1
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Maciel M, Amara RR, Bar KJ, Crotty S, Deeks SG, Duplessis C, Gaiha G, McElrath MJ, McMichael A, Palin A, Rutishauser R, Shapiro S, Smiley ST, D'Souza MP. Author Correction: Exploring synergies between B- and T-cell vaccine approaches to optimize immune responses against HIV-workshop report. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38485736 PMCID: PMC10940590 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Maciel
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Duplessis
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gaurav Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Rutishauser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Shapiro
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen T Smiley
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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2
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Maciel M, Amara RR, Bar KJ, Crotty S, Deeks SG, Duplessis C, Gaiha G, McElrath MJ, McMichael A, Palin A, Rutishauser R, Shapiro S, Smiley ST, D'Souza MP. Exploring synergies between B- and T-cell vaccine approaches to optimize immune responses against HIV-workshop report. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:39. [PMID: 38383616 PMCID: PMC10881492 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Maciel
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Duplessis
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gaurav Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Rutishauser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Shapiro
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen T Smiley
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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3
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Knisely JM, Buyon LE, Mandt R, Farkas R, Balasingam S, Bok K, Buchholz UJ, D'Souza MP, Gordon JL, King DFL, Le TT, Leitner WW, Seder RA, Togias A, Tollefsen S, Vaughn DW, Wolfe DN, Taylor KL, Fauci AS. Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: scientific gaps and opportunities-workshop report. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:53. [PMID: 37045860 PMCID: PMC10091310 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Knisely
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lucas E Buyon
- Office of Scientific Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca Mandt
- Office of Scientific Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca Farkas
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Skøyen Atrium, Askekroken 11, 0277, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Karin Bok
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, US
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gordon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah F L King
- Infectious Disease, Prevention, Wellcome Trust, UK, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Tung T Le
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Skøyen Atrium, Askekroken 11, 0277, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alkis Togias
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stig Tollefsen
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Skøyen Atrium, Askekroken 11, 0277, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Daniel N Wolfe
- Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, 200 C Street SW, Washington, DC, 20024, USA
| | - Kimberly L Taylor
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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4
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Palin AC, Alter G, Crotty S, Ellebedy AH, Lane MC, Lee FEH, Locci M, Malaspina A, Mallia C, McElrath MJ, Pulendran B, Singh A, D'Souza MP. Author Correction: The persistence of memory: defining, engineering, and measuring vaccine durability. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:200. [PMID: 36572838 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Chelsea Lane
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michela Locci
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Malaspina
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Conrad Mallia
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anjali Singh
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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5
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Palin AC, Alter G, Crotty S, Ellebedy AH, Lane MC, Lee FEH, Locci M, Malaspina A, Mallia C, McElrath MJ, Pulendran B, Singh A, D'Souza MP. The persistence of memory: defining, engineering, and measuring vaccine durability. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1665-1668. [PMID: 36456737 PMCID: PMC9916179 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Palin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Chelsea Lane
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michela Locci
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Malaspina
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Conrad Mallia
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anjali Singh
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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6
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D'Souza MP, Palin AC, Calder T, Golding H, Kleinstein SH, Milliken EL, O'Connor D, Tomaras G, Warren J, Boggiano C. Mind the gap from research laboratory to clinic: Challenges and opportunities for next-generation assays in human diseases. Vaccine 2021; 39:5233-5239. [PMID: 34366145 PMCID: PMC8343370 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern vaccinology has experienced major conceptual and technological advances over the past 30 years. These include atomic-level structures driving immunogen design, new vaccine delivery methods, powerful adjuvants, and novel animal models. In addition, utilizing advanced assays to learn how the immune system senses a pathogen and orchestrates protective immunity has been critical in the design of effective vaccines and therapeutics. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health convened a workshop in September 2020 focused on next generation assays for vaccine development (Table 1). The workshop focused on four critical pathogens: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—which have no licensed vaccines—and tuberculosis (TB) and influenza—both of which are in critical need of improved vaccines. The goal was to share progress and lessons learned, and to identify any commonalities that can be leveraged to design vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patricia D'Souza
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Amy C Palin
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Calder
- Office of the Director, Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - David O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jon Warren
- Pre-clinical Research and Development Branch, Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cesar Boggiano
- Pre-clinical Research and Development Branch, Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
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7
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Patricia D'Souza M, Allen MA, Baumblatt JAG, Boggiano C, Crotty S, Grady C, Havenar-Daughton C, Heit A, Hu DJ, Kunwar N, McElrath MJ. Innovative approaches to track lymph node germinal center responses to evaluate development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in human HIV vaccine trials. Vaccine 2018; 36:5671-5677. [PMID: 30097219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phase 1 clinical studies will soon evaluate novel HIV-1 envelope immunogens targeting distinct 'germline' and memory B cell receptors to ultimately elicit HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) recently convened a panel of US-based expert scientists, clinicians, sponsors and ethicists to discuss the role of sampling draining lymph nodes within preventive HIV vaccine trials. The meeting addressed the importance of evaluating germinal center (GC) responses following immunization to predict bNAb potency and breadth, and reviewed key aspects of this procedure within the clinical research setting, including informed consent, adverse event monitoring, study participant acceptability, medical expertise and training. We review highlights from the meeting and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sampling lymph nodes by excisional biopsies compared to fine needle aspirations (FNA) in the context of prophylactic HIV vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antje Heit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Dale J Hu
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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8
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Sambor A, Garcia A, Berrong M, Pickeral J, Brown S, Rountree W, Sanchez A, Pollara J, Frahm N, Keinonen S, Kijak GH, Roederer M, Levine G, D'Souza MP, Jaimes M, Koup R, Denny T, Cox J, Ferrari G. Establishment and maintenance of a PBMC repository for functional cellular studies in support of clinical vaccine trials. J Immunol Methods 2014; 409:107-16. [PMID: 24787274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large repository of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples was created to provide laboratories testing the specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccine clinical trials the material for assay development, optimization, and validation. One hundred thirty-one PBMC samples were collected using leukapheresis procedure between 2007 and 2013 by the Comprehensive T cell Vaccine Immune Monitoring Consortium core repository. The donors included 83 human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) seronegative and 32 HIV-1 seropositive subjects. The samples were extensively characterized for the ability of T cell subsets to respond to recall viral antigens including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, and HIV-1 using Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme linked immunospot (ELISpot) and IFN-γ/interleukin 2 (IL-2) intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays. A subset of samples was evaluated over time to determine the integrity of the cryopreserved samples in relation to recovery, viability, and functionality. The principal results of our study demonstrate that viable and functional cells were consistently recovered from the cryopreserved samples. Therefore, we determined that this repository of large size cryopreserved cellular samples constitutes a unique resource for laboratories that are involved in optimization and validation of assays to evaluate T, B, and NK cellular functions in the context of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sambor
- Foundation for National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ambrosia Garcia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Brown
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ana Sanchez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicole Frahm
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Keinonen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- Viral Genetics Section, US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Gail Levine
- Foundation for National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Josephine Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Sanchez AM, Rountree W, Berrong M, Garcia A, Schuetz A, Cox J, Frahm N, Manak M, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, D'Souza MP, Denny T, Ferrari G. The External Quality Assurance Oversight Laboratory (EQAPOL) proficiency program for IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISpot) assay. J Immunol Methods 2014; 409:31-43. [PMID: 24685833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISpot) assay has been developed and used as an end-point assay in clinical trials for infectious diseases and cancer to detect the magnitude of antigen-specific immune responses. The ability to compare data generated by different laboratories across organizations is pivotal to understand the relative potency of different therapeutic and vaccine strategies. We developed an external proficiency program for the IFN-γ ELISpot assay that evaluates laboratory performance based on five parameters: timeliness for data reporting; ability to handle cellular samples; detection of background (non-specific) responses; accuracy to consensus of the results; and precision of the measurements. Points are awarded for each criterion, and the sum of the points is used to determine a numeric and adjectival performance rating. Importantly, the evaluation of the accuracy to the consensus mean for the detection of antigen-specific responses using laboratory-specific procedures informs each laboratory and its sponsor on the degree of concordance of its results with those obtained by other laboratories. This study will ultimately provide the scientific community with information on how to organize and implement an external proficiency program to evaluate longitudinally the performance of the participating laboratories and, therefore, fulfill the requirements of the GCLP guidelines for laboratories performing end-point IFN-γ ELISpot assay for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Sanchez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark Berrong
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ambrosia Garcia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Josephine Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark Manak
- Department of Diagnostics and Monitoring, US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), HJF, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for AIDS Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Division of AIDS, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for AIDS Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Streeck H, D'Souza MP, Littman DR, Crotty S. Harnessing CD4⁺ T cell responses in HIV vaccine development. Nat Med 2013; 19:143-9. [PMID: 23389614 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells can perform a panoply of tasks to shape an effective response against a pathogen. Limited attention has been paid to the potential importance of functional CD4(+) T cell responses in the context of the development of next-generation vaccines, including HIV vaccines. Many CD4(+) T cell functions are newly appreciated and only partially understood. A workshop was held as a forum to bring together a small group of experts to exchange ideas on the role of CD4(+) T cells in developing durable functional antibody responses, via follicular helper T cells, as well as on the roles of CD4(+) T cells in other aspects of protective immunity. Here we discuss whether CD4(+) T cell responses may represent a beneficial component of an efficacious HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Streeck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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Todd CA, Greene KM, Yu X, Ozaki DA, Gao H, Huang Y, Wang M, Li G, Brown R, Wood B, D'Souza MP, Gilbert P, Montefiori DC, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M. Development and implementation of an international proficiency testing program for a neutralizing antibody assay for HIV-1 in TZM-bl cells. J Immunol Methods 2011; 375:57-67. [PMID: 21968254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in assay technology have led to major improvements in how HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies are measured. A luciferase reporter gene assay performed in TZM-bl (JC53bl-13) cells has been optimized and validated. Because this assay has been adopted by multiple laboratories worldwide, an external proficiency testing program was developed to ensure data equivalency across laboratories performing this neutralizing antibody assay for HIV/AIDS vaccine clinical trials. The program was optimized by conducting three independent rounds of testing, with an increased level of stringency from the first to third round. Results from the participating domestic and international laboratories improved each round as factors that contributed to inter-assay variability were identified and minimized. Key contributors to increased agreement were experience among laboratories and standardization of reagents. A statistical qualification rule was developed using a simulation procedure based on the three optimization rounds of testing, where a laboratory qualifies if at least 25 of the 30 ID50 values lie within the acceptance ranges. This ensures no more than a 20% risk that a participating laboratory fails to qualify when it should, as defined by the simulation procedure. Five experienced reference laboratories were identified and tested a series of standardized reagents to derive the acceptance ranges for pass-fail criteria. This Standardized Proficiency Testing Program is the first available for the evaluation and documentation of assay equivalency for laboratories performing HIV-1 neutralizing antibody assays and may provide guidance for the development of future proficiency testing programs for other assay platforms.
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Abstract
This supplemental issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases is devoted to the important topic of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. It was prompted by the planning of the Acute HIV-1 Infection Meeting in Boston in September 2009, at which leading scientists and practitioners gathered to discuss new insights into the early, critical events of HIV-1 infection. The reviews that follow underline the current state of the field with regard to transmission biology of HIV-1; the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of primary HIV-1 infection; the pathogenesis of primary HIV-1 infection; and innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus. We trust that these findings have the potential to influence the development of effective vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patricia D'Souza
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Jaimes MC, Maecker HT, Yan M, Maino VC, Hanley MB, Greer A, Darden JM, D'Souza MP. Quality assurance of intracellular cytokine staining assays: analysis of multiple rounds of proficiency testing. J Immunol Methods 2010; 363:143-57. [PMID: 20727897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
When evaluating candidate prophylactic HIV and cancer vaccines, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays that measure the frequency and magnitude of antigen-specific T-cell subsets are one tool to monitor immunogen performance and make product advancement decisions. To assess the inter-laboratory assay variation among multiple laboratories testing vaccine candidates, the NIH/NIAID/DAIDS in collaboration with BD Biosciences implemented an ICS Quality Assurance Program (QAP). Seven rounds of testing have been conducted in which 16 laboratories worldwide participated. In each round, IFN-γ, IL-2 and/or TNF-α responses in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells to CEF or CMV pp65 peptide mixes were tested using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CMV seropositive donors. We found that for responses measured above 0.2%, inter-laboratory %CVs were, on average, 35%. No differences in inter-laboratory variation were observed if a 4-color antibody cocktail or a 7-color combination was used. Moreover, the data allowed identification of important sources of variability for flow cytometry-based assays, including: number of collected events, gating strategy and instrument setup and performance. As a consequence, in this multi-site study we were able to define pass and fail criteria for ICS assays, which will be adopted in the subsequent rounds of testing and could be easily extrapolated to QAP for other flow cytometry-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Jaimes
- BD Biosciences, 2350 Qume Drive, San Jose, CA 95131, USA.
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Abstract
The introduction of serological point-of-care assays 10 years ago dramatically changed the way that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was identified and diagnosed. Testing at the point of care has lead to a dramatic increase in the number of individuals who are screened and, most importantly, receive their HIV test result. As the AIDS epidemic continues to mature and scientific advances in prevention and treatment are evaluated and implemented, there is a need to identify acute (viremic preseroconversion) infections and to discriminate "window phase" infections from those that are serologically positive, especially in resource-limited settings, where the majority of vulnerable populations reside and where the incidence of HIV infection is highest. Rapid testing methods are now at a crossroads. There is opportunity to implement and evaluate the incremental diagnostic usefulness of new test modalities that are based on sophisticated molecular diagnostic technologies and that can be performed in settings where laboratory infrastructure is minimal. The way forward requires sound scientific judgment and an ability to further develop and implement these tests despite a variety of technical, social, and operational hurdles, to declare success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Schito
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA.
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15
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Ezzelle J, Rodriguez-Chavez IR, Darden JM, Stirewalt M, Kunwar N, Hitchcock R, Walter T, D'Souza MP. Guidelines on good clinical laboratory practice: bridging operations between research and clinical research laboratories. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 46:18-29. [PMID: 18037599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A set of Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) standards that embraces both the research and clinical aspects of GLP were developed utilizing a variety of collected regulatory and guidance material. We describe eleven core elements that constitute the GCLP standards with the objective of filling a gap for laboratory guidance, based on IND sponsor requirements, for conducting laboratory testing using specimens from human clinical trials. These GCLP standards provide guidance on implementing GLP requirements that are critical for laboratory operations, such as performance of protocol-mandated safety assays, peripheral blood mononuclear cell processing and immunological or endpoint assays from biological interventions on IND-registered clinical trials. The expectation is that compliance with the GCLP standards, monitored annually by external audits, will allow research and development laboratories to maintain data integrity and to provide immunogenicity, safety, and product efficacy data that is repeatable, reliable, auditable and that can be easily reconstructed in a research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ezzelle
- PPD Inc., 929 North Front Street, Wilmington, NC 28401-3331, United States
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16
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Abstract
Recent advances in science, which have aided HIV-1 vaccine development, include an improved understanding of HIV-1 envelope structure and function, expansion of the pipeline with innovative vaccine strategies, promising multi-gene and multi-clade vaccines that elicit cellular immunity, conduct of clinical trials in a global network, and development of validated techniques that enable simultaneous measurement of multiple T cell vaccine-induced immune responses in humans. A common feature of several preventive vaccine strategies now in early clinical trials is their ability in nonhuman primates to attenuate clinical disease rather than completely prevent HIV-1 infection. One vaccine concept has been tested in large-scale clinical trials, two are currently in efficacy trials, and one more is poised to enter efficacy trial in the next few years. Simultaneously, expanded efforts continue to identify new designs that induce mucosal immunity as well as broadly neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Rodriguez-Chavez
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Development of a safe and preventive HIV-1 vaccine is a high priority. Recent advances in HIV vaccine development include an improved understanding of HIV envelope structure, development of techniques that enable a detailed analysis of vaccine-induced immune responses in humans, expansion of the pipeline of promising candidate vaccines, and completion of the first vaccine efficacy trials. A common feature of several preventive vaccine strategies in early clinical trials is their ability to attenuate clinical disease rather than completely prevent HIV infection in nonhuman primates. One or more candidate vaccines will likely advance into efficacy trials within the next few years, while efforts to identify new designs that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies continue with incremental success.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6700B Rockledge Drive, Room 5127, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
The discovery of an HIV-1 vaccine is a high priority. Recent advances in HIV vaccine development include an improved understanding about virus biology and structure, and the development of quantitative techniques that enable a detailed analysis of vaccine-induced immune responses in humans. The preclinical vaccine pipeline looks healthy, and a common feature of the new vaccine strategies is their ability to attenuate clinical disease rather than prevent HIV infection in nonhuman primates. Human clinical trials to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of these vaccine candidates and strategies are being actively pursued.
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Abstract
Great strides have been made in developing potent antiretroviral regimens that block human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription and assembly. Despite these therapeutic advances, problems of drug resistance, latent viral reservoirs, and drug-induced toxic effects that compromise effective viral control point to the need for new classes of anti-HIV drugs with different modes of action. One promising approach involves blocking HIV entry into human cells, a complex process that involves multiple protein interactions. The process of HIV entry begins with binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein to both the CD4 receptor and one of several chemokine receptors and ends with fusion of viral and cell membranes. Conceptually, there are 3 steps in the HIV entry process that could serve as therapeutic targets: binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein with the CD4 receptor, binding of the envelope-CD4 complex to chemokine receptors, and fusion of the viral and cell membranes. Preclinical and clinical assessment of these entry inhibitors is ongoing and will determine if they possess properties required for drug licensure. Moreover, the worldwide epidemic is largely occurring in developing countries that cannot afford these drugs: a prophylactic vaccine is necessary and urgent. New knowledge of the HIV-envelope glycoprotein has also provided insight into possibilities for the design of novel HIV vaccines. JAMA. 2000;284:215-222
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Room 4152, 6700-B Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
The eradication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) from infected persons is the ultimate goal of HIV therapeutic interventions. Great strides have been made in developing potent antiretroviral regimens that greatly suppress HIV-1 replication. Despite these therapeutic advances, major obstacles remain to eradicating HIV-1. Reservoirs of HIV-1 have been identified that represent major impediments to eradication. Conceptually, there are 2 types of sanctuaries for HIV-1, cellular and anatomical. Cellular sanctuaries may include latent CD4+ T cells containing integrated HIV-1 provirus; macrophages, which may express HIV-1 for prolonged periods; and follicular dendritic cells, which may hold infectious HIV-1 on their surfaces for indeterminate lengths of time. The key anatomical reservoir for HIV-1 appears to be the central nervous system. An understanding of the nature of HIV within these reservoirs is critical to devising strategies to hasten viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Schrager
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Cairns
- Targeted Intervention Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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22
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Yang G, D'Souza MP, Vyas GN. Neutralizing antibodies against HIV determined by amplification of viral long terminal repeat sequences from cells infected in vitro by nonneutralized virions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17:27-34. [PMID: 9436755 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199801010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the earliest intracellular synthesis of nascent HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) fragments, we have established a heminested polymerase chain reaction (HNPCR) amplification of the 5' LTR sequences (LTR-HNPCR) for molecular assay of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAb). We incubated HIV antibodies with virus isolates for an hour, followed by addition of lymphoid cells (H9 or peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC]) and further incubation for an hour. After washing the cells three times for thorough removal of free virions and antibodies, LTR-HNPCR consistently revealed HIV DNA in H9 cells after 15 minutes, in PBMC after 4 hours, and corresponding virion expression after 7 days in culture. Replication-competent HIV detected by LTR-HNPCR following overnight culture of infected PBMC for 16 to 18 hours was comparable with tissue culture infectivity measured by p24 antigen expression at 7 days. After establishing a molecular assay for in vitro HIV neutralization by HIV Ig, a panel of five HIV isolates tested with 6 monoclonal antibodies and HIV Ig revealed that LTR-HNPCR was comparable with other VNAb assays. These preliminary data indicate that the molecular assay for HIV neutralization has a clear-cut end point, is specific, reliable, and more rapid than other VNAb assays. Therefore, it offers potential utility in evaluating immune response to candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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D'Souza MP, Livnat D, Bradac JA, Bridges SH. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by neutralization assays: performance criteria for selecting candidate antibodies for clinical trials. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Antibody Selection Working Group. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1056-62. [PMID: 9129066 DOI: 10.1086/516443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A collaborative study was organized to identify monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that may be broadly and potently neutralizing for a panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) low-passaged adult and pediatric primary isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Five laboratories evaluated a coded panel of seven human MAbs to HIV-1 subtype B envelope V3, CD4 binding region, gp41, and other conformationally sensitive determinants. Each laboratory measured neutralizing activity of the MAbs against the laboratory isolate HIV(MN) and a panel of 9 subtype B primary isolates. Antibodies were classified as suitable candidates for future clinical studies if they could neutralize at least half of the 9 primary isolates at a concentration of < or = 25 microg/mL for 90% viral inhibition. The study identified three MAbs that met stated performance criteria: IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5. These results may provide a rationale for examining the clinical efficacy, either singly or in combination, of the three MAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Pathogenesis and Basic Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Abstract
A workshop entitled "Early Phases of HIV-1 Infection" was held to review current research on the immunological and virological aspects of early phases of HIV infection in humans and in animal models, to identify studies for future research, and to foster collaborations among investigators in the biomedical community. In infections of adults, the appearance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, when present, coincides with a decrease in viral load as measured by plasma viremia. In neonatal infections, however, an initial decrease in viral load has been observed months before cytotoxic T lymphocytes are detected. Immunological data, from a limited number of patients, indicated that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes detected early after HIV-1 infection may recognize epitopes in any of several HIV-1 proteins: Env, Gag, Pol, Tat, and Nef. With regard to the humoral antibody response, anti-Env binding antibodies appear before neutralizing antibodies and do not predict the appearance of neutralizing activity. The time at which neutralizing antibody appears is variable and unpredictable. Preliminary data indicate that early viral peak load does not predict disease progression in many cases, and the phenotype or virulence of the virus appears to be a critical variable. However, the quantity of HIV-1 RNA in plasma is a strong CD4+ T cell-independent predictor of outcome following HIV-1 seroconversion in homosexual men. Early, high virus load with sustained viremia is often accompanied, in both adults and infants, by the inability to mount an effective immune response, resulting in rapid disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Pathogenesis and Basic Research Branch, Division of AIDS, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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26
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate human monoclonal antibodies (MAb) for neutralizing activity against primary HIV-1 isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. DESIGN Neutralization activity data were obtained from 11 laboratories on a coded panel consisting of six human MAb to HIV envelope V3, CD4-binding region or gp41. Hyperimmune globulin against HIV-1 and normal human immunoglobulin G were supplied as controls. Each laboratory received pre-titered virus for use in the studies. METHODS Each laboratory measured neutralization of the MAb against laboratory strain HIVMN, genomic clone HIVJR-CSF, two subtype B and one subtype D primary isolates. RESULTS The titers of the centrally supplied virus stocks as determined by re-titration or back-titration varied among laboratories and were generally 10-100-fold less than provided. The neutralizing activity of each MAb varied by as much as a 1000-fold among laboratories. These differences may result from varying sensitivity in neutralization assay protocols and the differing susceptibility of primary cells to infection with HIV-1. CONCLUSIONS To consolidate the data from multiple laboratories, the neutralization titers were compared by classifying antibodies as neutralizing if the antibody concentration for 50% virus inhibition was < or = 10 micrograms/ml. By this criterion, the CD4-binding region and gp41 MAb neutralized all four subtype B viruses and the subtype D isolate in a few of the laboratories. The V3 MAb neutralized only HIVMN and the closely related HIVJR-CSF viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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27
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Abstract
A Workshop on Neutralization of HIV-1: Technology and reagents for analysis of prophylactic vaccines clinical trials, sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), was held on April 19-20, 1993, in Bethesda, Maryland. This workshop brought together researchers who are involved in the development, testing, and evaluation of HIV-1 prophylactic vaccines. The major objectives were (1) to discuss critically the different neutralization and binding assays that are currently used in the evaluation of immune sera; (2) to identify assays that will measure the "most relevant" antibodies, which are likely to predict neutralization of primary isolates; and (3) to identify well-characterized reference reagents, which could be used to standardize neutralization assays used in laboratories around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Golding
- Laboratory of Retrovirus Research, FDA/CBER, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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28
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Abstract
The Division of AIDS (DAIDS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), sponsored a Workshop on HIV-Mediated Defects in Immune Regulation on September 29-30, 1993. Workshop participants included investigators in basic research of immune regulation, animal models of HIV disease, HIV epidemiology, and HIV clinical research and treatment. The purpose of the workshop was to describe and evaluate biological mechanisms of HIV-mediated immune deficiency other than direct killing of infected CD4+ cells. The workshop focused on HIV-mediated dysfunction in signal transduction and in T cell development and maturation. Mechanisms by which HIV has been proposed to influence signal transduction include gp120 ligation to CD4, HIV superantigen(s), and HIV-mediated perturbations in signal pathway components (e.g., receptors, kinases, phosphatases, cytokines, and cyclins). As a result of signal dysfunction, cells may fail to respond to foreign antigens (anergy) or become predisposed to enter suicide pathways, otherwise known as programmed cell death or apoptosis. Programmed cell death is a normal immune regulatory mechanism that is activated to prevent anti-self responses and also to delete expanded but no longer needed cell populations. In the immune system, new cells are constantly produced from stem cells to replace those that die from age, pathological response, or programmed cell death. Dysfunction in these new cells may occur if HIV causes changes in the structural environment of the thymus and lymph nodes, or in cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Milman
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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D'Souza MP, Geyer SJ, Hanson CV, Hendry RM, Milman G. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 envelope by neutralization and binding assays: an international collaboration. AIDS 1994; 8:169-81. [PMID: 7519019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize a purified panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to epitopes in HIV-1 envelope V3, CD4-binding region, C4 and gp41. DESIGN Neutralization and/or binding activity data were obtained from 21 laboratories on a coded panel consisting of seven human MAb, seven mouse MAb, recombinant human CD4 immunoadhesin [CD4-immunoglobulin G (IgG)], normal human and normal murine Ig. METHODS Laboratories performed a variety of neutralization assays and antigen binding assays with HIVIIIB, HIVMN and other laboratory strains of HIV-1. RESULTS For a single MAb, there was up to a 10(3) range of neutralizing antibody titers between laboratories. The range in titers appeared to depend on the sensitivity of the neutralization assay. Two methods were used to consolidate the data from all laboratories, the geometric mean titer (GMT) and the median neutralizing titer (MNT). The panel of MAb were also analyzed by a variety of assays that measure binding activity to native or denatured epitopes. The relative binding activity of the MAb did not appear to correlate with neutralizing activity. CONCLUSION Neutralization results from any single laboratory did not correlate with the collective data. The relative potency (rank order) of the MAb in the panel were equivalent when determined by GMT or MNT. These values may be useful to individual laboratories for estimating the sensitivity of their neutralization assays. The study also identified potential reference reagents with which neutralizing activity could be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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30
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D'Souza MP, Kent KA, Thiriart C, Collignon C, Milman G. International collaboration comparing neutralization and binding assays for monoclonal antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:415-22. [PMID: 7686385 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirteen laboratories characterized a coded panel of 10 MAbs to SIVmac251 envelope protein in a collaboration organized by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The MAbs were examined against SIV isolates in neutralization and radioimmune precipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and radioimmune assays. Although laboratories employed diverse neutralization assays that varied in sensitivity there was agreement on the relative ability of the MAbs to neutralize SIVmac251. Additionally, even though the quantity of any single MAb required to neutralize SIVmac251 varied between laboratories, there was agreement on the rank-order strength fo the five neutralizing MAbs. Based on the data from this study, the MAbs were classified according to their neutralization potential as high efficiency (MAb concentration, < 5 micrograms/ml), low efficiency (MAb concentration, 5-100 micrograms/ml), or nonneutralizing (MAb concentration, > 100 micrograms/ml). The MAbs could be assigned to four serological groups based on ability to cross-neutralize and bind different SIV isolates. The distinction between groups I, II, and III were based on the limited neutralization data obtained with the sooty mangabey isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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31
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D'Souza MP, Durda P, Hanson CV, Milman G. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 by neutralization and serological assays: an international collaboration. Collaborating Investigators. AIDS 1991; 5:1061-70. [PMID: 1718320 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199109000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a National Institutes of Health (NIH)/World Health Organization (WHO)-sponsored collaboration, 26 laboratories characterized a coded panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to HIV-1 envelope protein. The MAb were evaluated by serological [radioimmunoprecipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and peptide mapping] and neutralization assays. Although laboratories used diverse neutralization assays that vary considerably in sensitivity, qualitatively similar data were obtained. The MAb were classified into three neutralization specificities: type-specific for MN and SF2, type-specific for IIIB, and group-specific for MN, SF2, and IIIB. The group-specific MAb displayed much lower neutralizing titers than the type-specific MAb. The specificity of MAb for neutralization was greater than for serological recognition of gp120 protein or peptide epitopes. Some MAb that bound to the same or closely overlapping linear epitopes had very different neutralization properties. The distinction between serological recognition and neutralization may result from differences in affinity of the MAb or may indicate that MAb can neutralize by interactions at a site distinct from the antibody binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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32
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Abstract
Lysosomal membrane proteins solubilized with octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside were reconstituted into proteoliposomes using acetone/ether-washed phospholipids from Escherichia coli. Assays of the quenching of acridine orange fluorescence showed that addition of both ATP and valinomycin to K+-loaded proteoliposomes led to the formation of a pH gradient that was acidic inside. ATP-driven acidification took place in the absence of permeant anions and was inhibited by the "protonophore", carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, indicating that only H+ was transported actively. Proton translocation was readily blocked by N-ethylmaleimide (10 microM gave 50% inhibition of fluorescence quenching) but was unaffected by oligomycin (50 nM), orthovanadate (50 microM), or ouabain (0.5 mM); similarly, only N-ethylmaleimide affected ATP hydrolysis by proteoliposomes (88% inhibition). Other work showed that reconstitution of ATP-driven proton translocation required the presence of glycerol during protein solubilization and that optimal recovery depended on the use of both glycerol and phospholipid at this stage. We conclude that acidification of the lysosome is mediated by an ATPase capable of electrogenic H+ translocation without molecular coupling to other ionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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33
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Abstract
The biosynthesis and subcellular distribution of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein of mouse embryo 3T3 cells, LAMP-1, have been examined by [35S]methionine pulse-labeling, sucrose density gradient fractionation, and oligosaccharide analysis. Mature LAMP-1, immunoprecipitated after labeling for 4 h, had a molecular mass of about 110,000 Da. It comigrated during sucrose density fractionation with lysosomal markers, consistent with previous electron microscopic evidence for its localization in lysosomal membranes. Precursor molecules, pulse-labeled for 5 min and extracted during the first 15 min of post-translational processing, were concentrated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction as a species of 92,000 Da. Within 30 min after synthesis, LAMP-1 was found in fractions enriched in Golgi and lysosomal marker enzyme activities as the mature 110,000-Da glycoprotein. Oligosaccharide processing was complete by 1 h after synthesis, and the mature glycoprotein remained in a fraction bearing lysosomal markers. Treatment of the 92,000-Da precursor with endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H produced a core polypeptide of 43,000 Da. Pulse-labeling in the presence of tunicamycin yielded a 42,000-Da form of LAMP-1, which was converted within 30 min to a 43,000-Da molecule. Bio-Gel column chromatography and hexosamine/hexosaminitol analyses indicated that the mature 110,000-Da molecule contained both complex-type and high-mannose N-linked oligosaccharides.
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34
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Chen JW, Chen GL, D'Souza MP, Murphy TL, August JT. Lysosomal membrane glycoproteins: properties of LAMP-1 and LAMP-2. Biochem Soc Symp 1986; 51:97-112. [PMID: 3101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several properties of the lysosomal membrane glycoproteins LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 have been analysed. Each molecule was strongly associated with lysosome membranes and was extracted only in the presence of detergent. Studies of the biosynthesis and processing of the glycoproteins showed that each contained a polypeptide core of approx. 43,000 Da as identified by use of tunicamycin and endoglycosidase H. Nascent glycoproteins pulse-labelled for 5 min with [35S]methionine were approx. 92,000 Da. These precursor molecules were processed in 30 min to highly heterogeneous mature glycoproteins of approx. 110,000 Da(LAMP-1) and 105,000 Da(LAMP-2). Concomitant with the increase in apparent Mr the molecules became endoglycosidase H resistant and acquired sialic acid residues, indicating that they were converted to complex-type oligosaccharides. The final maturation of the glycoproteins was blocked by monensin. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissues from Balb/c and Beige/J mice showed that the molecules were present on many types of cells, consistent with their presence in lysosomes. The patterns of tissue expression of LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 in the two mouse strains were the same except that the intensity of staining of LAMP-2 was less than that of LAMP-1. LAMP-2, but not LAMP-1, gave a decreased immunofluorescent staining intensity in transformed HaNIH as compared with NIH/3T3 cells. The marked similarities between the LAMP proteins raise the consideration of common functions, possibly associated with the high oligosaccharide content of the molecules.
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Chen JW, Pan W, D'Souza MP, August JT. Lysosome-associated membrane proteins: characterization of LAMP-1 of macrophage P388 and mouse embryo 3T3 cultured cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 239:574-86. [PMID: 3923938 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1, a major glycoprotein of mouse embryo 3T3 cells and specifically associated with the lysosomal membrane, has been identified in P388 macrophage cells and compared with the homologous glycoprotein of NIH 3T3 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy with anit-LAMP-1 monoclonal antibodies shows that the antigen was distributed throughout P388 cells including the ruffled edges or pseudopodia, identical to the pattern of acridine orange accumulation. LAMP-1 was purified from P388 cells by affinity chromatography with 1D4B monoclonal antibody, yielding a homogeneous glycoprotein comprising 0.1% of the total detergent-extracted cell protein. The apparent mass of P388 LAMP-1 was 130,000 to 150,000 compared to the 3T3 glycoprotein of 105,000 to 115,000. Analysis of tryptic peptides indicated that the two purified glycoproteins were highly homologous. Protein synthesis was analyzed in a variety of cell lines by pulse-chase labeling with [35S]methionine; in every case, LAMP-1 was synthesized as a precursor of apparent Mr 92,000, and then converted to heterogeneous mature forms differing in average Mr from 110,000 to 140,000. The basis for these apparent differences in mass was examined by studies of the biosynthesis and oligosaccharide composition of the glycoprotein. Core polypeptides of 45,000 Da were obtained from both HaNIH and P388 cells by treating immunoprecipitates of [35S]methionine pulse-labeled molecules with endoglycosidase H. Cells treated with monensin contained heterogeneous molecules of 80,000 to 85,000 Da. Isoelectric heterogeneity of mature LAMP-1 was markedly reduced by treatment with neuraminidase whereas there was little effect on the apparent molecular weight of the molecules or the differences between the various cell lines. beta-D-Xyloside inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis had little effect on the apparent mass of LAMP-1.
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Vockley J, D'Souza MP, Foster CJ, Harris H. Structural analysis of human adult and fetal alkaline phosphatases by cyanogen bromide peptide mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:6120-3. [PMID: 6592604 PMCID: PMC391871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.19.6120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult and fetal forms of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALPase; orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) are indistinguishable by a variety of analytical procedures. However, they differ electrophoretically and can be differentiated by binding studies with monoclonal antibodies. In this report, these two enzymes along with placental and liver ALPases are compared by the technique of CNBr peptide mapping, and the role of carbohydrate in generating these patterns is investigated. NaDodSO4/PAGE of CNBr digests of radiolabeled ALPases from fetal and adult intestine shows that these two isozymes share five of seven common-sized CNBr fragments. Placental ALPase shares only one common-sized fragment with either intestinal enzyme. Liver ALPase has no CNBr fragments in common with any of the others. These data indicate that fetal intestinal ALPase is not a heterodimer of one subunit each of intestinal ALPase and placental ALPase as has been postulated. CNBr digests of neuraminidase-treated enzymes reveal a change of mobility of only one CNBr band in each of fetal intestinal, placental, and liver ALPases, indicating the presence of sialic acid residues in these fragments. Periodic acid/Schiff reagent staining (specific for carbohydrate) of CNBr digests of fetal and adult intestinal ALPases reacts with only one band in each enzyme, which is the same band from the fetal enzyme shown to contain sialic acid. However, fetal and adult intestinal ALPases each contain at least one CNBr fragment of unique size that is apparently nonglycosylated.
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D'Souza MP, Wilson DF. Labeling of succinate-cytochrome c reductase with 125I. Accessibility of the peptides to the aqueous phases on the cytosolic and matrix sides of the mitochondrial membrane. J Biol Chem 1982; 257:11760-6. [PMID: 6288697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination was used to study the arrangement of the component peptides of succinate-cytochrome c reductase with respect to the aqueous phases on each side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondria depleted of their outer membrane and inside-out vesicles purified from submitochondrial particles by the lectin-affinity procedure (D'Souza, M. P., and Lindsay, J. G. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 640, 463-472) were iodinated using immobilized preparations of lactoperoxidase. The labeled membranes were solubilized in detergent and the succinate-cytochrome c reductase was purified by immunoprecipitation with specific IgG. Analysis of the radioiodine distribution after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and comparison with peptide stain patterns show that bands 2 (64 kilodaltons), 6 (30 kilodaltons), 9 (15 kilodaltons), and 11 (less than 10 kilodaltons) are labeled from the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. Bands 1 (72 kilodaltons), 4 (48 kilodaltons), and 8 (20 kilodaltons) appear to be labeled on the matrix side of the membrane, while bands 3 (52 kilodaltons), 5 (35 kilodaltons), 7 (25 kilodaltons), and 10 (11 kilodaltons) are labeled from both sides of the membrane. Tentative identification of the labeled bands suggests that band 1 is the large subunit of succinate dehydrogenase. Bands 3 and 4 represent proteins which have been referred to as core proteins I and II. Bands 5 and 6 are the proteins associated with cytochromes b and c1, respectively; band 7 is the Rieske iron-sulfur protein.
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D'Souza MP, Wilson DF. Labeling of succinate-cytochrome c reductase with 125I. Accessibility of the peptides to the aqueous phases on the cytosolic and matrix sides of the mitochondrial membrane. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
The efflux of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide which is induced by addition of PPi to suspensions of rat liver mitochondria has been investigated. This efflux of adenine nucleotide is greatly stimulated by the uncoupler FCCP at 1 microM, Vmax being 6.7 nmol/min per mg protein as compared to 2.0 nmol/min per mg protein in its absence. The depletion process is inhibited by carboxyatractyloside. The Km for PPi of 1.25 mM is essentially unchanged when uncoupler is added. Quantitation of the individual adenine nucleotide species (ATP, ADP and AMP) and their relationship to the rate of efflux suggests that ADP is the predominant species being exchanged for PPi.
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Lindsay JG, Reid GP, D'Souza MP. Lectins as biochemical agents for the isolation of sealed membrane vesicles of defined polarity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 640:791-801. [PMID: 7213705 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric distribution of carbohydrate on biological membranes has provided the basis for the development of lectin-affinity methodology which permits the isolation of sealed, inside-out membrane fractions from heterogeneous populations of vesicles. Optimal conditions for these separations have been assessed employing purified right-side-out and inside-out vesicles derived from the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes as a model system. In this special case, homogeneous populations of defined polarity can be produced by varying the ionic conditions during formation of the vesicles. Surface-specific enzymic markers exist also for monitoring the integrity and orientation of a given population. Multivalent lectins such as wheat germ agglutinin and soya bean agglutinin which induce direct agglutination of erythrocyte membrane fragments containing accessible carbohydrate residues, selectively remove more than 90% of right-side-out and non-sealed membrane from a mixed population, a reaction which is inhibited by GluNAc or GalNAc, respectively. Non-agglutinating lectins, e.g. concanavalin A, immobilized on an inert matrix such as Sepharose 4B, may be employed to adsorb out specifically vesicles with exposed glycopeptides on their surface. In this technique, it is necessary normally to remove the non-sealed membranes on Dextran density gradients prior to the final preparation of inside-out vesicles on Con A-Sepharose. Finally, selective immunoprecipitation of fragments with accessible sugars may also be achieved after treatment with a non-agglutinating lectin (concanavalin A) followed by incubation with anti-concanavalin A IgG which promotes rapid aggregation of membrane containing exposed receptors for the lectin. These procedures should prove generally suitable for the isolation of tightly-sealed, inside-out membrane populations in a variety of biological systems. Pure populations of vesicles, exhibiting reversed polarity, are valuable in surface-labelling studies for investigating the structure, function and transmembrane distribution of integral membrane proteins/glycoproteins.
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D'Souza MP, Lindsay JG. Isolation of a sealed homogeneous population of inner membrane fragments with inverted orientation from rat liver mitochondria using specific lectin immunoprecipitation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 640:463-72. [PMID: 6260254 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the isolation of well-defined populations of inside-out vesicles from rat liver mitochondria is described. The technique utilizes specific immunoprecipitation of vesicles with accessible carbohydrate residues from a mixed population of inner membrane fragments using wheat germ agglutinin and anti-wheat germ agglutinin IgG. The unprecipitated fraction comprises 30--50% of the original population and exhibits little or no cytochrome c oxidase activity as estimated with exogenous cytochrome c as substrate. Addition of deoxycholate to promote membrane disruption results in an 8--10-fold increase in enzymic activity compared to only 1.5--2.0-fold stimulation in standard preparations of submitochondrial particles. It is concluded that the lectin affinity-purified membranes represent a sealed homogeneous (90--95% pure) population of inside-out inner membrane vesicles.
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Lindsay JG, D'Souza MP. Proteins and glycoproteins exposed at the external surface of rat liver mitochondrial inner and outer membranes [proceedings]. Biochem Soc Trans 1979; 7:210-2. [PMID: 437280 DOI: 10.1042/bst0070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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