains. In the case of Anaplasma marginale, the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle found worldwide, OmpA is an adhesin and thus a promising vaccine candidate. We sequenced ompA from cattle throughout Ghana naturally infected with A. marginale in order to determine the degree of variation in this gene in an area of suspected high genetic diversity. We compared the Ghanaian sequences with those available from N. America, Mexico, Australia and Puerto Rico. When considering only amino acid changes, three unique Ghanaian OmpA variants were identified. In comparison, strains from all other geographic regions, except one, shared a single OmpA variant, Variant 1, which differed from the Ghanaian variants. Next, using recombinant OmpA based on Variant 1, we determined that amino acid differences in OmpA in Ghanaian cattle as compared to OmpA Variant 1 did not alter the binding capacity of antibody directed against OmpA Variant 1, supporting the value of OmpA as a highly conserved vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Futse
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Grace Buami
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Boniface B. Kayang
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Roberta Koku
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Palmer
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Telmo Graça
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Noh
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States of America
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4
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Hendrix GK, Brayton KA, Burcham GN. Anaplasma ovis as the suspected cause of mortality in a neonatal elk calf. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:267-270. [PMID: 30734652 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719830456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma ovis infection is known to occur in elk experimentally, but without clinical signs or significant clinicopathologic changes. An elk farm in southern Indiana experienced the death of 3 neonates. Gross findings suggested hemolytic anemia as the cause of death. Splenic impression smears revealed numerous intra-erythrocytic parasites compatible with Anaplasma spp. Products of a semi-nested PCR targeting the msp4 gene of A. ovis were sequenced and had 100% identity with published A. ovis sequences. Given the clinical presentation, vertical transmission of A. ovis was suspected. Pathologic and molecular findings confirmed that natural A. ovis infection occurred in an elk calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kenitra Hendrix
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Hendrix).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Brayton).,Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center, Purdue University, Dubois, IN (Burcham)
| | - Kelly A Brayton
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Hendrix).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Brayton).,Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center, Purdue University, Dubois, IN (Burcham)
| | - Grant N Burcham
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Hendrix).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Brayton).,Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center, Purdue University, Dubois, IN (Burcham)
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5
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Rjeibi MR, Ayadi O, Rekik M, Gharbi M. Molecular survey and genetic characterization of Anaplasma centrale, A. marginale and A. bovis in cattle from Algeria. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:456-464. [PMID: 29034616 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis could be caused by several Anaplasma species. The causative agents are transmitted by ticks and haematophagous arthropods with a high impact on both human and animal health. This study was conducted to estimate the infection rate and to characterize Anaplasma spp. in cattle from Algeria. A molecular survey was performed in Setif district (Northeast Algeria) where a total number of 180 cattle blood samples were collected and tested for the presence of Anaplasma spp. by PCR. Positive samples were genetically characterized based on the 16S rRNA and msp4 genes. PCRs revealed that the infection rates of Anaplasma spp., Anaplasma centrale, Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma bovis were 42.2%; 39.4%; 11.1% and 4.4%, respectively. All tested animals were negative for A. phagocytophilum. Co-infection occurred in 10% (18/180) of the tested animals, and the most common co-infection pattern was an association between A. centrale and A. marginale (5.5%). Five cattle (2.7%) were co-infected by the three Anaplasma species. Holstein animals (58.1%) were more infected by A. centrale than the other breeds (p = .01). The molecular prevalence of A. centrale was significantly higher in males (54.2%) than in females (34.1%) (p = .001). A. marginale msp4 genetic analysis indicated a high sequence diversity of Algerian strains, suggesting the importation of live cattle from different origins. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of A. bovis and A. centrale revealed a low degree of genetic diversity. Our study suggests that different species of Anaplasma are simultaneously present in the Algerian cattle. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study and genetic characterization of Anaplasma spp. in Algerian cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rjeibi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - O Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaire El Khroub, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Algeria
| | - M Rekik
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Amman, Jordan
| | - M Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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6
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Anaplasma marginale: Diversity, Virulence, and Vaccine Landscape through a Genomics Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9032085. [PMID: 27610385 PMCID: PMC5005611 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9032085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the genetic diversity of A. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. This rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants, causing bovine anaplasmosis, so the interest in its virulence and how it is transmitted have drawn interest not only from a molecular point of view but also, recently, some genomics research have been performed to elucidate genes and proteins with potential as antigens. Unfortunately, so far, we still do not have a recombinant anaplasmosis vaccine. In this review, we present a landscape of the multiple approaches carried out from the genomic perspective to generate valuable information that could be used in a holistic way to finally develop an anaplasmosis vaccine. These approaches include the analysis of the genetic diversity of A. marginale and how this affects control measures for the disease. Anaplasmosis vaccine development is also reviewed from the conventional vaccinomics to genome-base vaccinology approach based on proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses reported. The use of these new omics approaches will undoubtedly reveal new targets of interest in the near future, comprising information of potential antigens and the immunogenic effect of A. marginale proteins.
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Ducken DR, Brown WC, Alperin DC, Brayton KA, Reif KE, Turse JE, Palmer GH, Noh SM. Subdominant Outer Membrane Antigens in Anaplasma marginale: Conservation, Antigenicity, and Protective Capacity Using Recombinant Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129309. [PMID: 26079491 PMCID: PMC4469585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle with a worldwide distribution. Currently a safe and efficacious vaccine is unavailable. Outer membrane protein (OMP) extracts or a defined surface protein complex reproducibly induce protective immunity. However, there are several knowledge gaps limiting progress in vaccine development. First, are these OMPs conserved among the diversity of A. marginale strains circulating in endemic regions? Second, are the most highly conserved outer membrane proteins in the immunogens recognized by immunized and protected animals? Lastly, can this subset of OMPs recognized by antibody from protected vaccinates and conserved among strains recapitulate the protection of outer membrane vaccines? To address the first goal, genes encoding OMPs AM202, AM368, AM854, AM936, AM1041, and AM1096, major subdominant components of the outer membrane, were cloned and sequenced from geographically diverse strains and isolates. AM202, AM936, AM854, and AM1096 share 99.9 to 100% amino acid identity. AM1041 has 97.1 to 100% and AM368 has 98.3 to 99.9% amino acid identity. While all four of the most highly conserved OMPs were recognized by IgG from animals immunized with outer membranes, linked surface protein complexes, or unlinked surface protein complexes and shown to be protected from challenge, the highest titers and consistent recognition among vaccinates were to AM854 and AM936. Consequently, animals were immunized with recombinant AM854 and AM936 and challenged. Recombinant vaccinates and purified outer membrane vaccinates had similar IgG and IgG2 responses to both proteins. However, the recombinant vaccinates developed higher bacteremia after challenge as compared to adjuvant-only controls and outer membrane vaccinates. These results provide the first evidence that vaccination with specific antigens may exacerbate disease. Progressing from the protective capacity of outer membrane formulations to recombinant vaccines requires testing of additional antigens, optimization of the vaccine formulation and a better understanding of the protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre R. Ducken
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wendy C. Brown
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Debra C. Alperin
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Reif
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Turse
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Palmer
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Noh
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Aguilar Pierlé S, Imaz Rosshandler I, Akim Kerudin A, Sambono J, Lew-Tabor A, Rolls P, Rangel-Escareño C, Brayton KA. Genetic Diversity of Tick-Borne Rickettsial Pathogens; Insights Gained from Distant Strains. Pathogens 2014; 3:57-72. [PMID: 25364572 PMCID: PMC4213813 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to capture genetic variation with unprecedented resolution improves our understanding of bacterial populations and their ability to cause disease. The goal of the pathogenomics era is to define genetic diversity that results in disease. Despite the economic losses caused by vector-borne bacteria in the Order Rickettsiales, little is known about the genetic variants responsible for observed phenotypes. The tick-transmitted rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma marginale infects cattle in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Australia. Genomic analysis of North American A. marginale strains reveals a closed core genome defined by high levels of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Here we report the first genome sequences and comparative analysis for Australian strains that differ in virulence and transmissibility. A list of genetic differences that segregate with phenotype was evaluated for the ability to distinguish the attenuated strain from virulent field strains. Phylogenetic analyses of the Australian strains revealed a marked evolutionary distance from all previously sequenced strains. SNP analysis showed a strikingly reduced genetic diversity between these strains, with the smallest number of SNPs detected between any two A. marginale strains. The low diversity between these phenotypically distinct bacteria presents a unique opportunity to identify the genetic determinants of virulence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Aguilar Pierlé
- Program in Genomics, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.A.P.); (K.A.B.); Tel.: +509-335-6340 (K.A.B. and S.A.P.); Fax: +509-335-8529 (K.A.B. & S.A.P.)
| | - Ivan Imaz Rosshandler
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Computational Genomics Lab, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; E-Mails: (I.I.R.); (C.R.-E.)
| | - Ammielle Akim Kerudin
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (A.L.-T.)
| | - Jacqueline Sambono
- Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, Tick Fever Centre, Wacol, Queensland 4076, Australia; E-Mails: (J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Ala Lew-Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (A.L.-T.)
| | - Peter Rolls
- Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, Tick Fever Centre, Wacol, Queensland 4076, Australia; E-Mails: (J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Claudia Rangel-Escareño
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Computational Genomics Lab, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; E-Mails: (I.I.R.); (C.R.-E.)
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Program in Genomics, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.A.P.); (K.A.B.); Tel.: +509-335-6340 (K.A.B. and S.A.P.); Fax: +509-335-8529 (K.A.B. & S.A.P.)
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10
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Molecular epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis with a particular focus in Mexico. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1092-101. [PMID: 19786123 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, has a worldwide distribution and is the cause of great economic losses in developing countries where it is highly endemic. Transmission is carried mainly by ixodid ticks: Dermacentor spp. and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. Mechanical transmission is important in disseminating the disease within and across herds. The relationship between the rickettsia, the host and the vector is complex. Several surface proteins (Msps) have been described with functions that span from adhesins towards the erythrocyte and tick cells to evasion of the immune system of the host through the generation of antigenic variants. Biologic transmission of A. marginale through Dermacentor ticks has been well studied but many questions are unresolved as to how this organism spreads within and across herds and little is known about the role Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) ticks play in transmission in the Americas. Mechanical transmission in the absence of ticks and lack of transmission through ticks are questions that need to be addressed. Phylogenetic studies of the rickettsia show wide antigenic and genetic mosaics which affects the design of new vaccines. In the present work we will discuss the molecular elements in the relationship between the rickettsia, the tick and the mammalian host associated to the distribution and persistence of the pathogen in nature.
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11
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Rodríguez Camarillo SD, García Ortiz MA, Rojas Ramírez EE, Cantó Alarcón GJ, Preciado de la Torre JF, Rosario Cruz R, Ramos Aragón JA, Aboytes Torres R. Anaplasma marginale Yucatan (Mexico) Strain. Assessment of low virulence and potential use as a live vaccine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:98-102. [PMID: 19120183 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale Yucatan strain was found to have low virulence in cattle. We studied the virulence of this isolate by experimental inoculation of 113 susceptible cattle at increasing doses, after which only one animal required treatment for clinical disease. Subsequently, 104 cattle received a live vaccine of this strain by inoculation, which induced immunoprotection after heterologous challenged exposure with a different A. marginale isolate. In this study 14% of the immunized cattle required treatment as compared with the control nonimmunized cattle, in which 56% required treatment. The A. marginale vaccine strains used for the immunization studies had MSP1a variable regions that were different from those used for the challenge exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Rodríguez Camarillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Disciplinarias, en Parasitología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentació, Jiutepec, Morelos, Méxcio
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12
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Decaro N, Carelli G, Lorusso E, Lucente MS, Greco G, Lorusso A, Radogna A, Ceci L, Buonavoglia C. Duplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Anaplasma Marginale and Anaplasma Centrale. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:606-11. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale are rickettsial pathogens responsible for acute disease and mild infections, respectively, in cattle herds. A duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with probes labeled with different fluorophores was developed for simultaneous detection and quantification of A. marginale and A. centrale DNA in bovine blood samples. The assay was able to detect as few as 101 and 102 DNA copies for A. marginale and A. centrale, respectively, with optimal specificity and reproducibility. Analysis by real-time and nested PCR carried out on 54 samples previously tested by reverse line blot hybridization showed that the established duplex real-time PCR assay can detect and quantify the 2 Anaplasma spp., even if present simultaneously in the same blood samples. Such an assay could be used in pathogenesis studies on bovine acute anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Departments of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Carelli
- Departments of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Departments of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Greco
- Departments of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Departments of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
- Departments of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Arianna Radogna
- Departments of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
- Departments of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Ceci
- Departments of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Departments of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Ceci L, Decaro N, Lorusso E, Paradies P, Elia G, Martella V, Buonavoglia C, Carelli G. First report of bovine anaplasmosis by Anaplasma centrale in Europe, molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32 Suppl 1:S263-6. [PMID: 18696245 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ceci
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Barros SL, Madruga CR, Araújo FR, Menk CF, de Almeida MAO, Melo EPS, Kessler RH. Serological survey of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle from the semi-arid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:513-7. [PMID: 16302060 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale detecting antibodies in cattle raised in the semi-arid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil, through indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and to compare the performances of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with crude (I-ELISA-CrAnaAg) and recombinant major surface protein-5 (I-ELISA-MSP-5Ag), as antigens to detect antibodies against A. marginale. An stable enzootic area was found in Senhor do Bonfim and Euclides da Cunha for B. bovis that showed 86 and 95.5% of prevalence, respectively, and for B. bigemina with 90.8 and 91.3%. On the other hand, Uauá and Juazeiro, were characterized as enzootically unstable areas, since prevalences were: B. bovis--63.7 and 56.4% and B. bigemina--53 and 54.8%, respectively. The prevalence of A. marginale in the four municipalities was above 97% with I-ELISA-CrAnaAg and 94.8% with I-ELISA-MSP-5Ag which is an indication of stable enzootic condition for the rickettsia. The I-ELISA-CrAnaAg and I-ELISA-MSP-5Ag showed a highly significant association (r = 0.977), which means that both ELISA tests are suitable for epidemiological studies of A. marginale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia L Barros
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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de la Fuente J, Lew A, Lutz H, Meli ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Shkap V, Molad T, Mangold AJ, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Gortázar C, Torina A, Caracappa S, García-Pérez AL, Barral M, Oporto B, Ceci L, Carelli G, Blouin EF, Kocan KM. Genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 6:75-89. [PMID: 16164010 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. An understanding of the diversity of Anaplasma major surface proteins (MSPs), including those MSPs that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. Information concerning the genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. MSPs will likely influence the development of serodiagnostic assays and vaccine strategies for the control of anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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