1
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Erdmann NB, Williams WB, Walsh SR, Grunenberg N, Edlefsen PT, Goepfert PA, Cain DW, Cohen KW, Maenza J, Mayer KH, Tieu HV, Sobieszczyk ME, Swann E, Lu H, De Rosa SC, Sagawa Z, Moody MA, Fox CB, Ferrari G, Edwards R, Acharya P, Alam S, Parks R, Barr M, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Haynes BF, Baden LR. A HIV-1 Gp41 Peptide-Liposome Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Epitope-Targeted Antibody Responses in Healthy Individuals. medRxiv 2024:2024.03.15.24304305. [PMID: 38562833 PMCID: PMC10984077 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.24304305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background HIV-1 vaccine development is a global health priority. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) which target the HIV-1 gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) have some of the highest neutralization breadth. An MPER peptide-liposome vaccine has been found to expand bnAb precursors in monkeys. Methods The HVTN133 phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03934541) studied the MPER-peptide liposome immunogen in 24 HIV-1 seronegative individuals. Participants were recruited between 15 July 2019 and 18 October 2019 and were randomized in a dose-escalation design to either 500 mcg or 2000 mcg of the MPER-peptide liposome or placebo. Four intramuscular injections were planned at months 0, 2, 6, and 12. Results The trial was stopped prematurely due to an anaphylaxis reaction in one participant ultimately attributed to vaccine-associated polyethylene glycol. The immunogen induced robust immune responses, including MPER+ serum and blood CD4+ T-cell responses in 95% and 100% of vaccinees, respectively, and 35% (7/20) of vaccine recipients had blood IgG memory B cells with MPER-bnAb binding phenotype. Affinity purification of plasma MPER+ IgG demonstrated tier 2 HIV-1 neutralizing activity in two of five participants after 3 immunizations. Conclusions MPER-peptide liposomes induced gp41 serum neutralizing epitope-targeted antibodies and memory B-cell responses in humans despite the early termination of the study. These results suggest that the MPER region is a promising target for a candidate HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilton B. Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Derek W. Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Hong Van Tieu
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY
- Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Bethesda, MD
| | - Huiyin Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - R.J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - S.Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Margaret Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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2
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Maciel M, Amara RR, Bar KJ, Crotty S, Deeks SG, Duplessis C, Gaiha G, McElrath MJ, McMichael A, Palin A, Rutishauser R, Shapiro S, Smiley ST, D'Souza MP. Author Correction: Exploring synergies between B- and T-cell vaccine approaches to optimize immune responses against HIV-workshop report. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38485736 PMCID: PMC10940590 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Maciel
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Duplessis
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gaurav Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Rutishauser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Shapiro
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen T Smiley
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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3
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Moodie Z, Andersen-Nissen E, Grunenberg N, Dintwe OB, Omar FL, Kee JJ, Bekker LG, Laher F, Naicker N, Jani I, Mgodi NM, Hunidzarira P, Sebe M, Miner MD, Polakowski L, Ramirez S, Nebergall M, Takuva S, Sikhosana L, Heptinstall J, Seaton KE, De Rosa S, Diazgranados CA, Koutsoukos M, Van Der Meeren O, Barnett SW, Kanesa-thasan N, Kublin JG, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Mngadi K, Goepfert P. Safety and immunogenicity of a subtype C ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) vaccine prime plus bivalent subtype C gp120 vaccine boost adjuvanted with MF59 or alum in healthy adults without HIV (HVTN 107): A phase 1/2a randomized trial. PLoS Med 2024; 21:e1004360. [PMID: 38502656 PMCID: PMC10986991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvants are widely used to enhance and/or direct vaccine-induced immune responses yet rarely evaluated head-to-head. Our trial directly compared immune responses elicited by MF59 versus alum adjuvants in the RV144-like HIV vaccine regimen modified for the Southern African region. The RV144 trial of a recombinant canarypox vaccine vector expressing HIV env subtype B (ALVAC-HIV) prime followed by ALVAC-HIV plus a bivalent gp120 protein vaccine boost adjuvanted with alum is the only trial to have shown modest HIV vaccine efficacy. Data generated after RV144 suggested that use of MF59 adjuvant might allow lower protein doses to be used while maintaining robust immune responses. We evaluated safety and immunogenicity of an HIV recombinant canarypox vaccine vector expressing HIV env subtype C (ALVAC-HIV) prime followed by ALVAC-HIV plus a bivalent gp120 protein vaccine boost (gp120) adjuvanted with alum (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/alum) or MF59 (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59) or unadjuvanted (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/no-adjuvant) and a regimen where ALVAC-HIV+gp120 adjuvanted with MF59 was used for the prime and boost (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 coadministration). METHODS AND FINDINGS Between June 19, 2017 and June 14, 2018, 132 healthy adults without HIV in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique were randomized to receive intramuscularly: (1) 2 priming doses of ALVAC-HIV (months 0 and 1) followed by 3 booster doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 (months 3, 6, and 12), n = 36; (2) 2 priming doses of ALVAC-HIV (months 0 and 1) followed by 3 booster doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/alum (months 3, 6, and 12), n = 36; (3) 4 doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 coadministered (months 0, 1, 6, and 12), n = 36; or (4) 2 priming doses of ALVAC-HIV (months 0 and 1) followed by 3 booster doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/no adjuvant (months 3, 6, and 12), n = 24. Primary outcomes were safety and occurrence and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of vaccine-induced gp120-specific IgG and IgA binding antibodies at month 6.5. All vaccinations were safe and well-tolerated; increased alanine aminotransferase was the most frequent related adverse event, occurring in 2 (1.5%) participants (1 severe, 1 mild). At month 6.5, vaccine-specific gp120 IgG binding antibodies were detected in 100% of vaccinees for all 4 vaccine groups. No significant differences were seen in the occurrence and net MFI of vaccine-specific IgA responses between the ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59-prime-boost and ALVAC-HIV+gp120/alum-prime-boost groups or between the ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59-prime-boost and ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 coadministration groups. Limitations were the relatively small sample size per group and lack of evaluation of higher gp120 doses. CONCLUSIONS Although MF59 was expected to enhance immune responses, alum induced similar responses to MF59, suggesting that the choice between these adjuvants may not be critical for the ALVAC+gp120 regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION HVTN 107 was registered with the South African National Clinical Trials Registry (DOH-27-0715-4894) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03284710).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - One B. Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Faatima Laher Omar
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jia J. Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nivashnee Naicker
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; and Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saude, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nyaradzo M. Mgodi
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Portia Hunidzarira
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Shelly Ramirez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Nebergall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Simbarashe Takuva
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lerato Sikhosana
- Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Diazgranados
- Formerly Sanofi-Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | - Susan W. Barnett
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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4
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Maciel M, Amara RR, Bar KJ, Crotty S, Deeks SG, Duplessis C, Gaiha G, McElrath MJ, McMichael A, Palin A, Rutishauser R, Shapiro S, Smiley ST, D'Souza MP. Exploring synergies between B- and T-cell vaccine approaches to optimize immune responses against HIV-workshop report. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:39. [PMID: 38383616 PMCID: PMC10881492 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Maciel
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Duplessis
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gaurav Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Rutishauser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Shapiro
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen T Smiley
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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5
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Miner MD, deCamp A, Grunenberg N, De Rosa SC, Fiore-Gartland A, Bar K, Spearman P, Allen M, Yu PC, Manso B, Frahm N, Kalams S, Baden L, Keefer MC, Scott HM, Novak R, Van Tieu H, Tomaras GD, Kublin JG, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Frank I. Polytopic fractional delivery of an HIV vaccine alters cellular responses and results in increased epitope breadth in a phase 1 randomized trial. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104987. [PMID: 38306894 PMCID: PMC10847480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elicitation of broad immune responses is understood to be required for an efficacious preventative HIV vaccine. This Phase 1 randomized controlled trial evaluated whether administration of vaccine antigens separated at multiple injection sites vs combined, fractional delivery at multiple sites affected T-cell breadth compared to standard, single site vaccination. METHODS We randomized 90 participants to receive recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5) vector with HIV inserts gag, pol and env via three different strategies. The Standard group received vaccine at a single anatomic site (n = 30) compared to two polytopic (multisite) vaccination groups: Separated (n = 30), where antigens were separately administered to four anatomical sites, and Fractioned (n = 30), where fractions of each vaccine component were combined and administered at four sites. All groups received the same total dose of vaccine. FINDINGS CD8 T-cell response rates and magnitudes were significantly higher in the Fractioned group than Standard for several antigen pools tested. CD4 T-cell response magnitudes to Pol were higher in the Separated than Standard group. T-cell epitope mapping demonstrated greatest breadth in the Fractioned group (median 8.0 vs 2.5 for Standard, Wilcoxon p = 0.03; not significant after multiplicity adjustment for co-primary endpoints). IgG binding antibody response rates to Env were higher in the Standard and Fractioned groups vs Separated group. INTERPRETATION This study shows that the number of anatomic sites for which a vaccine is delivered and distribution of its antigenic components influences immune responses in humans. FUNDING National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine D Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Allan deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Spearman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pei-Chun Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryce Manso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hyman M Scott
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hong Van Tieu
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York City, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Scholte LLS, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hoeweler L, Erwin GC, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Laufer DS, Siefers H, Ruppel AM, Brand J, Maenza J, Bronson R, Prabhakaran M, Jean-Baptiste J, Kolokythas O, Desrosiers AA, Thoreson CK, Heit A, Khati NJ, Malkin E, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR, Diemert D, Bethony JM. Ultrasound-guided lymph node fine-needle aspiration for evaluating post-vaccination germinal center responses in humans. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102576. [PMID: 37733596 PMCID: PMC10519838 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is a critical biological site for immune maturation after vaccination as it includes several cell populations critical for priming the antibody response. Here, we present a protocol for sampling the LN and isolating cell populations to evaluate immunogens targeting germline cells. We describe steps for media and tube preparation and sample collection using an ultrasound-guided LN fine-needle aspiration procedure. This protocol is safe, quick, low-cost, and less invasive than excisional biopsy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Leggat et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa L S Scholte
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - David J Leggat
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lara Hoeweler
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Guacyara C Erwin
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rhi Bronson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhu Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jalen Jean-Baptiste
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aimee A Desrosiers
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Caroline K Thoreson
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Antje Heit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nadia J Khati
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Elissa Malkin
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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7
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Migueles SA, Nettere DM, Gavil NV, Wang LT, Toulmin SA, Kelly EP, Ward AJ, Lin S, Thompson SA, Peterson BA, Abdeen CS, Sclafani CR, Pryal PF, Leach BG, Ludwig AK, Rogan DC, Przygonska PA, Cattani A, Imamichi H, Sachs A, Cafri G, Huang NN, Patamawenu A, Liang CJ, Hallahan CW, Kambach DM, Han EX, Coupet T, Chen J, Moir SL, Chun TW, Coates EE, Ledgerwood J, Schmidt J, Taillandier-Coindard M, Michaux J, Pak H, Bassani-Sternberg M, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Connors M. HIV vaccines induce CD8 + T cells with low antigen receptor sensitivity. Science 2023; 382:1270-1276. [PMID: 38096385 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Current HIV vaccines designed to stimulate CD8+ T cells have failed to induce immunologic control upon infection. The functions of vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were investigated here in detail. Cytotoxic capacity was significantly lower than in HIV controllers and was not a consequence of low frequency or unaccumulated functional cytotoxic proteins. Low cytotoxic capacity was attributable to impaired degranulation in response to the low antigen levels present on HIV-infected targets. The vaccine-induced T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was polyclonal and transduction of these TCRs conferred the same reduced functions. These results define a mechanism accounting for poor antiviral activity induced by these vaccines and suggest that an effective CD8+ T cell response may require a vaccination strategy that drives further TCR clonal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle M Nettere
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noah V Gavil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushila A Toulmin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Kelly
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Addison J Ward
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Siying Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Thompson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bennett A Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassidy S Abdeen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carina R Sclafani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick F Pryal
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin G Leach
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda K Ludwig
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Rogan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paulina A Przygonska
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela Cattani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gal Cafri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ning-Na Huang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andy Patamawenu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Jason Liang
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire W Hallahan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan L Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily E Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Taillandier-Coindard
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Michaux
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - HuiSong Pak
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Huang Y, Zhang L, Karuna S, Andrew P, Juraska M, Weiner JA, Angier H, Morgan E, Azzam Y, Swann E, Edupuganti S, Mgodi NM, Ackerman ME, Donnell D, Gama L, Anderson PL, Koup RA, Hural J, Cohen MS, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Lemos MP. Adults on pre-exposure prophylaxis (tenofovir-emtricitabine) have faster clearance of anti-HIV monoclonal antibody VRC01. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7813. [PMID: 38016958 PMCID: PMC10684488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being developed for HIV-1 prevention. Hence, these mAbs and licensed oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (tenofovir-emtricitabine) can be concomitantly administered in clinical trials. In 48 US participants (men and transgender persons who have sex with men) who received the HIV-1 mAb VRC01 and remained HIV-free in an antibody-mediated-prevention trial (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02716675), we conduct a post-hoc analysis and find that VRC01 clearance is 0.08 L/day faster (p = 0.005), and dose-normalized area-under-the-curve of VRC01 serum concentration over-time is 0.29 day/mL lower (p < 0.001) in PrEP users (n = 24) vs. non-PrEP users (n = 24). Consequently, PrEP users are predicted to have 14% lower VRC01 neutralization-mediated prevention efficacy against circulating HIV-1 strains. VRC01 clearance is positively associated (r = 0.33, p = 0.03) with levels of serum intestinal Fatty Acid Binding protein (I-FABP), a marker of epithelial intestinal permeability, which is elevated upon starting PrEP (p = 0.04) and after months of self-reported use (p = 0.001). These findings have implications for the evaluation of future HIV-1 mAbs and postulate a potential mechanism for mAb clearance in the context of PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98196, USA.
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Heather Angier
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Evgenii Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yasmin Azzam
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Edith Swann
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 46340, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nyaradzo M Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Deborah Donnell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Anderson
- Colorado Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98196, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Maria P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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9
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van Duijn J, Stieh D, Fernandez N, King D, Gilmour J, Tolboom J, Callewaert K, Willems W, Pau MG, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ, Barouch DH, Hayes P. Mosaic HIV-1 vaccination induces anti-viral CD8 + T cell functionality in the phase 1/2a clinical trial APPROACH. J Virol 2023; 97:e0112623. [PMID: 37811993 PMCID: PMC10617392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01126-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The functionality of CD8+ T cells against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antigens is indicative of HIV-progression in both animal models and people living with HIV. It is, therefore, of interest to assess CD8+ T cell responses in a prophylactic vaccination setting, as this may be an important component of the immune system that inhibits HIV-1 replication. T cell responses induced by the adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) mosaic vaccine regimen were assessed previously by IFN-γ ELISpot and flow cytometric assays, yet these assays only measure cytokine production but not the capacity of CD8+ T cells to inhibit replication of HIV-1. In this study, we demonstrate direct anti-viral function of the clinical Ad26 mosaic vaccine regimen through ex vivo inhibition of replication of diverse clades of HIV-1 isolates in the participant's own CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Stieh
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah King
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maria G. Pau
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Chirenje ZM, Laher F, Dintwe O, Muyoyeta M, deCamp AC, He Z, Grunenberg N, Laher Omar F, Seaton KE, Polakowski L, Woodward Davis AS, Maganga L, Baden LR, Mayer K, Kalams S, Keefer M, Edupuganti S, Rodriguez B, Frank I, Scott H, Stranix-Chibanda L, Gurunathan S, Koutsoukos M, Van Der Meeren O, DiazGranados CA, Paez C, Andersen-Nissen E, Kublin J, Corey L, Ferrari G, Tomaras G, McElrath MJ. Protein dose-sparing effect of AS01B adjuvant in a randomized preventive HIV vaccine trial of ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and adjuvanted bivalent subtype C gp120. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad434. [PMID: 37795976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HVTN 120 is a phase 1/2a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled HIV vaccine trial that evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and MF59- or AS01B-adjuvanted bivalent subtype C gp120 Env protein at two dose levels in healthy HIV-uninfected adults. Trial registration URL https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03122223 and registration number NCT03122223. METHODS Participants received ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) alone or placebo at months 0 and 1. At months 3 and 6, participants received either placebo, ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) with 200μg of bivalent subtype C gp120 adjuvanted with MF59 or AS01B, or ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) with 40μg of bivalent subtype C gp120 adjuvanted with AS01B. Primary outcomes were safety and immune responses. RESULTS We enrolled 160 participants, 55% females, 18-40 years old (median age 24 years) of whom 150 received vaccine and 10 placebo. Vaccines were generally safe and well tolerated. At months 6.5 and 12, CD4+ T-cell response rates and magnitudes were higher in the AS01B-adjuvanted groups than in the MF59-adjuvanted group. At month 12, HIV-specific Env-gp120 binding antibody response magnitudes in the 40μg gp120/AS01B group were higher than in either of the 200μg gp120 groups. CONCLUSIONS The 40μg dose gp120/AS01B regimen elicited the highest CD4+ T-cell and binding antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvavahera Mike Chirenje
- ZMC University of California San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Francisco, USA
- ZMC, LSC UZ-CTRC, University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Fatima Laher
- FL Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - One Dintwe
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Monde Muyoyeta
- MM Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Zambia
| | - Allan C deCamp
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zonglin He
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Faatima Laher Omar
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- KS, GT Center for Human Systems Immunology and Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Polakowski
- LP Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda S Woodward Davis
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucas Maganga
- LM National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- LB Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth Mayer
- KM Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- SK Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- MK University of Rochester, Department of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Benigno Rodriguez
- BR Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- IF School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- HS San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lynda Stranix-Chibanda
- ZMC, LSC UZ-CTRC, University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Paez
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James Kublin
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- GF Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- GF Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- KS, GT Center for Human Systems Immunology and Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Mayer-Blackwell K, Ryu H, Codd AS, Parks KR, MacMillan HR, Cohen KW, Stewart TL, Seese A, Lemos MP, De Rosa SC, Czartoski JL, Moodie Z, Nguyen LT, McGuire DJ, Ahmed R, Fiore-Gartland A, McElrath MJ, Newell EW. mRNA vaccination boosts S-specific T cell memory and promotes expansion of CD45RA int T EMRA-like CD8 + T cells in COVID-19 recovered individuals. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101149. [PMID: 37552991 PMCID: PMC10439252 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA vaccination both elicit spike (S)-specific T cell responses. To analyze how T cell memory from prior infection influences T cell responses to vaccination, we evaluated functional T cell responses in naive and previously infected vaccine recipients. Pre-vaccine S-specific responses are predictive of subsequent CD8+ T cell vaccine-response magnitudes. Comparing baseline with post-vaccination TCRβ repertoires, we observed large clonotypic expansions correlated with the frequency of spike-specific T cells. Epitope mapping the largest CD8+ T cell responses confirms that an HLA-A∗03:01 epitope was highly immunodominant. Peptide-MHC tetramer staining together with mass cytometry and single-cell sequencing permit detailed phenotyping and clonotypic tracking of these S-specific CD8+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that infection-induced S-specific CD8+ T cell memory plays a significant role in shaping the magnitude and clonal composition of the circulating T cell repertoire after vaccination, with mRNA vaccination promoting CD8+ memory T cells to a TEMRA-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshlan Mayer-Blackwell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heeju Ryu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy S Codd
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - K Rachael Parks
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hugh R MacMillan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Terri L Stewart
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maria P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie L Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Long T Nguyen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Donald J McGuire
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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12
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Lyke KE, Atmar RL, Dominguez Islas C, Posavad CM, Deming ME, Branche AR, Johnston C, El Sahly HM, Edupuganti S, Mulligan MJ, Jackson LA, Rupp RE, Rostad CA, Coler RN, Bäcker M, Kottkamp AC, Babu TM, Dobrzynski D, Martin JM, Brady RC, Frenck RW, Rajakumar K, Kotloff K, Rouphael N, Szydlo D, PaulChoudhury R, Archer JI, Crandon S, Ingersoll B, Eaton A, Brown ER, McElrath MJ, Neuzil KM, Stephens DS, Post DJ, Lin BC, Serebryannyy L, Beigel JH, Montefiori DC, Roberts PC. Immunogenicity of NVX-CoV2373 heterologous boost against SARS-CoV-2 variants. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:98. [PMID: 37433788 PMCID: PMC10336079 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a multicenter study evaluating homologous and heterologous COVID-19 booster vaccines, we assessed the magnitude, breadth, and short-term durability of binding and pseudovirus-neutralizing antibody (PsVNA) responses following a single booster dose of NVX-CoV2373 in adults primed with either Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, or BNT162b2 vaccines. NVX-CoV2373 as a heterologous booster was immunogenic and associated with no safety concerns through Day 91. Fold-rises in PsVNA titers from baseline (Day 1) to Day 29 were highest for prototypic D614G variant and lowest for more recent Omicron sub-lineages BQ.1.1 and XBB.1. Peak humoral responses against all SARS-CoV-2 variants were lower in those primed with Ad26.COV2.S than with mRNA vaccines. Prior SARS CoV-2 infection was associated with substantially higher baseline PsVNA titers, which remained elevated relative to previously uninfected participants through Day 91. These data support the use of heterologous protein-based booster vaccines as an acceptable alternative to mRNA or adenoviral-based COVID-19 booster vaccines. This trial was conducted under ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04889209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Clara Dominguez Islas
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meagan E Deming
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
- Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martín Bäcker
- NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Angelica C Kottkamp
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tara M Babu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Dobrzynski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Judith M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Brady
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert W Frenck
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kumaravel Rajakumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
- Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Szydlo
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rahul PaulChoudhury
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sonja Crandon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian Ingersoll
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Brown
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David S Stephens
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Diane J Post
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John H Beigel
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Talla A, Vasaikar SV, Szeto GL, Lemos MP, Czartoski JL, MacMillan H, Moodie Z, Cohen KW, Fleming LB, Thomson Z, Okada L, Becker LA, Coffey EM, De Rosa SC, Newell EW, Skene PJ, Li X, Bumol TF, Juliana McElrath M, Torgerson TR. Persistent serum protein signatures define an inflammatory subcategory of long COVID. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3417. [PMID: 37296110 PMCID: PMC10252177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) is a clinical syndrome featuring diverse symptoms that can persist for months following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aetiologies may include persistent inflammation, unresolved tissue damage or delayed clearance of viral protein or RNA, but the biological differences they represent are not fully understood. Here we evaluate the serum proteome in samples, longitudinally collected from 55 PASC individuals with symptoms lasting ≥60 days after onset of acute infection, in comparison to samples from symptomatically recovered SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected individuals. Our analysis indicates heterogeneity in PASC and identified subsets with distinct signatures of persistent inflammation. Type II interferon signaling and canonical NF-κB signaling (particularly associated with TNF), appear to be the most differentially enriched signaling pathways, distinguishing a group of patients characterized also by a persistent neutrophil activation signature. These findings help to clarify biological diversity within PASC, identify participants with molecular evidence of persistent inflammation, and highlight dominant pathways that may have diagnostic or therapeutic relevance, including a protein panel that we propose as having diagnostic utility for differentiating inflammatory and non-inflammatory PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Talla
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suhas V Vasaikar
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seagen, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Gregory Lee Szeto
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seagen, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Maria P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie L Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hugh MacMillan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lamar B Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lauren Okada
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Xiaojun Li
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Mkhize NN, Yssel AEJ, Kaldine H, van Dorsten RT, Woodward Davis AS, Beaume N, Matten D, Lambson B, Modise T, Kgagudi P, York T, Westfall DH, Giorgi EE, Korber B, Anthony C, Mapengo RE, Bekker V, Domin E, Eaton A, Deng W, DeCamp A, Huang Y, Gilbert PB, Gwashu-Nyangiwe A, Thebus R, Ndabambi N, Mielke D, Mgodi N, Karuna S, Edupuganti S, Seaman MS, Corey L, Cohen MS, Hural J, McElrath MJ, Mullins JI, Montefiori D, Moore PL, Williamson C, Morris L. Neutralization profiles of HIV-1 viruses from the VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011469. [PMID: 37384759 PMCID: PMC10337935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) efficacy trials conducted between 2016 and 2020 showed for the first time that passively administered broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) could prevent HIV-1 acquisition against bnAb-sensitive viruses. HIV-1 viruses isolated from AMP participants who acquired infection during the study in the sub-Saharan African (HVTN 703/HPTN 081) and the Americas/European (HVTN 704/HPTN 085) trials represent a panel of currently circulating strains of HIV-1 and offer a unique opportunity to investigate the sensitivity of the virus to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) being considered for clinical development. Pseudoviruses were constructed using envelope sequences from 218 individuals. The majority of viruses identified were clade B and C; with clades A, D, F and G and recombinants AC and BF detected at lower frequencies. We tested eight bnAbs in clinical development (VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, CAP256.25, PGDM1400, PGT121, 10-1074 and 10E8v4) for neutralization against all AMP placebo viruses (n = 76). Compared to older clade C viruses (1998-2010), the HVTN703/HPTN081 clade C viruses showed increased resistance to VRC07-523LS and CAP256.25. At a concentration of 1μg/ml (IC80), predictive modeling identified the triple combination of V3/V2-glycan/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10-1074/PGDM1400/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade C viruses and a combination of MPER/V3/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10E8v4/10-1074/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade B viruses, due to low coverage of V2-glycan directed bnAbs against clade B viruses. Overall, the AMP placebo viruses represent a valuable resource for defining the sensitivity of contemporaneous circulating viral strains to bnAbs and highlight the need to update reference panels regularly. Our data also suggests that combining bnAbs in passive immunization trials would improve coverage of global viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anna E. J. Yssel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rebecca T. van Dorsten
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda S. Woodward Davis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Beaume
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Matten
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bronwen Lambson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Modise
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Talita York
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dylan H. Westfall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Colin Anthony
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rutendo E. Mapengo
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Valerie Bekker
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Domin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allan DeCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Asanda Gwashu-Nyangiwe
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruwayhida Thebus
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Ndabambi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dieter Mielke
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North-Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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15
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Cohen KW, De Rosa SC, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Fiore-Gartland A, Mahoney CR, Furth S, Donahue J, Whaley RE, Ballweber-Fleming L, Seese A, Schwedhelm K, Geraghty D, Finak G, Menis S, Leggat DJ, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Borate BR, Philiponis V, Maenza J, Diemert D, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Hyrien O, Laufer DS, Koup RA, McDermott AB, Schief WR, McElrath MJ. A first-in-human germline-targeting HIV nanoparticle vaccine induced broad and publicly targeted helper T cell responses. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf3309. [PMID: 37224227 PMCID: PMC11036875 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The engineered outer domain germline targeting version 8 (eOD-GT8) 60-mer nanoparticle was designed to prime VRC01-class HIV-specific B cells that would need to be matured, through additional heterologous immunizations, into B cells that are able to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies. CD4 T cell help will be critical for the development of such high-affinity neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, we assessed the induction and epitope specificities of the vaccine-specific T cells from the IAVI G001 phase 1 clinical trial that tested immunization with eOD-GT8 60-mer adjuvanted with AS01B. Robust polyfunctional CD4 T cells specific for eOD-GT8 and the lumazine synthase (LumSyn) component of eOD-GT8 60-mer were induced after two vaccinations with either the 20- or 100-microgram dose. Antigen-specific CD4 T helper responses to eOD-GT8 and LumSyn were observed in 84 and 93% of vaccine recipients, respectively. CD4 helper T cell epitope "hotspots" preferentially targeted across participants were identified within both the eOD-GT8 and LumSyn proteins. CD4 T cell responses specific to one of these three LumSyn epitope hotspots were observed in 85% of vaccine recipients. Last, we found that induction of vaccine-specific peripheral CD4 T cells correlated with expansion of eOD-GT8-specific memory B cells. Our findings demonstrate strong human CD4 T cell responses to an HIV vaccine candidate priming immunogen and identify immunodominant CD4 T cell epitopes that might improve human immune responses either to heterologous boost immunogens after this prime vaccination or to other human vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William J. Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Celia R. Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah Furth
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josh Donahue
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachael E. Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
| | - David J. Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | | | - Bhavesh R. Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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16
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Oyong DA, Duffy FJ, Neal ML, Du Y, Carnes J, Schwedhelm KV, Hertoghs N, Jun SH, Miller H, Aitchison JD, De Rosa SC, Newell EW, McElrath MJ, McDermott SM, Stuart KD. Distinct immune responses associated with vaccination status and protection outcomes after malaria challenge. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011051. [PMID: 37195999 PMCID: PMC10228810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune mechanisms that mediate malaria protection is critical for improving vaccine development. Vaccination with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfRAS) induces high level of sterilizing immunity against malaria and serves as a valuable tool for the study of protective mechanisms. To identify vaccine-induced and protection-associated responses during malarial infection, we performed transcriptome profiling of whole blood and in-depth cellular profiling of PBMCs from volunteers who received either PfRAS or noninfectious mosquito bites, followed by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) challenge. In-depth single-cell profiling of cell subsets that respond to CHMI in mock-vaccinated individuals showed a predominantly inflammatory transcriptome response. Whole blood transcriptome analysis revealed that gene sets associated with type I and II interferon and NK cell responses were increased in prior to CHMI while T and B cell signatures were decreased as early as one day following CHMI in protected vaccinees. In contrast, non-protected vaccinees and mock-vaccinated individuals exhibited shared transcriptome changes after CHMI characterized by decreased innate cell signatures and inflammatory responses. Additionally, immunophenotyping data showed different induction profiles of vδ2+ γδ T cells, CD56+ CD8+ T effector memory (Tem) cells, and non-classical monocytes between protected vaccinees and individuals developing blood-stage parasitemia, following treatment and resolution of infection. Our data provide key insights in understanding immune mechanistic pathways of PfRAS-induced protection and infective CHMI. We demonstrate that vaccine-induced immune response is heterogenous between protected and non-protected vaccinees and that inducted-malaria protection by PfRAS is associated with early and rapid changes in interferon, NK cell and adaptive immune responses. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994525.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A. Oyong
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fergal J. Duffy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maxwell L. Neal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ying Du
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Carnes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katharine V. Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nina Hertoghs
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Seong-Hwan Jun
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helen Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan W. Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M. McDermott
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Stieh DJ, Barouch DH, Comeaux C, Sarnecki M, Stephenson KE, Walsh SR, Sawant S, Heptinstall J, Tomaras GD, Kublin JG, McElrath MJ, Cohen KW, De Rosa SC, Alter G, Ferrari G, Montefiori D, Mann P, Nijs S, Callewaert K, Goepfert PA, Edupuganti S, Karita E, Seaman MS, Corey L, Baden LR, Pau MG, Schuitemaker H, Tomaka F. Safety and Immunogenicity of Ad26-Vectored HIV Vaccine With Mosaic Immunogens and a Novel Mosaic Envelope Protein in HIV-Uninfected Adults: A Phase 1/2a Study. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:939-950. [PMID: 36348617 PMCID: PMC10202119 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing a cross-clade, globally effective HIV vaccine remains crucial for eliminating HIV. METHODS This placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1/2a study enrolled healthy HIV-uninfected adults at low risk for HIV infection. They were randomized (1:4:1) to receive 4 doses of an adenovirus 26-based HIV-1 vaccine encoding 2 mosaic Gag and Pol, and 2 mosaic Env proteins plus adjuvanted clade C gp140 (referred to here as clade C regimen), bivalent protein regimen (clade C regimen plus mosaic gp140), or placebo. Primary end points were safety and antibody responses. RESULTS In total 152/155 participants (clade C, n = 26; bivalent protein, n = 103; placebo, n = 26) received ≥1 injection. The highest adverse event (AE) severity was grade 3 (local pain/tenderness, 12%, 2%, and 0% of the respective groups; solicited systemic AEs, 19%, 15%, 0%). HIV-1 mosaic gp140-binding antibody titers were 79 595 ELISA units (EU)/mL and 137 520 EU/mL in the clade C and bivalent protein groups (P < .001) after dose 4 and 16 862 EU/mL and 25 162 EU/mL 6 months later. Antibody response breadth against clade C gp140 and clade C/non-clade C gp120 was highest in the bivalent protein group. CONCLUSIONS Adding mosaic gp140 to the clade C regimen increased and broadened the elicited immune response without compromising safety or clade C responses. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02935686.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Center for Human Systems Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Department of Surgery, Center for Human Systems Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Center for Human Systems Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Center for Human Systems Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Center for Human Systems Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philipp Mann
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven Nijs
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria G Pau
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Tomaka
- Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
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18
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Mackelprang RD, Filali-Mouhim A, Richardson B, Lefebvre F, Katabira E, Ronald A, Gray G, Cohen KW, Klatt NR, Pecor T, Celum C, McElrath MJ, Hughes SM, Hladik F, Cameron MJ, Lingappa JR. Upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes persists beyond the transitory broad immunologic changes of acute HIV-1 infection. iScience 2023; 26:106454. [PMID: 37020953 PMCID: PMC10067744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation during HIV-1 infection contributes to morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. To elucidate the underlying biological pathways, we evaluated whole blood gene expression trajectories from before, through acute, and into chronic HIV-1 infection. Interferon-stimulated genes, including MX1, IFI27 and ISG15, were upregulated during acute infection, remained elevated into chronic infection, and were strongly correlated with plasma HIV-1 RNA as well as TNF-α and CXCL10 cytokine levels. In contrast, genes involved in cellular immune responses, such as CD8A, were upregulated during acute infection before reaching a peak and returning to near pre-infection levels in chronic infection. Our results indicate that chronic immune activation during HIV-1 infection is characterized by persistent elevation of a narrow set of interferon-stimulated genes and innate cytokines. These findings raise the prospect of devising a targeted intervention to restore healthy immune homeostasis in people living with HIV-1.
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19
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Drain PK, Dalmat RR, Hao L, Bemer MJ, Budiawan E, Morton JF, Ireton RC, Hsiang TY, Marfatia Z, Prabhu R, Woosley C, Gichamo A, Rechkina E, Hamilton D, Montaño M, Cantera JL, Ball AS, Golez I, Smith E, Greninger AL, McElrath MJ, Thompson M, Grant BD, Meisner A, Gottlieb GS, Gale M. Duration of viral infectiousness and correlation with symptoms and diagnostic testing in non-hospitalized adults during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: A longitudinal cohort study. J Clin Virol 2023; 161:105420. [PMID: 36913789 PMCID: PMC9981266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 have relied on limited data on duration of viral infectiousness and correlation with COVID-19 symptoms and diagnostic testing. METHODS We enrolled ambulatory adults with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and performed serial measurements of COVID-19 symptoms, nasal swab viral RNA, nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) antigens, and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 by viral growth in culture. We determined average time from symptom onset to a first negative test result and estimated risk of infectiousness, as defined by positive viral growth in culture. RESULTS Among 95 adults, median [interquartile range] time from symptom onset to first negative test result was 9 [5] days, 13 [6] days, 11 [4] days, and >19 days for S antigen, N antigen, culture growth, and viral RNA by RT-PCR, respectively. Beyond two weeks, virus growth and N antigen titers were rarely positive, while viral RNA remained detectable among half (26/51) of participants tested 21-30 days after symptom onset. Between 6-10 days from symptom onset, N antigen was strongly associated with culture positivity (relative risk=7.61, 95% CI: 3.01-19.22), whereas neither viral RNA nor symptoms were associated with culture positivity. During the 14 days following symptom onset, the presence of N antigen remained strongly associated (adjusted relative risk=7.66, 95% CI: 3.96-14.82) with culture positivity, regardless of COVID-19 symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Most adults have replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 for 10-14 after symptom onset. N antigen testing is a strong predictor of viral infectiousness and may be a more suitable biomarker, rather than absence of symptoms or viral RNA, to discontinue isolation within two weeks from symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Drain
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Ronit R Dalmat
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Linhui Hao
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meagan J Bemer
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elvira Budiawan
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jennifer F Morton
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Renee C Ireton
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zarna Marfatia
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Roshni Prabhu
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Claire Woosley
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adanech Gichamo
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elena Rechkina
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daphne Hamilton
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michalina Montaño
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Inah Golez
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elise Smith
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew Thompson
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Allison Meisner
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Environmental Health & Safety Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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20
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Cohen KW, Fiore-Gartland A, Walsh SR, Yusim K, Frahm N, Elizaga ML, Maenza J, Scott H, Mayer KH, Goepfert PA, Edupuganti S, Pantaleo G, Hutter J, Morris DE, De Rosa SC, Geraghty DE, Robb ML, Michael NL, Fischer W, Giorgi EE, Malhi H, Pensiero MN, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Haynes BF, Korber BT, Baden LR. Trivalent mosaic or consensus HIV immunogens prime humoral and broader cellular immune responses in adults. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163338. [PMID: 36787249 PMCID: PMC9927951 DOI: 10.1172/jci163338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMosaic and consensus HIV-1 immunogens provide two distinct approaches to elicit greater breadth of coverage against globally circulating HIV-1 and have shown improved immunologic breadth in nonhuman primate models.METHODSThis double-blind randomized trial enrolled 105 healthy HIV-uninfected adults who received 3 doses of either a trivalent global mosaic, a group M consensus (CON-S), or a natural clade B (Nat-B) gp160 env DNA vaccine followed by 2 doses of a heterologous modified vaccinia Ankara-vectored HIV-1 vaccine or placebo. We performed prespecified blinded immunogenicity analyses at day 70 and day 238 after the first immunization. T cell responses to vaccine antigens and 5 heterologous Env variants were fully mapped.RESULTSEnv-specific CD4+ T cell responses were induced in 71% of the mosaic vaccine recipients versus 48% of the CON-S recipients and 48% of the natural Env recipients. The mean number of T cell epitopes recognized was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.2-4.2) for mosaic recipients, 1.6 (95% CI, 0.82-2.6) for CON-S recipients, and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.62-1.71) for Nat-B recipients. Mean breadth was significantly greater in the mosaic group than in the Nat-B group using overall (P = 0.014), prime-matched (P = 0.002), heterologous (P = 0.046), and boost-matched (P = 0.009) measures. Overall T cell breadth was largely due to Env-specific CD4+ T cell responses.CONCLUSIONPriming with a mosaic antigen significantly increased the number of epitopes recognized by Env-specific T cells and enabled more, albeit still limited, cross-recognition of heterologous variants. Mosaic and consensus immunogens are promising approaches to address global diversity of HIV-1.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02296541.FUNDINGUS NIH grants UM1 AI068614, UM1 AI068635, UM1 AI068618, UM1 AI069412, UL1 RR025758, P30 AI064518, UM1 AI100645, and UM1 AI144371, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP52282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karina Yusim
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marnie L. Elizaga
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Hutter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daryl E. Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Harmandeep Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael N. Pensiero
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Palin AC, Alter G, Crotty S, Ellebedy AH, Lane MC, Lee FEH, Locci M, Malaspina A, Mallia C, McElrath MJ, Pulendran B, Singh A, D'Souza MP. Author Correction: The persistence of memory: defining, engineering, and measuring vaccine durability. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:200. [PMID: 36572838 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Chelsea Lane
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michela Locci
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Malaspina
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Conrad Mallia
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anjali Singh
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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22
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Duffy FJ, Hertoghs N, Du Y, Neal ML, Oyong D, McDermott S, Minkah N, Carnes J, Schwedhelm KV, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC, Newell E, Aitchison JD, Stuart K. Longitudinal immune profiling after radiation-attenuated sporozoite vaccination reveals coordinated immune processes correlated with malaria protection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042741. [PMID: 36591224 PMCID: PMC9798120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying immune processes required for liver-stage sterilizing immunity to malaria remains an open problem. The IMRAS trial comprised 5x immunizations with radiation-attenuated sporozoites resulting in 55% protection from subsequent challenge. Methods To identify correlates of vaccination and protection, we performed detailed systems immunology longitudinal profiling of the entire trial time course including whole blood transcriptomics, detailed PBMC cell phenotyping and serum antigen array profiling of 11 IMRAS radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS) vaccinees at up to 21 timepoints each. Results RAS vaccination induced serum antibody responses to CSP, TRAP, and AMA1 in all vaccinees. We observed large numbers of differentially expressed genes associated with vaccination response and protection, with distinctly differing transcriptome responses elicited after each immunization. These included inflammatory and proliferative responses, as well as increased abundance of monocyte and DC subsets after each immunization. Increases in Vδ2 γδ; T cells and MAIT cells were observed in response to immunization over the course of study, and CD1c+ CD40+ DC abundance was significantly associated with protection. Interferon responses strongly differed between protected and non-protected individuals with high interferon responses after the 1st immunization, but not the 2nd-5th. Blood transcriptional interferon responses were correlated with abundances of different circulating classical and non-classical monocyte populations. Conclusions This study has revealed multiple coordinated immunological processes induced by vaccination and associated with protection. Our work represents the most detailed immunological profiling of a RAS vaccine trial performed to date and will guide the design and interpretation of future malaria vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal J. Duffy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Fergal J. Duffy, ; Ken Stuart,
| | - Nina Hertoghs
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ying Du
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maxwell L. Neal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Damian Oyong
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Suzanne McDermott
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nana Minkah
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jason Carnes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Katharine V. Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Evan Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ken Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Fergal J. Duffy, ; Ken Stuart,
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23
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Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Willis JR, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Kalyuzhniy O, Cottrell CA, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Schiffner T, Liguori A, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Yates NL, Williams LD, Greene K, Gao H, Mahoney CR, Corcoran MM, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Hu X, Tingle R, Georgeson E, Eskandarzadeh S, Alavi N, Lu D, Mullen TM, Kubitz M, Groschel B, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Crotty S, Roederer M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Tomaras GD, Montefiori D, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR. Vaccination induces HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humans. Science 2022; 378:eadd6502. [PMID: 36454825 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can protect against HIV infection but have not been induced by human vaccination. A key barrier to bnAb induction is vaccine priming of rare bnAb-precursor B cells. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 clinical trial, the HIV vaccine-priming candidate eOD-GT8 60mer adjuvanted with AS01B had a favorable safety profile and induced VRC01-class bnAb precursors in 97% of vaccine recipients with median frequencies reaching 0.1% among immunoglobulin G B cells in blood. bnAb precursors shared properties with bnAbs and gained somatic hypermutation and affinity with the boost. The results establish clinical proof of concept for germline-targeting vaccine priming, support development of boosting regimens to induce bnAbs, and encourage application of the germline-targeting strategy to other targets in HIV and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William J Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason R Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachael E Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - LaTonya D Williams
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Celia R Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin M Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Tingle
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nushin Alavi
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danny Lu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gunilla B Karlsson Hedestam
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | | | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Linderman SL, Lai L, Bocangel Gamarra EL, Lau MS, Edupuganti S, Surie D, Tenforde MW, Chappell JD, Mohr NM, Gibbs KW, Steingrub JS, Exline MC, Shapiro NI, Frosch AE, Qadir N, Davis-Gardner ME, McElrath MJ, Lauring AS, Suthar MS, Patel MM, Self WH, Ahmed R. Neutralizing antibody responses in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron infection. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:164303. [PMID: 36256473 PMCID: PMC9711871 DOI: 10.1172/jci164303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilin Lai
- Emory Vaccine Center,,Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Max S.Y. Lau
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
| | | | | | | | - James D. Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Mohr
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kevin W. Gibbs
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jay S. Steingrub
- Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew C. Exline
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nathan I. Shapiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne E. Frosch
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nida Qadir
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam S. Lauring
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center,,Department of Microbiology and Immunology,,Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Wesley H. Self
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center,,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
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25
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Palin AC, Alter G, Crotty S, Ellebedy AH, Lane MC, Lee FEH, Locci M, Malaspina A, Mallia C, McElrath MJ, Pulendran B, Singh A, D'Souza MP. The persistence of memory: defining, engineering, and measuring vaccine durability. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1665-1668. [PMID: 36456737 PMCID: PMC9916179 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Chelsea Lane
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michela Locci
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Malaspina
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Conrad Mallia
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anjali Singh
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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26
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Dintwe OB, De Rosa SC, Huang Y, Flach BS, Manso B, Carter D, Omar FL, Schwedhelm KV, Yu C, Lu H, Morris D, Kee JJ, Voillet V, Stirewalt M, Hural J, Moodie Z, Frahm N, Cohen KW, McElrath MJ, Andersen-Nissen E. Achieving intracellular cytokine staining assay concordance on two continents to assess HIV vaccine-induced T-cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1167-1181. [PMID: 35866359 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0522-668r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) conducts clinical trials on 4 continents in pursuit of a safe and effective HIV vaccine. Cellular immune responses to vaccination that define vaccine immunogenicity and/or immune correlates of protection can be measured using multiparameter intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays. The HVTN cellular immunology laboratory, located in Seattle, WA, conducts ICS assays for vaccine trials according to Good Clinical Laboratory Practices (GCLP). In 2013, the HVTN established a second GCLP compliant cellular immunology laboratory in Cape Town, South Africa to assess vaccine immunogenicity for HVTN trials conducted on the African continent. To ensure ICS readouts in the 2 laboratories were directly comparable, we conducted concordance testing using PBMC from healthy controls and vaccine trial participants. Despite standardized procedures and instrumentation, shared quality control measures and quality assurance oversight, several factors impacted our ability to obtain close agreement in T-cell responses measured in the 2 laboratories. One of these was the type of fetal bovine serum (FBS) used in the assay, which impacted lymphocyte cell viability and background responses. In addition, the differences in supernatant removal technique also significantly affected our ability to detect positive responses to vaccine antigens. Standardization of these factors allowed us to achieve and maintain ICS assay concordance across the 2 laboratories over multiple years, accelerating our efforts to evaluate HIV vaccines. The insights gained in this process are valuable for assay transfer efforts by groups of investigators that need to directly compare data generated in different laboratories around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- One B Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Britta S Flach
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bryce Manso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Don Carter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Katharine V Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Huiyin Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daryl Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Michael Stirewalt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
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27
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Bockstal V, Shukarev G, McLean C, Goldstein N, Bart S, Gaddah A, Anumenden D, Stoop JN, Marit de Groot A, Pau MG, Hendriks J, De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, McElrath MJ, Callendret B, Luhn K, Douoguih M, Robinson C. First-in-human study to evaluate safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of heterologous regimens using the multivalent filovirus vaccines Ad26.Filo and MVA-BN-Filo administered in different sequences and schedules: A randomized, controlled study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274906. [PMID: 36197845 PMCID: PMC9534391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though clinically similar, Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease are caused by different viruses. Of the 30 documented outbreaks of these diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, eight were major outbreaks (≥200 cases; five caused by Zaire ebolavirus [EBOV], two by Sudan ebolavirus [SUDV], and one by Marburg virus [MARV]). Our purpose is to develop a multivalent vaccine regimen protecting against each of these filoviruses. This first-in-human study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of several multivalent two-dose vaccine regimens that contain Ad26.Filo and MVA-BN-Filo. Methods Ad26.Filo combines three vaccines encoding the glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV, SUDV, and MARV. MVA-BN-Filo is a multivalent vector encoding EBOV, SUDV, and MARV GPs, and Taï Forest nucleoprotein. This Phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled healthy adults (18–50 years) into four groups, randomized 5:1 (active:placebo), to assess different Ad26.Filo and MVA-BN-Filo vaccine directionality and administration intervals. The primary endpoint was safety; immune responses against EBOV, SUDV, and MARV GPs were also assessed. Results Seventy-two participants were randomized, and 60 (83.3%) completed the study. All regimens were well tolerated with no deaths or vaccine-related serious adverse events (AEs). The most frequently reported solicited local AE was injection site pain/tenderness. Solicited systemic AEs most frequently reported were headache, fatigue, chills, and myalgia; most solicited AEs were Grade 1–2. Solicited/unsolicited AE profiles were similar between regimens. Twenty-one days post-dose 2, 100% of participants on active regimen responded to vaccination and exhibited binding antibodies against EBOV, SUDV, and MARV GPs; neutralizing antibody responses were robust against EBOV (85.7–100%), but lower against SUDV (35.7–100%) and MARV (0–57.1%) GPs. An Ad26.Filo booster induced a rapid further increase in humoral responses. Conclusion This study demonstrates that heterologous two-dose vaccine regimens with Ad26.Filo and MVA-BN-Filo are well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy adults. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02860650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki Bockstal
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georgi Shukarev
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chelsea McLean
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil Goldstein
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Bart
- Optimal Research, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Auguste Gaddah
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Jeroen N. Stoop
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria G. Pau
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Robinson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rakshit S, Adiga V, Ahmed A, Parthiban C, Chetan Kumar N, Dwarkanath P, Shivalingaiah S, Rao S, D’Souza G, Dias M, Maguire TJA, Doores KJ, Zoodsma M, Geckin B, Dasgupta P, Babji S, van Meijgaarden KE, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Li Y, Netea MG, Stuart KD, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ, Vyakarnam A. Evidence for the heterologous benefits of prior BCG vaccination on COVISHIELD™ vaccine-induced immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative young Indian adults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985938. [PMID: 36268023 PMCID: PMC9577398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study tested if prior BCG revaccination can qualitatively and quantitively enhance antibody and T-cell responses induced by Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1nCoV-19 or COVISHIELD™, an efficacious and the most widely distributed vaccine in India. We compared COVISHIELD™ induced longitudinal immune responses in 21 BCG re-vaccinees (BCG-RV) and 13 BCG-non-revaccinees (BCG-NRV), all of whom were BCG vaccinated at birth; latent tuberculosis negative and SARS-CoV-2 seronegative prior to COVISHIELD™ vaccination. Compared to BCG-NRV, BCG-RV displayed significantly higher and persistent spike-specific neutralizing (n) Ab titers and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells for eight months post COVISHIELD™ booster, including distinct CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IFN-γ- effector memory (EM) subsets co-expressing IL-2, TNF-α and activation induced markers (AIM) CD154/CD137 as well as CD8+IFN-γ+ EM,TEMRA (T cell EM expressing RA) subset combinations co-expressing TNF-α and AIM CD137/CD69. Additionally, elevated nAb and T-cell responses to the Delta mutant in BCG-RV highlighted greater immune response breadth. Mechanistically, these BCG adjuvant effects were associated with elevated markers of trained immunity, including higher IL-1β and TNF-α expression in CD14+HLA-DR+monocytes and changes in chromatin accessibility highlighting BCG-induced epigenetic changes. This study provides first in-depth analysis of both antibody and memory T-cell responses induced by COVISHIELD™ in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative young adults in India with strong evidence of a BCG-induced booster effect and therefore a rational basis to validate BCG, a low-cost and globally available vaccine, as an adjuvant to enhance heterologous adaptive immune responses to current and emerging COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Srishti Rao
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - George D’Souza
- Division of Nutrition, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Martijn Zoodsma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualized Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Busranur Geckin
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sudhir Babji
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Liver Renal Urology Transplant Gastro/Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inflammation Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simone A. Joosten
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualized Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Kenneth D. Stuart
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Centre for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Centre for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Annapurna Vyakarnam, ;
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, Seaton KE, De Rosa S, Heptinstall J, Carpp LN, Randhawa AK, McKinnon LR, McLaren P, Viegas E, Gray GE, Churchyard G, Buchbinder SP, Edupuganti S, Bekker LG, Keefer MC, Hosseinipour MC, Goepfert PA, Cohen KW, Williamson BD, McElrath MJ, Tomaras GD, Thakar J, Kobie JJ. Baseline host determinants of robust human HIV-1 vaccine-induced immune responses: A meta-analysis of 26 vaccine regimens. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104271. [PMID: 36179551 PMCID: PMC9520208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of baseline host determinants that associate with robust HIV-1 vaccine-induced immune responses could aid HIV-1 vaccine development. We aimed to assess both the collective and relative performance of baseline characteristics in classifying individual participants in nine different Phase 1-2 HIV-1 vaccine clinical trials (26 vaccine regimens, conducted in Africa and in the Americas) as High HIV-1 vaccine responders. METHODS This was a meta-analysis of individual participant data, with studies chosen based on participant-level (vs. study-level summary) data availability within the HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network. We assessed the performance of 25 baseline characteristics (demographics, safety haematological measurements, vital signs, assay background measurements) and estimated the relative importance of each characteristic in classifying 831 participants as High (defined as within the top 25th percentile among positive responders or above the assay upper limit of quantification) versus Non-High responders. Immune response outcomes included HIV-1-specific serum IgG binding antibodies and Env-specific CD4+ T-cell responses assessed two weeks post-last dose, all measured at central HVTN laboratories. Three variable importance approaches based on SuperLearner ensemble machine learning were considered. FINDINGS Overall, 30.1%, 50.5%, 36.2%, and 13.9% of participants were categorized as High responders for gp120 IgG, gp140 IgG, gp41 IgG, and Env-specific CD4+ T-cell vaccine-induced responses, respectively. When including all baseline characteristics, moderate performance was achieved for the classification of High responder status for the binding antibody responses, with cross-validated areas under the ROC curve (CV-AUC) of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.76) for gp120 IgG, 0.73 (0.69, 0.76) for gp140 IgG, and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.72) for gp41 IgG. In contrast, the collection of all baseline characteristics yielded little improvement over chance for predicting High Env-specific CD4+ T-cell responses [CV-AUC: 0.53 (0.48, 0.58)]. While estimated variable importance patterns differed across the three approaches, female sex assigned at birth, lower height, and higher total white blood cell count emerged as significant predictors of High responder status across multiple immune response outcomes using Approach 1. Of these three baseline variables, total white blood cell count ranked highly across all three approaches for predicting vaccine-induced gp41 and gp140 High responder status. INTERPRETATION The identified features should be studied further in pursuit of intervention strategies to improve vaccine responses and may be adjusted for in analyses of immune response data to enhance statistical power. FUNDING National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI068635 to YH, UM1AI068614 to GDT, UM1AI068618 to MJM, and UM1 AI069511 to MCK), the Duke CFAR P30 AI064518 to GDT, and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE027245 to JJK). This work was also supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of any of the funding sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - April Kaur Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MN, Canada; Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul McLaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Edna Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan P Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Mina C Hosseinipour
- University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe, Malawi; Department of Medicine, Institution for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian D Williamson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - James J Kobie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.
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Calder T, Tong T, Hu DJ, Kim JH, Kotloff KL, Koup RA, Marovich MA, McElrath MJ, Read SW, Robb ML, Renzullo PO, D’Souza MP. Leveraging lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic for HIV. Commun Med 2022; 2:110. [PMID: 36045906 PMCID: PMC9423691 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines and their deployment in less than a year is an unprecedented scientific, medical, and public health achievement. This rapid development leveraged knowledge from decades of HIV/AIDS research and advances. However, the search for an HIV vaccine that would contribute to a durable end to the HIV pandemic remains elusive. Here, we draw from the US government experience and highlight lessons learned from COVID-19 vaccine development, which include the importance of public-private partnerships, equitable inclusion of populations impacted by the infectious pathogen, and continued investment in basic research. We summarize key considerations for an accelerated and re-energized framework for developing a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine. Calder, Tong et al. discuss how the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines benefited from HIV/AIDS research. They highlight lessons learned from the COVID-19 vaccine development experience that could accelerate and re-energize the development of a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine.
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31
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Moodie Z, Dintwe O, Sawant S, Grove D, Huang Y, Janes H, Heptinstall J, Omar FL, Cohen K, De Rosa SC, Zhang L, Yates NL, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Seaton KE, Laher F, Bekker LG, Malahleha M, Innes C, Kassim S, Naicker N, Govender V, Sebe M, Singh N, Kotze P, Lazarus E, Nchabeleng M, Ward AM, Brumskine W, Dubula T, Randhawa AK, Grunenberg N, Hural J, Kee JJ, Benkeser D, Jin Y, Carpp LN, Allen M, D’Souza P, Tartaglia J, DiazGranados CA, Koutsoukos M, Gilbert PB, Kublin JG, Corey L, Andersen-Nissen E, Gray GE, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ. Analysis of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network 702 Phase 2b-3 HIV-1 Vaccine Trial in South Africa Assessing RV144 Antibody and T-Cell Correlates of HIV-1 Acquisition Risk. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:246-257. [PMID: 35758878 PMCID: PMC9890908 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ALVAC/gp120 + MF59 vaccines in the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 702 efficacy trial did not prevent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) acquisition. Vaccine-matched immunological endpoints that were correlates of HIV-1 acquisition risk in RV144 were measured in HVTN 702 and evaluated as correlates of HIV-1 acquisition. METHODS Among 1893 HVTN 702 female vaccinees, 60 HIV-1-seropositive cases and 60 matched seronegative noncases were sampled. HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell and binding antibody responses were measured 2 weeks after fourth and fifth immunizations. Cox proportional hazards models assessed prespecified responses as predictors of HIV-1 acquisition. RESULTS The HVTN 702 Env-specific CD4+ T-cell response rate was significantly higher than in RV144 (63% vs 40%, P = .03) with significantly lower IgG binding antibody response rate and magnitude to 1086.C V1V2 (67% vs 100%, P < .001; Pmag < .001). Although no significant univariate associations were observed between any T-cell or binding antibody response and HIV-1 acquisition, significant interactions were observed (multiplicity-adjusted P ≤.03). Among vaccinees with high IgG A244 V1V2 binding antibody responses, vaccine-matched CD4+ T-cell endpoints associated with decreased HIV-1 acquisition (estimated hazard ratios = 0.40-0.49 per 1-SD increase in CD4+ T-cell endpoint). CONCLUSIONS HVTN 702 and RV144 had distinct immunogenicity profiles. However, both identified significant correlations (univariate or interaction) for IgG V1V2 and polyfunctional CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 acquisition. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT02968849.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - One Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Doug Grove
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Faatima Laher Omar
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kristen Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mookho Malahleha
- Setshaba Research Centre, Soshanguve, South Africa
- Synergy Biomed Research Institute, East London, South Africa
| | - Craig Innes
- The Aurum Institute, Klerksdorp, South Africa
| | - Sheetal Kassim
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nivashnee Naicker
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Nishanta Singh
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philip Kotze
- Qhakaza Mbokodo Research Centre, Ladysmith, South Africa
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maphoshane Nchabeleng
- Mecru Clinical Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amy M Ward
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Thozama Dubula
- Nelson Mandela Academic Clinical Research Unit and Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia D’Souza
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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32
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Cohen KW, Tian Y, Thayer C, Seese A, Amezquita R, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC, Gottardo R. Th2-Biased Transcriptional Profile Predicts HIV Envelope-Specific Polyfunctional CD4 + T Cells That Correlated with Reduced Risk of Infection in RV144 Trial. J Immunol 2022; 209:526-534. [PMID: 35803696 PMCID: PMC9476163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ag-specific T cells play a critical role in responding to viral infections. In the RV144 HIV vaccine clinical trial, a rare subset of HIV-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T cells correlated with reduced risk of HIV-1 infection. Polyfunctional T cells are a subset of Ag-specific T cells that are able to simultaneously produce multiple effector cytokines. Little is known about what differentiates polyfunctional T cells from other vaccine-elicited T cells in humans. Therefore, we developed a novel live-cell multiplexed cytokine capture assay to identify, isolate, and transcriptionally profile vaccine-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T cells. We applied these methods to samples from subjects who received the RV144 vaccine regimen, as part of the HVTN 097 clinical trial. We identified two surface receptors (CD44 and CD82) upregulated on polyfunctional T cells and a Th2-biased transcriptional signature (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) that predicted the envelope-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T cell profiles that had correlated with reduced risk of HIV infection in RV144. By linking single-cell transcriptional and functional profiles, we may be able to further define the potential contributions of polyfunctional T cells to effective vaccine-elicited immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Casey Thayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert Amezquita
- Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; and
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA;
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33
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Nemes E, Fiore-Gartland A, Boggiano C, Coccia M, D'Souza P, Gilbert P, Ginsberg A, Hyrien O, Laddy D, Makar K, McElrath MJ, Ramachandra L, Schmidt AC, Shororbani S, Sunshine J, Tomaras G, Yu WH, Scriba TJ, Frahm N. The quest for vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection against tuberculosis. Vaccine Insights 2022; 1:165-181. [PMID: 37091190 PMCID: PMC10117634 DOI: 10.18609/vac/2022.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunization strategies against tuberculosis (TB) that confer better protection than neonatal vaccination with the 101-year-old Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are urgently needed to control the epidemic, but clinical development is hampered by a lack of established immune correlates of protection (CoPs). Two phase 2b clinical trials offer the first opportunity to discover human CoPs against TB. Adolescent BCG re-vaccination showed partial protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, as measured by sustained IFNγ release assay (IGRA) conversion. Adult M72/AS01E vaccination showed partial protection against pulmonary TB. We describe two collaborative research programs to discover CoPs against TB and ensure rigorous, streamlined use of available samples, involving international immunology experts in TB and state-of-the-art technologies, sponsors and funders. Hypotheses covering immune responses thought to be important in protection against TB have been defined and prioritized. A statistical framework to integrate the data analysis strategy was developed. Exploratory analyses will be performed to generate novel hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cesar Boggiano
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Patricia D'Souza
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ann Ginsberg
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Karen Makar
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Ramachandra
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Solmaz Shororbani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justine Sunshine
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Gray MD, Feng J, Weidle CE, Cohen KW, Ballweber-Fleming L, MacCamy AJ, Huynh CN, Trichka JJ, Montefiori D, Ferrari G, Pancera M, McElrath MJ, Stamatatos L. Characterization of a vaccine-elicited human antibody with sequence homology to VRC01-class antibodies that binds the C1C2 gp120 domain. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm3948. [PMID: 35507661 PMCID: PMC9067929 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Broadly HIV-1-neutralizing VRC01-class antibodies bind the CD4-binding site of Env and contain VH1-2*02-derived heavy chains paired with light chains expressing five-amino acid-long CDRL3s. Their unmutated germline forms do not recognize HIV-1 Env, and their lack of elicitation in human clinical trials could be due to the absence of activation of the corresponding naïve B cells by the vaccine immunogens. To address this point, we examined Env-specific B cell receptor sequences from participants in the HVTN 100 clinical trial. Of all the sequences analyzed, only one displayed homology to VRC01-class antibodies, but the corresponding antibody (FH1) recognized the C1C2 gp120 domain. For FH1 to switch epitope recognition to the CD4-binding site, alterations in the CDRH3 and CDRL3 were necessary. Only germ line-targeting Env immunogens efficiently activated VRC01 B cells, even in the presence of FH1 B cells. Our findings support the use of these immunogens to activate VRC01 B cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Junli Feng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Connor E. Weidle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anna J. MacCamy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Crystal N. Huynh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josephine J. Trichka
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Anderson E, Jackson L, Rouphael N, Widge A, Montefiori D, Doria-Rose N, Suthar M, Cohen K, O'Connell S, Makowski M, Makhene M, Buchanan W, Spearman P, Creech CB, O'Dell S, Schmidt S, Leav B, Bennett H, Pajon R, Posavad C, Hural J, Beigel J, Albert J, Abebe K, Eaton A, Rostad C, Rebolledo P, Kamidani S, Graciaa D, Coler R, McDermott A, Ledgerwood J, Mascola J, DeRosa S, Neuzil K, McElrath MJ, Roberts P. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine - An Interim Analysis. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1222037. [PMID: 35547849 PMCID: PMC9094107 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1222037/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Waning immunity after two SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations and the emergence of variants precipitated the need for a third dose of vaccine. We evaluated early safety and immunogenicity after a third mRNA vaccination in adults who received the mRNA-1273 primary series in the Phase 1 trial approximately 9 to 10 months earlier. The booster vaccine formulations included 100 mcg of mRNA-1273, 50 mcg of mRNA-1273.351 that encodes Beta variant spike protein, and bivalent vaccine of 25 mcg each of mRNA-1273 and mRNA-1273.351. A third dose of mRNA vaccine appeared safe with acceptable reactogenicity. Vaccination induced rapid increases in binding and neutralizing antibody titers to D614G, Beta, and Delta variants that were similar or greater than peak responses after the second dose. Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased to similar levels as after the second dose. A third mRNA vaccination was well tolerated and generated robust humoral and T cell responses. ClinicalTrials.gov numbers NCT04283461 (mRNA-1273 Phase 1) and NCT04785144 (mRNA-1273.351 Phase 1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
| | | | - Alicia Widge
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Vaccine Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH
| | | | - Mamodikoe Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Wendy Buchanan
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Rhea Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | | | | | - John Mascola
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Stephen DeRosa
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington
| | | | | | - Paul Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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36
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Buchbinder SP, McElrath MJ, Dieffenbach C, Corey L. COVID-19 vaccination and HIV-1 acquisition - Authors' reply. Lancet 2022; 399:e36. [PMID: 35397867 PMCID: PMC8989399 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carl Dieffenbach
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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37
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Atmar RL, Lyke KE, Deming ME, Jackson LA, Branche AR, El Sahly HM, Rostad CA, Martin JM, Johnston C, Rupp RE, Mulligan MJ, Brady RC, Frenck RW, Bäcker M, Kottkamp AC, Babu TM, Rajakumar K, Edupuganti S, Dobrzynski D, Coler RN, Posavad CM, Archer JI, Crandon S, Nayak SU, Szydlo D, Zemanek JA, Dominguez Islas CP, Brown ER, Suthar MS, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, O'Connell SE, Montefiori DC, Eaton A, Neuzil KM, Stephens DS, Roberts PC, Beigel JH. Homologous and Heterologous Covid-19 Booster Vaccinations. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1046-1057. [PMID: 35081293 PMCID: PMC8820244 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2116414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the three vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) that have received emergency use authorization in the United States are highly effective, breakthrough infections are occurring. Data are needed on the serial use of homologous boosters (same as the primary vaccine) and heterologous boosters (different from the primary vaccine) in fully vaccinated recipients. METHODS In this phase 1-2, open-label clinical trial conducted at 10 sites in the United States, adults who had completed a Covid-19 vaccine regimen at least 12 weeks earlier and had no reported history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection received a booster injection with one of three vaccines: mRNA-1273 (Moderna) at a dose of 100 μg, Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson-Janssen) at a dose of 5×1010 virus particles, or BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) at a dose of 30 μg. The primary end points were safety, reactogenicity, and humoral immunogenicity on trial days 15 and 29. RESULTS Of the 458 participants who were enrolled in the trial, 154 received mRNA-1273, 150 received Ad26.COV2.S, and 153 received BNT162b2 as booster vaccines; 1 participant did not receive the assigned vaccine. Reactogenicity was similar to that reported for the primary series. More than half the recipients reported having injection-site pain, malaise, headache, or myalgia. For all combinations, antibody neutralizing titers against a SARS-CoV-2 D614G pseudovirus increased by a factor of 4 to 73, and binding titers increased by a factor of 5 to 55. Homologous boosters increased neutralizing antibody titers by a factor of 4 to 20, whereas heterologous boosters increased titers by a factor of 6 to 73. Spike-specific T-cell responses increased in all but the homologous Ad26.COV2.S-boosted subgroup. CD8+ T-cell levels were more durable in the Ad26.COV2.S-primed recipients, and heterologous boosting with the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine substantially increased spike-specific CD8+ T cells in the mRNA vaccine recipients. CONCLUSIONS Homologous and heterologous booster vaccines had an acceptable safety profile and were immunogenic in adults who had completed a primary Covid-19 vaccine regimen at least 12 weeks earlier. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; DMID 21-0012 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04889209.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Atmar
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Meagan E Deming
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Angela R Branche
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Christina A Rostad
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Judith M Martin
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Christine Johnston
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Richard E Rupp
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rebecca C Brady
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Robert W Frenck
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Martín Bäcker
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Angelica C Kottkamp
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Tara M Babu
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kumaravel Rajakumar
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - David Dobrzynski
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rhea N Coler
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Christine M Posavad
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Janet I Archer
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sonja Crandon
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Seema U Nayak
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel Szydlo
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jillian A Zemanek
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Clara P Dominguez Islas
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Elizabeth R Brown
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sarah E O'Connell
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - David C Montefiori
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Amanda Eaton
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - David S Stephens
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Paul C Roberts
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - John H Beigel
- From the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A., H.M.E.S.), and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (R.E.R.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.E.L., M.E.D., K.M.N.), and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (S.C., S.U.N., P.C.R., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.B.M., S.E.O.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), the Departments of Medicine (C.J., T.M.B., M.J. McElrath) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (C.J., C.M.P.), University of Washington, the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (C.J., C.M.P., C.P.D.I., E.R.B., M.J. McElrath) and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (D.S., J.A.Z.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) and the Department of Pediatrics (R.N.C.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester (A.R.B., D.D.), NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J. Mulligan, A.C.K.), and NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola (M.B.) - all in New York; the Departments of Pediatrics (C.A.R.), Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.S.), and Medicine (S.E., D.S.S.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (C.A.R.), Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center (S.E.), Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (C.A.R.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M., K.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.C.B., R.W.F.); and FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International) (J.I.A.) and Duke Human Vaccine Institute (D.C.M.) and the Department of Surgery (D.C.M., A.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Rakshit S, Adiga V, Ahmed A, Parthiban C, Kumar NC, Dwarkanath P, Shivalingaiah S, Rao S, D’Souza G, Dias M, Maguire TJ, Doores K, Dasgupta P, Babji S, Ottenhoff TH, Stuart KD, De Rosa S, McElrath MJ, Vyakarnam A. BCG revaccination qualitatively and quantitatively enhances SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific neutralizing antibody and T cell responses induced by the COVISHIELD ™ vaccine in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative young Indian adults. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1395683. [PMID: 35262071 PMCID: PMC8902867 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1395683/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study tested if prior BCG revaccination can further boost immune responses subsequently induced by a widely distributed and otherwise efficacious Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1nCoV-19 vaccine, referred to as COVISHIELD™, in India. We compared COVISHIELD™ induced longitudinal immune responses in 21 BCG re-vaccinees (BCG-RV) and 13 BCG-non-revaccinees (BCG-NRV), all of whom were BCG vaccinated at birth and latent tuberculosis negative, after COVISHIELD™ prime and boost with baseline samples that were collected pre-pandemic and pre-BCG revaccination. Compared to BCG-NRV, BCG-RV displayed significantly higher magnitude of spike-specific Ab and T cell responses, including a greater proportion of high responders; better quality polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells that persisted and a more robust Ab and T cell response to the Delta mutant of SARS-CoV-2 highlighting greater breadth. Mechanistically, BCG adjuvant effects on COVISHIELD™ induced adaptive responses was associated with more robust innate responses to pathogen-associated-molecular-patterns through TNF-α and IL-1β secretion. This study provides first in-depth analysis of immune responses induced by COVISHIELD™ in India and highlights the potential of using a cheap and globally available vaccine, BCG, as an adjuvant to enhance heterologous adaptive immune responses induced by COVIDSHIELD™ and other emerging vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Srishti Rao
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - George D’Souza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas J.A. Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London
| | - Katie Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Liver Renal Urology Transplant Gastro/Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inflammation Biology, King’s College, London
| | - Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Tom H.M Ottenhoff
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King’s College, London
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Du Y, Hertoghs N, Duffy FJ, Carnes J, McDermott SM, Neal ML, Schwedhelm KV, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC, Aitchison JD, Stuart KD. Systems analysis of immune responses to attenuated P. falciparum malaria sporozoite vaccination reveals excessive inflammatory signatures correlating with impaired immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010282. [PMID: 35108339 PMCID: PMC8843222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) can confer sterilizing protection against malaria, although the mechanisms behind this protection are incompletely understood. We performed a systems biology analysis of samples from the Immunization by Mosquito with Radiation Attenuated Sporozoites (IMRAS) trial, which comprised P. falciparum RAS-immunized (PfRAS), malaria-naive participants whose protection from malaria infection was subsequently assessed by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Blood samples collected after initial PfRAS immunization were analyzed to compare immune responses between protected and non-protected volunteers leveraging integrative analysis of whole blood RNA-seq, high parameter flow cytometry, and single cell CITEseq of PBMCs. This analysis revealed differences in early innate immune responses indicating divergent paths associated with protection. In particular, elevated levels of inflammatory responses early after the initial immunization were detrimental for the development of protective adaptive immunity. Specifically, non-classical monocytes and early type I interferon responses induced within 1 day of PfRAS vaccination correlated with impaired immunity. Non-protected individuals also showed an increase in Th2 polarized T cell responses whereas we observed a trend towards increased Th1 and T-bet+ CD8 T cell responses in protected individuals. Temporal differences in genes associated with natural killer cells suggest an important role in immune regulation by these cells. These findings give insight into the immune responses that confer protection against malaria and may guide further malaria vaccine development. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994525. Malaria remains a serious global health problem, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. An effective malaria vaccine would be an important tool to fight this disease. Previous work has shown that irradiated sporozoites, the form of the malaria parasite injected into humans by mosquitos, are not capable of progressing to a symptomatic blood stage malaria infection, and act as a protective vaccine against future malaria exposure. However the mechanisms that produce this protection are unknown. In this work, we studied individuals vaccinated with irradiated sporozoites before being exposed to live malaria parasites. Roughly half of these individual were protected against malaria. By analyzing blood samples taken at multiple points after the first vaccination using RNA sequencing and flow cytometry we identified immune responses that differed between protected and non-protected study participants. Notably, we observed a rapid increase in inflammation and interferon-associated genes in non-protected individual. We also observed protection-associated changes in T cell and NK cell associated pathways. Our study provides novel insights into immune responses associated with effective malaria vaccination, and can point the way to improved design of whole-sporozoite malaria vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nina Hertoghs
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fergal J. Duffy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Carnes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M. McDermott
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maxwell L. Neal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katharine V. Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moncunill G, Carnes J, Chad Young W, Carpp L, De Rosa S, Campo JJ, Nhabomba A, Mpina M, Jairoce C, Finak G, Haas P, Muriel C, Van P, Sanz H, Dutta S, Mordmüller B, Agnandji ST, Díez-Padrisa N, Williams NA, Aponte JJ, Valim C, Neafsey DE, Daubenberger C, McElrath MJ, Dobaño C, Stuart K, Gottardo R. Transcriptional correlates of malaria in RTS,S/AS01-vaccinated African children: a matched case–control study. eLife 2022; 11:70393. [PMID: 35060479 PMCID: PMC8782572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In a phase 3 trial in African infants and children, the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine (GSK) showed moderate efficacy against clinical malaria. We sought to further understand RTS,S/AS01-induced immune responses associated with vaccine protection. Methods: Applying the blood transcriptional module (BTM) framework, we characterized the transcriptomic response to RTS,S/AS01 vaccination in antigen-stimulated (and vehicle control) peripheral blood mononuclear cells sampled from a subset of trial participants at baseline and month 3 (1-month post-third dose). Using a matched case–control study design, we evaluated which of these ‘RTS,S/AS01 signature BTMs’ associated with malaria case status in RTS,S/AS01 vaccinees. Antigen-specific T-cell responses were analyzed by flow cytometry. We also performed a cross-study correlates analysis where we assessed the generalizability of our findings across three controlled human malaria infection studies of healthy, malaria-naive adult RTS,S/AS01 recipients. Results: RTS,S/AS01 vaccination was associated with downregulation of B-cell and monocyte-related BTMs and upregulation of T-cell-related BTMs, as well as higher month 3 (vs. baseline) circumsporozoite protein-specific CD4+ T-cell responses. There were few RTS,S/AS01-associated BTMs whose month 3 levels correlated with malaria risk. In contrast, baseline levels of BTMs associated with dendritic cells and with monocytes (among others) correlated with malaria risk. The baseline dendritic cell- and monocyte-related BTM correlations with malaria risk appeared to generalize to healthy, malaria-naive adults. Conclusions: A prevaccination transcriptomic signature associates with malaria in RTS,S/AS01-vaccinated African children, and elements of this signature may be broadly generalizable. The consistent presence of monocyte-related modules suggests that certain monocyte subsets may inhibit protective RTS,S/AS01-induced responses. Funding: Funding was obtained from the NIH-NIAID (R01AI095789), NIH-NIAID (U19AI128914), PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, PI11/00423 and PI14/01422). The RNA-seq project has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under grant number U19AI110818 to the Broad Institute. This study was also supported by the Vaccine Statistical Support (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation award INV-008576/OPP1154739 to R.G.). C.D. was the recipient of a Ramon y Cajal Contract from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (RYC-2008-02631). G.M. was the recipient of a Sara Borrell–ISCIII fellowship (CD010/00156) and work was performed with the support of Department of Health, Catalan Government grant (SLT006/17/00109). This research is part of the ISGlobal’s Program on the Molecular Mechanisms of Malaria which is partially supported by the Fundación Ramón Areces and we acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the ‘Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019–2023’ Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas
| | - Jason Carnes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - William Chad Young
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Lindsay Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | - Augusto Nhabomba
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Rua 12, Cambeve, Vila de Manhiça
| | | | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Rua 12, Cambeve, Vila de Manhiça
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Paige Haas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Carl Muriel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Phu Van
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Héctor Sanz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona
| | | | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection Research
| | - Selidji T Agnandji
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection Research
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), BP 242
| | | | | | - John J Aponte
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona
| | - Clarissa Valim
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas
| | - Ken Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
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De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, Bonaparte M, Fu B, Garg S, Gerard C, Goepfert PA, Huang Y, Larocque D, McElrath MJ, Morris D, Van der Most R, de Bruyn G, Pagnon A. Whole-blood cytokine secretion assay as a high-throughput alternative for assessing the cell-mediated immunity profile after two doses of an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine candidate. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1360. [PMID: 35035955 PMCID: PMC8752373 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously described the Phase I-II evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein candidate vaccine, CoV2-PreS-dTM, with AF03- or AS03-adjuvant systems (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04537208). Here, we further characterise the cellular immunogenicity profile of this vaccine candidate using a whole-blood secretion assay in parallel to intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS A randomly allocated subset of 90 healthy, SARS-CoV-2-seronegative adults aged ≥ 18 years who had received (random allocation) one or two separate injections (on study day [D]1 and D22) of saline placebo or CoV2-PreS-dTM formulated with AS03 or AF03 were included. Cytokine secretion was assessed using a TruCulture® whole-blood stimulation system in combination with multiplex bead array, and intracellular cytokine profiles were evaluated on thawed PBMCs following ex vivo stimulation with recombinant S protein at pre-vaccination (D1), post-dose 1 (D22) and post-dose 2 (D36). RESULTS Both methods detected similar vaccine-induced responses after the first and second doses. We observed a Th1 bias (Th1/Th2 ratio > 1.0) for most treatment groups when analysed in whole blood, mainly characterised by increased IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α secretion. Among participants aged ≥ 50 years, the Th1/Th2 ratio was higher for those who received vaccine candidate with AS03 versus AF03 adjuvant. ICS revealed that this higher Th1/Th2 ratio resulted from higher levels of IFN-γ expression and that the vaccine induced polyfunctional CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS The whole-blood cytokine secretion assay is a high-throughput alternative for assessing the quantity and character of vaccine-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Bo Fu
- BiostaticsSanofi PasteurSwiftwaterPAUSA
| | | | | | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Daryl Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Guy de Bruyn
- Global Clinical DevelopmentSanofi PasteurSwiftwaterPAUSA
| | - Anke Pagnon
- Research DepartmentSanofi PasteurMarcy l’ÉtoileFrance
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Anywaine Z, Barry H, Anzala O, Mutua G, Sirima SB, Eholie S, Kibuuka H, Bétard C, Richert L, Lacabaratz C, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, Shukarev G, Katwere M, Robinson C, Gaddah A, Heerwegh D, Bockstal V, Luhn K, Leyssen M, Thiébaut R, Douoguih M. Safety and immunogenicity of 2-dose heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccination in children and adolescents in Africa: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre Phase II clinical trial. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003865. [PMID: 35015777 PMCID: PMC8752100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reoccurring Ebola outbreaks in West and Central Africa have led to serious illness and death in thousands of adults and children. The objective of this study was to assess safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the heterologous 2-dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo vaccination regimen in adolescents and children in Africa. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this multicentre, randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II study, 131 adolescents (12 to 17 years old) and 132 children (4 to 11 years old) were enrolled from Eastern and Western Africa and randomised 5:1 to receive study vaccines or placebo. Vaccine groups received intramuscular injections of Ad26.ZEBOV (5 × 1010 viral particles) and MVA-BN-Filo (1 × 108 infectious units) 28 or 56 days apart; placebo recipients received saline. Primary outcomes were safety and tolerability. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were recorded until 7 days after each vaccination and serious AEs (SAEs) throughout the study. Secondary and exploratory outcomes were humoral immune responses (binding and neutralising Ebola virus [EBOV] glycoprotein [GP]-specific antibodies), up to 1 year after the first dose. Enrolment began on February 26, 2016, and the date of last participant last visit was November 28, 2018. Of the 263 participants enrolled, 217 (109 adolescents, 108 children) received the 2-dose regimen, and 43 (20 adolescents, 23 children) received 2 placebo doses. Median age was 14.0 (range 11 to 17) and 7.0 (range 4 to 11) years for adolescents and children, respectively. Fifty-four percent of the adolescents and 51% of the children were male. All participants were Africans, and, although there was a slight male preponderance overall, the groups were well balanced. No vaccine-related SAEs were reported; solicited AEs were mostly mild/moderate. Twenty-one days post-MVA-BN-Filo vaccination, binding antibody responses against EBOV GP were observed in 100% of vaccinees (106 adolescents, 104 children). Geometric mean concentrations tended to be higher after the 56-day interval (adolescents 13,532 ELISA units [EU]/mL, children 17,388 EU/mL) than the 28-day interval (adolescents 6,993 EU/mL, children 8,007 EU/mL). Humoral responses persisted at least up to Day 365. A limitation of the study is that the follow-up period was limited to 365 days for the majority of the participants, and so it was not possible to determine whether immune responses persisted beyond this time period. Additionally, formal statistical comparisons were not preplanned but were only performed post hoc. CONCLUSIONS The heterologous 2-dose vaccination was well tolerated in African adolescents and children with no vaccine-related SAEs. All vaccinees displayed anti-EBOV GP antibodies after the 2-dose regimen, with higher responses in the 56-day interval groups. The frequency of pyrexia after vaccine or placebo was higher in children than in adolescents. These data supported the prophylactic indication against EBOV disease in a paediatric population, as licenced in the EU. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02564523.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacchaeus Anywaine
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Omu Anzala
- KAVI - Institute of Clinical Research University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gaudensia Mutua
- KAVI - Institute of Clinical Research University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Banfora, Banfora, Burkina Faso
| | - Serge Eholie
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, BPV3, Treichville University Teaching Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University - Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Bétard
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219; Inria SISTM team; CHU Bordeaux; CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Richert
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219; Inria SISTM team; CHU Bordeaux; CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Viki Bockstal
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219; Inria SISTM team; CHU Bordeaux; CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Huang Y, Borisov O, Kee JJ, Carpp LN, Wrin T, Cai S, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, McDanal C, Eaton A, Pajon R, Hural J, Posavad CM, Gill K, Karuna S, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Petropoulos CJ, Montefiori DC. Calibration of two validated SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assays for COVID-19 vaccine evaluation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23921. [PMID: 34907214 PMCID: PMC8671391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are key biomarkers considered to be associated with vaccine efficacy. In United States government-sponsored phase 3 efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccines, nAbs are measured by two different validated pseudovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays, with each trial using one of the two assays. Here we describe and compare the nAb titers obtained in the two assays. We observe that one assay consistently yielded higher nAb titers than the other when both assays were performed on the World Health Organization’s anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin International Standard, COVID-19 convalescent sera, and mRNA-1273 vaccinee sera. To overcome the challenge this difference in readout poses in comparing/combining data from the two assays, we evaluate three calibration approaches and show that readouts from the two assays can be calibrated to a common scale. These results may aid decision-making based on data from these assays for the evaluation and licensure of new or adapted COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suqin Cai
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Atmar RL, Lyke KE, Deming ME, Jackson LA, Branche AR, El Sahly HM, Rostad CA, Martin JM, Johnston C, Rupp RE, Mulligan MJ, Brady RC, Frenck RW, Bäcker M, Kottkamp AC, Babu TM, Rajakumar K, Edupuganti S, Dobryzynski D, Posavad CM, Archer JI, Crandon S, Nayak SU, Szydlo D, Zemanek J, Dominguez Islas CP, Brown ER, Suthar MS, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, O’Connell SE, Montefiori DC, Eaton A, Neuzil KM, Stephens DS, Roberts PC, Beigel JH. Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccinations - Preliminary Report. medRxiv 2021:2021.10.10.21264827. [PMID: 34671773 PMCID: PMC8528081 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.10.21264827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background While Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines are highly effective, breakthrough infections are occurring. Booster vaccinations have recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) for certain populations but are restricted to homologous mRNA vaccines. We evaluated homologous and heterologous booster vaccination in persons who had received an EUA Covid-19 vaccine regimen. Methods In this phase 1/2 open-label clinical trial conducted at ten U.S. sites, adults who received one of three EUA Covid-19 vaccines at least 12 weeks prior to enrollment and had no reported history of SARS-CoV-2 infection received a booster injection with one of three vaccines (Moderna mRNA-1273 100-μg, Janssen Ad26.COV2.S 5×1010 virus particles, or Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 30-μg; nine combinations). The primary outcomes were safety, reactogenicity, and humoral immunogenicity on study days 15 and 29. Results 458 individuals were enrolled: 154 received mRNA-1273, 150 received Ad26.CoV2.S, and 153 received BNT162b2 booster vaccines. Reactogenicity was similar to that reported for the primary series. Injection site pain, malaise, headache, and myalgia occurred in more than half the participants. Booster vaccines increased the neutralizing activity against a D614G pseudovirus (4.2-76-fold) and binding antibody titers (4.6-56-fold) for all combinations; homologous boost increased neutralizing antibody titers 4.2-20-fold whereas heterologous boost increased titers 6.2-76-fold. Day 15 neutralizing and binding antibody titers varied by 28.7-fold and 20.9-fold, respectively, across the nine prime-boost combinations. Conclusion Homologous and heterologous booster vaccinations were well-tolerated and immunogenic in adults who completed a primary Covid-19 vaccine regimen at least 12 weeks earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Atmar
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & MIcrobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kirsten E. Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health collaborating with the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Meagan E. Deming
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lisa A. Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Angela R. Branche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Hana M. El Sahly
- Departments of Molecular Virology & MIcrobiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Christina A. Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Judith M. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Christine Johnston
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Richard E. Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Rebecca C. Brady
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Robert W. Frenck
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Martín Bäcker
- NYU Langone Hospital—Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501
| | - Angelica C. Kottkamp
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center Bellevue Hospital Research Clinic and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tara M. Babu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Kumaravel Rajakumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30030
| | - David Dobryzynski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Sonja Crandon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Seema U. Nayak
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel Szydlo
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jillian Zemanek
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Clara P. Dominguez Islas
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Elizabeth R. Brown
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Department of Pediatrics; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sarah E. O’Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | | | - Paul C. Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John H. Beigel
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Lemos MP, Nandi V, Dragavon J, Fleming I, Krishnan K, Musuruana M, Kramer M, Glantz H, Andrasik M, Coombs RW, McElrath MJ, Tieu HV. HIV-1 Nucleic Acids Identify Rectal HIV Exposures in Self-Collected Rectal Swabs, Whereas Y-Chromosome Single Tandem Repeat Mixtures Are Not Reliable Biomarkers of Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 88:138-148. [PMID: 34506358 PMCID: PMC8439546 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To focus interventions, biomarkers of HIV-1 exposure could help in identifying subpopulations at highest risk of acquisition. We assessed whether Y-chromosome single tandem repeat (YSTR) mixtures obtained from rectal swabs could serve as a biomarker of condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) among men who have sex with men and transgender women and evaluated the feasibility of detecting HIV-1 virions to assess exposures. METHODS Twenty-nine sexually active HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men and one transgender woman from New York City answered on-site and mobile app sexual behavior questionnaires. They were randomized to collecting self-administered rectal swabs every morning or after receptive anal intercourse (RAI). YSTR profiles were assessed from blood sample and swabs; HIV-1 exposure was measured by conducting quantitative polymerase chain reaction in swabs. RESULTS After 2 months, the daily mobile survey had 135%-201% more instances of anal sex acts and 170%-193% more RAI than on-site surveys. Daily mobile reporting had 11%-35% less CRAI events than those reported on-site (Pdaily = 0.001; Pper-sex = 0.047). The daily swabbing arm reported less RAI (P < 0.001) and CRAI (P < 0.038) and had 2.95 lower odds of detecting YSTR mixtures (P = 0.021) than the per-sex-event arm. Surprisingly, YSTR detection was not significantly modified by report of bowel movements and lubricant, enema, or condom use. No participant became HIV-1 infected, yet HIV-1 total nucleic acids were detected in 6 independent episodes of CRAI in 2 participants taking pre-exposure prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS YSTR mixtures demonstrated 80% specificity but only 30% sensitivity as a biomarker of CRAI in self-collected rectal swabs. However, detection of HIV-1 exposures in self-collected swabs may help in identifying those needing further HIV risk reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vijay Nandi
- Laboratory of Data Analytics, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Joan Dragavon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keertana Krishnan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Musuruana
- Laboratory of Data Analytics, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Madeline Kramer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hayley Glantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michele Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert W. Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong-Van Tieu
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
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Barry H, Mutua G, Kibuuka H, Anywaine Z, Sirima SB, Meda N, Anzala O, Eholie S, Bétard C, Richert L, Lacabaratz C, McElrath MJ, De Rosa S, Cohen KW, Shukarev G, Robinson C, Gaddah A, Heerwegh D, Bockstal V, Luhn K, Leyssen M, Douoguih M, Thiébaut R. Safety and immunogenicity of 2-dose heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccination in healthy and HIV-infected adults: A randomised, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial in Africa. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003813. [PMID: 34714820 PMCID: PMC8555783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the heterologous 2-dose Ebola vaccination regimen in healthy and HIV-infected adults with different intervals between Ebola vaccinations. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II trial, 668 healthy 18- to 70-year-olds and 142 HIV-infected 18- to 50-year-olds were enrolled from 1 site in Kenya and 2 sites each in Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Uganda. Participants received intramuscular Ad26.ZEBOV followed by MVA-BN-Filo at 28-, 56-, or 84-day intervals, or saline. Females represented 31.4% of the healthy adult cohort in contrast to 69.7% of the HIV-infected cohort. A subset of healthy adults received booster vaccination with Ad26.ZEBOV or saline at Day 365. Following vaccinations, adverse events (AEs) were collected until 42 days post last vaccination and serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded from signing of the ICF until the end of the study. The primary endpoint was safety, and the secondary endpoint was immunogenicity. Anti-Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) binding and neutralising antibodies were measured at baseline and at predefined time points throughout the study. The first participant was enrolled on 9 November 2015, and the date of last participant's last visit was 12 February 2019. No vaccine-related SAEs and mainly mild-to-moderate AEs were observed among the participants. The most frequent solicited AEs were injection-site pain (local), and fatigue, headache, and myalgia (systemic), respectively. Twenty-one days post-MVA-BN-Filo vaccination, geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of EBOV GP binding antibodies in healthy adults in 28-, 56-, and 84-day interval groups were 3,085 EU/mL (2,648 to 3,594), 7,518 EU/mL (6,468 to 8,740), and 7,300 EU/mL (5,116 to 10,417), respectively. In HIV-infected adults in 28- and 56-day interval groups, GMCs were 4,207 EU/mL (3,233 to 5,474) and 5,283 EU/mL (4,094 to 6,817), respectively. Antibody responses were observed until Day 365. Ad26.ZEBOV booster vaccination after 1 year induced an anamnestic response. Study limitations include that some healthy adult participants either did not receive dose 2 or received dose 2 outside of their protocol-defined interval and that the follow-up period was limited to 365 days for most participants. CONCLUSIONS Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo vaccination was well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy and HIV-infected African adults. Increasing the interval between vaccinations from 28 to 56 days improved the magnitude of humoral immune responses. Antibody levels persisted to at least 1 year, and Ad26.ZEBOV booster vaccination demonstrated the presence of vaccination-induced immune memory. These data supported the approval by the European Union for prophylaxis against EBOV disease in adults and children ≥1 year of age. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02564523.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaudensia Mutua
- KAVI—Institute of Clinical Research University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University—Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zacchaeus Anywaine
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Banfora, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Omu Anzala
- KAVI—Institute of Clinical Research University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Serge Eholie
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, BPV3, Treichville University Teaching Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Christine Bétard
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219; Inria SISTM team; CHU Bordeaux; CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Richert
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219; Inria SISTM team; CHU Bordeaux; CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Viki Bockstal
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219; Inria SISTM team; CHU Bordeaux; CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Huang Y, Borisov O, Kee JJ, Carpp LN, Wrin T, Cai S, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, McDanal C, Eaton A, Pajon R, Hural J, Posavad CM, Gill K, Karuna S, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Petropoulos CJ, Montefiori DC. Calibration of Two Validated SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Assays for COVID-19 Vaccine Evaluation. medRxiv 2021:2021.09.09.21263049. [PMID: 34545372 PMCID: PMC8452111 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.21263049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are key biomarkers considered to be associated with vaccine efficacy. In United States Government-sponsored phase 3 efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccines, nAbs are measured by two different validated pseudovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays, with each trial using one of the two assays. Here we describe and compare the nAb titers obtained in the two assays. We observe that one assay consistently yielded higher nAb titers than the other when both assays were performed on the World Health Organization’s anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin International Standard, COVID-19 convalescent sera, and mRNA-1273 vaccinee sera. To overcome the challenge this difference in readout poses in comparing/combining data from the two assays, we evaluate three calibration approaches and show that readouts from the two assays can be calibrated to a common scale. These results may aid decision-making based on data from these assays for the evaluation and licensure of new or adapted COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suqin Cai
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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48
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Huang Y, Borisov O, Kee JJ, Carpp LN, Wrin T, Cai S, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, McDanal C, Eaton A, Pajon R, Hural J, Posavad CM, Gill K, Karuna S, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Petropoulos CJ, Montefiori DC. Calibration of Two Validated SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Assays for COVID-19 Vaccine Evaluation. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-862572. [PMID: 34494017 PMCID: PMC8423224 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-862572/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are key biomarkers considered to be associated with vaccine efficacy. In United States Government-sponsored phase 3 efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccines, nAbs are measured by two different validated pseudovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays, with each trial using one of the two assays. Here we describe and compare the nAb titers obtained in the two assays. We observe that one assay consistently yielded higher nAb titers than the other when both assays were performed on the World Health Organization’s anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin International Standard, COVID-19 convalescent sera, and mRNA-1273 vaccinee sera. To overcome the challenge this difference in readout poses in comparing/combining data from the two assays, we evaluate three calibration approaches and show that readouts from the two assays can be calibrated to a common scale. These results may aid decision-making based on data from these assays for the evaluation and licensure of new or adapted COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suqin Cai
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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49
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Chan M, Vijay S, McNevin J, McElrath MJ, Holland EC, Gujral TS. Machine learning identifies molecular regulators and therapeutics for targeting SARS-CoV2-induced cytokine release. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10426. [PMID: 34486798 PMCID: PMC8420181 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although 15-20% of COVID-19 patients experience hyper-inflammation induced by massive cytokine production, cellular triggers of this process and strategies to target them remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein substantially induces multiple inflammatory molecules in myeloid cells and human PBMCs. Using a combination of phenotypic screening with machine learning-based modeling, we identified and experimentally validated several protein kinases, including JAK1, EPHA7, IRAK1, MAPK12, and MAP3K8, as essential downstream mediators of NTD-induced cytokine production, implicating the role of multiple signaling pathways in cytokine release. Further, we found several FDA-approved drugs, including ponatinib, and cobimetinib as potent inhibitors of the NTD-mediated cytokine release. Treatment with ponatinib outperforms other drugs, including dexamethasone and baricitinib, inhibiting all cytokines in response to the NTD from SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Finally, ponatinib treatment inhibits lipopolysaccharide-mediated cytokine release in myeloid cells in vitro and lung inflammation mouse model. Together, we propose that agents targeting multiple kinases required for SARS-CoV-2-mediated cytokine release, such as ponatinib, may represent an attractive therapeutic option for treating moderate to severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Chan
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Siddharth Vijay
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - John McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Taranjit S Gujral
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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50
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Talla A, Vasaikar SV, Lemos MP, Moodie Z, Lee Pebworth MP, Henderson KE, Cohen KW, Czartoski JL, Lai L, Suthar MS, Heubeck AT, Genge PC, Roll CR, Weiss M, Reading J, Kondza N, MacMillan H, Fong OC, Thomson ZJ, Graybuck LT, Okada LY, Newell EW, Coffey EM, Meijer P, Becker LA, De Rosa SC, Skene PJ, Torgerson TR, Li XJ, Szeto GL, McElrath MJ, Bumol TF. Longitudinal immune dynamics of mild COVID-19 define signatures of recovery and persistence. bioRxiv 2021:2021.05.26.442666. [PMID: 34075380 PMCID: PMC8168393 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.26.442666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 200 million and caused more than 4 million deaths to date. Most individuals (>80%) have mild symptoms and recover in the outpatient setting, but detailed studies of immune responses have focused primarily on moderate to severe COVID-19. We deeply profiled the longitudinal immune response in individuals with mild COVID-19 beginning with early time points post-infection (1-15 days) and proceeding through convalescence to >100 days after symptom onset. We correlated data from single cell analyses of peripheral blood cells, serum proteomics, virus-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and clinical metadata. Acute infection was characterized by vigorous coordinated innate and adaptive immune activation that differed in character by age (young vs. old). We then characterized signals associated with recovery and convalescence to define and validate a new signature of inflammatory cytokines, gene expression, and chromatin accessibility that persists in individuals with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).
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