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Mandal S, Sunagawa SW, Prathipati PK, Belshan M, Shibata A, Destache CJ. Targeted Immuno-Antiretroviral to Promote Dual Protection against HIV: A Proof-of-Concept Study. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111942. [PMID: 35683795 PMCID: PMC9183115 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The C-C motif chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) expression on the T-cell surface is the prime barrier to HIV/AIDS eradication, as it promotes both active human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection and latency; however, antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress plasma viral loads to non-detectable levels. Keeping this in mind, we strategically designed a targeted ARVs-loaded nanoformulation that targets CCR5 expressing T-cells (e.g., CD4+ cells). Conceptually, CCR5-blocking and targeted ARV delivery would be a dual protection strategy to prevent HIV infection. For targeting CCR5+ T-cells, the nanoformulation was surface conjugated with anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (CCR5 mAb) and loaded with dolutegravir+tenofovir alafenamide (D+T) ARVs to block HIV replication. The result demonstrated that the targeted-ARV nanoparticle’s multimeric CCR5 binding property improved its antigen-binding affinity, prolonged receptor binding, and ARV intracellular retention. Further, nanoformulation demonstrated high binding affinity to CCR5 expressing CD4+ cells, monocytes, and other CCR5+ T-cells. Finally, the short-term pre-exposure prophylaxis study demonstrated that prolonged CCR5 blockage and ARV presence further induced a “protective immune phenotype” with a boosted T-helper (Th), temporary memory (TM), and effector (E) sub-population. The proof-of-concept study that the targeted-ARV nanoformulation dual-action mechanism could provide a multifactorial solution toward achieving HIV “functional cure”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Mandal
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-5922
| | - Shawnalyn W. Sunagawa
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
| | - Pavan Kumar Prathipati
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Annemarie Shibata
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Destache
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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2
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Li H, Omange RW, Liang B, Toledo N, Hai Y, Liu LR, Schalk D, Crecente-Campo J, Dacoba TG, Lambe AB, Lim SY, Li L, Kashem MA, Wan Y, Correia-Pinto JF, Seaman MS, Liu XQ, Balshaw RF, Li Q, Schultz-Darken N, Alonso MJ, Plummer FA, Whitney JB, Luo M. Vaccine targeting SIVmac251 protease cleavage sites protects macaques against vaginal infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6429-6442. [PMID: 32853182 DOI: 10.1172/jci138728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After over 3 decades of research, an effective anti-HIV vaccine remains elusive. The recently halted HVTN702 clinical trial not only further stresses the challenge to develop an effective HIV vaccine but also emphasizes that unconventional and novel vaccine strategies are urgently needed. Here, we report that a vaccine focusing the immune response on the sequences surrounding the 12 viral protease cleavage sites (PCSs) provided greater than 80% protection to Mauritian cynomolgus macaques against repeated intravaginal SIVmac251 challenges. The PCS-specific T cell responses correlated with vaccine efficacy. The PCS vaccine did not induce immune activation or inflammation known to be associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection. Machine learning analyses revealed that the immune microenvironment generated by the PCS vaccine was predictive of vaccine efficacy. Our study demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, that a vaccine which targets only viral maturation, but lacks full-length Env and Gag immunogens, can prevent intravaginal infection in a stringent macaque/SIV challenge model. Targeting HIV maturation thus offers a potentially novel approach to developing an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert W Omange
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Binhua Liang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nikki Toledo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yan Hai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lewis R Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dane Schalk
- Scientific Protocol Implementation Unit, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jose Crecente-Campo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tamara G Dacoba
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lin Li
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jorge F Correia-Pinto
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiao Qing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert F Balshaw
- Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Scientific Protocol Implementation Unit, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maria J Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James B Whitney
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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3
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Srinivasan P, Zhang J, Dinh CT, Teller RS, McNicholl JM, Kiser PF, Herold BC, Smith JM. Repeated administration of high-dose depot medroxyprogesterone acetate does not alter SHIV SF162p3 viral kinetics and tenofovir pharmacokinetics when delivered via intravaginal rings. J Med Primatol 2018; 46:129-136. [PMID: 28748662 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravaginal rings (IVR) for HIV prevention will likely be used by women on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) hormonal contraception. We used pigtailed macaques to evaluate the effects of DMPA on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) IVR pharmacokinetics and viral shedding. METHODS Mucosal tenofovir (TFV) levels were compared in SHIVSF162p3 -negative DMPA-treated (n=4) and normally cycling (n=6) macaques receiving TDF IVRs. Plasma viremia and vaginal shedding were determined in groups of SHIVSF162p3 -positive DMPA-treated (n=6) and normally cycling (n=5) macaques. RESULTS Similar median vaginal fluid TFV concentrations were observed in the DMPA-treated and cycling macaques over 4 weeks (1.2×105 and 1.1.×105 ng/mL, respectively). Median plasma viremia and vaginal shedding AUC of the DMPA-treated (2.73×107 and 8.15×104 copies/mL, respectively) and cycling macaques (3.98×107 and 1.47×103 copies/mL, respectively) were statistically similar. CONCLUSIONS DMPA does not affect TDF IVR pharmacokinetics or SHIV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chuong T Dinh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan S Teller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Patrick F Kiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - James M Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Safety of Pod-Intravaginal Rings Delivering the Monoclonal Antibody VRC01-N for HIV Prophylaxis in a Macaque Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02465-16. [PMID: 28416548 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02465-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) VRC01, capable of neutralizing 91% of known human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates in vitro, is a promising candidate microbicide for preventing sexual HIV infection when administered topically to the vagina; however, accessibility to antibody-based prophylactic treatment by target populations in sub-Saharan Africa and other underdeveloped regions may be limited by the high cost of conventionally produced antibodies and the limited capacity to manufacture such antibodies. Intravaginal rings of the pod design (pod-IVRs) delivering Nicotiana-manufactured VRC01 (VRC01-N) over a range of release rates have been developed. The pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety of VRC01-N pod-IVRs were evaluated in a rhesus macaque model. The devices sustained VRC01-N release for up to 21 days at controlled rates, with mean steady-state VRC01-N levels in vaginal fluids in the range of 102 to 103 μg g-1 being correlated with in vitro release rates. No adverse safety indications were observed. These findings indicate that pod-IVRs are promising devices for the delivery of the candidate topical microbicide VRC01-N against HIV-1 infection and merit further preclinical evaluation.
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5
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Xu H, Andersson AM, Ragonnaud E, Boilesen D, Tolver A, Jensen BAH, Blanchard JL, Nicosia A, Folgori A, Colloca S, Cortese R, Thomsen AR, Christensen JP, Veazey RS, Holst PJ. Mucosal Vaccination with Heterologous Viral Vectored Vaccine Targeting Subdominant SIV Accessory Antigens Strongly Inhibits Early Viral Replication. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:204-215. [PMID: 28302457 PMCID: PMC5405164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional HIV T cell vaccine strategies have not been successful in containing acute peak viremia, nor in providing long-term control. We immunized rhesus macaques intramuscularly and rectally using a heterologous adenovirus vectored SIV vaccine regimen encoding normally weakly immunogenic tat, vif, rev and vpr antigens fused to the MHC class II associated invariant chain. Immunizations induced broad T cell responses in all vaccinees. Following up to 10 repeated low-dose intrarectal challenges, vaccinees suppressed early viral replication (P = 0.01) and prevented the peak viremia in 5/6 animals. Despite consistently undetectable viremia in 2 out of 6 vaccinees, all animals showed evidence of infection induced immune responses indicating that infection had taken place. Vaccinees, with and without detectable viremia better preserved their rectal CD4 + T cell population and had reduced immune hyperactivation as measured by naïve T cell depletion, Ki-67 and PD-1 expression on T cells. These results indicate that vaccination towards SIV accessory antigens vaccine can provide a level of acute control of SIV replication with a suggestion of beneficial immunological consequences in infected animals of unknown long-term significance. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that a vaccine encoding subdominant antigens not normally associated with virus control can exert a significant impact on acute peak viremia. Mucosal heterologousvirus-vectored vaccine used with MHC class II associated invariant chain linked SIV accessory antigens Mucosal vaccination targeting subdominant antigens delay SIV mac251 replication in rhesus macaques. Longterm reduction of immune hyperactivation following SIV infection of vaccinated macaques.
Mucosal immunization is used with heterologous viral vectors and a genetic adjuvant to raise responses against poorly immunogenic SIV antigens. Following repeated low-dose challenge we observed delayed establishment of chronic phase viremia and reduced immune hyperactivation 6 months after established infection. Vaccination was found to strongly reduce viremia at early, but not late time points, after detected infection and in 2 out of 6 animals infection could only observed as virus induced T cell responses. Subdominant antigen vaccines may thus be used to delay SIV mac251 infection and can enable control of chronic viremia in a minority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Emeline Ragonnaud
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Ditte Boilesen
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Anders Tolver
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | | | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera, viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy; CEINGE, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
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6
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Viral seroprevalence in northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina) derived from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Primates 2016; 57:413-9. [PMID: 26993123 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primates are natural virus reservoirs, whether wild or domestic. In this study, we determined the seroprevalence of common viruses by ELISA in a northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) colony derived from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A total of 20 types of virus which are commonly selected as target microorganisms for specific-pathogen-free colonies, or which have zoonotic potential were included in this study. The results showed only 2 in 90 northern pig-tailed macaques were seronegative for all the detected viruses, and at least 16 out of the total 20 types of virus tested were prevalent in this colony, so these macaques were commonly infected by various viruses. These macaques should be carefully assessed for viral seroprevalence in order to prevent zoonotic diseases from being transferred to human beings.
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7
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Henning TR, Hanson D, Vishwanathan SA, Butler K, Dobard C, Garcia-Lerma G, Radzio J, Smith J, McNicholl JM, Kersh EN. Short communication: Viremic control is independent of repeated low-dose SHIVSF162p3 exposures. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1125-9. [PMID: 25313448 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The repeat low-dose virus challenge model is commonly used in nonhuman primate studies of HIV transmission and biomedical preventions. For some viruses or challenge routes, it is uncertain whether the repeated exposure design might induce virus-directed innate or adaptive immunity that could affect infection or viremic outcomes. Retrospective cohorts of male Indian rhesus (n=40) and female pigtail (n=46) macaques enrolled in repeat low-dose rectal or vaginal SHIV(SF162p3) challenge studies, respectively, were studied to compare the relationship between the number of previous exposures and peak plasma SHIV RNA levels or viral load area under the curve (AUC), surrogate markers of viral control. Repeated mucosal exposures of 10 or 50 TCID50 of virus for rectal and vaginal exposures, respectively, were performed. Virus levels were measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase real-time PCR. The cumulative number of SHIV(SF162p3) exposures did not correlate with observed peak virus levels or with AUC in rectally challenged rhesus macaques [peak: rho (ρ)=0.04, p=0.8; AUC: ρ=0.33, p=0.06] or vaginally challenged pigtail macaques (peak: ρ=-0.09, p=0.7; AUC: ρ=0.11, p=0.6). Infections in these models occur independently of exposure history and provide assurance that neither inoculation route nor number of exposures required for infection correlates with postinfection viremia. These data also indicate that both the vaginal and rectal repeated low-dose virus exposure models using SHIV(SF162p3) provide a reliable system for nonhuman primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R. Henning
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Debra Hanson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Katherine Butler
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles Dobard
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Lerma
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica Radzio
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Smith
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Janet M. McNicholl
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ellen N. Kersh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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8
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Hensler HR, Tomaszewski MJ, Rappocciolo G, Rinaldo CR, Jenkins FJ. Human herpesvirus 8 glycoprotein B binds the entry receptor DC-SIGN. Virus Res 2014; 190:97-103. [PMID: 25018023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) uses DC-SIGN as an entry receptor for dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. The viral attachment protein for DC-SIGN is unknown. HHV-8 virions contain five conserved herpesvirus glycoproteins, a single unique glycoprotein, and two predicted glycoproteins. Previous studies have shown that DC-SIGN binds highly mannosylated glycoproteins. The HHV-8 glycoprotein B (gB) has been reported to be highly mannosylated, and therefore we hypothesized that gB will bind to DC-SIGN. In this report we confirm that gB has a high mannose carbohydrate structure and demonstrate for the first time that it binds DC-SIGN in a dose-dependent manner. We also identify key amino acids in the DC-SIGN carbohydrate recognition domain that are required for HHV-8 infection and compare these results with published binding regions for ICAM-2/3 and HIV-1 gp120. These results clarify some of the initial events in HHV-8 entry and can be used for the design of targeted preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Hensler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Monica J Tomaszewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Frank J Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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9
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Singer R, Mawson P, Derby N, Rodriguez A, Kizima L, Menon R, Goldman D, Kenney J, Aravantinou M, Seidor S, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Fernández-Romero JA, Robbiani M, Zydowsky TM. An intravaginal ring that releases the NNRTI MIV-150 reduces SHIV transmission in macaques. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:150ra123. [PMID: 22956201 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microbicides may prevent HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women; however, determining the optimal means of delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients remains a major challenge. We previously demonstrated that a vaginal gel containing the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 partially protected macaques from SHIV-RT (simian/HIV reverse transcriptase) infection, and the addition of zinc acetate rendered the gel significantly protective. We test the activity of MIV-150 without the addition of zinc acetate when delivered from either ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or silicone intravaginal rings (IVRs). MIV-150 was successfully delivered, because it was detected in vaginal fluids and tissues by radioimmunoassay in pharmacokinetic studies. Moreover, EVA IVRs significantly protected macaques from SHIV-RT infection. Our results demonstrate that MIV-150-containing IVRs have the potential to prevent HIV infection and highlight the possible use of IVRs for delivering drugs that block HIV and other STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Singer
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Mawson
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aixa Rodriguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Radhika Menon
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas M Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Saidi H, Jenabian MA, Belec L. Understanding factors that modulate HIV infection at the female genital tract mucosae for the rationale design of microbicides. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1485-97. [PMID: 22867060 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Women are now becoming the pivot of the epidemiological spread of HIV infection worldwide, especially in developing countries. Therefore, research to develop an efficient microbicide is now a priority for the prevention of HIV-1 acquisition in exposed women. However, recent disappointing failures in microbicide clinical trials revealed major gaps in basic and applied knowledge that hinder the development of effective microbicide formulations. Indeed, the inhibitory power of microbicide molecules may be affected by several physiological and immunological factors present in male and female genital tracts. Furthermore, mucosal crossing of HIV-1 to increase the ability to reach the submucosal target cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) may be modulated by supraepithelial factors such as seminal complement components (opsonized HIV-1), by epithelial factors released in the submucosal microenvironment such as antimicrobial soluble factors, cytokines, and chemokines, and by potent intraepithelial and submucosal innate immunity. The design of vaginal microbicide formulations should take into account an understanding of the intimate mechanisms involved in the crossing of HIV through the female genital mucosae, in the context of a mixture of both male and female genital fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Saidi
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service of the McGill University Health Centre, and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Belec
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, and Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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11
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Spear GT, Kersh E, Guenthner P, Vishwanathan SA, Gilbert D, Zariffard MR, Mirmonsef P, Landay A, Zheng L, Gillevet P. Longitudinal assessment of pigtailed macaque lower genital tract microbiota by pyrosequencing reveals dissimilarity to the genital microbiota of healthy humans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1244-9. [PMID: 22264029 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal bacterial communities play an important role in human health and have been shown to influence HIV infection. Pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) are used as an animal model of HIV vaginal infection of women. Since the bacterial microbiota could influence retrovirus infection of pigtailed macaques, the genital microbiota in 10 cycling macaques was determined by pyrosequencing. The microbiota of all macaques was polymicrobial with a median of 13 distinct genera. Strikingly, the genera Sneathia and Fusobacterium, both in the phylum Fusobacteria, accounted for 18.9% and 13.3% of sequences while the next most frequent were Prevotella (5.6%), Porphyromonas (4.1%), Atopobium (3.6%), and Parvimonas (2.6%). Sequences corresponding to Lactobacillus comprised only 2.2% of sequences on average and were essentially all L. amylovorus. Longitudinal sampling of the 10 macaques over an 8-week period, which spanned at least one full ovulatory cycle, showed a generally stable presence of the major types of bacteria with some exceptions. These studies show that the microbiota of the pigtailed macaques is substantially dissimilar to that found in most healthy humans, where the genital microbiota is usually dominated by Lactobacillus sp. The polymicrobial makeup of the macaque bacterial populations, the paucity of lactobacilli, and the specific types of bacteria present suggest that the pigtailed macaque microbiota could influence vaginal retrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T. Spear
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ellen Kersh
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia Guenthner
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sundaram Ajay Vishwanathan
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas Gilbert
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M. Reza Zariffard
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paria Mirmonsef
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan Landay
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luyang Zheng
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patrick Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Prince William Campus, Manassas, Virginia
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12
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Henning T, Fakile Y, Phillips C, Sweeney E, Mitchell J, Patton D, Sturdevant G, Caldwell HD, Secor WE, Papp J, Hendry RM, McNicholl J, Kersh E. Development of a pigtail macaque model of sexually transmitted infection/HIV coinfection using Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and SHIV(SF162P3). J Med Primatol 2011; 40:214-23. [PMID: 21781129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with an increased risk of HIV infection. To model the interaction between STIs and HIV infection, we evaluated the capacity of the pigtail macaque model to sustain triple infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and SHIV(SF162P3). METHODS Seven SHIV(SF162P3) -infected pigtail macaques were inoculated with T. vaginalis only (n = 2), C. trachomatis only (n = 1), both T. vaginalis and C. trachomatis (n = 2), or control media (no STI; n = 2). Infections were confirmed by culture and/or nucleic acid testing. Genital mucosa was visualized by colposcopy. RESULTS Characteristic gynecologic signs were observed for both STIs, but not in control animals. Manifestations were most prominent at days 7-10 post-infection. STIs persisted between 4 and 6 weeks and were cleared with antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS These pilot studies demonstrate the first successful STI-SHIV triple infection of pigtail macaques, with clinical presentation of genital STI symptoms similar to those observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Henning
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Kersh EN, Adams DR, Youngpairoj AS, Luo W, Zheng Q, Cong ME, Aung W, Mitchell J, Otten R, Hendry RM, Heneine W, McNicholl J, Garcia-Lerma JG. T cell chemo-vaccination effects after repeated mucosal SHIV exposures and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19295. [PMID: 21541293 PMCID: PMC3082568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with anti-viral drugs is currently in clinical trials for the prevention of HIV infection. Induction of adaptive immune responses to virus exposures during anti-viral drug administration, i.e., a "chemo-vaccination" effect, could contribute to PrEP efficacy. To study possible chemo-vaccination, we monitored humoral and cellular immune responses in nine rhesus macaques undergoing up to 14 weekly, low-dose SHIV(SF162P3) rectal exposures. Six macaques concurrently received PrEP with intermittent, oral Truvada; three were no-PrEP controls. PrEP protected 4 macaques from infection. Two of the four showed evidence of chemo-vaccination, because they developed anti-SHIV CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells; SHIV-specific antibodies were not detected. Control macaques showed no anti-SHIV immune responses before infection. Chemo-vaccination-induced T cell responses were robust (up to 3,940 SFU/10(6) PBMCs), predominantly central memory cells, short-lived (≤22 weeks), and appeared intermittently and with changing specificities. The two chemo-vaccinated macaques were virus-challenged again after 28 weeks of rest, after T cell responses had waned. One macaque was not protected from infection. The other macaque concurrently received additional PrEP. It remained uninfected and T cell responses were boosted during the additional virus exposures. In summary, we document and characterize PrEP-induced T cell chemo-vaccination. Although not protective after subsiding in one macaque, chemo-vaccination-induced T cells warrant more comprehensive analysis during peak responses for their ability to prevent or to control infections after additional exposures. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring these responses in clinical PrEP trials and suggest that a combination of vaccines and PrEP potentially might enhance efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen N Kersh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
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14
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Pine SO, Kublin JG, Hammer SM, Borgerding J, Huang Y, Casimiro DR, McElrath MJ. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity modifies a complex mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine response to an Ad5/HIV-1 vaccine candidate in humans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18526. [PMID: 21533229 PMCID: PMC3076372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of the recent Step Study highlight a need to clarify the effects of pre-existing natural immunity to a vaccine vector on vaccine-induced T-cell responses. To investigate this interaction, we examined the relationship between pre-existing Ad5 immunity and T-cell cytokine response profiles in healthy, HIV-uninfected recipients of MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag vaccine (HVTN 050, ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT00849732). Participants were grouped by baseline Ad5 neutralizing antibody titer as either Ad5-seronegative (titer ≤18; n = 36) or Ad5-seropositive (titer >200; n = 34). Samples from vaccine recipients were analyzed for immune responses to either HIV-1 Gag peptide pools or Ad5 empty vector using an ex vivo assay that measures thirty cytokines in the absence of long-term culture. The overall profiles of cytokine responses to Gag and Ad5 had similar combinations of induced Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-13, and IL-10, although the Ad5-specific responses were uniformly higher than the Gag-specific responses (p<0.0001 for 9 out of 11 significantly expressed analytes). At the peak response time point, PBMC from Ad5-seronegative vaccinees secreted significantly more IP-10 in response to Gag (p = 0.008), and significantly more IP-10 (p = 0.0009), IL-2 (p = 0.006) and IL-10 (p = 0.05) in response to Ad5 empty vector than PBMC from Ad5-seropositive vaccinees. Additionally, similar responses to the Ad5 vector prior to vaccination were observed in almost all subjects, regardless of Ad5 neutralizing antibody status, and the levels of secreted IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1Ra and GM-CSF were blunted following vaccination. The cytokine response profile of Gag-specific T cells mirrored the Ad5-specific response present in all subjects before vaccination, and included a number of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines not routinely assessed in current vaccine trials, such as IP-10, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF. Together, these results suggest that vector-specific humoral responses may reduce vaccine-induced T-cell responses by previously undetected mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O. Pine
- Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joleen Borgerding
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danilo R. Casimiro
- Vaccine Basic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Role of nonhuman primates in the evaluation of candidate AIDS vaccines: an industry perspective. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 5:377-85. [PMID: 20978377 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833d2e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To consider how nonhuman primate (NHP) model systems can best contribute to HIV vaccine development. RECENT FINDINGS We review the traditional roles of NHP model systems in vaccine development and compare this with how NHP models have been used in HIV vaccine research and development. Comparisons of the immune responses elicited by cellular immune response-inducing vaccines in macaques and humans illustrate the value of primate studies for the relative ranking of HIV vaccine concepts for their likely immunogenicity in humans. The unusual structures (e.g. long complementarity-determining regions) of known broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies (bNAbs) suggest that it is critical to test candidate env immunogens in NHPs, whose germline antibody repertoires resemble those of humans. Recent clinical efficacy trial results question the utility of existing NHP challenge models in predicting HIV vaccine efficacy in humans, and highlight the need to further develop models in which acquisition of infection can be reliably evaluated. When evaluated in models using low virus dose challenges that better approximate human sexual exposure to HIV - some vaccine and passive NAb interventions appear to protect against acquisition of infection. SUMMARY NHP models have important roles in the preclinical evaluation, optimization, and ranking of novel HIV immunogens. The apparent vaccine efficacy observed using low virus dose challenge models provides an opportunity to investigate the correlates of protection.
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16
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Vaccination with peptide mimetics of the gp41 prehairpin fusion intermediate yields neutralizing antisera against HIV-1 isolates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10655-60. [PMID: 20483992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004261107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliciting a broadly neutralizing polyclonal antibody response against HIV-1 remains a major challenge. One approach to vaccine development is prevention of HIV-1 entry into cells by blocking the fusion of viral and cell membranes. More specifically, our goal is to elicit neutralizing antibodies that target a transient viral entry intermediate (the prehairpin intermediate) formed by the HIV-1 gp41 protein. Because this intermediate is transient, a stable mimetic is required to elicit an immune response. Previously, a series of engineered peptides was used to select a mAb (denoted D5) that binds to the surface of the gp41 prehairpin intermediate, as demonstrated by x-ray crystallographic studies. D5 inhibits the replication of HIV-1 clinical isolates, providing proof-of-principle for this vaccine approach. Here, we describe a series of peptide mimetics of the gp41 prehairpin intermediate designed to permit a systematic analysis of the immune response generated in animals. To improve the chances of detecting weak neutralizing polyclonal responses, two strategies were employed in the initial screening: use of a neutralization-hypersensitive virus and concentration of the IgG fraction from immunized animal sera. This allowed incremental improvements through iterative cycles of design, which led to vaccine candidates capable of generating a polyclonal antibody response, detectable in unfractionated sera, that neutralize tier 1 HIV-1 and simian HIV primary isolates in vitro. Our findings serve as a starting point for the design of more potent immunogens to elicit a broadly neutralizing response against the gp41 prehairpin intermediate.
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17
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Zhu L, Zhang GH, Zheng YT. [Application studies of animal models in evaluating safety and efficacy of HIV-1 microbicides]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 31:66-76. [PMID: 20446456 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues unabated, novel prophylactic strategy for the spread of HIV are urgently needed. Topical microbicides are designed to prevent transmission of HIV when applied vaginally or rectally. Although there are many microbicide candidates in the pipeline, animal models for evaluating their safety and efficacy are urgently needed. On the basis of comparing the non-primate small animal models and the non-human primate animal models in evaluating safety and efficacy of HIV microbicides, this review summarizes the major advantages and disadvantages of the relevant animal models. The suggested direction of research that would benefit the development of microbicides is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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18
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International multicenter study to assess a panel of reference materials for quantification of simian immunodeficiency virus RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2582-5. [PMID: 20427693 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00082-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An international multicenter study was conducted to assess the performance of a panel of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) RNA reference materials for plasma viral load determinations. Reliable quantification was demonstrated across an approximately 6 log(10) dynamic range. Availability of external reference materials will enable independent calibration of SIV plasma viral load assays.
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19
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Resistance to Simian HIV Infection Is Associated With High Plasma Interleukin-8, RANTES and Eotaxin in a Macaque Model of Repeated Virus Challenges. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53:574-81. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181d3521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Barqasho B, Nowak P, Tjernlund A, Kinloch S, Goh LE, Lampe F, Fisher M, Andersson J, Sönnerborg A. Kinetics of plasma cytokines and chemokines during primary HIV-1 infection and after analytical treatment interruption. HIV Med 2009; 10:94-102. [PMID: 19200172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are strong theoretical arguments for initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) to preserve HIV-1-specific T-cell responses and to decrease immune activation. METHODS We assessed the degree of immune activation during PHI and after analytical treatment interruption (ATI) in plasma samples from 22 subjects by measuring 13 cytokines/chemokines with the Luminex system. Subjects initiated quadruple ART at PHI (the QUEST cohort) and were classified as responders or nonresponders according to their HIV-1 viral load (VL) 6 months post-ATI. RESULTS During PHI, nonresponders had higher levels of HIV-1 RNA, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10 and eotaxin than responders (P</=0.05). A positive correlation was found between VL and IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta, respectively. Post ATI, responders had higher levels of IFN-gamma, MIP-1beta and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 than nonresponders, while nonresponders had higher levels of HIV-1 RNA, IL-15 and eotaxin. Cytokine/chemokine levels were higher during PHI than post-ATI. CONCLUSIONS High levels of immune activation during PHI are associated with a worse virological outcome post-ATI. In contrast, VL post-ATI is negatively correlated with IFN-gamma and chemokines. Therefore, the degree of immune activation during PHI is associated with both the VL at PHI and the viral set-point post-ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barqasho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Virology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Kersh EN, Luo W, Adams DR, Srinivasan P, Smith JM, Promadej-Lanier N, Ellenberger D, Garcia-Lerma JG, Butera S, Otten R. Repeated rectal SHIVSF162P3 exposures do not consistently induce sustained T cell responses prior to systemic infection in the repeat-low dose preclinical macaque model. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:905-17. [PMID: 19689194 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The macaque model of repeated SHIV exposures is increasingly used as a preclinical tool to evaluate biomedical HIV intervention strategies. It is unclear whether multiple virus exposures induce immune responses in macaques, as documented in uninfected individuals repeatedly exposed to HIV. We here address whether repeated, rectal SHIV(SF162P3) exposures lead to systemic T cell activation in 12 rhesus macaques, and whether this is associated with increased infection resistance. Eight macaques became systemically infected after 2-7 exposures, three macaques were less susceptible (infection after 10-12 exposures), and one macaque remained uninfected after 14 exposures. PBMCs were retrospectively monitored for increases in T cell activation by analyzing the proportion of CD8(+) T cells, recently activated or proliferated T cells (markers CD38, Ki67), a marker for cytotoxicity (granzyme B), or T cell-produced plasma cytokines (IFN-gamma, RANTES, IL-2). Repeated virus exposures did not induce sustained, potent, or diverse T cell responses prior to systemic infection. Some changes occurred in the analyzed parameters during repeated virus exposures, but similar T cell activities were also observed in five SHIV-unexposed control macaques. Thus, we found no evidence that delayed infection or resistance to infection was associated with systemic, long-lasting, protective T cell responses to repeated rectal virus exposures. Our results provide further insights into the repeat exposure macaque model. We find that this model can be used for testing biomedical prevention strategies without concern of eliciting a systemic vaccination effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen N. Kersh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Wei Luo
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Debra R. Adams
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Priya Srinivasan
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - James M. Smith
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Nattawan Promadej-Lanier
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Dennis Ellenberger
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - J. Gerardo Garcia-Lerma
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Salvatore Butera
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Ron Otten
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Promadej-Lanier N, Smith JM, Srinivasan P, McCoy CF, Butera S, Woolfson AD, Malcolm RK, Otten RA. Development and evaluation of a vaginal ring device for sustained delivery of HIV microbicides to non-human primates. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:263-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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