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Azab AA, Yehia N, Makhareta M, Samir M, Shoukry A, Elhalem Mohamed AA, Alhag SK, Alwabli AS, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Soliman MA. Evaluation of inactivated avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus bivalent vaccination program against newly circulated H5N8 and NDV strains. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102952. [PMID: 37634266 PMCID: PMC10475511 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are respiratory illness syndromes that have recently been detected in vaccinated flocks and are causing major financial losses in the chicken farming industry. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine in protecting chickens against the H5N8 and NDV strains that have recently been circulating in comparison with the efficacy of the commercially available bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine. In contrast to the H5+ND7 vaccine, which was made of genetically distinct H5N8/2018 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype group (G5), H9N2/2016, H5N1/2017, and genetically comparable NDV genotype VII 1.1/2019 of the recently circulating challenge viruses, the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine consisted of the recently isolated (RG HPAI H5N1 AIV/2015 Clade 2.2.1.2, RG HPAIV H5N8/2020 Clade 2.3.4.4b genotype group 6 (G6), and NDV genotype VII 1.1/2012) which were genetically similar to challenged strains. To determine the effectiveness of the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine, a total of 70-day-old commercial chicks were divided into 7 groups of 10 birds each. Groups (G1 and G4) received Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine. Groups (G2 and G5) groups received commercial H5+ND7 vaccine. While groups (G3 and G6) were kept nonvaccinated, and group (G7) was kept as a nonchallenged and nonvaccinated. After 3-wk post vaccination (WPV), groups G1, G2, and G3 were challenged with A/Duck/ Egypt/SMG4/2019(H5N8) genotype G6. On the other hand, groups G4, G5, G6 were challenged with NDV/EGYPT/18629F/2018 genotype VII 1.1 with an intranasal injection of 0.1 mL. Antibody titer was calculated at the first 3 wk after vaccination, and the viral shedding titer was calculated at 3-, 5-, and 7-days post challenge. Mortality and morbidity rates were monitored daily during the experiment, and for the first 10 d after the challenge, to provide an estimate of the protection rate. The results showed that a single dosage of 0.5 mL per bird of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine provides 80% protection against both H5N8 and NDV, compared to the bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine, which provided 20 and 80% protection against H5N8 and NDV, respectively. In addition, 0.5 mL per bird of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine produced a greater immune response against both viruses than commercial vaccination at 1 to 3 WPV with a significant difference at 1 WPV for H5N8 and a comparatively higher immune response for NDV. Furthermore, it reduced virus shedding of H5N8 on the third, fifth, seventh, and tenth days lower than H5+ND7 vaccine with a significant difference on the third day for H5N8 and relatively lower than bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine for NDV with a significant difference on the fifth day. The Valley vaccinated group demonstrated more tissue intactness compared to the commercially vaccinated group against the H5N8 challenge, however the bivalent commercially vaccinated group showed the similar level of tissue integrity against NDV. In conclusion, Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 that contains the genetically similar strain to recently circulating challenged virus (H5N8 genotype G6) provided better protection with greater immune response and decreased the amount of virus shed against H5N8 genotype G6 and showed less histopathological alteration than the commercial bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine that contain genetically distinct (H5N8 genotype G5). However the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 provided the same protection with relatively high immune response and relatively decreased the amount of virus shed and showed equal tissue integrity than the commercial bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine against NDV genotype VII 1.1 that contain the same genotype of NDV genotype VII 1.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Azab
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Makhareta
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center, Abassia 131, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Shoukry
- Egyptian Company for Biological and Pharmaceutical Industry, Vaccine Valley, 6 October City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf S Alwabli
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed A Soliman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
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Arita T, Suzuki Y, Shimasaki N, Kobayashi H, Hasegawa H, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Nobusawa E. Identification of the properties of H5 influenza vaccine viruses with high hemagglutinin yields. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280811. [PMID: 36662890 PMCID: PMC9858889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Manufactured influenza vaccines have to contain a defined amount of hemagglutinin (HA) antigen. Therefore, vaccine viruses with a high HA antigen yield (HAY) are preferable for manufacturing vaccines, particularly vaccines in response to a pandemic, when vaccines need to be rapidly produced. However, the viral properties associated with a high HAY have not yet been fully clarified. To identify the HAY-associated traits, we first propagated 26 H5 candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) in eggs, which were previously developed based on genetic reassortment methods using master viruses, to determine their total protein yield (TPY), ratio of HA to total viral protein (%-HA content) and HAY. The results revealed that the HAY was correlated with the TPY but not with the %-HA content. We further found that altering the sequences of the 3' noncoding region of HA vRNA or replacing the master virus improved the HAYs and TPYs of the low-HAY CVVs to approximately double the values of the original CVVs but did not change the %-HA content, which a previous study suggested was associated with the HAY. Analyses based on real-time PCR assays and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the virus samples with an improved HAY contained more copies of the virus genome and viral particles than the original samples. The results suggest that an improvement in virus growth (i.e., an increase in the amount of viral particles) leads to an increase in the TPY and thus in the HAY, regardless of the %-HA content. The approximately twofold increase in the HAY shown in this study may not appear to represent a large improvement, but the impact will be significant given the millions of chicken eggs used to produce vaccines. These findings will be informative for developing high-HAY vaccine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Arita
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suzuki
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimasaki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Nobusawa
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Imai M, Takada K, Kawaoka Y. Receptor-Binding Specificity of Influenza Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:79-96. [PMID: 36175629 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection begins with the attachment of virus particles to sialic acid-containing receptors on the surface of host cells. This attachment is mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). Influenza A viruses have a wide host range, meaning they are able to infect many mammal and bird species. Influenza pandemics have been caused by viruses that contain genes from avian influenza viruses. Therefore, the infection of humans with avian influenza viruses, including avian H5Nx and H7Nx viruses, poses a huge threat to public health. These avian influenza viruses can transmit directly to humans from infected poultry, but do not spread easily among people, in part, due to differences in the receptor-binding specificities of human and avian influenza viruses. Therefore, conversion from avian- to human-type receptor-binding specificity is widely believed to be necessary for the efficient transmission of avian influenza viruses among humans. Accordingly, constant monitoring of the receptor-binding specificity of avian influenza viruses is important. In this chapter, we describe the protocol for assessing the receptor-binding specificity of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takada
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Liu Z, Geng X, Cui Z, Li W, Ou X, Liao G. Construction and identification of influenza plasmid pool imparting high yields to candidate vaccine viruses in Vero cell at low temperature. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11198-11210. [PMID: 32902192 PMCID: PMC7576294 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated plasmid pools for the rapid preparation of candidate vaccine strains, which could grow in the Vero cells at low temperature. Firstly, we cloned in the pHW2000 plasmid each of the eight gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, hemagglutinin [HA], neuraminidase [NA], NS, NP, M) of two master donor strains (MDS), respectively, A/Yunnan/1/2005Vca(H3N2) and B/Yunnan/2/2005Vca(By), which had Vca phenotype (cold‐adapted phenotype in Vero cells). Secondly, the similar operation was implemented with each of the HA, NA and NP segments of circulating strains with epidemic potential (parental strains). The virus rescue techniques were employed in this study, according to the homology rate of HA segments between MDS and parental strains. Then, we harvested amount of new Vca virus strains. By transmission electron microscope, it could observe new viruses' diameter and length were from 100 to 120 nm. Importantly, these reassortant viruses could get high‐yield production in Vero cells at 25℃ from the beginning to the fourth generation, which was significantly differ from their original parental viruses. Additional, these production 16 new Vca strains could maintain enough antibody binding capacity and attenuation phenotype, which consisted with their MDS. So these plasmid pools constructed by mount of different influenza A and B virus gene fragments could present desired working performance and provide convenience and realization for more Vca reassortant virus as candidate vaccine strain if needing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xingliang Geng
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhaohai Cui
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Weidong Li
- The Department of Production Administration, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xia Ou
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Gomaa MR, Khalil AA, Kandeil A, Sabir JSM, Kayed A, Moatasim Y, El Saied MF, El-Safty MM, Kayali G, Ali MA. Development of an effective contemporary trivalent avian influenza vaccine against circulating H5N1, H5N8, and H9N2 in Egypt. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6289-6295. [PMID: 31265106 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, and H5N8 circulate in Egyptian poultry and cause veterinary and public health burdens. In response, AIV vaccines are commonly used. The main objective of this study was to develop a broad, cross-protective, trivalent vaccine based on circulating AIVs in Egypt. We generated highly replicating avirulent AIVs, H5N1, and H5N8, to be used in combination with H9N2 strain for the generation of an inactivated vaccine. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this vaccine were tested. Results showed that a single immunization dose enhanced humoral immune responses giving full protection against challenges with LPAI H9N2, HPAI H5N1, and H5N8 viruses. This efficacious vaccine will reduce the cost of vaccination for poultry growers and is expected to be effective in the field as it is based on contemporary viruses currently in circulation among Egyptian poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Rizk Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Khalil
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abassia, Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology Research Group, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Marwa F El Saied
- Central laboratory for evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - Mounir M El-Safty
- Central laboratory for evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Human Link, Baabda 1109, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt.,Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Construction and comparison of different source neuraminidase candidate vaccine strains for human infection with Eurasian avian-like influenza H1N1 virus. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:635-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Ui H, Yamayoshi S, Uraki R, Kiso M, Oishi K, Murakami S, Mimori S, Kawaoka Y. Evaluation of seasonal influenza vaccines for H1N1pdm09 and type B viruses based on a replication-incompetent PB2-KO virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:1892-1897. [PMID: 28285982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the first line of protection against influenza virus infection in humans. Although inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines are available, each vaccine has drawbacks in terms of immunogenicity and safety. To overcome these issues, our group has developed a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus that replicates only in PB2-expressing cells. Here we generated PB2-KO viruses possessing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments from H1N1pdm09 or type B viruses and tested their vaccine potential. The two PB2-KO viruses propagated efficiently in PB2-expressing cells, and expressed chimeric HA as expected. Virus-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in mice immunized with the viruses, and the immunized mice showed milder clinical signs and/or lower virus replication levels in the respiratory tract upon virus challenge. Our results indicate that these PB2-KO viruses have potential as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ui
- Vaccine Research Department, Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Oishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Mimori
- Vaccine Research Department, Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Yamada H, Nagase S, Takahashi K, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Okamoto S. Toll-like receptor 9 ligand D-type oligodeoxynucleotide D35 as a broad inhibitor for influenza A virus replication that is associated with suppression of neuraminidase activity. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:81-92. [PMID: 26923882 PMCID: PMC7113795 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The most effective drugs available to treat influenza are neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, which provide important additional measures for the control of influenza virus infections. However, since the emergence of NA inhibitor-resistant viruses may compromise the clinical utility of this class of anti-influenza agents, it is very important to develop new anti-influenza agents which target a different region in NA responsible for its sensitivity from that for NA inhibitors and could be used to treat NA inhibitors-resistant isolates. The oligodeoxynucleotide D35, multimerized and aggregated, suppressed replication of influenza A viruses except A/WSN/33 (WSN). The suppressive viral replication by D35 depended on G-terad and multimer formation. The range of the suppressive viral replication at the late stage, including virus assembly and release from infected cells, was much larger than that at the initial stage, viral attachment and entry. D35 suppressed NA activity of influenza A viruses. Furthermore, replacing the NA gene of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8), in which viral replication was inhibited by D35 at the late stage, with the NA gene from WSN, in which viral replication was not inhibited, eliminated the D35-dependent suppression. D35 showed an additive anti-influenza effect with oseltamivir. It was also effective in vivo. These results suggest that the influenza virus NA mainly contributse to the D35-suppressible virus release from infected cells at the late stage. In addition, because administration of D35 into the virus-infected mice suppressed viral replication and weight loss, clinical application of D35 could be considered. The oligodeoxynucleotide D35 suppressed replication of some influenza A viruses. D35 inhibits viral replication at the late step which is dependent on NA activity. Antiviral mechanism by D35 is different from that by oseltamivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagase
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Generation of a reassortant avian influenza virus H5N2 vaccine strain capable of protecting chickens against infection with Egyptian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. Vaccine 2015; 34:218-224. [PMID: 26620838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza H5N1 viruses have been enzootic in Egyptian poultry since 2006. Avian influenza H9N2 viruses which have been circulating in Egyptian poultry since 2011 showed high replication rates in embryonated chicken eggs and mammalian cells. METHODS To investigate which gene segment was responsible for increasing replication, we constructed reassortant influenza viruses using the low pathogenic H1N1 PR8 virus as backbone and included individual genes from A/chicken/Egypt/S4456B/2011(H9N2) virus. Then, we invested this finding to improve a PR8-derived H5N1 influenza vaccine strain by incorporation of the NA segment of H9N2 virus instead of the NA of H5N1. The growth properties of this virus and several other forms of reassortant H5 viruses were compared. Finally, we tested the efficacy of this reassortant vaccine strain in chickens. RESULTS We observed an increase in replication for a reassortant virus expressing the neuraminidase gene (N2) of H9N2 virus relative to that of either parental viruses or reassortant PR8 viruses expressing other genes. Then, we generated an H5N2 vaccine strain based on the H5 from an Egyptian H5N1 virus and the N2 from an Egyptian H9N2 virus on a PR8 backbone. This strain had better replication rates than an H5N2 reassortant strain on an H9N2 backbone and an H5N1 reassortant on a PR8 backbone. This virus was then used to develop a killed, oil-emulsion vaccine and tested for efficacy against H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in chickens. Results showed that this vaccine was immunogenic and reduced mortality and shedding. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that an inactivated PR8-derived H5N2 influenza vaccine is efficacious in poultry against H5N1 and H9N2 viruses and the vaccine seed replicates at a high rate thus improving vaccine production.
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10
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Development of high-yield influenza A virus vaccine viruses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8148. [PMID: 26334134 PMCID: PMC4569720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent infection. Influenza vaccines propagated in cultured cells are approved for use in humans, but their yields are often suboptimal. Here, we screened A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus mutant libraries to develop vaccine backbones (defined here as the six viral RNA segments not encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that support high yield in cell culture. We also tested mutations in the coding and regulatory regions of the virus, and chimeric haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. A combination of high-yield mutations from these screens led to a PR8 backbone that improved the titres of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and H7N9 vaccine viruses in African green monkey kidney and Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. This PR8 backbone also improves titres in embryonated chicken eggs, a common propagation system for influenza viruses. This PR8 vaccine backbone thus represents an advance in seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine development. The availability of high-yield virus strains remains an important bottleneck in the rapid production of influenza vaccines. Here, the authors report the development of influenza A vaccine backbone that improves the virus yield of various seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine strains in cell culture.
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Johnson A, Chen LM, Winne E, Santana W, Metcalfe MG, Mateu-Petit G, Ridenour C, Hossain MJ, Villanueva J, Zaki SR, Williams TL, Cox NJ, Barr JR, Donis RO. Identification of Influenza A/PR/8/34 Donor Viruses Imparting High Hemagglutinin Yields to Candidate Vaccine Viruses in Eggs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128982. [PMID: 26068666 PMCID: PMC4465931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the important lessons learned from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is that a high yield influenza vaccine virus is essential for efficient and timely production of pandemic vaccines in eggs. The current seasonal and pre-pandemic vaccine viruses are generated either by classical reassortment or reverse genetics. Both approaches utilize a high growth virus, generally A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), as the donor of all or most of the internal genes, and the wild type virus recommended for inclusion in the vaccine to contribute the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes encoding the surface glycoproteins. As a result of extensive adaptation through sequential egg passaging, PR8 viruses with different gene sequences and high growth properties have been selected at different laboratories in past decades. The effect of these related but distinct internal PR8 genes on the growth of vaccine viruses in eggs has not been examined previously. Here, we use reverse genetics to analyze systematically the growth and HA antigen yield of reassortant viruses with 3 different PR8 backbones. A panel of 9 different HA/NA gene pairs in combination with each of the 3 different lineages of PR8 internal genes (27 reassortant viruses) was generated to evaluate their performance. Virus and HA yield assays showed that the PR8 internal genes influence HA yields in most subtypes. Although no single PR8 internal gene set outperformed the others in all candidate vaccine viruses, a combination of specific PR8 backbone with individual HA/NA pairs demonstrated improved HA yield and consequently the speed of vaccine production. These findings may be important both for production of seasonal vaccines and for a rapid global vaccine response during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Johnson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ROD); (LMC)
| | - Emily Winne
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wanda Santana
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maureen G. Metcalfe
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guaniri Mateu-Petit
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Callie Ridenour
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Jaber Hossain
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julie Villanueva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sherif R. Zaki
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tracie L. Williams
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John R. Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ROD); (LMC)
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12
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Ye J, Wen F, Xu Y, Zhao N, Long L, Sun H, Yang J, Cooley J, Todd Pharr G, Webby R, Wan XF. Error-prone pcr-based mutagenesis strategy for rapidly generating high-yield influenza vaccine candidates. Virology 2015; 482:234-43. [PMID: 25899178 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of influenza outbreaks. However, the manufacture of influenza vaccine requires a high-yield seed strain, and the conventional methods for generating such strains are time consuming. In this study, we developed a novel method to rapidly generate high-yield candidate vaccine strains by integrating error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis strategies, and reverse genetics. We used this method to generate seed strains for the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and produced six high-yield candidate strains. We used a mouse model to assess the efficacy of two of the six candidate strains as a vaccine seed virus: both strains provided complete protection in mice against lethal challenge, thus validating our method. Results confirmed that the efficacy of these candidate vaccine seed strains was not affected by the yield-optimization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Liping Long
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Hailiang Sun
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Jim Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - G Todd Pharr
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children׳s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.
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13
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Hu W, Zhang H, Han Q, Li L, Chen Y, Xia N, Chen Z, Shu Y, Xu K, Sun B. A Vero-cell-adapted vaccine donor strain of influenza A virus generated by serial passages. Vaccine 2015; 33:374-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Pan W, Dong Z, Meng W, Zhang W, Li T, Li C, Zhang B, Chen L. Improvement of influenza vaccine strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) growth with the neuraminidase packaging sequence from A/Puerto Rico/8/34. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 8:252-9. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.18468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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15
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Yamada H, Nagao C, Haredy AM, Mori Y, Mizuguchi K, Yamanishi K, Okamoto S. Dextran sulfate-resistant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 influenza virus is associated with the emergence of specific mutations in the neuraminidase glycoprotein. Antiviral Res 2014; 111:69-77. [PMID: 25234090 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dextran sulfate (DS) is a negatively charged sulfated polysaccharide that suppresses the replication of influenza A viruses. The suppression was thought to be associated with inhibition of the hemagglutinin-dependent fusion activity. However, we previously showed that suppression by DS was observed not only at the initial stage of viral infection, but also later when virus is released from infected cells due to inhibition of neuraminidase (NA) activity. In the present study, we isolated DS-resistant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) influenza viruses and analyzed the inhibition by DS. We found six mutations in NA genes of five independent resistant PR8 viruses and each resistant NA gene had two mutations. All mutations were from basic to acidic or neutral amino acids. In addition, R430L, K432E or K435E in the 430-435 region was a common mutation in all resistant NA genes. To determine which amino acid(s) are responsible for this resistance, a panel of recombinant viruses containing a PR8 and A/WSN/33(WSN) chimeric NA gene or an NA gene with different mutation(s) was generated using reverse genetics. Using recombinant viruses containing a PR8/WSN chimeric NA, we showed that one third of the C-terminal region of PR8 NA was responsible for DS-sensitivity. Recombinant viruses with a single mutation in NA replicated better than wild-type PR8 in the presence of DS, but were still DS-sensitive. However, replication of recombinant viruses with double mutations from the resistant viruses was not affected by the presence or absence of DS. In addition, resistant recombinant viruses were found to be sensitive to the NA inhibitor, oseltamivir and the oseltamivir-resistant recombinant virus was sensitive to DS. These results suggested that DS is an NA inhibitor with a different mechanism of action from the currently used NA inhibitors and that DS could be used in combination with these inhibitors to treat influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chioko Nagao
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ahmad M Haredy
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamanishi
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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Harvey R, Johnson RE, MacLellan-Gibson K, Robertson JS, Engelhardt OG. A promoter mutation in the haemagglutinin segment of influenza A virus generates an effective candidate live attenuated vaccine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:605-12. [PMID: 25087607 PMCID: PMC4262274 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Annual seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines need to be produced in a very tight time frame. Haemagglutinin (HA) is the major immunogenic component of influenza vaccines, and there is a lot of interest in improving candidate vaccine viruses. Objectives It has been shown elsewhere that mutations introduced in the non-coding region of influenza genome segments can upregulate protein expression. Our objective was to assess a virus based on the laboratory strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8) containing a modified 3′ non-coding region of RNA segment 4 (haemagglutinin). Methods NIBRG-93 was generated using reverse genetics. HA protein expression and growth properties were assessed. The virus phenotype suggested that it could be a candidate for use as a live attenuated vaccine, so in vivo studies were performed to assess its suitability. Results NIBRG-93 virus has enhanced haemagglutinin production and is significantly attenuated. Electron microscopy (EM) shows that the modified virus produces a large proportion of ‘virus-like particles’ that consist of budded cell membrane covered in HA but lacking M1 protein. The virus was shown to be attenuated in mice and offered complete protection against lethal challenge. Conclusions We demonstrate that NIBRG-93 is an effective live attenuated vaccine virus protecting mice against lethal challenge and reducing virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
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Fonseca W, Ozawa M, Hatta M, Orozco E, Martínez MB, Kawaoka Y. A recombinant influenza virus vaccine expressing the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1067-77. [PMID: 24292020 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) rank high among the most common human respiratory diseases worldwide. Previously, we developed a replication-incompetent influenza virus by replacing the coding sequence of the PB2 gene, which encodes one of the viral RNA polymerase subunits, with that of a reporter gene. Here, we generated a PB2-knockout recombinant influenza virus expressing the F protein of RSV (PB2-RSVF virus) and tested its potential as a bivalent vaccine. In mice intranasally immunized with the PB2-RSVF virus, we detected high levels of antibodies against influenza virus, but not RSV. PB2-RSVF virus-immunized mice were protected from a lethal challenge with influenza virus but experienced severe body weight loss when challenged with RSV, indicating that PB2-RSVF vaccination enhanced RSV-associated disease. These results highlight one of the difficulties of developing an effective bivalent vaccine against influenza virus and RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico
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18
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Ramanunninair M, Le J, Onodera S, Fulvini AA, Pokorny BA, Silverman J, Devis R, Arroyo JM, He Y, Boyne A, Bera J, Halpin R, Hine E, Spiro DJ, Bucher D. Molecular signature of high yield (growth) influenza a virus reassortants prepared as candidate vaccine seeds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65955. [PMID: 23776579 PMCID: PMC3679156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human influenza virus isolates generally grow poorly in embryonated chicken eggs. Hence, gene reassortment of influenza A wild type (wt) viruses is performed with a highly egg adapted donor virus, A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), to provide the high yield reassortant (HYR) viral ‘seeds’ for vaccine production. HYR must contain the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of wt virus and one to six ‘internal’ genes from PR8. Most studies of influenza wt and HYRs have focused on the HA gene. The main objective of this study is the identification of the molecular signature in all eight gene segments of influenza A HYR candidate vaccine seeds associated with high growth in ovo. Methodology The genomes of 14 wt parental viruses, 23 HYRs (5 H1N1; 2, 1976 H1N1-SOIV; 2, 2009 H1N1pdm; 2 H2N2 and 12 H3N2) and PR8 were sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing pipeline with big dye terminator chemistry. Results Silent and coding mutations were found in all internal genes derived from PR8 with the exception of the M gene. The M gene derived from PR8 was invariant in all 23 HYRs underlining the critical role of PR8 M in high yield phenotype. None of the wt virus derived internal genes had any silent change(s) except the PB1 gene in X-157. The highest number of recurrent silent and coding mutations was found in NS. With respect to the surface antigens, the majority of HYRs had coding mutations in HA; only 2 HYRs had coding mutations in NA. Significance In the era of application of reverse genetics to alter influenza A virus genomes, the mutations identified in the HYR gene segments associated with high growth in ovo may be of great practical benefit to modify PR8 and/or wt virus gene sequences for improved growth of vaccine ‘seed’ viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Ramanunninair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Shiroh Onodera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Fulvini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Pokorny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeanmarie Silverman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Rene Devis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Arroyo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Boyne
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jayati Bera
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Halpin
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erin Hine
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Spiro
- Influenza, SARS and Related Viral Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Doris Bucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Song MS, Baek YH, Pascua PNQ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Lim GJ, Choi YK. Establishment of Vero cell RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics for Influenza A virus and its application for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus vaccine production. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1230-1235. [PMID: 23486669 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant threat of newly emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential requires the need for prompt vaccine production. Here, we utilized the Vero cell polymerase I (PolI) promoter, rather than the commonly used human PolI promoter, in an established reverse-genetics system to rescue viable influenza viruses in Vero cells, an approved cell line for human vaccine production. The Vero PolI promoter was more efficient in Vero cells and demonstrated enhanced transcription levels and virus rescue rates commensurate with that of the human RNA PolI promoter in 293T cells. These results appeared to be associated with more efficient generation of A(H1N1)pdm09- and H5N1-derived vaccine seed viruses in Vero cells, whilst the rescue rates in 293T cells were comparable. Our study provides an alternative means for improving vaccine preparation by using a novel reverse-genetics system for generating influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo-Jin Lim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Yamada H, Moriishi E, Haredy AM, Takenaka N, Mori Y, Yamanishi K, Okamoto S. Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to the dextran sulfate-dependent suppressive replication of some influenza A virus strains. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:344-52. [PMID: 23022352 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dextran sulfate (DS), a negatively charged, sulfated polysaccharide, suppresses the replication of an influenza A virus strain, and this suppression is associated with inhibition of the hemagglutinin (HA)-dependent fusion activity. However, it remains unknown whether the replication of all or just some influenza A virus strains is suppressed by DS, or whether HA is the only target for the replication suppression. In the present study, we found that DS inhibited the replication of some, but not all influenza A virus strains. The suppression in the DS-sensitive strains was dose-dependent and neutralized by diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DD), which has a positive charge. The suppression by DS was observed not only at the initial stage of viral infection, which includes viral attachment and entry, but also at the late stage, which includes virus assembly and release from infected cells. Electron microscopy revealed that the DS induced viral aggregation at the cell surface. The neuraminidase (NA) activity of the strains whose viral replication was inhibited at the late stage was also more suppressed by DS than that of the strains whose replication was not inhibited, and this inhibition of NA activity was also neutralized by adding positively charged DD. Furthermore, we found that replacing the NA gene of a strain in which viral replication was inhibited by DS at the late stage with the NA gene from a strain in which viral replication was not inhibited, eliminated the DS-dependent suppression. These results suggest that the influenza virus NA contributes to the DS-suppressible virus release from infected cells at the late stage, and the suppression may involve the inhibition of NA activity by DS's negative charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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Katsura H, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Fukuyama S, Watanabe S, Sakabe S, Hatta Y, Murakami S, Shimojima M, Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. A replication-incompetent virus possessing an uncleavable hemagglutinin as an influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:6027-33. [PMID: 22867723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective measures to protect against influenza virus infection. Inactivated and live-attenuated influenza vaccines are available; however, their efficacy is suboptimal. To develop a safe and more immunogenic vaccine, we produced a novel replication-incompetent influenza virus that possesses uncleavable hemagglutinin (HA) and tested its vaccine potential. The uncleavable HA was engineered by substituting the arginine at the C-terminus of HA1 with threonine, which prevents cleavage of HA into its HA1 and HA2 subunits, preventing fusion between the host and viral membranes. Although this fusion-deficient HA influenza virus that possesses uncleavable HA (uncleavable HA virus) could undergo multiple cycles of replication in only wild-type HA-expressing cells, it could infect normal cells and express viral proteins in infected cells, but could not generate infectious virus from infected cells due to the uncleavable HA. When C57BL/6 mice were intranasally immunized with the uncleavable HA virus, influenza-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in nasal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage samples and in serum. In addition, influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells accumulated in the lungs of these mice. Moreover, mice immunized with the uncleavable HA virus were protected against a challenge of lethal doses of influenza virus, unlike mice immunized with a formalin-inactivated virus. These findings demonstrate that this fusion-deficient virus, which possesses uncleavable HA, is a suitable influenza vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Katsura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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22
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Johnson RE, Hamill M, Harvey R, Nicolson C, Robertson JS, Engelhardt OG. Permissible variation in the 3' non-coding region of the haemagglutinin genome segment of the H5N1 candidate influenza vaccine virus NIBRG-14 [corrected]. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36241. [PMID: 22606247 PMCID: PMC3350513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The candidate H5N1 vaccine virus NIBRG-14 was created in response to a call from the World Health Organisation in 2004 to prepare candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) to combat the threat of an H5N1 pandemic. NIBRG-14 was created by reverse genetics and is composed of the neuraminidase (NA) and modified haemagglutinin (HA) genes from A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and the internal genes of PR8, a high growing laboratory adapted influenza A(H1N1) strain. Due to time constraints, the non-coding regions (NCRs) of A/Vietnam/1194/2004 HA were not determined prior to creating NIBRG-14. Consequently, the sequence of the primers used to clone the modified A/Vietnam/1194/2004 HA was based upon previous experience of cloning H5N1 viruses. We report here that the HA 3′ NCR sequence of NIBRG-14 is different to that of the parental wild type virus A/Vietnam/1194/2004; however this does not appear to impact on its growth or antigen yield. We introduced additional small changes into the 3′NCR of NIBRG-14; these had only minor effects on viral growth and antigen content. These findings may serve to assure the influenza vaccine community that generation of CVVs using best-guess NCR sequences, based on sequence alignments, are likely to produce robust viruses.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chick Embryo
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Dogs
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Virus Cultivation
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Johnson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Hamill
- BioStatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Nicolson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Robertson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Zhou F, Zhou J, Ma L, Song S, Zhang X, Li W, Jiang S, Wang Y, Liao G. High-yield production of a stable Vero cell-based vaccine candidate against the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:850-4. [PMID: 22554519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses pose a global pandemic threat, for which rapid large-scale vaccine production technology is critical for prevention and control. Because chickens are highly susceptible to HPAI viruses, the supply of chicken embryos for vaccine production might be depleted during a virus outbreak. Therefore, developing HPAI virus vaccines using other technologies is critical. Meeting vaccine demand using the Vero cell-based fermentation process has been hindered by low stability and yield. In this study, a Vero cell-based HPAI H5N1 vaccine candidate (H5N1/YNVa) with stable high yield was achieved by reassortment of the Vero-adapted (Va) high growth A/Yunnan/1/2005(H3N2) (YNVa) virus with the A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) attenuated influenza vaccine strain (H5N1delta) using the 6/2 method. The reassorted H5N1/YNVa vaccine maintained a high hemagglutination (HA) titer of 1024. Furthermore, H5N1/YNVa displayed low pathogenicity and uniform immunogenicity compared to that of the parent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangye Zhou
- No. 5, Department of Bioproducts, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Pecking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Avenue 935, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650102, People's Republic of China
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24
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Enhanced growth of influenza vaccine seed viruses in vero cells mediated by broadening the optimal pH range for virus membrane fusion. J Virol 2011; 86:1405-10. [PMID: 22090129 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06009-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective preventive measures to combat influenza. Prospectively, cell culture-based influenza vaccines play an important role for robust vaccine production in both normal settings and urgent situations, such as during the 2009 pandemic. African green monkey Vero cells are recommended by the World Health Organization as a safe substrate for influenza vaccine production for human use. However, the growth of influenza vaccine seed viruses is occasionally suboptimal in Vero cells, which places limitations on their usefulness for enhanced vaccine production. Here, we present a strategy for the development of vaccine seed viruses with enhanced growth in Vero cells by changing an amino acid residue in the stem region of the HA2 subunit of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. This mutation optimized the pH for HA-mediated membrane fusion in Vero cells and enhanced virus growth 100 to 1,000 times in the cell line, providing a promising strategy for cell culture-based influenza vaccines.
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25
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Tseng YF, Hu AYC, Huang ML, Yeh WZ, Weng TC, Chen YS, Chong P, Lee MS. Adaptation of high-growth influenza H5N1 vaccine virus in Vero cells: implications for pandemic preparedness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24057. [PMID: 22022351 PMCID: PMC3192705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current egg-based influenza vaccine production technology can't promptly meet the global demand during an influenza pandemic as shown in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Moreover, its manufacturing capacity would be vulnerable during pandemics caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Therefore, vaccine production using mammalian cell technology is becoming attractive. Current influenza H5N1 vaccine strain (NIBRG-14), a reassortant virus between A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus and egg-adapted high-growth A/PR/8/1934 virus, could grow efficiently in eggs and MDCK cells but not Vero cells which is the most popular cell line for manufacturing human vaccines. After serial passages and plaque purifications of the NIBRG-14 vaccine virus in Vero cells, one high-growth virus strain (Vero-15) was generated and can grow over 108 TCID50/ml. In conclusion, one high-growth H5N1 vaccine virus was generated in Vero cells, which can be used to manufacture influenza H5N1 vaccines and prepare reassortant vaccine viruses for other influenza A subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens/virology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disaster Planning
- Dogs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Tseng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Liang Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhou Yeh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuan Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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26
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Girard MP, Katz JM, Pervikov Y, Hombach J, Tam JS. Report of the 7th meeting on Evaluation of Pandemic Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials, World Health Organization, Geneva, 17–18 February 2011. Vaccine 2011; 29:7579-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Ozawa M, Victor ST, Taft AS, Yamada S, Li C, Hatta M, Das SC, Takashita E, Kakugawa S, Maher EA, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Replication-incompetent influenza A viruses that stably express a foreign gene. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2879-2888. [PMID: 21880840 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A biologically contained influenza A virus that stably expresses a foreign gene can be effectively traced, used to generate a novel multivalent vaccine and have its replication easily assessed, all while satisfying safety concerns regarding pathogenicity or reversion. This study generated a PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus that harboured the GFP reporter gene in the coding region of its PB2 viral RNA (vRNA). Replication of the PB2-KO virus was restricted to a cell line stably expressing the PB2 protein. The GFP gene-encoding PB2 vRNA was stably incorporated into progeny viruses during replication in PB2-expressing cells. The GFP gene was expressed in virus-infected cells with no evidence of recombination between the recombinant PB2 vRNA and the PB2 protein mRNA. Furthermore, other reporter genes and the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of different virus strains were accommodated by the PB2-KO virus. Finally, the PB2-KO virus was used to establish an improved assay to screen neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses by using reporter gene expression as an indicator of virus infection rather than by observing cytopathic effect. These results indicate that the PB2-KO virus has the potential to be a valuable tool for basic and applied influenza virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ozawa
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sylvia T Victor
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew S Taft
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Masato Hatta
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Subash C Das
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emi Takashita
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakugawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eileen A Maher
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Zhang W, Xue T, Wu X, Zhang P, Zhao G, Peng D, Hu S, Wang X, Liu X, Liu W, Liu X. Increase in viral yield in eggs and MDCK cells of reassortant H5N1 vaccine candidate viruses caused by insertion of 38 amino acids into the NA stalk. Vaccine 2011; 29:8032-41. [PMID: 21864614 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses has spread to over 63 countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa and has become endemic in poultry. Since 2004, vaccination against H5N1 influenza has become common in domestic poultry operations in China. Most influenza vaccines have been produced in embryonated chicken eggs. High yield is the essential feature of a good vaccine candidate virus. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the large-scale manufacture of such a vaccine requires that the viral yield of H5N1 reassortant vaccine viruses in eggs and MDCK cells be increased. METHODS We generated two sets of reassortant H5N1 viruses based on backbone viruses A/Chicken/F/98 (H9N2) and A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) using reverse genetics. The HAs and NAs of the reassortants were derived from the three epidemic H5N1 strains found in China. We compared the replication properties of these recombinant H5N1 viruses in embryonated chicken eggs and MDCK cells after inserting either 20 or 38 amino acids into their NA stalks. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that inserting 38 amino acids into the NA stalks can significantly increase the viral yield of H5N1 reassortant viruses in both embryonated chicken eggs and MDCK cells, while inserting only 20 amino acids into the same NA stalks does not. Hemagglutinin inhibition testing and protection assays indicated that recombinant H5N1 viruses with 38 aa inserted into their NA stalks had the same antigenicity as the viruses with wt-NA. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the generation of an H5N1 recombinant vaccine seed by the insertion of 38 aa into the NA stalk may be a suitable and more economical strategy for the increase in viral yield in both eggs and MDCK cells for the purposes of vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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29
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Abt M, de Jonge J, Laue M, Wolff T. Improvement of H5N1 influenza vaccine viruses: influence of internal gene segments of avian and human origin on production and hemagglutinin content. Vaccine 2011; 29:5153-62. [PMID: 21624413 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The H5N1-clade 1 influenza vaccine strain NIBRG-14 produces exceptionally low amounts of antigen, a problem recently encountered also for initial pandemic H1N1-2009 vaccine seeds. Here, we report on a strategy that may contribute to overcome this obstacle. Influenza vaccine viruses usually consist of two segments coding for the antigenic HA and NA proteins of a wild-type strain and the six residual internal gene segments of the vaccine donor strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8). To enhance the antigen yield from H5N1 vaccine virus we generated by reverse genetics a set of PR8-based reassortant viruses expressing the HA and NA segments of the prototypic strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and additional replacements of the internal M or PB1 genes of PR8. The reassortants were compared to the parental PR8 and H5N1 viruses in terms of growth in embryonated chicken eggs and the amount of incorporated antigenic HA protein. Compared to NIBRG-14, three out of six viruses displayed an increased replication in embryonated chicken eggs and higher HA content that was also maintained after ether/detergent extraction of virions. Electron microscopic analysis showed that the reassortment hardly affected particle shape and size. Two selected H5N1 reassortant viruses were investigated concerning their pathogenicity in ferrets and found to behave as low pathogenic as the PR8 donor strain. In conclusion, this study shows that replication and antigen content of PR8-derived H5N1 influenza vaccine viruses can be improved by incorporation of heterologous internal gene segments without compromising their attenuated character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Abt
- Division of Influenza/Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Improvement of the H5N1 influenza virus vaccine strain to decrease the pathogenicity in chicken embryos. Arch Virol 2011; 156:557-63. [PMID: 21203786 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza vaccine strain A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/2004 (H5N1) (Vac-1) was found to be pathogenic in chicken embryos (CEs). In order to decrease the pathogenicity of Vac-1 in CEs, a series of reassortant viruses was generated between Vac-1 and A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8), and their pathogenicity and growth potential were compared in CEs. The results indicated that either the PB1 or PA protein was responsible for the pathogenicity of Vac-1 in CEs. The HA titers of the allantoic fluids of CEs inoculated with the recombinant H5N1 viruses, of which pathogenicity was lower than that of the recombinant Vac-1 prepared by reverse genetics in CEs, were equivalent to those of CEs inoculated with the recombinant Vac-1. One of the reassortant viruses, rg-PR8-PA/Vac-1 (H5N1), in which the PA gene was replaced with the corresponding gene of PR8, yielded allantoic fluids with the same HA titer as that of Vac-1, indicating that this reassortant should be a good candidate as an improved vaccine strain.
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31
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Robertson JS, Nicolson C, Harvey R, Johnson R, Major D, Guilfoyle K, Roseby S, Newman R, Collin R, Wallis C, Engelhardt OG, Wood JM, Le J, Manojkumar R, Pokorny BA, Silverman J, Devis R, Bucher D, Verity E, Agius C, Camuglia S, Ong C, Rockman S, Curtis A, Schoofs P, Zoueva O, Xie H, Li X, Lin Z, Ye Z, Chen LM, O'Neill E, Balish A, Lipatov AS, Guo Z, Isakova I, Davis CT, Rivailler P, Gustin KM, Belser JA, Maines TR, Tumpey TM, Xu X, Katz JM, Klimov A, Cox NJ, Donis RO. The development of vaccine viruses against pandemic A(H1N1) influenza. Vaccine 2011; 29:1836-43. [PMID: 21199698 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Wild type human influenza viruses do not usually grow well in embryonated hens' eggs, the substrate of choice for the production of inactivated influenza vaccine, and vaccine viruses need to be developed specifically for this purpose. In the event of a pandemic of influenza, vaccine viruses need to be created with utmost speed. At the onset of the current A(H1N1) pandemic in April 2009, a network of laboratories began a race against time to develop suitable candidate vaccine viruses. Two approaches were followed, the classical reassortment approach and the more recent reverse genetics approach. This report describes the development and the characteristics of current pandemic H1N1 candidate vaccine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Robertson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK.
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32
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Harvey R, Nicolson C, Johnson RE, Guilfoyle KA, Major DL, Robertson JS, Engelhardt OG. Improved haemagglutinin antigen content in H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses with chimeric haemagglutinin molecules. Vaccine 2010; 28:8008-14. [PMID: 20934460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The candidate vaccine virus NIBRG-14 was derived by reverse genetics and comprises the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes derived from the clade 1 virus A/Viet Nam/1194/2004 on an A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) backbone. The HA gene was modified to remove the multibasic cleavage site motif associated with high pathogenicity. Reports from manufacturers, confirmed by data generated in this laboratory, have shown that this virus yields a low amount of HA antigen. We have generated a panel of new viruses using reverse genetics in which each virus consists of the PR8 backbone, the NA gene from A/Viet Nam/1194/2004 and a chimeric HA gene with sequences from both PR8 and A/Viet Nam/1194/2004. Here we show that a number of these viruses have improved HA antigen content and yield and are therefore better candidate vaccine viruses for use in production of H5N1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harvey
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
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33
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Keawcharoen J, Spronken MIJ, Vuong O, Bestebroer TM, Munster VJ, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RAM. Repository of Eurasian influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase reverse genetics vectors and recombinant viruses. Vaccine 2010; 28:5803-9. [PMID: 20600474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics can be used to produce recombinant influenza A viruses containing virtually every desired combination of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes using the virus backbone of choice. Here, a repository of plasmids and recombinant viruses representing all contemporary Eurasian HA and NA subtypes, H1-H16 and N1-N9, was established. HA and NA genes were selected based on sequence analyses of influenza virus genes available from public databases. Prototype Eurasian HA and NA genes were cloned in bidirectional reverse genetics plasmids. Recombinant viruses based on the virus backbone of A/PR/8/34, and containing a variety of HA and NA genes were produced in 293T cells. Virus stocks were produced in MDCK cells and embryonated chicken eggs. These plasmids and viruses may be useful for numerous purposes, including influenza virus research projects, vaccination studies, and to serve as reference reagents in diagnostic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keawcharoen
- National Influenza Centre and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Hartgroves L, Koudstaal W, McLeod C, Moncorgé O, Thompson C, Ellis J, Bull C, Havenga M, Goudsmit J, Barclay W. Rapid generation of a well-matched vaccine seed from a modern influenza A virus primary isolate without recourse to eggs. Vaccine 2010; 28:2973-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Robertson JS, Engelhardt OG. Developing vaccines to combat pandemic influenza. Viruses 2010; 2:532-546. [PMID: 21994647 PMCID: PMC3185603 DOI: 10.3390/v2020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccine manufacturers require antigenically relevant vaccine viruses that have good manufacturing properties and are safe to use. In developing pandemic vaccine viruses, reverse genetics has been employed as a rational approach that can also be used effectively to attenuate the highly virulent H5N1 virus and at the same time place the H5 HA and N1 NA on a background of PR8, a virus that has been used over many decades to provide high yielding vaccine viruses. Reverse genetics has also been used successfully alongside classical reassorting techniques in the development of (swine flu) pandemic A(H1N1)v vaccine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Robertson
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-1707-641304; Fax: +44-1707-641050
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36
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Optimizing viral protein yield of influenza virus strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004 by modification of the neuraminidase gene. J Virol 2009; 83:4023-9. [PMID: 19224999 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02391-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of high-yield prepandemic influenza virus H5N1 strains has presented a challenge to both researchers and vaccine manufacturers. The reasons for the relatively low yield of the H5N1 strains are not fully understood, but it might be partially dependent on the interactions between the hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoprotein and other influenza virus proteins. In this study, we have constructed chimeras between the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) NA gene and the A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (VN1203) NA gene that have resulted in an increase in the virus yield of the reassortant viruses without a significant loss of NA activity. By combining the amino terminus of NA from the PR8 strain with the carboxy terminus of NA from VN1203, the surface epitopes unique to the H5N1 VN1203 NA glycoprotein are maintained. This reassortant virus had a higher titer and total protein yield in eggs, grew to a higher titer, produced large plaques on MDCK cells, and retained NA activity. This work describes a novel recombinant technique designed to increase the yields of vaccine candidates for the production of pandemic influenza virus vaccines. The relationship between the infectivity and protein yield of the reassortants also is discussed.
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Abstract
Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections (including those of the H5N1 subtype) in poultry and in humans (through contact with infected birds) have raised concerns that a new influenza pandemic will soon occur. Effective vaccines against H5N1 virus are therefore urgently needed. Reverse genetics-based inactivated vaccines have been prepared according to WHO recommendations and licensed in several countries following their assessment in clinical trials. However, the effectiveness of these vaccines in a pandemic is not guaranteed. We must therefore continue to develop alternative pandemic vaccine strategies. Here, we review the current strategies for the development of H5N1 influenza vaccines, as well as some future directions for vaccine development.
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38
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Harvey R, Wheeler JX, Wallis CL, Robertson JS, Engelhardt OG. Quantitation of haemagglutinin in H5N1 influenza viruses reveals low haemagglutinin content of vaccine virus NIBRG-14 (H5N1). Vaccine 2008; 26:6550-4. [PMID: 18840494 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harvey
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
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39
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Hu AYC, Weng TC, Tseng YF, Chen YS, Wu CH, Hsiao S, Chou AH, Chao HJ, Gu A, Wu SC, Chong P, Lee MS. Microcarrier-based MDCK cell culture system for the production of influenza H5N1 vaccines. Vaccine 2008; 26:5736-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Murakami S, Iwasa A, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Ito M, Kiso M, Kida H, Takada A, Nidom CA, Mai LQ, Yamada S, Imai H, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Kawaoka Y, Horimoto T. Cross-clade protective immunity of H5N1 influenza vaccines in a mouse model. Vaccine 2008; 26:6398-404. [PMID: 18804131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses evolved into several clades, leading to appreciably distinct antigenicities of their hemagglutinins. As such, candidate H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccines for human use should be sought. Here, to evaluate fundamental immunogenic variations between H5N1 vaccines, we prepared four inactivated H5N1 test vaccines from different phylogenetic clades (clade 1, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.4) in accordance with the WHO recommendation, and tested their cross-clade immunity in a mouse model by vaccination followed by challenge with heterologous virulent viruses. All H5N1 vaccines tested provided full or partial cross-clade protective immunity, except one clade 2.2-based vaccine, which did not protect mice from clade 2.3.4 virus challenge. Among the test vaccines, a clade 2.1-based vaccine possessed the broadest-spectrum cross-immunity. These results suggest that currently stockpiled pre-pandemic vaccines, especially clade 2.1-based vaccines, will likely be useful as backup vaccines in a pandemic situation, even one involving antigenic-drifted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Murakami
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
H5N1 influenza A viruses are exacting a growing human toll, with more than 240 fatal cases to date. In the event of an influenza pandemic caused by these viruses, embryonated chicken eggs, which are the approved substrate for human inactivated-vaccine production, will likely be in short supply because chickens will be killed by these viruses or culled to limit the worldwide spread of the infection. The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line is a promising alternative candidate substrate because it supports efficient growth of influenza viruses compared to other cell lines. Here, we addressed the molecular determinants for growth of an H5N1 vaccine seed virus in MDCK cells, revealing the critical responsibility of the Tyr residue at position 360 of PB2, the considerable requirement for functional balance between hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and the partial responsibility of the Glu residue at position 55 of NS1. Based on these findings, we produced a PR8/H5N1 reassortant, optimized for this cell line, that derives all of its genes for its internal proteins from the PR8(UW) strain except for the NS gene, which derives from the PR8(Cambridge) strain; its N1 NA gene, which has a long stalk and derives from an early H5N1 strain; and its HA gene, which has an avirulent-type cleavage site sequence and is derived from a circulating H5N1 virus. Our findings demonstrate the importance and feasibility of a cell culture-based approach to producing seed viruses for inactivated H5N1 vaccines that grow robustly and in a timely, cost-efficient manner as an alternative to egg-based vaccine production.
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Animal health and welfare aspects of avian influenza and the risk of its introduction into the EU poultry holdings - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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MDCK-SIAT1 cells show improved isolation rates for recent human influenza viruses compared to conventional MDCK cells. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2189-94. [PMID: 18480230 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00398-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to isolate and propagate influenza virus is an essential tool for the yearly surveillance of circulating virus strains and to ensure accurate clinical diagnosis for appropriate treatment. The suitability of MDCK-SIAT1 cells, engineered to express increased levels of alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, as an alternative to conventional MDCK cells for isolation of circulating influenza virus was assessed. A greater number of influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B viruses from stored human clinical specimens collected between 2005 and 2007 were isolated following inoculation in MDCK-SIAT1 cells than in MDCK cells. In addition, a higher titer of virus was recovered following culture in MDCK-SIAT1 cells. All A(H1N1) viruses recovered from MDCK-SIAT1 cells were able to agglutinate both turkey and guinea pig red blood cells (RBC), while half of the A(H3N2) viruses recovered after passage in MDCK-SIAT1 cells lost the ability to agglutinate turkey RBC. Importantly, the HA-1 domain of the hemagglutinin gene was genetically stable after passaging in MDCK-SIAT1 cells, a feature not always seen following MDCK cell or embryonated chicken egg passage of human influenza virus. These data indicate that the MDCK-SIAT1 cell line is superior to conventional MDCK cells for isolation of human influenza virus from clinical specimens and may be used routinely for the isolation and propagation of current human influenza viruses for surveillance, diagnostic, and research purposes.
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Establishment of canine RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics for influenza A virus: its application for H5N1 vaccine production. J Virol 2007; 82:1605-9. [PMID: 18045936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01876-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the event of a new influenza pandemic, vaccines whose antigenicities match those of circulating strains must be rapidly produced. Here, we established an alternative reverse genetics system for influenza virus using the canine polymerase I (PolI) promoter sequence that works efficiently in the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line, a cell line approved for human vaccine production. Using this system, we were able to generate H5N1 vaccine seed viruses more efficiently than can be achieved with the current system that uses the human PolI promoter in African green monkey Vero cells, thus improving pandemic vaccine production.
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