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Hossain MJ, Raut S, Singh RP, Mishra P, Hossain MS, Dey AR, Kabir A, Anisuzzaman, Talukder MH, Shahiduzzaman M. Molecular detection of Babesia and Theileria from crossbred cattle in Sirajganj and Rangpur districts of Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:899-906. [PMID: 36331989 PMCID: PMC10029904 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia and Theileria are potential threats to the livestock industry, causing considerable economic losses. These tick-borne blood parasites are more prevalent in crossbred cattle than local cattle in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES To confirm the species of Babesia and Theileria in crossbred cattle from the northern part of Bangladesh using conventional and molecular tools. METHODS A total of 385 crossbred cattle blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR. For molecular detection, B. bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a, B. bovis spherical body protein-4, and Theileria spp. 18S rRNA were used as the marker genes. RESULTS Using PCR, only 72 (18.7%) samples were found piroplasm positive, of which 12.2% Theileria, 4.7% Babesia, and 1.8% mixed infections. Both Babesia (7.3%), Theileria (7.7%) and mixed (2.8%) infections were detected in Sirajganj, and only Theileria (20.4%) was detected in Rangpur district. By PCR and nPCR we detected B. bigemina and T. annulata in Sirajganj district, and Theileria sp. in Rangpur district. The target gene sequences of isolated pathogens confirmed B. bigemina and T. annulata, and Theileria sp from these samples. Blood smears of all samples were also examined microscopically for Babesia and/or Theileria spp. and 14.3% of samples were found positive, of which 5.9% Babesia and 8.3% Theileria. Generally, the pathogens detected in Sirajgang and Rangpur were genetically related to South Asia, particularly South East Asian isolates. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide information for a better understanding of the epidemiology of Babesia and Theileria as well as to improve the approaches for diagnosis and control of tick-borne diseases in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakir Hossain
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjana Raut
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rahul Pratap Singh
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Pravin Mishra
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ajran Kabir
- Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Anisuzzaman
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Shahiduzzaman
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Hakimi H, Yamagishi J, Kawazu SI, Asada M. Advances in understanding red blood cell modifications by Babesia. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010770. [PMID: 36107982 PMCID: PMC9477259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia are tick-borne protozoan parasites that can infect livestock, pets, wildlife animals, and humans. In the mammalian host, they invade and multiply within red blood cells (RBCs). To support their development as obligate intracellular parasites, Babesia export numerous proteins to modify the RBC during invasion and development. Such exported proteins are likely important for parasite survival and pathogenicity and thus represent candidate drug or vaccine targets. The availability of complete genome sequences and the establishment of transfection systems for several Babesia species have aided the identification and functional characterization of exported proteins. Here, we review exported Babesia proteins; discuss their functions in the context of immune evasion, cytoadhesion, and nutrient uptake; and highlight possible future topics for research and application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hakimi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HH); (MA)
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail: (HH); (MA)
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Paoletta MS, Laughery JM, Arias LSL, Ortiz JMJ, Montenegro VN, Petrigh R, Ueti MW, Suarez CE, Farber MD, Wilkowsky SE. The key to egress? Babesia bovis perforin-like protein 1 (PLP1) with hemolytic capacity is required for blood stage replication and is involved in the exit of the parasite from the host cell. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:643-658. [PMID: 33753093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan parasites of the Babesia genus that represents a major constraint to livestock production worldwide. Currently available vaccines are based on live parasites which have archetypal limitations. Our goal is to identify candidate antigens so that new and effective vaccines against Babesia may be developed. The perforin-like protein (PLP) family has been identified as a key player in cell traversal and egress in related apicomplexans and it was also identified in Babesia, but its function in this parasite remains unknown. The aim of this work was to define the PLP family in Babesia and functionally characterize PLP1, a representative member of the family in Babesia bovis. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrate a variable number of plp genes (four to eight) in the genomes of six different Babesia spp. and conservation of the family members at the secondary and tertiary structure levels. We demonstrate here that Babesia PLPs contain the critical domains present in other apicomplexan PLPs to display the lytic capacity. We then focused on the functional characterization of PLP1 of B. bovis, both in vitro and in vivo. PLP1 is expressed and exposed to the host immune system during infection and has high hemolytic capacity under a wide range of conditions in vitro. A B. bovis plp1 knockout line displayed a decreased growth rate in vitro compared with the wild type strain and a peculiar phenotype consisting of multiple parasites within a single red blood cell, although at low frequency. This phenotype suggests that the lack of PLP1 has a negative impact on the mechanism of egression of the parasite and, therefore, on its capacity to proliferate. It is possible that PLP1 is associated with other proteins in the processes of invasion and egress, which were found to have redundant mechanisms in related apicomplexans. Future work will be focused on unravelling the network of proteins involved in these essential parasite functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Soledad Paoletta
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA - CONICET, De Los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, P.O. Box 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jacob Michael Laughery
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ludmila Sol López Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA - CONICET, De Los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, P.O. Box 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Manuel Jaramillo Ortiz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA - CONICET, De Los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, P.O. Box 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Noely Montenegro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA - CONICET, De Los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, P.O. Box 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Petrigh
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA - CONICET, De Los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, P.O. Box 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Carlos Esteban Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Marisa Diana Farber
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA - CONICET, De Los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, P.O. Box 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Elizabeth Wilkowsky
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA - CONICET, De Los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, P.O. Box 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mack EA, Xiao YP, Allred DR. Knockout of Babesia bovis rad51 ortholog and its complementation by expression from the BbACc3 artificial chromosome platform. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215882. [PMID: 31386669 PMCID: PMC6684078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia bovis establishes persistent infections of long duration in cattle, despite the development of effective anti-disease immunity. One mechanism used by the parasite to achieve persistence is rapid antigenic variation of the VESA1 cytoadhesion ligand through segmental gene conversion (SGC), a phenomenon thought to be a form of homologous recombination (HR). To begin investigation of the enzymatic basis for SGC we initially identified and knocked out the Bbrad51 gene encoding the B. bovis Rad51 ortholog. BbRad51 was found to be non-essential for in vitro growth of asexual-stage parasites. However, its loss resulted in hypersensitivity to methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and an apparent defect in HR. This defect rendered attempts to complement the knockout phenotype by reinsertion of the Bbrad51 gene into the genome unsuccessful. To circumvent this difficulty, we constructed an artificial chromosome, BbACc3, into which the complete Bbrad51 locus was inserted, for expression of BbRad51 under regulation by autologous elements. Maintenance of BbACc3 makes use of centromeric sequences from chromosome 3 and telomeric ends from chromosome 1 of the B. bovis C9.1 line. A selection cassette employing human dihydrofolate reductase enables recovery of transformants by selection with pyrimethamine. We demonstrate that the BbACc3 platform is stably maintained once established, assembles nucleosomes to form native chromatin, and expands in telomere length over time. Significantly, the MMS-sensitivity phenotype observed in the absence of Bbrad51 was successfully complemented at essentially normal levels. We provide cautionary evidence, however, that in HR-competent parasites BbACc3 can recombine with native chromosomes, potentially resulting in crossover. We propose that, under certain circumstances this platform can provide a useful alternative for the genetic manipulation of this group of parasites, particularly when regulated gene expression under the control of autologous elements may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Mack
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ping Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David R. Allred
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Abstract
Alternative splicing is a widespread, essential, and complex component of gene regulation. Apicomplexan parasites have long been recognized to produce alternatively spliced transcripts for some genes and can produce multiple protein products that are essential for parasite growth. Alternative splicing is a widespread, essential, and complex component of gene regulation. Apicomplexan parasites have long been recognized to produce alternatively spliced transcripts for some genes and can produce multiple protein products that are essential for parasite growth. Recent approaches are now providing more wide-ranging surveys of the extent of alternative splicing; some indicate that alternative splicing is less widespread than in other model eukaryotes, whereas others suggest levels comparable to those of previously studied groups. In many cases, apicomplexan alternative splicing events appear not to generate multiple alternative proteins but instead produce aberrant or noncoding transcripts. Nonetheless, appropriate regulation of alternative splicing is clearly essential in Plasmodium and Toxoplasma parasites, suggesting a biological role for at least some of the alternative splicing observed. Several studies have now disrupted conserved regulators of alternative splicing and demonstrated lethal effects in apicomplexans. This minireview discusses methods to accurately determine the extent of alternative splicing in Apicomplexa and discuss potential biological roles for this conserved process in a phylum of parasites with compact genomes.
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Jalovecka M, Hartmann D, Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L, Hajdusek O, O'Donoghue AJ, Sojka D. Validation of Babesia proteasome as a drug target. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:394-402. [PMID: 30103207 PMCID: PMC6092455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-transmitted zoonosis caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Babesia. Treatment of this emerging malaria-related disease has relied on antimalarial drugs and antibiotics. The proteasome of Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has recently been validated as a target for anti-malarial drug development and therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of epoxyketone (carfilzomib, ONX-0914 and epoxomicin) and boronic acid (bortezomib and ixazomib) proteasome inhibitors on the growth and survival of Babesia. Testing the compounds against Babesia divergens ex vivo revealed suppressive effects on parasite growth with activity that was higher than the cytotoxic effects on a non-transformed mouse macrophage cell line. Furthermore, we showed that the most-effective compound, carfilzomib, significantly reduces parasite multiplication in a Babesia microti infected mouse model without noticeable adverse effects. In addition, treatment with carfilzomib lead to an ex vivo and in vivo decrease in proteasome activity and accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins compared to untreated control. Overall, our results demonstrate that the Babesia proteasome is a valid target for drug development and warrants the design of potent and selective B. divergens proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jalovecka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Hartmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Ondrej Hajdusek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Guswanto A, Allamanda P, Mariamah ES, Sodirun S, Wibowo PE, Indrayani L, Nugroho RH, Wirata IK, Jannah N, Dias LP, Wirawan HP, Yanto R, Tuvshintulga B, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Molecular and serological detection of bovine babesiosis in Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:550. [PMID: 29110723 PMCID: PMC5674684 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine babesiosis, mainly caused by Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, is a huge threat to the livestock industry. In Indonesia, the current distribution of the disease is unknown due to a lack of scientific study. METHODS In the present study, 487 blood samples were collected from cattle with different breeding and age groups in a broad geographical area across the archipelago. The presence of antibodies and current infections of B. bovis and B. bigemina were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatographic test (ICT), and nested PCR (nPCR) targeting B. bovis SBP-4 and B. bigemina RAP-1a genes. Sequence analysis was performed to the amplicon of B. bovis SBP-4, B. bigemina RAP-1a, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA of both Babesia species. RESULTS In total, B. bovis positives were detected by ELISA, single-ICT, dual-ICT and nPCR in 340 (69.8%), 317 (65.1%), 307 (63.0%) and 247 (50.7%) samples, respectively. For B. bigemina, the positive samples were detected in 134 (27.5%), 130 (26.7%), 127 (26.1%) and 93 (19.1%), respectively. Furthermore, mixed infections were found in 125 (25.7%), 113 (23.2%), 109 (22.4%) and 52 (10.7%) samples, respectively, which occurred only by chance and were not influenced by additional factors. The obtained nucleotide sequences of B. bovis SBP-4 and B. bigemina RAP-1a genes showed a high homology with other isolates from different countries. Further nucleotide sequence analysis using ITS region showed a great genetic diversity of B. bovis isolates among sampling locations; a lower diversity was found in B. bigemina ITS isolates. CONCLUSIONS These data revealed the current distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina infection in cattle in Indonesia. The rate of infection varied among sampling locations, cattle breeds and age groups. Furthermore, B. bovis ITS isolates from Indonesia were found to be more genetically diverse than B. bigemina ITS isolates. The data presented in this study are necessary to develop an effective strategy for controlling the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azirwan Guswanto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan.,Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang, Jawa Barat, 41212, Indonesia
| | - Puttik Allamanda
- Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang, Jawa Barat, 41212, Indonesia
| | - Euis Siti Mariamah
- Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang, Jawa Barat, 41212, Indonesia
| | - Sodirun Sodirun
- Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang, Jawa Barat, 41212, Indonesia
| | - Putut Eko Wibowo
- Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang, Jawa Barat, 41212, Indonesia
| | - Liliek Indrayani
- Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang, Jawa Barat, 41212, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Harso Nugroho
- Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi (DIC Bukittinggi), Jl. Raya Bukittinggi-, Payakumbuh, Tabek Panjang, Baso, Kabupaten Agam, Sumatera Barat, 26192, Indonesia
| | - I Ketut Wirata
- Balai Besar Veteriner Denpasar (DIC Denpasar), Jl. Raya Sesetan No. 266, Sesetan, Denpasar, Sel., Kota Denpasar, Bali, 80223, Indonesia
| | - Nur Jannah
- Balai Veteriner Banjarbaru (DIC Banjarbaru), Jln. Ambulung 24, Loktabat Selatan, Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan, 70712, Indonesia
| | - Lepsi Putri Dias
- Balai Veteriner Medan (DIC Medan), Jl. Gatot Subroto No. 255-A, Lalang, Medan, Sunggal, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara, 20123, Indonesia
| | - Hadi Purnama Wirawan
- Balai Besar Veteriner Maros (DIC Maros), Jl. Dr. Sam Ratulangi, Allepolea, Lau, Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan, 90512, Indonesia
| | - Rochmadi Yanto
- Balai Besar Veteriner Wates (DIC Wates), Jl. Raya Yogya-Wates Km. 27, TP 18, Giri Peni, Wates, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55602, Indonesia
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan.
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Bibo-Verdugo B, Jiang Z, Caffrey CR, O'Donoghue AJ. Targeting proteasomes in infectious organisms to combat disease. FEBS J 2017; 284:1503-1517. [PMID: 28122162 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomes are multisubunit, energy-dependent, proteolytic complexes that play an essential role in intracellular protein turnover. They are present in eukaryotes, archaea, and in some actinobacteria species. Inhibition of proteasome activity has emerged as a powerful strategy for anticancer therapy and three drugs have been approved for treatment of multiple myeloma. These compounds react covalently with a threonine residue located in the active site of a proteasome subunit to block protein degradation. Proteasomes in pathogenic organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum also have a nucleophilic threonine residue in the proteasome active site and are therefore sensitive to these anticancer drugs. This review summarizes efforts to validate the proteasome in pathogenic organisms as a therapeutic target. We describe several strategies that have been used to develop inhibitors with increased potency and selectivity for the pathogen proteasome relative to the human proteasome. In addition, we highlight a cell-based chemical screening approach that identified a potent, allosteric inhibitor of proteasomes found in Leishmania and Trypanosoma species. Finally, we discuss the development of proteasome inhibitors as anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsaida Bibo-Verdugo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Chemistry & Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Yamagishi J, Wakaguri H, Yokoyama N, Yamashita R, Suzuki Y, Xuan X, Igarashi I. The Babesia bovis gene and promoter model: an update from full-length EST analysis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:678. [PMID: 25124460 PMCID: PMC4148916 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia bovis is an apicomplexan parasite that causes babesiosis in infected cattle. Genomes of pathogens contain promising information that can facilitate the development of methods for controlling infections. Although the genome of B. bovis is publically available, annotated gene models are not highly reliable prior to experimental validation. Therefore, we validated a preproposed gene model of B. bovis and extended the associated annotations on the basis of experimentally obtained full-length expressed sequence tags (ESTs). RESULTS From in vitro cultured merozoites, 12,286 clones harboring full-length cDNAs were sequenced from both ends using the Sanger method, and 6,787 full-length cDNAs were assembled. These were then clustered, and a nonredundant referential data set of 2,115 full-length cDNA sequences was constructed. The comparison of the preproposed gene model with our data set identified 310 identical genes, 342 almost identical genes, 1,054 genes with potential structural inconsistencies, and 409 novel genes. The median length of 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) was 152 nt. Subsequently, we identified 4,086 transcription start sites (TSSs) and 2,023 transcriptionally active regions (TARs) by examining 5' ESTs. We identified ATGGGG and CCCCAT sites as consensus motifs in TARs that were distributed around -50 bp from TSSs. In addition, we found ACACA, TGTGT, and TATAT sites, which were distributed periodically around TSSs in cycles of approximately 150 bp. Moreover, related periodical distributions were not observed in mammalian promoter regions. CONCLUSIONS The observations in this study indicate the utility of integrated bioinformatics and experimental data for improving genome annotations. In particular, full-length cDNAs with one-base resolution for TSSs enabled the identification of consensus motifs in promoter sequences and demonstrated clear distributions of identified motifs. These observations allowed the illustration of a model promoter composition, which supports the differences in transcriptional regulation frameworks between apicomplexan parasites and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yamagishi
- />Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, aza Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
- />National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho west 2-13, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wakaguri
- />Department of Medical Genome Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- />National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho west 2-13, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Riu Yamashita
- />Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, aza Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- />Department of Medical Genome Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- />National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho west 2-13, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- />National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho west 2-13, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
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10
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Florin-Christensen M, Suarez CE, Rodriguez AE, Flores DA, Schnittger L. Vaccines against bovine babesiosis: where we are now and possible roads ahead. Parasitology 2014; 141:1-30. [PMID: 25068315 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Bovine babesiosis caused by the tick-transmitted haemoprotozoans Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens commonly results in substantial cattle morbidity and mortality in vast world areas. Although existing live vaccines confer protection, they have considerable disadvantages. Therefore, particularly in countries where large numbers of cattle are at risk, important research is directed towards improved vaccination strategies. Here a comprehensive overview of currently used live vaccines and of the status quo of experimental vaccine trials is presented. In addition, pertinent research fields potentially contributing to the development of novel non-live and/or live vaccines are discussed, including parasite antigens involved in host cell invasion and in pathogen-tick interactions, as well as the protective immunity against infection. The mining of available parasite genomes is continuously enlarging the array of potential vaccine candidates and, additionally, the recent development of a transfection tool for Babesia can significantly contribute to vaccine design. However, the complication and high cost of vaccination trials hinder Babesia vaccine research, and have so far seriously limited the systematic examination of antigen candidates and prevented an in-depth testing of formulations using different immunomodulators and antigen delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos E Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology,Washington State University,Pullman, WA 99164-7040,USA
| | - Anabel E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Patobiologia,CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, 1686 Hurlingham,Argentina
| | - Daniela A Flores
- Instituto de Patobiologia,CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, 1686 Hurlingham,Argentina
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11
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Pedroni MJ, Sondgeroth KS, Gallego-Lopez GM, Echaide I, Lau AOT. Comparative transcriptome analysis of geographically distinct virulent and attenuated Babesia bovis strains reveals similar gene expression changes through attenuation. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:763. [PMID: 24195453 PMCID: PMC3826834 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of virulence is a phenotypic adaptation commonly seen in prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. This mechanism is not well studied, especially in organisms with multiple host and life cycle stages such as Babesia, a tick-transmitted hemoparasite of humans and animals. B. bovis, which infects cattle, has naturally occurring virulent strains that can be reliably attenuated in vivo. Previous studies suggest the virulence loss mechanism may involve post-genomic modification. We investigated the transcriptome profiles of two geographically distinct B. bovis virulent and attenuated strain pairs to better understand virulence loss and to gain insight into pathogen adaptation strategies. Results Expression microarray and RNA-sequencing approaches were employed to compare transcriptome profiles of two B. bovis strain pairs, with each pair consisting of a virulent parental and its attenuated derivative strain. Differentially regulated transcripts were identified within each strain pair. These included genes encoding for VESA1, SmORFs, undefined membrane and hypothetical proteins. The majority of individual specific gene transcripts differentially regulated within a strain were not shared between the two strains. There was a disproportionately greater number of ves genes upregulated in the virulent parental strains. When compared with their attenuated derivatives, divergently oriented ves genes were included among the upregulated ves genes in the virulent strains, while none of the upregulated ves genes in the attenuated derivatives were oriented head to head. One gene family whose specific members were consistently and significantly upregulated in expression in both attenuated strains was spherical body protein (SBP) 2 encoding gene where SBP2 truncated copies 7, 9 and 11 transcripts were all upregulated. Conclusions We conclude that ves heterodimer pair upregulation and overall higher frequency of ves gene expressions in the virulent strains is consistent with the involvement of this gene family in virulence. This is logical given the role of VESA1 proteins in cytoadherence of infected cells to endothelial cells. However, upregulation of some ves genes in the attenuated derivatives suggests that the consequence of upregulation is gene-specific. Furthermore, upregulation of the spherical body protein 2 gene family may play a role in the attenuated phenotype. Exactly how these two gene families may contribute to the loss or gain of virulence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Audrey O T Lau
- Program of Genomics, Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, ADBF 4043, Pullman, WA, , 99164, USA.
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12
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Gohil S, Kats LM, Seemann T, Fernandez KM, Siddiqui G, Cooke BM. Bioinformatic prediction of the exportome of Babesia bovis and identification of novel proteins in parasite-infected red blood cells. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:409-16. [PMID: 23395698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Babesia bovis is a pathogen of considerable economic significance to the livestock industry worldwide but the precise mechanisms by which this parasite causes disease in susceptible cattle remain poorly understood. It is clear, however, that alterations to the structure and function of red blood cells in which the parasites reside and replicate play an important role in pathogenesis and that these are secondary to the export of numerous, currently unknown and uncharacterised parasite-encoded proteins. Using a rational bioinformatic approach, we have identified a set of 362 proteins (117 of which are hypothetical) that we predict encompasses the B. bovis exportome. These exported proteins are likely to be trafficked to various cellular locations, with a subset destined for the red blood cell cytosol or the red blood cell cytoskeleton. These proteins are likely to play important roles in mediating the pathogenesis of babesiosis. We have selected three novel proteins and confirmed their predicted export and localisation within the host red blood cell by immunofluorescence using specific antibodies raised against these proteins. Complete characterisation of these novel exported parasite proteins will help elucidate their function within the host red blood cell and assist in identification of new therapeutic targets for babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Gohil
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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13
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Gohil S, Herrmann S, Günther S, Cooke BM. Bovine babesiosis in the 21st century: advances in biology and functional genomics. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:125-32. [PMID: 23068911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis caused by the protozoan parasite, Babesia bovis, remains a significant cause of avoidable economic losses to the livestock industry in many countries throughout the world. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of severe disease in susceptible cattle are not well understood and the tools available to study the biology of the parasite, including technologies for genetic manipulation, have only recently been developed. Recent availability of multiple parasite genomes and bioinformatic tools, in combination with the development of new biological reagents, will facilitate our better understanding of the parasite. This will ultimately assist in the identification of novel targets for the development of new therapeutics and vaccines. Here we describe some recent advances in Babesia research and highlight some important challenges for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Gohil
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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14
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Kafsack BFC, Carruthers VB. Apicomplexan perforin-like proteins. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 3:18-23. [PMID: 20539776 DOI: 10.4161/cib.3.1.9794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous perforin-like proteins are encoded in the genomes of apicomplexan parasites, where they are expressed in various life-cycle stages and play critical roles in pathogenesis and lifecycle progression. These ApiPLPs are characterized by the presence of a MACPF domain, responsible for pore-formation in target membranes in a number of systems, including many bacterial pathogens and effector cells of the immune response. ApiPLP MACPF domains maintain the critical structural elements but are often present in new and intriguing domain arrangements. Recent work in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium has shown that ApiPLPs are important for breaching membranes during parasite egress and cell traversal. Here we present an overview of this important protein family from a structural, functional and phylogenetic perspective across the Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn F C Kafsack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
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15
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Yoo WG, Kim DW, Ju JW, Cho PY, Kim TI, Cho SH, Choi SH, Park HS, Kim TS, Hong SJ. Developmental transcriptomic features of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1208. [PMID: 21738807 PMCID: PMC3125140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is the causative agent of the life-threatening disease endemic to China, Korea, and Vietnam. It is estimated that about 15 million people are infected with this fluke. C. sinensis provokes inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, and periductal fibrosis in bile ducts, and may cause cholangiocarcinoma in chronically infected individuals. Accumulation of a large amount of biological information about the adult stage of this liver fluke in recent years has advanced our understanding of the pathological interplay between this parasite and its hosts. However, no developmental gene expression profiles of C. sinensis have been published. In this study, we generated gene expression profiles of three developmental stages of C. sinensis by analyzing expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Complementary DNA libraries were constructed from the adult, metacercaria, and egg developmental stages of C. sinensis. A total of 52,745 ESTs were generated and assembled into 12,830 C. sinensis assembled EST sequences, and then these assemblies were further categorized into groups according to biological functions and developmental stages. Most of the genes that were differentially expressed in the different stages were consistent with the biological and physical features of the particular developmental stage; high energy metabolism, motility and reproduction genes were differentially expressed in adults, minimal metabolism and final host adaptation genes were differentially expressed in metacercariae, and embryonic genes were differentially expressed in eggs. The higher expression of glucose transporters, proteases, and antioxidant enzymes in the adults accounts for active uptake of nutrients and defense against host immune attacks. The types of ion channels present in C. sinensis are consistent with its parasitic nature and phylogenetic placement in the tree of life. We anticipate that the transcriptomic information on essential regulators of development, bile chemotaxis, and physico-metabolic pathways in C. sinensis that presented in this study will guide further studies to identify novel drug targets and diagnostic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Ju
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo Yun Cho
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Haeng Choi
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seog Park
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (H-SP); (T-SK); (S-JH)
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (H-SP); (T-SK); (S-JH)
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (H-SP); (T-SK); (S-JH)
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16
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Awad H, Antunes S, Galindo RC, do Rosário VE, de la Fuente J, Domingos A, El Hussein AM. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Babesia and Anaplasma species in cattle in Sudan. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:146-52. [PMID: 21612870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease prevalence studies are one of the most valuable tools to demonstrate the risk or impact of certain infections in local and global economies. The data obtained in these studies contribute to develop strategies for disease control. The present study aims to provide information about the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in the northern regions of Sudan. Blood samples from four different states of Sudan were collected from apparently healthy cattle (n=692), DNA was extracted and the prevalence of Babesia and Anaplasma species was analyzed by PCR. The results confirmed the presence of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale in cattle in northern Sudan with overall prevalence rates of 4.0%, 1.9% and 6.1%, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that the prevalence of B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale varies significantly between Sudanese states as well as in different age groups, while gender seems not to have a significant effect on the prevalence of these pathogens among Sudanese cattle. The highest prevalence for B. bigemina was found in the Aljazirah State while the highest number of A. marginale positive samples was reported in River Nile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyam Awad
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratories, Al Amarat, P.O. Box 8067, Khartoum, Sudan
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17
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Terkawi MA, Seuseu FJ, Eko-Wibowo P, Huyen NX, Minoda Y, AbouLaila M, Kawai S, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Igarashi I. Secretion of a new spherical body protein of Babesia bovis into the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 178:40-5. [PMID: 21406202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a new Babesia bovis spherical body protein 4 (BbSBP-4) was reported to have no significant homology to other apicomplexan proteins or previously reported B. bovis spherical body proteins. In the present study, we further examined the molecular characteristics of BbSBP-4 including the expression and cellular localization of the BbSBP-4. An anti-rBbSBP-4 mouse serum specifically reacted to a 41-kDa native protein B. bovis in Western blot analysis. The immunoelectron microscopic examination confirmed the localization of BbSBP-4 in spherical bodies, but not in the nucleus, rhoptries, and micronemes. Interestingly, the protein was found to be localized not only in the spherical body of B. bovis but also in the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes (iRBC) at the later stage of parasite development. The confocal laser microscopic examination and Western blot analysis demonstrated the increased accumulation of BbSBP-4 in the cytoplasm of iRBC and in the supernatant of cultivated B. bovis during the late developmental stage of the parasite. These results suggest that BbSBP-4 was secreted from spherical body into cytoplasm of iRBC during the late developmental stage of the parasite before the rupture of infected RBC. Taken together, BbSBP-4 might play an important role as a secreted protein in the intracellular development and/or survival of B. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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18
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Gohil S, Kats LM, Sturm A, Cooke BM. Recent insights into alteration of red blood cells by Babesia bovis: moovin' forward. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:591-9. [PMID: 20598944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade or so, our understanding of the biology of apicomplexan parasites has increased dramatically, particularly in the case of malaria. Notable achievements are the availability of complete genome sequences, transcriptome and proteome profiles and the establishment of in vitro transfection techniques for asexual-stage malaria parasites. Interestingly, despite their major economic importance and striking similarities with malaria, Babesia parasites have been relatively ignored, but change is on the horizon. Here, we bring together recent work on Babesia bovis parasites which are beginning to unravel the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of babesiosis and highlight some opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Gohil
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Fang W, Xu S, Wang Y, Ni F, Zhang S, Liu J, Chen X, Luo D. ES proteins analysis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: products of the potential parasitism genes? Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1027-32. [PMID: 20177908 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were analyzed in an attempt to gain further insight into its genomic expression patterns. A total of 1,277 ESTs of A. cantonensis were randomly downloaded from NCBI databank. ESTs were analyzed and annotated using Blastx. The result showed that there were 60 ESTs had no match to any of the proteins and gene sequences in the published databases, and 695 ESTs score more than 80. According to the function, the identified 695 ESTs could be grouped into 13 categories related to metabolism, cellular development, immune evasion, host-parasite interactions, and so on. Among them, 65 (9.4%) were proteases and protease inhibitors, represented 19 potential proteases and protease inhibitors genes; 42 (6.0%) were allergens or antigens, represented 15 potential antigens/allergens genes. Signal P analysis was applied to the 19 putative proteases and protease inhibitors and the 15 antigens/allergens protein sequences to identify the potential signal peptides and anchors. The result demonstrated that there were ten putative proteins had N-terminal signal peptides and three had signal anchors, these putative excretory/secretory proteins might be the products of potential parasitism genes which played an important role in the adaptation of A. cantonensis to a parasitism life. These parasitism genes and proteins identified are expected to become potential targets for future research on anti-A. cantonensis drugs; moreover, the resulting genetic information is useful in elucidating the mechanisms of parasitism of A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Fang
- Biology Department, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
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20
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Aboulaila M, Nakamura K, Govind Y, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Evaluation of the in vitro growth-inhibitory effect of epoxomicin on Babesia parasites. Vet Parasitol 2009; 167:19-27. [PMID: 19896277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epoxomicin potently and irreversibly inhibits the catalytic activity of proteasomal subunits. Treatment of proliferating cells with epoxomicin results in cell death through accumulation of ubiquinated proteins. Thus, epoxomicin has been proposed as a potential anti-cancer drug. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of epoxomicin on the in vitro growth of bovine and equine Babesia parasites were evaluated. The inhibitory effect of epoxomicin on the in vivo growth of Babesia microti was also assessed. The in vitro growth of five Babesia species that were tested was significantly inhibited (P<0.05) by nanomolar concentrations of epoxomicin (IC(50) values=21.4+/-0.2, 4+/-0.1, 39.5+/-0.1, 9.7+/-0.3, and 21.1+/-0.1nM for Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia ovata, Babesia caballi, and Babesia equi, respectively). Epoxomicin IC(50) values for Babesia parasites were low when compared with diminazene aceturate and tetracycline hydrochloride. Combinations of epoxomicin with diminazene aceturate synergistically potentiated its inhibitory effects in vitro on B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. caballi. In B. microti-infected mice, epoxomicin caused significant (P<0.05) inhibition of the growth of B. microti at the non-toxic doses of 0.05 and 0.5mg/kg BW relative to control groups. Therefore, epoxomicin might be used for treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Aboulaila
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Identification, expression and characterisation of a Babesia bovis hexose transporter. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 161:124-9. [PMID: 18638508 PMCID: PMC2688680 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Babesia are tick-transmitted haemoprotozoan parasites that infect cattle, with an estimated 500 million at risk worldwide. Here, two predicted hexose transporters (BboHT1 and 2) have been identified within the Babesia bovis genome. BboHT1, having 40% and 47% amino acid sequence similarity compared with the human (GLUT1) and Plasmodium falciparum (PfHT) hexose transporters, respectively, is the only one that could be characterised functionally after expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Radiotracer studies on BboHT1 showed that it is a saturable, Na(+)-independent, stereo-specific hexose transporter, with a K(m) value for glucose of 0.84+/-0.54 mM (mean+/-SEM). Using D-glucose analogues, hydroxyl positions at O-4 and O-6 have been identified as important for ligand binding to BboHT1. D-glucose transport was inhibited maximally by cytochalasin B (50 microM). A long-chain O-3 hexose derivative (compound 3361) that selectively inhibits PfHT also inhibited relatively potently BboHT1, with an apparent K(i) value of 4.1+/-0.9 microM (mean+/-SEM). Compound 3361 did not inhibit B. bovis proliferation in in vitro growth assays but inhibited invasion of glucose-depleted bovine erythrocytes. Taken together with results of inhibition studies with cytochalasin B and beta-glucogallin, these data provide new insights into glucose metabolism of erythrocytic-stage Babesia infections.
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Detection of bovine babesiosis in Mozambique by a novel seminested hot-start PCR method. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Genome sequence of Babesia bovis and comparative analysis of apicomplexan hemoprotozoa. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:1401-13. [PMID: 17953480 PMCID: PMC2034396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia bovis is an apicomplexan tick-transmitted pathogen of cattle imposing a global risk and severe constraints to livestock health and economic development. The complete genome sequence was undertaken to facilitate vaccine antigen discovery, and to allow for comparative analysis with the related apicomplexan hemoprotozoa Theileria parva and Plasmodium falciparum. At 8.2 Mbp, the B. bovis genome is similar in size to that of Theileria spp. Structural features of the B. bovis and T. parva genomes are remarkably similar, and extensive synteny is present despite several chromosomal rearrangements. In contrast, B. bovis and P. falciparum, which have similar clinical and pathological features, have major differences in genome size, chromosome number, and gene complement. Chromosomal synteny with P. falciparum is limited to microregions. The B. bovis genome sequence has allowed wide scale analyses of the polymorphic variant erythrocyte surface antigen protein (ves1 gene) family that, similar to the P. falciparum var genes, is postulated to play a role in cytoadhesion, sequestration, and immune evasion. The ∼150 ves1 genes are found in clusters that are distributed throughout each chromosome, with an increased concentration adjacent to a physical gap on chromosome 1 that contains multiple ves1-like sequences. ves1 clusters are frequently linked to a novel family of variant genes termed smorfs that may themselves contribute to immune evasion, may play a role in variant erythrocyte surface antigen protein biology, or both. Initial expression analysis of ves1 and smorf genes indicates coincident transcription of multiple variants. B. bovis displays a limited metabolic potential, with numerous missing pathways, including two pathways previously described for the P. falciparum apicoplast. This reduced metabolic potential is reflected in the B. bovis apicoplast, which appears to have fewer nuclear genes targeted to it than other apicoplast containing organisms. Finally, comparative analyses have identified several novel vaccine candidates including a positional homolog of p67 and SPAG-1, Theileria sporozoite antigens targeted for vaccine development. The genome sequence provides a greater understanding of B. bovis metabolism and potential avenues for drug therapies and vaccine development. Vector-transmitted blood parasites cause some of the most widely distributed, serious, and poorly controlled diseases globally, including the most severe form of human malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. In livestock, tick-transmitted blood parasites include the protozoa Theileria parva, the cause of East Coast fever and Babesia bovis, the cause of tick fever, to which well over half of the world's cattle population are at risk. There is a critical need to better understand the mechanisms by which these parasites are transmitted, persist, and cause disease in order to optimize methods for control, including development of vaccines. This manuscript presents the genome sequence of B. bovis, and provides a whole genome comparative analysis with P. falciparum and T. parva. Genome-wide characterization of the B. bovis antigenically variable ves1 family reveals interesting differences in organization and expression from the related P. falciparum var genes. The second largest gene family (smorf) in B. bovis was newly discovered and may itself be involved in persistence, highlighting the utility of this approach in gene discovery. Organization and structure of the B. bovis genome is most similar to that of Theileria, and despite common features in clinical outcome is limited to microregional similarity with P. falciparum. Comparative gene analysis identifies several previously unknown proteins as homologs of vaccine candidates in one or more of these parasites, and candidate genes whose expression might account for unique properties such as the ability of Theileria to reversibly transform leukocytes.
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Lau AOT, Tibbals DL, McElwain TF. Babesia bovis: The development of an expression oligonucleotide microarray. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:93-8. [PMID: 17442309 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The availability of a stage-specific Babesia bovis expression profile can facilitate the identification of candidate vaccine antigens. In addition, highly expressed genes during a particular developmental stage may suggest their relevance during that stage. In this study, we generated and validated a custom B. bovis high density oligonucleotide microarray that can be used to examine gene expression levels. An expression profile of in vitro cultured intraerythrocytic stage genes that could be distinguished from contaminating host message was established, and the expression levels of over 1000 genes were ranked. Ranking order was validated using quantitative real time PCR on a twelve randomly selected open reading frames whose expression levels range from the highest to the acceptable lowest. Expression of annotated ORFs was consistent with results from a recently published B. bovis expression sequence tag study. Therefore, we conclude that the microarray is suitable for analyzing B. bovis gene expression, and present the complete B. bovis infected erythrocyte expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey O T Lau
- Program in Microbial Genomics, Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States.
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Jongejan F, Nene V, de la Fuente J, Pain A, Willadsen P. Advances in the genomics of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:391-6. [PMID: 17656151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and the diseases for which they are vectors engage in complex interactions with their mammalian hosts. These interactions involve the developmental processes of tick and pathogen, and interplay between the defensive responses and counter responses of host, tick and pathogen. Understanding these interactions has long been an intractable problem, but progress is now being made thanks to the flood of genomic information on host, tick and pathogen, and the attendant, novel experimental tools that have been generated. Each advance reveals new levels of complexity, but there are encouraging signs that genomics is leading to novel means of parasite control.
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Jensen K, de Miranda Santos IKF, Glass EJ. Using genomic approaches to unravel livestock (host)-tick-pathogen interactions. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:439-44. [PMID: 17656152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a major constraint on livestock farming in many developing countries, which has a huge impact on their economies. Genomic information is becoming more abundant for many of the species involved, which if exploited successfully could be used to develop new control strategies. Here, we review the genomic resources that are now available and discuss how this information is currently being harnessed or can be used in the future to explore the complex interplay that occurs between livestock hosts, tick vectors and tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Jensen
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK.
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Nakamura K, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors block erythrocyte invasion and intraerythrocytic development of Babesia bovis in vitro. Parasitology 2007; 134:1347-53. [PMID: 17634158 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are essential for the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. A number of chemicals, which selectively inhibit the CDK activities, have been synthesized for the development of anti-cancer drugs. This report describes the inhibitory effect of purine derivatives known to be CDK inhibitors on the asexual growth of Babesia bovis. The 4 compounds, roscovitine, purvalanol A, CGP74514A, and CDK2 Inhibitor II, showed significantly suppressive effects on the in vitro growth of B. bovis. Three (roscovitine, purvalanol A, and CDK2 Inhibitor II) showed an inhibitory effect on the early stages of intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis. CGP74514A (CDK1-specific inhibitor) blocked the erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. Our data suggest the chemotherapeutic potential of the CDK inhibitors for babesiosis, and the target molecules of the compounds would participate in the process of successful erythrocyte invasion or intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Okamura M, Yokoyama N, Takabatake N, Okubo K, Ikehara Y, Igarashi I. Babesia bovis: Subcellular localization of host erythrocyte membrane components during their asexual growth. Exp Parasitol 2007; 116:91-4. [PMID: 17207481 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the subcellular localization of the host red blood cell (RBC) membrane components, the alpha2-3-linked sialic acid (SA) residues and the lipid bilayer, was observed during the asexual growth of Babesia bovis using two erythrocyte probes, the SA-specific lectin (MALII) and the lipophilic fluorescent (PKH2) probes, respectively. In confocal laser scanning microscopy with MALII, the SA residues on the surface of parasitized RBCs appeared to accumulate into the intracellular parasites as the parasites matured as well as to remain on the surface of extracellular parasites. Furthermore, when PKH2-labeled RBCs were infected with B. bovis, PKH2 signals were also observed around both the intracellular and the extracellular parasites, similarly to the results of MALII. These results indicated that the components derived from the host erythrocyte membrane are incorporated into the intracellular parasites during their asexual growth within the parasitized RBC, suggesting the possible formation of a parasitophorous vacuole-based network or a parasite surface coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Okamura
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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