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Chen Y, Wang F, Yin L, Jiang H, Lu X, Bi Y, Zhang W, Shi Y, Burioni R, Tong Z, Song H, Qi J, Gao GF. Structural basis for a human broadly neutralizing influenza A hemagglutinin stem-specific antibody including H17/18 subtypes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7603. [PMID: 36494358 PMCID: PMC9734383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection continues are a persistent threat to public health. The identification and characterization of human broadly neutralizing antibodies can facilitate the development of antibody drugs and the design of universal influenza vaccines. Here, we present structural information for the human antibody PN-SIA28's heterosubtypic binding of hemagglutinin (HA) from circulating and emerging potential influenza A viruses (IAVs). Aside from group 1 and 2 conventional IAV HAs, PN-SIA28 also inhibits membrane fusion mediated by bat-origin H17 and H18 HAs. Crystallographic analyses of Fab alone or in complex with H1, H14, and H18 HA proteins reveal that PN-SIA28 binds to a highly conserved epitope in the fusion domain of different HAs, with the same CDRHs but different CDRLs for different HAs tested, distinguishing it from other structurally characterized anti-stem antibodies. The binding characteristics of PN-SIA28 provides information to support the design of increasingly potent engineered antibodies, antiviral drugs, and/or universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fei Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Liwei Yin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Haihai Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xishan Lu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yi Shi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Roberto Burioni
- grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, 20132 Italy
| | - Zhou Tong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hao Song
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - George F. Gao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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2
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Uribe M, Rodríguez-Posada ME, Ramirez-Nieto GC. Molecular Evidence of Orthomyxovirus Presence in Colombian Neotropical Bats. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845546. [PMID: 35558106 PMCID: PMC9087557 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orthomyxoviridae family includes the genera Influenzavirus, Isavirus, Quaranjavirus, and Thogotovirus. In turn, Influenzavirus can be classified into four types: α, β, γ, and δ (Formerly A, B, C, and D), from which Alphainfluenzavirus (AIV) has the broadest host range, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Additionally, AIV has shown global epidemiological relevance owing to its pandemic potential. The epidemiological relevance of Chiropteran due to its multiple functional characteristics makes them ideal reservoirs for many viral agents. Recently, new influenza-like subtypes have been reported in Neotropical bats, but little is known about the relevance of bats as natural reservoirs of influenza viruses. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the presence of AIV and new influenza-like subtypes in South American bats. For a better understanding of the drivers and interactions between AIV and bats, we used molecular assays with different gene targets (i.e., M, NP, and PB1) to identify AIV in New World bats. A housekeeping gene (CytB) PCR was used to check for nucleic acid preservation and to demonstrate the bat-origin of the samples. A total of 87 free-living bats belonging to 25 different species of the families Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae were collected in Casanare, Colombia. As a result, this study found seven AIV-positive bat species, three of them reported for the first time as AIV prone hosts. Neither of the AIV-like analyzed samples were positive for H17N10/H18/N11 subtypes. Although additional information is needed, the presence of a completely new or divergent AIV subtype in neotropical bats cannot be discarded. Collectively, the results presented here expand the epidemiological knowledge and distribution of AIV in neotropical free-ranging bats and emphasize the need to continue studying these viruses to establish the role they could play as a threat to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Uribe
- Microbiología y Epidemiologia Research Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Miguel E Rodríguez-Posada
- Research Center Fundación Reserva Natural La Palmita, Grupo de Investigaciones Territoriales Parael uso y Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Trinidad, Colombia
| | - Gloria C Ramirez-Nieto
- Microbiología y Epidemiologia Research Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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3
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Roles of Glycans and Non-glycans on the Epithelium and in the Immune System in H1-H18 Influenza A Virus Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:205-242. [PMID: 36175637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The large variation of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in various susceptible hosts and their rapid evolution, which allows host/tissue switching, host immune escape, vaccine escape, and drug resistance, are difficult challenges for influenza control in all countries worldwide. Access and binding of the IAV to actual receptors at endocytic sites is critical for the establishment of influenza infection. In this chapter, the progress in identification of and roles of glycans and non-glycans on the epithelium and in the immune system in H1-H18 IAV infections are reviewed. The first part of the review is on current knowledge of H1-H16 IAV receptors on the epithelium including sialyl glycans, other negatively charged glycans, and annexins. The second part of the review focuses on H1-H16 IAV receptors in the immune system including acidic surfactant phospholipids, Sia on surfactant proteins, the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of surfactant proteins, Sia on mucins, Sia and C-type lectins on macrophages and dendritic cells, and Sia on NK cells. The third part of the review is about a possible H17-H18 IAV receptor. Binding of these receptors to IAVs may result in inhibition or enhancement of IAV infection depending on their location, host cell type, and IAV strain. Among these receptors, host sialyl glycans are key determinants of viral hemagglutinin (HA) lectins for H1-H16 infections. HA must acquire mutations to bind to sialyl glycans that are dominant on a new target tissue when switching to a new host for efficient transmission and to bind to long sialyl glycans found in the case of seasonal HAs with multiple glycosylation sites as a consequence of immune evasion. Although sialyl receptors/C-type lectins on immune cells are decoy receptors/pathogen recognition receptors for capturing viral HA lectin/glycans protecting HA antigenic sites, some IAV strains do not escape, such as by release with neuraminidase, but hijack these molecules to gain entry and replication in immune cells. An understanding of the virus-host battle tactics at the receptor level might lead to the establishment of novel strategies for effective control of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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4
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Tarigan R, Katta T, Takemae H, Shimoda H, Maeda K, Iida A, Hondo E. Distinct interferon response in bat and other mammalian cell lines infected with Pteropine orthoreovirus. Virus Genes 2021; 57:510-520. [PMID: 34432209 PMCID: PMC8386163 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bats serve as natural hosts of Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), an emerging group of bat-borne, zoonotic viruses. Bats appear to possess unique innate immune system responses that can inhibit viral replication, thus reducing clinical symptoms. We examined the innate immune response against PRV and assessed viral replication in cell lines derived from four bat species (Miniopterus fuliginosus, Pteropus dasymallus, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, and Rousettus leschenaultii), one rodent (Mesocricetous auratus), and human (Homo sapiens). The expression levels of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5) and interferons (IFNB1 and IFNL1) were higher and PRV replication was lower in cell lines derived from M. fuliginosus, R. ferrumequinum, and R. leschenaultii. Reduction of IFNB1 expression by the knockdown of PRRs in the cell line derived from R. ferrumequinum was associated with increased PRV replication. The knockdown of RIG-I led to the most significant reduction in viral replication for all cell lines. These results suggest that RIG-I production is important for antiviral response against PRV in R. ferrumequinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Tarigan
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Katta
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Division of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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5
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Yang W, Schountz T, Ma W. Bat Influenza Viruses: Current Status and Perspective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040547. [PMID: 33805956 PMCID: PMC8064322 DOI: 10.3390/v13040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for many viruses, including several that are zoonotic. Two unusual H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viruses have been found in New World bats. Although neither of these viruses have been isolated, infectious clone technology has permitted significant progress to understand their biology, which include unique features compared to all other known influenza A viruses. In addition, an H9N2-like influenza A virus was isolated from Old World bats and it shows similar characteristics of normal influenza A viruses. In this review, current status and perspective on influenza A viruses identified in bats is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tony Schountz
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating from aquatic waterfowl recurrently cross interspecies barriers, which is greatly facilitated by utilizing cell surface-exposed monosaccharide sialic acids located on vertebrate cells as a universal host cell receptor. These glycan structures are first bound by the viral hemagglutinin (HA) for cell entry and then cleaved by the viral neuraminidase (NA) for particle release. In contrast, viruses of the recently identified bat-borne IAV subtypes H17N10 and H18N11 encode HA and NA homologs unable to interact with sialic acid residues despite a high degree of structural homology with their conventional counterparts. However, the most recent findings show that bat IAV HAs make use of the major histocompatibility complex class II proteins of different vertebrate species to gain entry into host cells, potentially permitting a broader host tropism. This review recapitulates current progress in the field of bat IAV research including the first assessment of the spillover potential of these bat viruses into other mammals.
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7
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Giotis ES. Inferring the Urban Transmission Potential of Bat Influenza Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:264. [PMID: 32582567 PMCID: PMC7283454 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are considered natural reservoirs of various, potentially zoonotic viruses, exemplified by the influenza A-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11 in asymptomatic Neotropical bats. These influenza viruses are evolutionarily distinct, are poorly adapted to laboratory mice and ferrets and cannot reassort in vitro with conventional strains to form new influenza subtypes. However, they have attracted renewed attention following reports that their entry in host cells is mediated by the trans-species conserved MHC-II proteins, suggesting that they hold zoonotic potential. Despite the recent studies, the viruses' epidemiology and public health significance remain incompletely understood. Delineating the mechanistic basis of the interactions with their hosts and assessing their global distribution are essential in order to fully assess the zoonotic threat that these strains pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios S Giotis
- Section of Molecular Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Takadate Y, Kondoh T, Igarashi M, Maruyama J, Manzoor R, Ogawa H, Kajihara M, Furuyama W, Sato M, Miyamoto H, Yoshida R, Hill TE, Freiberg AN, Feldmann H, Marzi A, Takada A. Niemann-Pick C1 Heterogeneity of Bat Cells Controls Filovirus Tropism. Cell Rep 2020; 30:308-319.e5. [PMID: 31940478 PMCID: PMC11075117 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit bats are suspected to be natural hosts of filoviruses, including Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV). Interestingly, however, previous studies suggest that these viruses have different tropisms depending on the bat species. Here, we show a molecular basis underlying the host-range restriction of filoviruses. We find that bat-derived cell lines FBKT1 and ZFBK13-76E show preferential susceptibility to EBOV and MARV, respectively, whereas the other bat cell lines tested are similarly infected with both viruses. In FBKT1 and ZFBK13-76E, unique amino acid (aa) sequences are found in the Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein, one of the cellular receptors interacting with the filovirus glycoprotein (GP). These aa residues, as well as a few aa differences between EBOV and MARV GPs, are crucial for the differential susceptibility to filoviruses. Taken together, our findings indicate that the heterogeneity of bat NPC1 orthologs is an important factor controlling filovirus species-specific host tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takadate
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Kondoh
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Rashid Manzoor
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ogawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Terence E Hill
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.
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9
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Ciminski K, Ran W, Gorka M, Lee J, Malmlov A, Schinköthe J, Eckley M, Murrieta RA, Aboellail TA, Campbell CL, Ebel GD, Ma J, Pohlmann A, Franzke K, Ulrich R, Hoffmann D, García-Sastre A, Ma W, Schountz T, Beer M, Schwemmle M. Bat influenza viruses transmit among bats but are poorly adapted to non-bat species. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2298-2309. [PMID: 31527796 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules of multiple species function as cell-entry receptors for the haemagglutinin-like H18 protein of the bat H18N11 influenza A virus, enabling tropism of the viruses in a potentially broad range of vertebrates. However, the function of the neuraminidase-like N11 protein is unknown because it is dispensable for viral infection or the release of H18-pseudotyped viruses. Here, we show that infection of mammalian cells with wild-type H18N11 leads to the emergence of mutant viruses that lack the N11 ectodomain and acquired mutations in H18. An infectious clone of one such mutant virus, designated rP11, appeared to be genetically stable in mice and replicated to higher titres in mice and cell culture compared with wild-type H18N11. In ferrets, rP11 antigen and RNA were detected at low levels in various tissues, including the tonsils, whereas the wild-type virus was not. In Neotropical Jamaican fruit bats, wild-type H18N11 was found in intestinal Peyer's patches and was shed to high concentrations in rectal samples, resulting in viral transmission to naive contact bats. Notably, rP11 also replicated efficiently in bats; however, only restored full-length N11 viruses were transmissible. Our findings suggest that wild-type H18N11 replicates poorly in mice and ferrets and that N11 is a determinant for viral transmission in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei Ran
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Gorka
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jinhwa Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ashley Malmlov
- Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Miles Eckley
- Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Reyes A Murrieta
- Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Tawfik A Aboellail
- Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Corey L Campbell
- Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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10
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Giotis ES, Carnell G, Young EF, Ghanny S, Soteropoulos P, Wang LF, Barclay WS, Skinner MA, Temperton N. Entry of the bat influenza H17N10 virus into mammalian cells is enabled by the MHC class II HLA-DR receptor. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2035-2038. [PMID: 31358984 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoproteins of the bat influenza H17N10 virus neither bind to nor cleave sialic acid receptors, indicating that this virus employs cell entry mechanisms distinct from those of classical influenza A viruses. We observed that certain human haematopoietic cancer cell lines and canine MDCK II cells are susceptible to H17-pseudotyped viruses. We identified the human HLA-DR receptor as an entry mediator for H17 pseudotypes, suggesting that H17N10 possesses zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios S Giotis
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - George Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK.,Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik F Young
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.,Bioelectronic Systems Lab, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saleena Ghanny
- The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Skinner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
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11
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Generation of bat-derived influenza viruses and their reassortants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1158. [PMID: 30718752 PMCID: PMC6362294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel influenza A virus-like genomes were detected in fruit bats in Central and South America. However, the biological properties of these bat-derived influenza viruses (BatIVs) are still largely unknown since infectious viral particles have never been isolated from the infected host species. In this study, a reverse genetics approach was used to generate infectious BatIV particles entirely from plasmids encoding full-length sequences in eight gene segments. We inoculated BatIV particles into various cell cultures including bat-derived cell lines and found that BatIVs infected particular bat-derived cells efficiently but not the other cell lines tested. Reassortant viruses between the two BatIVs were also successfully generated and their replication in the susceptible bat cell lines was confirmed. These findings suggest a limited host range and reassortment potential of BatIVs in nature, providing fundamental information for understanding of the ecology of BatIVs.
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12
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Dou D, Revol R, Östbye H, Wang H, Daniels R. Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1581. [PMID: 30079062 PMCID: PMC6062596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of the host cell. This uncommon RNA virus trait provides influenza with the advantage of access to the nuclear machinery during replication. However, it also increases the complexity of the intracellular trafficking that is required for the viral components to establish a productive infection. The segmentation of the influenza genome makes these additional trafficking requirements especially challenging, as each viral RNA (vRNA) gene segment must navigate the network of cellular membrane barriers during the processes of entry and assembly. To accomplish this goal, influenza A viruses (IAVs) utilize a combination of viral and cellular mechanisms to coordinate the transport of their proteins and the eight vRNA gene segments in and out of the cell. The aim of this review is to present the current mechanistic understanding for how IAVs facilitate cell entry, replication, virion assembly, and intercellular movement, in an effort to highlight some of the unanswered questions regarding the coordination of the IAV infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Revol
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Östbye
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Unexpected Functional Divergence of Bat Influenza Virus NS1 Proteins. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02097-17. [PMID: 29237829 PMCID: PMC5809727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02097-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two influenza A virus (FLUAV) genomes were identified in Central and South American bats. These sequences exhibit notable divergence from classical FLUAV counterparts, and functionally, bat FLUAV glycoproteins lack canonical receptor binding and destroying activity. Nevertheless, other features that distinguish these viruses from classical FLUAVs have yet to be explored. Here, we studied the viral nonstructural protein NS1, a virulence factor that modulates host signaling to promote efficient propagation. Like all FLUAV NS1 proteins, bat FLUAV NS1s bind double-stranded RNA and act as interferon antagonists. Unexpectedly, we found that bat FLUAV NS1s are unique in being unable to bind host p85β, a regulatory subunit of the cellular metabolism-regulating enzyme, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, neither bat FLUAV NS1 alone nor infection with a chimeric bat FLUAV efficiently activates Akt, a PI3K effector. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed that the bat FLUAV NS1-p85β interaction can be reengineered (in a strain-specific manner) by changing two to four NS1 residues (96L, 99M, 100I, and 145T), thereby creating a hydrophobic patch. Notably, ameliorated p85β-binding is insufficient for bat FLUAV NS1 to activate PI3K, and a chimeric bat FLUAV expressing NS1 with engineered hydrophobic patch mutations exhibits cell-type-dependent, but species-independent, propagation phenotypes. We hypothesize that bat FLUAV hijacking of PI3K in the natural bat host has been selected against, perhaps because genes in this metabolic pathway were differentially shaped by evolution to suit the unique energy use strategies of this flying mammal. These data expand our understanding of the enigmatic functional divergence between bat FLUAVs and classical mammalian and avian FLUAVs. IMPORTANCE The potential for novel influenza A viruses to establish infections in humans from animals is a source of continuous concern due to possible severe outbreaks or pandemics. The recent discovery of influenza A-like viruses in bats has raised questions over whether these entities could be a threat to humans. Understanding unique properties of the newly described bat influenza A-like viruses, such as their mechanisms to infect cells or how they manipulate host functions, is critical to assess their likelihood of causing disease. Here, we characterized the bat influenza A-like virus NS1 protein, a key virulence factor, and found unexpected functional divergence of this protein from counterparts in other influenza A viruses. Our study dissects the molecular changes required by bat influenza A-like virus NS1 to adopt classical influenza A virus properties and suggests consequences of bat influenza A-like virus infection, potential future evolutionary trajectories, and intriguing virus-host biology in bat species.
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14
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Nanbo A, Maruyama J, Imai M, Ujie M, Fujioka Y, Nishide S, Takada A, Ohba Y, Kawaoka Y. Ebola virus requires a host scramblase for externalization of phosphatidylserine on the surface of viral particles. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006848. [PMID: 29338048 PMCID: PMC5786336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors for phosphatidylserine contribute to the entry of Ebola virus (EBOV) particles, indicating that the presence of phosphatidylserine in the envelope of EBOV is important for the internalization of EBOV particles. Phosphatidylserine is typically distributed in the inner layer of the plasma membrane in normal cells. Progeny virions bud from the plasma membrane of infected cells, suggesting that phosphatidylserine is likely flipped to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in infected cells for EBOV virions to acquire it. Currently, the intracellular dynamics of phosphatidylserine during EBOV infection are poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of XK-related protein (Xkr) 8, which is a scramblase responsible for exposure of phosphatidylserine in the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells, to understand its significance in phosphatidylserine-dependent entry of EBOV. We found that Xkr8 and transiently expressed EBOV glycoprotein GP often co-localized in intracellular vesicles and the plasma membrane. We also found that co-expression of GP and viral major matrix protein VP40 promoted incorporation of Xkr8 into ebolavirus-like particles (VLPs) and exposure of phosphatidylserine on their surface, although only a limited amount of phosphatidylserine was exposed on the surface of the cells expressing GP and/or VP40. Downregulating Xkr8 or blocking caspase-mediated Xkr8 activation did not affect VLP production, but they reduced the amount of phosphatidylserine on the VLPs and their uptake in recipient cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that Xkr8 is trafficked to budding sites via GP-containing vesicles, is incorporated into VLPs, and then promote the entry of the released EBOV to cells in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. Although Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate, there are no approved therapeutics. The viral entry process is one of the targets for antiviral development. Previous studies suggest that binding of phosphatidylserine, a component of the viral envelop, to the receptors promotes the entry of Ebola virus. Ebola virus is released from the surface membrane of infected cells. However, phosphatidylserine normally distributes in the inner layer of the cell surface membrane, suggesting that phosphatidylserine is likely flipped to the outer leaflet of the membrane in infected cells for Ebola virus to acquire it. Because the mechanism by which phosphatidylserine changes its orientation in Ebola virus-infected cells is poorly understood, we studied and identified a cellular enzyme, XK-related protein 8 (Xkr8), as a responsible factor involved in this process. We demonstrated that the Ebola virus glycoprotein promoted the incorporation of Xkr8 in viral particles, which flips phosphatidylserine on their surface, enhancing their entry to cells. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Ebola virus infection, which may be exploited for the development of therapeutics against Ebola virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail: (AN); (YK)
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Ujie
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fujioka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Nishide
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (AN); (YK)
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15
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Abstract
In 2012 and 2013, influenza virus genome sequences of two new influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes were discovered in bat specimens, but further characterization was largely impeded by the lack of infectious virus. With the identification of highly susceptible cell lines, reconstitution of infectious bat IAV by reverse genetics recently succeeded and allowed a first insight into the life cycle of these viruses. Although there is a certain degree of functional compatibility between bat and conventional influenza A virus proteins, there are striking differences, including receptor usage, polarity of infection and reassortment potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thiprampai Thamamongood
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Jia Y, Yang J, Wang Z, Du Y, Cui J, Wang L, Guo F, Yang M, Han S, Zhu Q. Genetic properties and pathogenicity of a novel reassortant H10N5 influenza virus from wild birds. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1349-1353. [PMID: 28116526 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the genome of a H10N5 influenza virus from wild birds. This virus was identified as a novel reassortant virus with internal genes from multiple subtypes and of distinct origins. After sequential passage in mice, mouse-adapted viruses bearing mutations PB2-E627K and HA-G218E were generated. These viruses caused dramatic body weight loss and death, and also replicated in mouse brain, suggesting that the pathogenicity of low pathogenic H10N5 in chickens can be enhanced after passage in mammals. Our data imply that H10N5 viruses might be a potential risk to human health therefore it is important to undertake continued surveillance and biosecurity evaluation of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yane Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jiayun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yingying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Fengfeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Maijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Shufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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17
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Synthetically derived bat influenza A-like viruses reveal a cell type- but not species-specific tropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12797-12802. [PMID: 27791106 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608821113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel influenza A-like viral genome sequences have recently been identified in Central and South American fruit bats and provisionally designated "HL17NL10" and "HL18NL11." All efforts to isolate infectious virus from bats or to generate these viruses by reverse genetics have failed to date. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) encoding the hemagglutinin-like envelope glycoproteins HL17 or HL18 in place of the VSV glycoprotein were generated to identify cell lines that are susceptible to bat influenza A-like virus entry. More than 30 cell lines derived from various species were screened but only a few cell lines were found to be susceptible, including Madin-Darby canine kidney type II (MDCK II) cells. The identification of cell lines susceptible to VSV chimeras allowed us to recover recombinant HL17NL10 and HL18NL11 viruses from synthetic DNA. Both influenza A-like viruses established a productive infection in MDCK II cells; however, HL18NL11 replicated more efficiently than HL17NL10 in this cell line. Unlike conventional influenza A viruses, bat influenza A-like viruses started the infection preferentially at the basolateral membrane of polarized MDCK II cells; however, similar to conventional influenza A viruses, bat influenza A-like viruses were released primarily from the apical site. The ability of HL18NL11 or HL17NL10 viruses to infect canine and human cells might reflect a zoonotic potential of these recently identified bat viruses.
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18
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Hoffmann M, Krüger N, Zmora P, Wrensch F, Herrler G, Pöhlmann S. The Hemagglutinin of Bat-Associated Influenza Viruses Is Activated by TMPRSS2 for pH-Dependent Entry into Bat but Not Human Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152134. [PMID: 27028521 PMCID: PMC4814062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New World bats have recently been discovered to harbor influenza A virus (FLUAV)-related viruses, termed bat-associated influenza A-like viruses (batFLUAV). The internal proteins of batFLUAV are functional in mammalian cells. In contrast, no biological functionality could be demonstrated for the surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA)-like (HAL) and neuraminidase (NA)-like (NAL), and these proteins need to be replaced by their human counterparts to allow spread of batFLUAV in human cells. Here, we employed rhabdoviral vectors to study the role of HAL and NAL in viral entry. Vectors pseudotyped with batFLUAV-HAL and -NAL were able to enter bat cells but not cells from other mammalian species. Host cell entry was mediated by HAL and was dependent on prior proteolytic activation of HAL and endosomal low pH. In contrast, sialic acids were dispensable for HAL-driven entry. Finally, the type II transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 was able to activate HAL for cell entry indicating that batFLUAV can utilize human proteases for HAL activation. Collectively, these results identify viral and cellular factors governing host cell entry driven by batFLUAV surface proteins. They suggest that the absence of a functional receptor precludes entry of batFLUAV into human cells while other prerequisites for entry, HAL activation and protonation, are met in target cells of human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SP); (MH)
| | - Nadine Krüger
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pawel Zmora
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SP); (MH)
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