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1
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Wilks SH, Mühlemann B, Shen X, Türeli S, LeGresley EB, Netzl A, Caniza MA, Chacaltana-Huarcaya JN, Corman VM, Daniell X, Datto MB, Dawood FS, Denny TN, Drosten C, Fouchier RAM, Garcia PJ, Halfmann PJ, Jassem A, Jeworowski LM, Jones TC, Kawaoka Y, Krammer F, McDanal C, Pajon R, Simon V, Stockwell MS, Tang H, van Bakel H, Veguilla V, Webby R, Montefiori DC, Smith DJ. Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses. Science 2023; 382:eadj0070. [PMID: 37797027 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, multiple variants escaping preexisting immunity emerged, causing reinfections of previously exposed individuals. Here, we used antigenic cartography to analyze patterns of cross-reactivity among 21 variants and 15 groups of human sera obtained after primary infection with 10 different variants or after messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 or mRNA-1273.351 vaccination. We found antigenic differences among pre-Omicron variants caused by substitutions at spike-protein positions 417, 452, 484, and 501. Quantifying changes in response breadth over time and with additional vaccine doses, our results show the largest increase between 4 weeks and >3 months after a second dose. We found changes in immunodominance of different spike regions, depending on the variant an individual was first exposed to, with implications for variant risk assessment and vaccine-strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Eric B LeGresley
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Miguela A Caniza
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoju Daniell
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Datto
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patricia J Garcia
- School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Agatha Jassem
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lara M Jeworowski
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa S Stockwell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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Huang Y, Hejazi NS, Blette B, Carpp LN, Benkeser D, Montefiori DC, McDermott AB, Fong Y, Janes HE, Deng W, Zhou H, Houchens CR, Martins K, Jayashankar L, Flach B, Lin BC, O’Connell S, McDanal C, Eaton A, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Lu Y, Yu C, Kenny A, Carone M, Huynh C, Miller J, El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Jackson LA, Campbell TB, Clark J, Andrasik MP, Kublin JG, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Pajon R, Follmann D, Donis RO, Koup RA, Gilbert PB. Stochastic Interventional Vaccine Efficacy and Principal Surrogate Analyses of Antibody Markers as Correlates of Protection against Symptomatic COVID-19 in the COVE mRNA-1273 Trial. Viruses 2023; 15:2029. [PMID: 37896806 PMCID: PMC10612023 DOI: 10.3390/v15102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVE trial randomized participants to receive two doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine or placebo on Days 1 and 29 (D1, D29). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG binding antibodies (bAbs), anti-receptor binding domain IgG bAbs, 50% inhibitory dilution neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers, and 80% inhibitory dilution nAb titers were measured at D29 and D57. We assessed these markers as correlates of protection (CoPs) against COVID-19 using stochastic interventional vaccine efficacy (SVE) analysis and principal surrogate (PS) analysis, frameworks not used in our previous COVE immune correlates analyses. By SVE analysis, hypothetical shifts of the D57 Spike IgG distribution from a geometric mean concentration (GMC) of 2737 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL (estimated vaccine efficacy (VE): 92.9% (95% CI: 91.7%, 93.9%)) to 274 BAU/mL or to 27,368 BAU/mL resulted in an overall estimated VE of 84.2% (79.0%, 88.1%) and 97.6% (97.4%, 97.7%), respectively. By binary marker PS analysis of Low and High subgroups (cut-point: 2094 BAU/mL), the ignorance interval (IGI) and estimated uncertainty interval (EUI) for VE were [85%, 90%] and (78%, 93%) for Low compared to [95%, 96%] and (92%, 97%) for High. By continuous marker PS analysis, the IGI and 95% EUI for VE at the 2.5th percentile (519.4 BAU/mL) vs. at the 97.5th percentile (9262.9 BAU/mL) of D57 Spike IgG concentration were [92.6%, 93.4%] and (89.2%, 95.7%) vs. [94.3%, 94.6%] and (89.7%, 97.0%). Results were similar for other D29 and D57 markers. Thus, the SVE and PS analyses additionally support all four markers at both time points as CoPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Nima S. Hejazi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
- Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bryan Blette
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (D.C.M.); (C.M.); (A.E.); (M.S.-K.)
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (B.F.); (B.C.L.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Holly E. Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Weiping Deng
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Christopher R. Houchens
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA; (C.R.H.); (L.J.); (C.H.); (R.O.D.)
| | - Karen Martins
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA; (C.R.H.); (L.J.); (C.H.); (R.O.D.)
| | - Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA; (C.R.H.); (L.J.); (C.H.); (R.O.D.)
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (B.F.); (B.C.L.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (B.F.); (B.C.L.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Sarah O’Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (B.F.); (B.C.L.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (D.C.M.); (C.M.); (A.E.); (M.S.-K.)
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (D.C.M.); (C.M.); (A.E.); (M.S.-K.)
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (D.C.M.); (C.M.); (A.E.); (M.S.-K.)
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Avi Kenny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Carone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Chuong Huynh
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA; (C.R.H.); (L.J.); (C.H.); (R.O.D.)
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Hana M. El Sahly
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | | | - Lisa A. Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA;
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Jesse Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Michele P. Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Rolando Pajon
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA; (C.R.H.); (L.J.); (C.H.); (R.O.D.)
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (B.F.); (B.C.L.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (Y.H.); (N.S.H.); (L.N.C.); (Y.F.); (H.E.J.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (M.P.A.); (J.G.K.); (L.C.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.K.); (M.C.)
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Wilks SH, Mühlemann B, Shen X, Türeli S, LeGresley EB, Netzl A, Caniza MA, Chacaltana-Huarcaya JN, Corman VM, Daniell X, Datto MB, Dawood FS, Denny TN, Drosten C, Fouchier RAM, Garcia PJ, Halfmann PJ, Jassem A, Jeworowski LM, Jones TC, Kawaoka Y, Krammer F, McDanal C, Pajon R, Simon V, Stockwell MS, Tang H, van Bakel H, Veguilla V, Webby R, Montefiori DC, Smith DJ. Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses. bioRxiv 2023:2022.01.28.477987. [PMID: 35860221 PMCID: PMC9298128 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.28.477987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple variants escaping pre-existing immunity emerged, causing concerns about continued protection. Here, we use antigenic cartography to analyze patterns of cross-reactivity among a panel of 21 variants and 15 groups of human sera obtained following primary infection with 10 different variants or after mRNA-1273 or mRNA-1273.351 vaccination. We find antigenic differences among pre-Omicron variants caused by substitutions at spike protein positions 417, 452, 484, and 501. Quantifying changes in response breadth over time and with additional vaccine doses, our results show the largest increase between 4 weeks and >3 months post-2nd dose. We find changes in immunodominance of different spike regions depending on the variant an individual was first exposed to, with implications for variant risk assessment and vaccine strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Eric B LeGresley
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Miguela A Caniza
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoju Daniell
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Datto
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patricia J Garcia
- School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Agatha Jassem
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lara M Jeworowski
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa S Stockwell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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4
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Benkeser D, Montefiori DC, McDermott AB, Fong Y, Janes HE, Deng W, Zhou H, Houchens CR, Martins K, Jayashankar L, Castellino F, Flach B, Lin BC, O’Connell S, McDanal C, Eaton A, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Lu Y, Yu C, Borate B, van der Laan LWP, Hejazi NS, Kenny A, Carone M, Williamson BD, Garver J, Altonen E, Rudge T, Huynh C, Miller J, El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Frey S, Malkin E, Spector SA, Andrasik MP, Kublin JG, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Carpp LN, Pajon R, Follmann D, Donis RO, Koup RA, Gilbert PB. Comparing antibody assays as correlates of protection against COVID-19 in the COVE mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy trial. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade9078. [PMID: 37075127 PMCID: PMC10243212 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The best assay or marker to define mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibodies as a correlate of protection (CoP) is unclear. In the COVE trial, participants received two doses of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine or placebo. We previously assessed IgG binding antibodies to the spike protein (spike IgG) or receptor binding domain (RBD IgG) and pseudovirus neutralizing antibody 50 or 80% inhibitory dilution titer measured on day 29 or day 57, as correlates of risk (CoRs) and CoPs against symptomatic COVID-19 over 4 months after dose. Here, we assessed a new marker, live virus 50% microneutralization titer (LV-MN50), and compared and combined markers in multivariable analyses. LV-MN50 was an inverse CoR, with a hazard ratio of 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.19 to 0.83) at day 29 and 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 1.04) at day 57 per 10-fold increase. In multivariable analyses, pseudovirus neutralization titers and anti-spike binding antibodies performed best as CoRs; combining antibody markers did not improve correlates. Pseudovirus neutralization titer was the strongest independent correlate in a multivariable model. Overall, these results supported pseudovirus neutralizing and binding antibody assays as CoRs and CoPs, with the live virus assay as a weaker correlate in this sample set. Day 29 markers performed as well as day 57 markers as CoPs, which could accelerate immunogenicity and immunobridging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Holly E. Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karen Martins
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Flora Castellino
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah O’Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lars W. P. van der Laan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nima S. Hejazi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avi Kenny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marco Carone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian D. Williamson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chuong Huynh
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sharon Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elissa Malkin
- Vaccine Research Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Michele P. Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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5
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Pajon R, Doria-Rose NA, Shen X, Schmidt SD, O'Dell S, McDanal C, Feng W, Tong J, Eaton A, Maglinao M, Tang H, Manning KE, Edara VV, Lai L, Ellis M, Moore KM, Floyd K, Foster SL, Posavad CM, Atmar RL, Lyke KE, Zhou T, Wang L, Zhang Y, Gaudinski MR, Black WP, Gordon I, Guech M, Ledgerwood JE, Misasi JN, Widge A, Sullivan NJ, Roberts PC, Beigel JH, Korber B, Baden LR, El Sahly H, Chalkias S, Zhou H, Feng J, Girard B, Das R, Aunins A, Edwards DK, Suthar MS, Mascola JR, Montefiori DC. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Neutralization after mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccination. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1088-1091. [PMID: 35081298 PMCID: PMC8809504 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2119912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin Tong
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Haili Tang
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Lilin Lai
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirsten E Lyke
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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6
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Gilbert PB, Montefiori DC, McDermott AB, Fong Y, Benkeser D, Deng W, Zhou H, Houchens CR, Martins K, Jayashankar L, Castellino F, Flach B, Lin BC, O’Connell S, McDanal C, Eaton A, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Lu Y, Yu C, Borate B, van der Laan LWP, Hejazi NS, Huynh C, Miller J, El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Baron M, De La Cruz L, Gay C, Kalams S, Kelley CF, Andrasik MP, Kublin JG, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Carpp LN, Pajon R, Follmann D, Donis RO, Koup RA. Immune correlates analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial. Science 2022; 375:43-50. [PMID: 34812653 PMCID: PMC9017870 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 299.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the coronavirus efficacy (COVE) phase 3 clinical trial, vaccine recipients were assessed for neutralizing and binding antibodies as correlates of risk for COVID-19 disease and as correlates of protection. These immune markers were measured at the time of second vaccination and 4 weeks later, with values reported in standardized World Health Organization international units. All markers were inversely associated with COVID-19 risk and directly associated with vaccine efficacy. Vaccine recipients with postvaccination 50% neutralization titers 10, 100, and 1000 had estimated vaccine efficacies of 78% (95% confidence interval, 54 to 89%), 91% (87 to 94%), and 96% (94 to 98%), respectively. These results help define immune marker correlates of protection and may guide approval decisions for messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines and other COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karen Martins
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Flora Castellino
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah O’Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lars W. P. van der Laan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nima S. Hejazi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chuong Huynh
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Hana M. El Sahly
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mira Baron
- Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Gay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen F. Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michele P. Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Immune Assays Team§
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moderna, Inc. Team§
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Coronavirus Vaccine Prevention Network (CoVPN)/Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) Team§
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - United States Government (USG)/CoVPN Biostatistics Team§
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Huang Y, Borisov O, Kee JJ, Carpp LN, Wrin T, Cai S, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, McDanal C, Eaton A, Pajon R, Hural J, Posavad CM, Gill K, Karuna S, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Petropoulos CJ, Montefiori DC. Calibration of two validated SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assays for COVID-19 vaccine evaluation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23921. [PMID: 34907214 PMCID: PMC8671391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are key biomarkers considered to be associated with vaccine efficacy. In United States government-sponsored phase 3 efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccines, nAbs are measured by two different validated pseudovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays, with each trial using one of the two assays. Here we describe and compare the nAb titers obtained in the two assays. We observe that one assay consistently yielded higher nAb titers than the other when both assays were performed on the World Health Organization’s anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin International Standard, COVID-19 convalescent sera, and mRNA-1273 vaccinee sera. To overcome the challenge this difference in readout poses in comparing/combining data from the two assays, we evaluate three calibration approaches and show that readouts from the two assays can be calibrated to a common scale. These results may aid decision-making based on data from these assays for the evaluation and licensure of new or adapted COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suqin Cai
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Maisonnasse P, Aldon Y, Marc A, Marlin R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Kuzmina NA, Freyn AW, Snitselaar JL, Gonçalves A, Caniels TG, Burger JA, Poniman M, Bontjer I, Chesnais V, Diry S, Iershov A, Ronk AJ, Jangra S, Rathnasinghe R, Brouwer PJM, Bijl TPL, van Schooten J, Brinkkemper M, Liu H, Yuan M, Mire CE, van Breemen MJ, Contreras V, Naninck T, Lemaître J, Kahlaoui N, Relouzat F, Chapon C, Ho Tsong Fang R, McDanal C, Osei-Twum M, St-Amant N, Gagnon L, Montefiori DC, Wilson IA, Ginoux E, de Bree GJ, García-Sastre A, Schotsaert M, Coughlan L, Bukreyev A, van der Werf S, Guedj J, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, Le Grand R. COVA1-18 neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 in three preclinical models. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6097. [PMID: 34671037 PMCID: PMC8528857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are urgently needed. Monoclonal antibodies have shown promising results in patients. Here, we evaluate the in vivo prophylactic and therapeutic effect of COVA1-18, a neutralizing antibody highly potent against the B.1.1.7 isolate. In both prophylactic and therapeutic settings, SARS-CoV-2 remains undetectable in the lungs of treated hACE2 mice. Therapeutic treatment also causes a reduction in viral loads in the lungs of Syrian hamsters. When administered at 10 mg kg-1 one day prior to a high dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in cynomolgus macaques, COVA1-18 shows very strong antiviral activity in the upper respiratory compartments. Using a mathematical model, we estimate that COVA1-18 reduces viral infectivity by more than 95% in these compartments, preventing lymphopenia and extensive lung lesions. Our findings demonstrate that COVA1-18 has a strong antiviral activity in three preclinical models and could be a valuable candidate for further clinical evaluation. Monoclonal antibodies show great promise in treating Covid-19 patients. Here, Maisonnasse, Aldon and colleagues report pre-clinical results for COVA1-18 and demonstrate that it reduces viral infectivity in three animal models with over 95% efficacy in macaques upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Romain Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alec W Freyn
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonne L Snitselaar
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom G Caniels
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Adam J Ronk
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip J M Brouwer
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom P L Bijl
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle van Schooten
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Ho Tsong Fang
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Internal Medicine of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Rogier W Sanders
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France.
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9
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Corbett KS, Nason MC, Flach B, Gagne M, O’ Connell S, Johnston TS, Shah SN, Edara VV, Floyd K, Lai L, McDanal C, Francica JR, Flynn B, Wu K, Choi A, Koch M, Abiona OM, Werner AP, Moliva JI, Andrew SF, Donaldson MM, Fintzi J, Flebbe DR, Lamb E, Noe AT, Nurmukhambetova ST, Provost SJ, Cook A, Dodson A, Faudree A, Greenhouse J, Kar S, Pessaint L, Porto M, Steingrebe K, Valentin D, Zouantcha S, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, van de Wetering R, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Leung K, Shi W, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Todd JPM, Wang L, Alvarado GS, Andersen H, Foulds KE, Edwards DK, Mascola JR, Moore IN, Lewis MG, Carfi A, Monterfiori D, Suthar MS, McDermott A, Roederer M, Sullivan NJ, Douek DC, Graham BS, Seder RA. Immune correlates of protection by mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates. Science 2021; 373:eabj0299. [PMID: 34529476 PMCID: PMC8449013 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune correlates of protection can be used as surrogate endpoints for vaccine efficacy. Here, nonhuman primates (NHPs) received either no vaccine or doses ranging from 0.3 to 100 μg of the mRNA-1273 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. mRNA-1273 vaccination elicited circulating and mucosal antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. Viral replication was significantly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavages and nasal swabs after SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vaccinated animals and most strongly correlated with levels of anti–S antibody and neutralizing activity. Lower antibody levels were needed for reduction of viral replication in the lower airway than in the upper airway. Passive transfer of mRNA-1273–induced immunoglobulin G to naïve hamsters was sufficient to mediate protection. Thus, mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced humoral immune responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizzmekia S. Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Martha C. Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Sarah O’ Connell
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Johnston
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Shruti N. Shah
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Venkata Viswanadh Edara
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Lilin Lai
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27708; United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Barbara Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Kai Wu
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139; United States of America
| | - Angela Choi
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139; United States of America
| | - Matthew Koch
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139; United States of America
| | - Olubukola M. Abiona
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Anne P. Werner
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Juan I. Moliva
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Shayne F. Andrew
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Mitzi M. Donaldson
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Jonathan Fintzi
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Dillon R. Flebbe
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Evan Lamb
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Amy T. Noe
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Saule T. Nurmukhambetova
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Samantha J. Provost
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Anthony Cook
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Alan Dodson
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Andrew Faudree
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Jack Greenhouse
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Swagata Kar
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Laurent Pessaint
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Maciel Porto
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | | | - Daniel Valentin
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Serge Zouantcha
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Bianca M. Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Renee van de Wetering
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - John-Paul M. Todd
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Gabriela S. Alvarado
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Hanne Andersen
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Mark G. Lewis
- Bioqual, Inc.; Rockville, Maryland, 20850; United States of America
| | - Andrea Carfi
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139; United States of America
| | - David Monterfiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27708; United States of America
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Atlanta, Georgia, 30329, United States of America
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; United States of America
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10
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Huang Y, Borisov O, Kee JJ, Carpp LN, Wrin T, Cai S, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, McDanal C, Eaton A, Pajon R, Hural J, Posavad CM, Gill K, Karuna S, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Petropoulos CJ, Montefiori DC. Calibration of Two Validated SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Assays for COVID-19 Vaccine Evaluation. medRxiv 2021:2021.09.09.21263049. [PMID: 34545372 PMCID: PMC8452111 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.21263049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are key biomarkers considered to be associated with vaccine efficacy. In United States Government-sponsored phase 3 efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccines, nAbs are measured by two different validated pseudovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays, with each trial using one of the two assays. Here we describe and compare the nAb titers obtained in the two assays. We observe that one assay consistently yielded higher nAb titers than the other when both assays were performed on the World Health Organization’s anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin International Standard, COVID-19 convalescent sera, and mRNA-1273 vaccinee sera. To overcome the challenge this difference in readout poses in comparing/combining data from the two assays, we evaluate three calibration approaches and show that readouts from the two assays can be calibrated to a common scale. These results may aid decision-making based on data from these assays for the evaluation and licensure of new or adapted COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suqin Cai
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Huang Y, Borisov O, Kee JJ, Carpp LN, Wrin T, Cai S, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, McDanal C, Eaton A, Pajon R, Hural J, Posavad CM, Gill K, Karuna S, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Petropoulos CJ, Montefiori DC. Calibration of Two Validated SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Assays for COVID-19 Vaccine Evaluation. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-862572. [PMID: 34494017 PMCID: PMC8423224 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-862572/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are key biomarkers considered to be associated with vaccine efficacy. In United States Government-sponsored phase 3 efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccines, nAbs are measured by two different validated pseudovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays, with each trial using one of the two assays. Here we describe and compare the nAb titers obtained in the two assays. We observe that one assay consistently yielded higher nAb titers than the other when both assays were performed on the World Health Organization’s anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin International Standard, COVID-19 convalescent sera, and mRNA-1273 vaccinee sera. To overcome the challenge this difference in readout poses in comparing/combining data from the two assays, we evaluate three calibration approaches and show that readouts from the two assays can be calibrated to a common scale. These results may aid decision-making based on data from these assays for the evaluation and licensure of new or adapted COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suqin Cai
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Gilbert PB, Montefiori DC, McDermott A, Fong Y, Benkeser D, Deng W, Zhou H, Houchens CR, Martins K, Jayashankar L, Castellino F, Flach B, Lin BC, O'Connell S, McDanal C, Eaton A, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Lu Y, Yu C, Borate B, van der Laan LWP, Hejazi N, Huynh C, Miller J, El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Baron M, De La Cruz L, Gay C, Kalams S, Kelley CF, Kutner M, Andrasik MP, Kublin JG, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Carpp LN, Pajon R, Follmann D, Donis RO, Koup RA. Immune Correlates Analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Trial. medRxiv 2021:2021.08.09.21261290. [PMID: 34401888 PMCID: PMC8366808 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.09.21261290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial, estimated mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) was 94%. SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurements were assessed as correlates of COVID-19 risk and as correlates of protection. METHODS Through case-cohort sampling, participants were selected for measurement of four serum antibody markers at Day 1 (first dose), Day 29 (second dose), and Day 57: IgG binding antibodies (bAbs) to Spike, bAbs to Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), and 50% and 80% inhibitory dilution pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers calibrated to the WHO International Standard (cID50 and cID80). Participants with no evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Cox regression assessed in vaccine recipients the association of each Day 29 or 57 serologic marker with COVID-19 through 126 or 100 days of follow-up, respectively, adjusting for risk factors. RESULTS Day 57 Spike IgG, RBD IgG, cID50, and cID80 neutralization levels were each inversely correlated with risk of COVID-19: hazard ratios 0.66 (95% CI 0.50, 0.88; p=0.005); 0.57 (0.40, 0.82; p=0.002); 0.42 (0.27, 0.65; p<0.001); 0.35 (0.20, 0.61; p<0.001) per 10-fold increase in marker level, respectively, multiplicity adjusted P-values 0.003-0.010. Results were similar for Day 29 markers (multiplicity adjusted P-values <0.001-0.003). For vaccine recipients with Day 57 reciprocal cID50 neutralization titers that were undetectable (<2.42), 100, or 1000, respectively, cumulative incidence of COVID-19 through 100 days post Day 57 was 0.030 (0.010, 0.093), 0.0056 (0.0039, 0.0080), and 0.0023 (0.0013, 0.0036). For vaccine recipients at these titer levels, respectively, vaccine efficacy was 50.8% (-51.2, 83.0%), 90.7% (86.7, 93.6%), and 96.1% (94.0, 97.8%). Causal mediation analysis estimated that the proportion of vaccine efficacy mediated through Day 29 cID50 titer was 68.5% (58.5, 78.4%). CONCLUSIONS Binding and neutralizing antibodies correlated with COVID-19 risk and vaccine efficacy and likely have utility in predicting mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - David C Montefiori
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - David Benkeser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Weiping Deng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Christopher R Houchens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Karen Martins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Flora Castellino
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lars W P van der Laan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Nima Hejazi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Chuong Huynh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Mira Baron
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Luis De La Cruz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Cynthia Gay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Colleen F Kelley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Mark Kutner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Michele P Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Rolando Pajon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Dean Follmann
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
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Li D, Edwards RJ, Manne K, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Alam SM, Wiehe K, Lu X, Parks R, Sutherland LL, Oguin TH, McDanal C, Perez LG, Mansouri K, Gobeil SMC, Janowska K, Stalls V, Kopp M, Cai F, Lee E, Foulger A, Hernandez GE, Sanzone A, Tilahun K, Jiang C, Tse LV, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Cronin K, Gee-Lai V, Deyton M, Barr M, Von Holle T, Macintyre AN, Stover E, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Scobey TD, Rountree W, Wang Y, Moody MA, Cain DW, DeMarco CT, Denny TN, Woods CW, Petzold EW, Schmidt AG, Teng IT, Zhou T, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Moore IN, Seder R, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Montefiori DC, Sempowski GD, Baric RS, Acharya P, Haynes BF, Saunders KO. In vitro and in vivo functions of SARS-CoV-2 infection-enhancing and neutralizing antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:4203-4219.e32. [PMID: 34242577 PMCID: PMC8232969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against COVID-19. A concern regarding SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is whether they mediate disease enhancement. Here, we isolated NAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike from individuals with acute or convalescent SARS-CoV-2 or a history of SARS-CoV infection. Cryo-electron microscopy of RBD and NTD antibodies demonstrated function-specific modes of binding. Select RBD NAbs also demonstrated Fc receptor-γ (FcγR)-mediated enhancement of virus infection in vitro, while five non-neutralizing NTD antibodies mediated FcγR-independent in vitro infection enhancement. However, both types of infection-enhancing antibodies protected from SARS-CoV-2 replication in monkeys and mice. Three of 46 monkeys infused with enhancing antibodies had higher lung inflammation scores compared to controls. One monkey had alveolar edema and elevated bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cytokines. Thus, while in vitro antibody-enhanced infection does not necessarily herald enhanced infection in vivo, increased lung inflammation can rarely occur in SARS-CoV-2 antibody-infused macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kartik Manne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas H Oguin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Lautaro G Perez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sophie M C Gobeil
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Stalls
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Megan Kopp
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Giovanna E Hernandez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aja Sanzone
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kedamawit Tilahun
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chuancang Jiang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth Cronin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Gee-Lai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret Deyton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew N Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica Stover
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Trevor D Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C Todd DeMarco
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Petzold
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Corbett KS, Nason MC, Flach B, Gagne M, O' Connell S, Johnston TS, Shah SN, Edara VV, Floyd K, Lai L, McDanal C, Francica JR, Flynn B, Wu K, Choi A, Koch M, Abiona OM, Werner AP, Alvarado GS, Andrew SF, Donaldson MM, Fintzi J, Flebbe DR, Lamb E, Noe AT, Nurmukhambetova ST, Provost SJ, Cook A, Dodson A, Faudree A, Greenhouse J, Kar S, Pessaint L, Porto M, Steingrebe K, Valentin D, Zouantcha S, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Moliva JI, van de Wetering R, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Leung K, Shi W, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Todd JPM, Wang L, Andersen H, Foulds KE, Edwards DK, Mascola JR, Moore IN, Lewis MG, Carfi A, Montefiori D, Suthar MS, McDermott A, Sullivan NJ, Roederer M, Douek DC, Graham BS, Seder RA. Immune Correlates of Protection by mRNA-1273 Immunization against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nonhuman Primates. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33907752 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.20.440647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune correlates of protection can be used as surrogate endpoints for vaccine efficacy. The nonhuman primate (NHP) model of SARS-CoV-2 infection replicates key features of human infection and may be used to define immune correlates of protection following vaccination. Here, NHP received either no vaccine or doses ranging from 0.3 - 100 μg of mRNA-1273, a mRNA vaccine encoding the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-2P) protein encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle. mRNA-1273 vaccination elicited robust circulating and mucosal antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. Viral replication was significantly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavages and nasal swabs following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vaccinated animals and was most strongly correlated with levels of anti-S antibody binding and neutralizing activity. Consistent with antibodies being a correlate of protection, passive transfer of vaccine-induced IgG to naïve hamsters was sufficient to mediate protection. Taken together, these data show that mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced humoral immune responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in NHP. One-Sentence Summary mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibody responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in NHP.
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15
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Shen X, Tang H, McDanal C, Wagh K, Fischer W, Theiler J, Yoon H, Li D, Haynes BF, Sanders KO, Gnanakaran S, Hengartner N, Pajon R, Smith G, Glenn GM, Korber B, Montefiori DC. SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral spike vaccines. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:529-539.e3. [PMID: 33705729 PMCID: PMC7934674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All current vaccines for COVID-19 utilize ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike with the goal of generating protective neutralizing antibodies. The recent emergence and rapid spread of several SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying multiple spike mutations raise concerns about possible immune escape. One variant, first identified in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7, also called 20I/501Y.V1), contains eight spike mutations with potential to impact antibody therapy, vaccine efficacy, and risk of reinfection. Here, we show that B.1.1.7 remains sensitive to neutralization, albeit at moderately reduced levels (∼sim;2-fold), by serum samples from convalescent individuals and recipients of an mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273, Moderna) and a protein nanoparticle vaccine (NVX-CoV2373, Novavax). A subset of monoclonal antibodies to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike are less effective against the variant, while others are largely unaffected. These findings indicate that variant B.1.1.7 is unlikely to be a major concern for current vaccines or for an increased risk of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - William Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - James Theiler
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin O Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nick Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Maisonnasse P, Aldon Y, Marc A, Marlin R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Kuzmina NA, Freyn AW, Snitselaar JL, Gonçalves A, Caniels TG, Burger JA, Poniman M, Chesnais V, Diry S, Iershov A, Ronk AJ, Jangra S, Rathnasinghe R, Brouwer P, Bijl T, van Schooten J, Brinkkemper M, Liu H, Yuan M, Mire CE, van Breemen MJ, Contreras V, Naninck T, Lemaître J, Kahlaoui N, Relouzat F, Chapon C, Ho Tsong Fang R, McDanal C, Osei-Twum M, St-Amant N, Gagnon L, Montefiori DC, Wilson IA, Ginoux E, de Bree GJ, García-Sastre A, Schotsaert M, Coughlan L, Bukreyev A, van der Werf S, Guedj J, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, Le Grand R. COVA1-18 neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 in three preclinical models. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-235272. [PMID: 33619476 PMCID: PMC7899470 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-235272/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One year into the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), effective treatments are still needed 1-3 . Monoclonal antibodies, given alone or as part of a therapeutic cocktail, have shown promising results in patients, raising the hope that they could play an important role in preventing clinical deterioration in severely ill or in exposed, high risk individuals 4-6 . Here, we evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of COVA1-18 in vivo , a neutralizing antibody isolated from a convalescent patient 7 and highly potent against the B.1.1.7. isolate 8,9 . In both prophylactic and therapeutic settings, SARS-CoV-2 remained undetectable in the lungs of COVA1-18 treated hACE2 mice. Therapeutic treatment also caused a dramatic reduction in viral loads in the lungs of Syrian hamsters. When administered at 10 mg kg - 1 one day prior to a high dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in cynomolgus macaques, COVA1-18 had a very strong antiviral activity in the upper respiratory compartments with an estimated reduction in viral infectivity of more than 95%, and prevented lymphopenia and extensive lung lesions. Modelling and experimental findings demonstrate that COVA1-18 has a strong antiviral activity in three different preclinical models and could be a valuable candidate for further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Y Aldon
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Marc
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - R Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - N Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - N A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Texas, USA
| | - A W Freyn
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
| | - J L Snitselaar
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Gonçalves
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - T G Caniels
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Burger
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Poniman
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Chesnais
- Life and Soft, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - S Diry
- Life and Soft, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - A Iershov
- Life and Soft, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - A J Ronk
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Texas, USA
| | - S Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
| | - R Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
| | - Pjm Brouwer
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tpl Bijl
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J van Schooten
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Brinkkemper
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - M Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - C E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - M J van Breemen
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - T Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - J Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - N Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - F Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - C Chapon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - R Ho Tsong Fang
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - C McDanal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | - D C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - I A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - E Ginoux
- Life and Soft, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - G J de Bree
- Internal Medicine of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
| | - M Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
| | - L Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (NY), USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), 685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF1, Office #380E, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - A Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - S van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - J Guedj
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - R W Sanders
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - M J van Gils
- Departments of Medical Microbiology of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
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17
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Shen X, Tang H, McDanal C, Wagh K, Fischer W, Theiler J, Yoon H, Li D, Haynes BF, Sanders KO, Gnanakaran S, Hengartner N, Pajon R, Smith G, Dubovsky F, Glenn GM, Korber B, Montefiori DC. SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral Spike vaccines. bioRxiv 2021:2021.01.27.428516. [PMID: 33532764 PMCID: PMC7852228 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.27.428516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein mediates virus entry and is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. All current vaccines are based on the ancestral Spike with the goal of generating a protective neutralizing antibody response. Several novel SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple Spike mutations have emerged, and their rapid spread and potential for immune escape have raised concerns. One of these variants, first identified in the United Kingdom, B.1.1.7 (also called VUI202012/01), contains eight Spike mutations with potential to impact antibody therapy, vaccine efficacy and risk of reinfection. Here we employed a lentivirus-based pseudovirus assay to show that variant B.1.1.7 remains sensitive to neutralization, albeit at moderately reduced levels (~2-fold), by serum samples from convalescent individuals and recipients of two different vaccines based on ancestral Spike: mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and protein nanoparticle NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax). Some monoclonal antibodies to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike were less effective against the variant while others were largely unaffected. These findings indicate that B.1.1.7 is not a neutralization escape variant that would be a major concern for current vaccines, or for an increased risk of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - James Theiler
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin O. Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nick Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Weissman D, Alameh MG, de Silva T, Collini P, Hornsby H, Brown R, LaBranche CC, Edwards RJ, Sutherland L, Santra S, Mansouri K, Gobeil S, McDanal C, Pardi N, Hengartner N, Lin PJC, Tam Y, Shaw PA, Lewis MG, Boesler C, Şahin U, Acharya P, Haynes BF, Korber B, Montefiori DC. D614G Spike Mutation Increases SARS CoV-2 Susceptibility to Neutralization. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:23-31.e4. [PMID: 33306985 PMCID: PMC7707640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein acquired a D614G mutation early in the pandemic that confers greater infectivity and is now the globally dominant form. To determine whether D614G might also mediate neutralization escape that could compromise vaccine efficacy, sera from spike-immunized mice, nonhuman primates, and humans were evaluated for neutralization of pseudoviruses bearing either D614 or G614 spike. In all cases, the G614 pseudovirus was moderately more susceptible to neutralization. The G614 pseudovirus also was more susceptible to neutralization by receptor-binding domain (RBD) monoclonal antibodies and convalescent sera from people infected with either form of the virus. Negative stain electron microscopy revealed a higher percentage of the 1-RBD "up" conformation in the G614 spike, suggesting increased epitope exposure as a mechanism of enhanced vulnerability to neutralization. Based on these findings, the D614G mutation is not expected to be an obstacle for current vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thushan de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Collini
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hailey Hornsby
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sophie Gobeil
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nick Hengartner
- T6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Ying Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, CA
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- T6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, Hengartner N, Giorgi EE, Bhattacharya T, Foley B, Hastie KM, Parker MD, Partridge DG, Evans CM, Freeman TM, de Silva TI, McDanal C, Perez LG, Tang H, Moon-Walker A, Whelan SP, LaBranche CC, Saphire EO, Montefiori DC. Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus. Cell 2020. [PMID: 32697968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global pandemic. Dynamic tracking of variant frequencies revealed a recurrent pattern of G614 increase at multiple geographic levels: national, regional, and municipal. The shift occurred even in local epidemics where the original D614 form was well established prior to introduction of the G614 variant. The consistency of this pattern was highly statistically significant, suggesting that the G614 variant may have a fitness advantage. We found that the G614 variant grows to a higher titer as pseudotyped virions. In infected individuals, G614 is associated with lower RT-PCR cycle thresholds, suggestive of higher upper respiratory tract viral loads, but not with increased disease severity. These findings illuminate changes important for a mechanistic understanding of the virus and support continuing surveillance of Spike mutations to aid with development of immunological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Will M Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Hyejin Yoon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - James Theiler
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Werner Abfalterer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Nick Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Brian Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Parker
- Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre & Sheffield Bioinformatics Core, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - David G Partridge
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Timothy M Freeman
- Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre & Sheffield Bioinformatics Core, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lautaro G Perez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alex Moon-Walker
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sean P Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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20
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Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, Hengartner N, Giorgi EE, Bhattacharya T, Foley B, Hastie KM, Parker MD, Partridge DG, Evans CM, Freeman TM, de Silva TI, McDanal C, Perez LG, Tang H, Moon-Walker A, Whelan SP, LaBranche CC, Saphire EO, Montefiori DC. Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus. Cell 2020; 182:812-827.e19. [PMID: 32697968 PMCID: PMC7332439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2746] [Impact Index Per Article: 686.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global pandemic. Dynamic tracking of variant frequencies revealed a recurrent pattern of G614 increase at multiple geographic levels: national, regional, and municipal. The shift occurred even in local epidemics where the original D614 form was well established prior to introduction of the G614 variant. The consistency of this pattern was highly statistically significant, suggesting that the G614 variant may have a fitness advantage. We found that the G614 variant grows to a higher titer as pseudotyped virions. In infected individuals, G614 is associated with lower RT-PCR cycle thresholds, suggestive of higher upper respiratory tract viral loads, but not with increased disease severity. These findings illuminate changes important for a mechanistic understanding of the virus and support continuing surveillance of Spike mutations to aid with development of immunological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Will M Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Hyejin Yoon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - James Theiler
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Werner Abfalterer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Nick Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Brian Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Parker
- Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre & Sheffield Bioinformatics Core, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - David G Partridge
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Timothy M Freeman
- Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre & Sheffield Bioinformatics Core, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lautaro G Perez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alex Moon-Walker
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sean P Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, Hengartner N, Giorgi EE, Bhattacharya T, Foley B, Hastie KM, Parker MD, Partridge DG, Evans CM, Freeman TM, de Silva TI, McDanal C, Perez LG, Tang H, Moon-Walker A, Whelan SP, LaBranche CC, Saphire EO, Montefiori DC. Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus. Cell 2020. [PMID: 32697968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043%0asummary] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global pandemic. Dynamic tracking of variant frequencies revealed a recurrent pattern of G614 increase at multiple geographic levels: national, regional, and municipal. The shift occurred even in local epidemics where the original D614 form was well established prior to introduction of the G614 variant. The consistency of this pattern was highly statistically significant, suggesting that the G614 variant may have a fitness advantage. We found that the G614 variant grows to a higher titer as pseudotyped virions. In infected individuals, G614 is associated with lower RT-PCR cycle thresholds, suggestive of higher upper respiratory tract viral loads, but not with increased disease severity. These findings illuminate changes important for a mechanistic understanding of the virus and support continuing surveillance of Spike mutations to aid with development of immunological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Will M Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Hyejin Yoon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - James Theiler
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Werner Abfalterer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Nick Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Brian Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Parker
- Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre & Sheffield Bioinformatics Core, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - David G Partridge
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Timothy M Freeman
- Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre & Sheffield Bioinformatics Core, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lautaro G Perez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haili Tang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alex Moon-Walker
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sean P Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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22
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Lacey SF, Weinhold KJ, Chen CH, McDanal C, Oei C, Greenberg ML. Herpesvirus saimiri transformation of HIV type 1 suppressive CD8+ lymphocytes from an HIV type 1-infected asymptomatic individual. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:521-31. [PMID: 9566555 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV+ individuals can potently suppress HIV-1 replication in a noncytolytic manner. This suppression appears to be multifactorial and the molecules contributing have not been fully elucidated. As an approach to this question we used herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) to transform CD8+ T lymphocytes from an HIV+ asymptomatic donor to a continuously growing, activation-independent, IL-2-dependent phenotype. The transformed cell population, termed CD8(HVS), had an activated phenotype, contained HVS sequences, did not shed infectious HVS virus, and was polyclonal. The CD8(HVS) cells, despite the absence of detectable CTL activity, potently suppressed HIV-1 production by both autologous and heterologous CD4+ cells from infected donors. The CD8(HVS) cells in coculture also suppressed virus production from PBMCs acutely infected with syncytium-inducing (SI) strains or NSI primary isolates of HIV-1. The supernatants from the CD8(HVS) cells and their concentrates derived from these supernatants were suppressive to NSI primary isolates of HIV-1 but not to SI strains. Fractionation of these concentrates showed that the suppressive activity was associated with low molecular mass (6500- to 19,300-Da) protein species. Western blotting and ELISA indicated that the CC chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES were present in these fractions. Antibody-blocking studies with antibodies to the CC chemokines indicated that a significant portion of the soluble HIV-suppressive activity was due to these molecules. However, these experiments also suggested the inhibitory activity of the CD8(HVS) cells in coculture is not due exclusively to the CC chemokines. The HVS-transformed cells provide a useful tool for the study of noncytolytic CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Lacey
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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23
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Javaherian K, McDanal C. Random copolymers containing specific ratios of negatively charged and aromatic amino acids bind V3 disulfide loop and neutralize diverse HIV type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:1163-8. [PMID: 8573371 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Random copolymers of polyamino acids containing negatively charged and aromatic residues at specific ratios appear to bind HIV type 1 V3 loop and neutralize diverse laboratory isolates. At least the putative heparin binding domain and isoleucine residues in the amino half of V3 are involved in the interactions with these polymers. There are a number of interesting features common between these polymer's modes of binding to the V3 and the protease inhibition drug ABT-538.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Javaherian
- Repligen Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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24
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McDanal C. Comment on "Hypnosis and self-hypnosis in the management of nocturnal enuresis". Am J Clin Hypn 1995; 37:343. [PMID: 7741089 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.1995.10403166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Wild C, Dubay JW, Greenwell T, Baird T, Oas TG, McDanal C, Hunter E, Matthews T. Propensity for a leucine zipper-like domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 to form oligomers correlates with a role in virus-induced fusion rather than assembly of the glycoprotein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:12676-80. [PMID: 7809100 PMCID: PMC45502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For a number of viruses, oligomerization is a critical component of envelope processing and surface expression. Previously, we reported that a synthetic peptide (DP-107) corresponding to the putative leucine zipper region (aa 553-590) of the transmembrane protein (gp41) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exhibited alpha-helical secondary structure and self-associated as a coiled coil. In view of the tendency of this type of structure to mediate protein association, we speculated that this region of gp41 might play a role in HIV-1 envelope oligomerization. However, later it was shown that mutations which should disrupt the structural elements of this region of gp41 did not affect envelope processing, transport, or surface expression (assembly oligomerization). In this report we compare the effects of amino acid substitutions within this coiled-coil region on structure and function of both viral envelope proteins and the corresponding synthetic peptides. Our results establish a correlation between the destabilizing effects of amino acid substitutions on coiled-coil structure in the peptide model and phenotype of virus entry. These biological and physical biochemical studies do not support a role for the coiled-coil structure in mediating the assembly oligomerization of HIV-1 envelope but do imply that this region of gp41 plays a key role in the sequence of events associated with viral entry. We propose a functional role for the coiled-coil domain of HIV-1 gp41.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wild
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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26
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Haynes BF, Torres JV, Langlois AJ, Bolognesi DP, Gardner MB, Palker TJ, Scearce RM, Jones DM, Moody MA, McDanal C. Induction of HIVMN neutralizing antibodies in primates using a prime-boost regimen of hybrid synthetic gp120 envelope peptides. J Immunol 1993; 151:1646-53. [PMID: 8335949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have tested synthetic peptides composed of Th (T1) and V3 loop B cell neutralizing determinants [SP10 MN(A)] of HIVMN gp120 and the fusogenic (F) domain of gp41 as immunogens in rhesus monkeys. After two immunizations with either HIV env peptide T1-SP10 MN(A) or F-T1-SP10 MN(A), rhesus monkey serum neutralization titers against the HIVMN isolate ranged from 1:160 to 1:1400, and in cell-cell syncytium inhibition assay ranged from 1:20 to 1:80. However, in contrast to animals immunized with T1-SP10 MN(A), animals immunized twice with F-T1-SP10 MN(A) had no rise in anti-gp120 and neutralizing antibodies with an additional immunization with F-T1-SP10 MN(A) peptide. One of 4 rhesus monkeys (18987) had anti-HIVMN antibodies that cross-neutralized divergent HIV isolates HIVIIIB and HIVRF. Serum from animal 18987 neutralized 5 of 10 HIV isolates tested, and neutralizing activity against HIVIIIB of 18987 serum was absorbed with the conserved gp120 loop V3 sequence IGPGRAF. Anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies were boosted after a 6-mo rest by 500 micrograms of T1-SP10 MN(A) in 4 of 4 animals previously immunized with T1-SP10 MN(A) and in 2 of 2 animals previously immunized with F-T1-SP10 MN(A). However, immunization after 6-mo rest of animal 18987 with 500 micrograms of T1-SP10 MN(A) peptide, although boosting anti-HIVMN neutralizing antibodies, selectively did not boost cross-neutralizing anti-HIVIIIB antibodies. Thus, synthetic peptides containing T and B cell epitopes of HIV gp120 can induce high levels of anti-HIVMN neutralizing antibodies in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
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27
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Haynes BF, Torres JV, Langlois AJ, Bolognesi DP, Gardner MB, Palker TJ, Scearce RM, Jones DM, Moody MA, McDanal C. Induction of HIVMN neutralizing antibodies in primates using a prime-boost regimen of hybrid synthetic gp120 envelope peptides. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.151.3.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have tested synthetic peptides composed of Th (T1) and V3 loop B cell neutralizing determinants [SP10 MN(A)] of HIVMN gp120 and the fusogenic (F) domain of gp41 as immunogens in rhesus monkeys. After two immunizations with either HIV env peptide T1-SP10 MN(A) or F-T1-SP10 MN(A), rhesus monkey serum neutralization titers against the HIVMN isolate ranged from 1:160 to 1:1400, and in cell-cell syncytium inhibition assay ranged from 1:20 to 1:80. However, in contrast to animals immunized with T1-SP10 MN(A), animals immunized twice with F-T1-SP10 MN(A) had no rise in anti-gp120 and neutralizing antibodies with an additional immunization with F-T1-SP10 MN(A) peptide. One of 4 rhesus monkeys (18987) had anti-HIVMN antibodies that cross-neutralized divergent HIV isolates HIVIIIB and HIVRF. Serum from animal 18987 neutralized 5 of 10 HIV isolates tested, and neutralizing activity against HIVIIIB of 18987 serum was absorbed with the conserved gp120 loop V3 sequence IGPGRAF. Anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies were boosted after a 6-mo rest by 500 micrograms of T1-SP10 MN(A) in 4 of 4 animals previously immunized with T1-SP10 MN(A) and in 2 of 2 animals previously immunized with F-T1-SP10 MN(A). However, immunization after 6-mo rest of animal 18987 with 500 micrograms of T1-SP10 MN(A) peptide, although boosting anti-HIVMN neutralizing antibodies, selectively did not boost cross-neutralizing anti-HIVIIIB antibodies. Thus, synthetic peptides containing T and B cell epitopes of HIV gp120 can induce high levels of anti-HIVMN neutralizing antibodies in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - J V Torres
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - A J Langlois
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - D P Bolognesi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - M B Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - T J Palker
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - R M Scearce
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - D M Jones
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - M A Moody
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
| | - C McDanal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Arthritis Center, Durham, NC
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28
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Haynes BF, Arthur LO, Frost P, Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Palker TJ, Hart MK, Scearce RM, Jones DM, McDanal C. Conversion of an immunogenic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope synthetic peptide to a tolerogen in chimpanzees by the fusogenic domain of HIV gp41 envelope protein. J Exp Med 1993; 177:717-27. [PMID: 7679708 PMCID: PMC2190925 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.3.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusogenic (F) domain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp41 envelope (env) protein has sequence similarities to many virus and mediates the fusion of HIV-infected cells. During a survey of the immunogenicity of HIV env peptides in chimpanzees, we have observed that HIV peptide immunogenicity was dramatically altered by the NH2-terminal synthesis of the gp41 F domain to an otherwise immunogenic peptide. We compared two hybrid peptide types comprised of T helper (Th) and B cell epitopes of HIV gp120 env protein for their immunogenicity in chimpanzees. The Th-B epitope hybrid peptides contained the HIV gp120 Th cell determinant, T1 (amino acids [aa] 428-440)-synthesized NH2 terminal to gp120 V3 loop peptides, which contain B cell epitopes that induce anti-HIV-neutralizing antibodies (SP10IIIB [aa 303-321] and SP10IIIB [A] [aa 303-327]). The F-Th-B peptide contained the HIV gp41 F domain of HIVIIIB gp41 (aa 519-530)-synthesized NH2 terminal to the Th-B peptide. Whereas Th-B peptides were potent immunogens for chimpanzee antibody and T cell-proliferative responses, the F-Th-B peptide induced lower anti-HIV gp120 T and B cell responses. Moreover, immunization of chimpanzees with F-Th-B peptide but not Th-B peptides induced a significant decrease in peripheral blood T lymphocytes (mean decrease during immunization, 52%; p < 0.02). Chimpanzees previously immunized with F-Th-B peptide did not respond well to immunization with Th-B peptide with T or B cell responses to HIV peptides, demonstrating that the F-Th-B peptide induced immune hyporesponsiveness to Th and B HIV gp120 env determinants. These observations raise the hypothesis that the HIV gp41 env F domain may be a biologically active immunoregulatory peptide in vivo, and by an as yet uncharacterized mechanism, promotes primate immune system hyporesponsiveness to otherwise immunogenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke Center for AIDS Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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29
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Wild C, Oas T, McDanal C, Bolognesi D, Matthews T. A synthetic peptide inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication: correlation between solution structure and viral inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:10537-41. [PMID: 1438243 PMCID: PMC50374 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.21.10537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A peptide designated DP-107 was synthesized containing amino acid residues 558-595 of the envelope glycoprotein gp160 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain LAI (HIV-1LAI). Algorithms for secondary structure have predicted that this region of the envelope transmembrane protein should form an extended alpha-helix. Consistent with this prediction, analysis by circular dichroism (CD) indicated that, under physiological conditions, DP-107 is approximately 85% helical. The high degree of stable secondary structure in a synthetic peptide of this size suggests self-association typical of a coiled coil or leucine zipper. In biological assays, the peptide efficiently blocked virus-mediated cell-cell fusion processes as well as infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by both prototypic and primary isolates of HIV-1. A single amino acid substitution in the peptide greatly destabilized its solution structure as measured by CD and abrogated its antiviral activity. An analogue containing a terminal cysteine was oxidized to form a dimer, and this modification lowered the dose required for antiviral effect from 5 to about 1 microgram/ml. These results suggest that both oligomerization and ordered structure are necessary for biological activity. They provide insights also into the role of this region in HIV infection and the potential for development of a new class of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wild
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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30
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Ivanoff LA, Looney DJ, McDanal C, Morris JF, Wong-Staal F, Langlois AJ, Petteway SR, Matthews TJ. Alteration of HIV-1 infectivity and neutralization by a single amino acid replacement in the V3 loop domain. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:595-603. [PMID: 1768461 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The V3 loop (residues 303-338) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope protein represents a principal neutralizing determinant for the virus. An HIV-1 proviral clone containing a mutation in the V3 loop was constructed in which the proline residue at position 313 was changed to an alanine (P313-A). This mutation alters the conserved GPGR sequence that is found in the V3 loop sequences of different HIV-1 isolates. The P313-A clone produced virus particles, which were infectious for a number of T-cell lines including MOLT-4, CEM, and SupT1, but demonstrated a relatively low infectivity on the AA5 B-cell line when compared with wild-type viruses, HTLV-IIIB, HXB2/10 (a chimeric molecular clone), and another mutant virus (Q290-T). V3 loop-specific neutralizing polyclonal sera and the 9284 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes the amino side of the V3 loop sequence, effectively blocked infectivity and syncytia formation of all viruses tested. In contrast, the 0.5 beta monoclonal antibody, which is biologically more potent than 9284 and recognizes a different V3 loop determinant, failed to neutralize the P313-A virus. These results suggest that the proline residue in the relatively conserved GPGR "turn" region of the V3 loop is crucial for recognition by the 0.5 beta antibody. The observed variation in sensitivity of the B-cell line to the P313-A virus may reflect the presence of cell-specific factors which could be important in establishing an HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ivanoff
- Department of Antiinfectives, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939
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31
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Hart MK, Palker TJ, Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Lerche NW, Martin ME, Scearce RM, McDanal C, Bolognesi DP, Haynes BF. Synthetic peptides containing T and B cell epitopes from human immunodeficiency virus envelope gp120 induce anti-HIV proliferative responses and high titers of neutralizing antibodies in rhesus monkeys. The Journal of Immunology 1990. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.145.8.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have previously described a synthetic peptide (T1-SP10) derived from two noncontiguous regions of HTLVIIIB envelope gp120 (T1, amino acids 428-443; SP10, amino acids 303-321) that induced type-specific anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies and T cell proliferative responses against native HIV gp120 when used as a carrier-free immunogen in goats. In this study, HTLVIIIB T1-SP10 synthetic peptides were used to immunize rhesus monkeys to determine if the peptides were capable of eliciting HIV-specific neutralizing antibody and proliferative responses in primates. Four compounds (alum, polyA:polyU, threonyl-muramyldipeptide (MDP) and IFA) were also compared for efficacy as adjuvants in this system. Rhesus monkeys immunized with T1-SP10 peptides generated high titers of antibodies against the immunogens and also against HTLVIIIB gp120. Sera from all four animals given T1-SP10 in IFA or threonyl-MDP neutralized infection by HTLVIIIB and blocked virus-dependent cell fusion events. A peak neutralization titer of 1:940 was seen in one animal given IFA (19600) and a titer of 1:900 was seen in one of the monkeys (17371) given threonyl-MDP. Proliferative responses of immune rhesus PBMC to T1-SP10 appeared after the first injection. After eight immunizations, two of eight monkeys (one injected with peptides in threonyl-MDP and one given peptides in IFA) had PBMC proliferative responses to native HTLVIIIB gp120. These data demonstrate that the carrier-free T1-SP10 synthetic peptide construct can induce high titers of neutralizing anti-HIV antibody responses and PBMC proliferative responses to HIV in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Hart
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - T J Palker
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - T J Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - A J Langlois
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - N W Lerche
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - M E Martin
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - R M Scearce
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - C McDanal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - D P Bolognesi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - B F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Hart MK, Palker TJ, Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Lerche NW, Martin ME, Scearce RM, McDanal C, Bolognesi DP, Haynes BF. Synthetic peptides containing T and B cell epitopes from human immunodeficiency virus envelope gp120 induce anti-HIV proliferative responses and high titers of neutralizing antibodies in rhesus monkeys. J Immunol 1990; 145:2677-85. [PMID: 1698859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a synthetic peptide (T1-SP10) derived from two noncontiguous regions of HTLVIIIB envelope gp120 (T1, amino acids 428-443; SP10, amino acids 303-321) that induced type-specific anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies and T cell proliferative responses against native HIV gp120 when used as a carrier-free immunogen in goats. In this study, HTLVIIIB T1-SP10 synthetic peptides were used to immunize rhesus monkeys to determine if the peptides were capable of eliciting HIV-specific neutralizing antibody and proliferative responses in primates. Four compounds (alum, polyA:polyU, threonyl-muramyldipeptide (MDP) and IFA) were also compared for efficacy as adjuvants in this system. Rhesus monkeys immunized with T1-SP10 peptides generated high titers of antibodies against the immunogens and also against HTLVIIIB gp120. Sera from all four animals given T1-SP10 in IFA or threonyl-MDP neutralized infection by HTLVIIIB and blocked virus-dependent cell fusion events. A peak neutralization titer of 1:940 was seen in one animal given IFA (19600) and a titer of 1:900 was seen in one of the monkeys (17371) given threonyl-MDP. Proliferative responses of immune rhesus PBMC to T1-SP10 appeared after the first injection. After eight immunizations, two of eight monkeys (one injected with peptides in threonyl-MDP and one given peptides in IFA) had PBMC proliferative responses to native HTLVIIIB gp120. These data demonstrate that the carrier-free T1-SP10 synthetic peptide construct can induce high titers of neutralizing anti-HIV antibody responses and PBMC proliferative responses to HIV in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Hart
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Celada F, Cambiaggi C, Maccari J, Burastero S, Gregory T, Patzer E, Porter J, McDanal C, Matthews T. Antibody raised against soluble CD4-rgp120 complex recognizes the CD4 moiety and blocks membrane fusion without inhibiting CD4-gp120 binding. J Exp Med 1990; 172:1143-50. [PMID: 2212945 PMCID: PMC2188612 DOI: 10.1084/jem.172.4.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the humoral response of mice immunized with soluble CD4-rgp120 complex, testing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the aim of identifying molecular changes that take place after the first interaction between human immunodeficiency virus and the cell surface. The antisera had a paradoxically high syncytia-blocking titer associated with anti-CD4 specificity, while their capacity to inhibit CD4-gp120 binding was relatively modest. One of the mAbs produced from these responders blocks syncytia formation but does not inhibit CD4 interaction with gp120. Apparently, this mAb interacts with the CD4 moiety of CD4-gp120 complex and prevents a post-binding event necessary for membrane fusion and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Celada
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, Hospital for Joint Disease, New York, New York
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Javaherian K, Langlois AJ, McDanal C, Ross KL, Eckler LI, Jellis CL, Profy AT, Rusche JR, Bolognesi DP, Putney SD. Principal neutralizing domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:6768-72. [PMID: 2771954 PMCID: PMC297927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.17.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal neutralizing determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is located in the external envelope protein, gp120, and has previously been mapped to a 24-amino acid-long sequence (denoted RP135). We show here that deletion of this sequence renders the envelope unable to elicit neutralizing antibodies. In addition, using synthetic peptide fragments of RP135, we have mapped the neutralizing determinant to 8 amino acids and found that a peptide of this size elicits neutralizing antibodies. This sequence contains a central Gly-Pro-Gly that is generally conserved between different HIV-1 isolates and is flanked by amino acids that differ from isolate to isolate. Antibodies elicited by peptides from one isolate do not neutralize two different isolates, and a hybrid peptide, consisting of amino acid sequences from two isolates, elicits neutralizing antibodies to both isolates. By using a mixture of peptides of this domain or a mixture of such hybrid peptides the type-specificity of the neutralizing antibody response to this determinant can perhaps be overcome.
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Rusche JR, Javaherian K, McDanal C, Petro J, Lynn DL, Grimaila R, Langlois A, Gallo RC, Arthur LO, Fischinger PJ. Antibodies that inhibit fusion of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells bind a 24-amino acid sequence of the viral envelope, gp120. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:3198-202. [PMID: 2452447 PMCID: PMC280171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.9.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisera to recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins containing the entire envelope, gp160, or the central portion of the envelope, PB1, can inhibit fusion of virally infected cells in culture. This fusion inhibition is HIV-variant specific--that is, anti-gp160-IIIB inhibits fusion of isolate HTLV-IIIB-infected cells but not of isolate HTLV-IIIRF-infected cells. Both anti-gp160 and anti-PB1 are completely blocked in fusion inhibition activity by the addition of PB1 protein. A 24-amino acid peptide (RP135, amino acids 307-330) completely blocks fusion inhibition activity of both antisera and also blocks the activity of serum from a chimpanzee infected with HTLV-IIIB. Thus, the principal epitope that elicits fusion-inhibiting antibodies is located in the central portion of gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rusche
- Repligen Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139
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