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Survey of WU and KI polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parechovirus in children under 5 years of age in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:164-169. [PMID: 32494351 PMCID: PMC7244825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) remain an important cause for childhood morbidity worldwide. We designed a research with the objective of finding the frequency of respiratory viruses, particularly WU and KI polyomaviruses (WUPyV & KIPyV), human coronaviruses (HCoVs), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parechovirus (HPeV) in hospitalized children who were influenza negative. MATERIALS AND METHODS Throat swabs were collected from children younger than 5 years who have been hospitalized for SARI and screened for WUPyV, KIPyV, HCoVs, HRSV and HPeV using Real time PCR. RESULTS A viral pathogen was identified in 23 (11.16%) of 206 hospitalized children with SARI. The rate of virus detection was considerably greater in infants <12 months (78.2%) than in older children (21.8%). The most frequently detected viruses were HCoVs with 7.76% of positive cases followed by KIPyV (2%) and WUPyV (1.5%). No HPeV and HRSV were detected in this study. CONCLUSION This research shown respiratory viruses as causes of childhood acute respiratory infections, while as most of mentioned viruses usually causes mild respiratory diseases, their frequency might be higher in outpatient children. Meanwhile as HRSV is really sensitive to inactivation due to environmental situations and its genome maybe degraded, then for future studies, we need to use fresh samples for HRSV detection. These findings addressed a need for more studies on viral respiratory tract infections to help public health.
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Ciotti M, Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V. An overview on human polyomaviruses biology and related diseases. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Polyomaviridae family grew rapidly, thanks to the introduction of high-throughput molecular techniques. To date, 14 polyomaviruses have been identified in humans but the association with human diseases has been established only for few of them. BKPyV has been associated with nephropathy in kidney transplant patients and hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients; JCPyV to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, mainly in HIV-positive patients; Merkel cell polyomavirus to Merkel cell carcinoma; Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus to the rare skin disease Trichodysplasia spinulosa; human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 to pruritic rash. Immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing disease. Here, we summarized and discussed the scientific literature concerning the human polyomaviruses biology, seroprevalence and association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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3
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Ligozzi M, Galia L, Carelli M, Piccaluga PP, Diani E, Gibellini D. Duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of human KIPyV and WUPyV in nasopharyngeal aspirate pediatric samples. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:13-18. [PMID: 29883628 PMCID: PMC7172048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a duplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of KIPyV and WUPyV polyomaviruses based on TaqMan probes. This assay detected 500 copies/mL both for KIPyV and WUPyV in 100% of tested positive samples. We assessed this technique on 482 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from hospitalized pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms, previously analyzed with commercial multiplex assay for 16 major respiratory viruses. Our assay detected KIPyV genome in 15 out of 482 samples (3.1%) and WUPyV genome in 24 out of 482 samples (4.9%), respectively, and in three samples the coinfection of the two viruses was found. Interestingly, 29 out of 36 of samples with KIPyV and/or WUPyV infection exhibited a co-infection with one or more respiratory viruses confirming that KIPyV and WUPyV were often detected in association to other viral infections. Of note, KIPyV and WUPyV were detected singularly in 4 out of 15 cases and 3 out of 24 cases, respectively, suggesting a possible direct role of these viruses in the respiratory diseases. In conclusion, this method could be taken into account as an alternative technical approach to detect KIPyV and/or WUPyV in respiratory samples for epidemiological and diagnostic analyses. Duplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of human KIPyV and WUPyV was assessed. This assay was evaluated on nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from pediatric patients. KIPyV and WUPyV were detected in 3.1% and 4.9% of samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ligozzi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Liliana Galia
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Carelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erica Diani
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Hansen-Estruch C, Coleman KK, Thoon KC, Low JG, Anderson BD, Gray GC. Prevalence of Respiratory Polyomaviruses Among Pediatric Patients With Respiratory Symptoms in Singapore. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:228. [PMID: 30175090 PMCID: PMC6107759 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although WU polyomavirus (WU) and KI polyomavirus (KI) have been demonstrated to infect the human respiratory tract, it remains unclear if WU or KI cause human disease. We sought to further investigate the relationship between WU and KI infection and respiratory disease in a pediatric population with respiratory symptoms in Singapore. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms in a Singaporean pediatrics hospital. Upon consent, residual respiratory samples from pediatric inpatients, previously screened for common respiratory viruses, were collected and further screened for WU and KI using qPCR. The amplicons of positive samples were sequenced for confirmation. The severity of a patient's illness was assessed by chart review post-discharge looking for clinical markers of respiratory status such as presenting symptoms, diagnoses, and interventions. Results: From December 2016 to April 2017, 201 patients with residual respiratory samples were enrolled in the study. The average age of all participants recruited was 45 months. WU and KI were detected in 13% (26/201) and 3% (6/201) of patients, respectively. Conducting bivariate and multivariate modeling, patients with WU or KI positivity were not at increased risk of SARI, need for additional oxygen, intravenous fluids, and did not receive additional oral antibiotics or bronchodilators during admission. In contrast, patients with RSV detections were at increased risk of requiring supplemental oxygen during hospital admission. Conclusion: While limited in sample size, our pilot study data do not support the hypothesis that molecular evidence of WU or KI was associated with increased morbidity among a sample of general, pediatric patients with respiratory illness in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hansen-Estruch
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kristen K Coleman
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Koh C Thoon
- Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Disease Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny G Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin D Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Lin SX, Wang W, Guo W, Yang HJ, Ma BC, Fang YL, Xu YS. [A molecular epidemiological study of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus in children with acute respiratory infection in Tianjin, China]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19. [PMID: 28697828 PMCID: PMC7389920 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of KI polyomavirus (KIPyV) and WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) with acute respiratory infection in children in Tianjin, China. METHODS A total of 3 730 nasopharyngeal secretions were collected from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection in Tianjin Children's Hospital from January 2011 to December 2013. Viral nucleic acid was extracted, and virus infection (KIPyV and WUPyV) was determined by PCR. Some KIPyV-positive and WUPyV-positive PCR products were subjected to sequencing. Sequencing results were aligned with the known gene sequences of KIPyV and WUPyV to construct a phylogenetic tree. Amplified VP1 fragments of KIPyV were inserted into the cloning vector (PUCm-T) transformed into E. coli competent cells. Positive clones were identified by PCR and sequencing. The nucleotide sequences were submitted to GenBank. In addition, another seven common respiratory viruses in all samples were detected by direct immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS In the 3 730 specimens, the KIPyV-positive rate was 12.14% (453/3 730) and the WUPyV-positive rate was 1.69% (63/3 730). The mean infection rate of KIPyV was significantly higher in June and July, while the mean infection rate of WUPyV peaked in February and March. Most of the KIPyV-positive or WUPyV-positive children were <3 years. The co-infections with KIPyV, WUPyV, and other respiratory viruses were observed in the children. The co-infection rate was 2.31% (86/3 730) and there were nine cases of co-infections with WUPyV and KIPyV. Thirty-five KIPyV-positive and twelve WUPyV-positive PCR products were sequenced and the alignment analysis showed that they had high homology with the known sequences (94%-100% vs 95%-100%). The VP1 gene sequences obtained from two KIPyV strains in this study were recorded in GenBank with the accession numbers of KY465925 and KY465926. CONCLUSIONS For some children with acute respiratory infection in Tianjin, China, the acute respiratory infection may be associated with KIPyV and WUPyV infections. KIPyV infection is common in summer, and WUPyV infection in spring. The epidemic strains in Tianjin have a high homology with those in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xiang Lin
- Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin 300134, China.
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Bhattacharjee S, Chattaraj S. Entry, infection, replication, and egress of human polyomaviruses: an update. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:193-211. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs), belonging to the family Polyomaviridae, are a group of small, nonenveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA viruses widely distributed in the vertebrates. PyVs cause no apparent disease in adult laboratory mice but cause a wide variety of tumors when artificially inoculated into neonates or semipermissive animals. A few human PyVs, such as BK, JC, and Merkel cell PyVs, have been unequivocally linked to pathogenesis under conditions of immunosuppression. Infection is thought to occur early in life and persists for the lifespan of the host. Over evolutionary time scales, it appears that PyVs have slowly co-evolved with specific host animal lineages. Host cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids seem to play a decisive role in the entry stage of viral infection and in channeling the virions to specific intracellular membrane-bound compartments and ultimately to the nucleus, where the genomes are replicated and packaged for release. Therefore the transport of the infecting virion or viral genome to this site of multiplication is an essential process in productive viral infection as well as in latent infection and transformation. This review summarizes the major findings related to the characterization of the nature of the interactions between PyV and host protein and their impact in host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
| | - Sutanuka Chattaraj
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
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Essa SS, Chehadeh W, Al-Nakib W. Human Washington University Polyomavirus in Patients with Respiratory Tract Infection in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 2017; 26:542-546. [PMID: 29131066 PMCID: PMC5848483 DOI: 10.1159/000485036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine Washington University (WU) polyomavirus strains circulating among hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections (RTI) in Kuwait. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 459 hospitalized children and adult RTI patients were screened for respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction from April 2013 to April 2016. The VP2 gene from WU virus (WUV)-positive samples was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Of the 459 hospitalized RTI patients, 18 (3.9%) patients were positive for WUV infection. WUV infection was common among children aged ≤11 years (9 patients, 50%). Among the 18 WUV-infected hospitalized patients, viral co-infection was detected in 9 patients (50%). The most common viruses associated with mixed infection were respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus (2 patients, 11.1% each). Of the 18 WUV-infected patients, 4 were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The circulating strains belong to type Ia and IIIb. CONCLUSION This study enabled us to detect WUV among hospitalized RTI patients. Co-infection with other respiratory viruses was notable. Two circulating WUV genotypes (Ia and IIIb) were identified among hospitalized RTI patients in Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sultan Essa
- *Sahar Sultan Essa, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110 (Kuwait), E-Mail
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Song X, Van Ghelue M, Ludvigsen M, Nordbø SA, Ehlers B, Moens U. Characterization of the non-coding control region of polyomavirus KI isolated from nasopharyngeal samples from patients with respiratory symptoms or infection and from blood from healthy blood donors in Norway. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1647-1657. [PMID: 27031170 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroepidemiological studies showed that the human polyomavirus KI (KIPyV) is common in the human population, with age-specific seroprevalence ranging from 40-90 %. Genome epidemiological analyses demonstrated that KIPyV DNA is predominantly found in respiratory tract samples of immunocompromised individuals and children suffering from respiratory diseases, but viral sequences have also been detected in brain, tonsil, lymphoid tissue studies, plasma, blood and faeces. Little is known about the sequence variation in the non-coding control region of KIPyV variants residing in different sites of the human body and whether specific strains dominate in certain parts of the world. In this study, we sequenced the non-coding control region (NCCR) of naturally occurring KIPyV variants in nasopharyngeal samples from patients with respiratory symptoms or infection and in blood from healthy donors in Norway. In total 86 sequences were obtained, 44 of which were identical to the original isolated Stockholm 60 variant. The remaining NCCRs contained one or several mutations, none of them previously reported. The same mutations were detected in NCCRs amplified from blood and nasopharyngeal samples. Some patients had different variants in their specimens. Transient transfection studies in HEK293 cells with a luciferase reporter plasmid demonstrated that some single mutations had a significant effect on the relative early and late promoter strength compared with the Stockholm 60 promoter. The effect of the NCCR mutations on viral replication and possible virulence properties remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Song
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway.,University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Biology, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Ludvigsen
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ugo Moens
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Nunes MC, Kuschner Z, Rabede Z, Cutland CL, Madimabe R, Kuwanda L, Klugman KP, Adrian PV, Madhi SA. Polyomaviruses-associated respiratory infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:571-8. [PMID: 25467863 PMCID: PMC7173307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two recently discovered polyomaviruses (PyV), WU and KI, have been identified in respiratory-tract specimens from children with acute respiratory infections, although there are limited data in HIV-infected children. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of WUPyV and KIPyV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) hospitalization in HIV-infected and -uninfected children; and probe the role of pneumococcal co-infection. STUDY DESIGN Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from a cohort of 39,836 children randomized to receive 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV9) or placebo when hospitalized for LRTIs, and were screened by PCR for WUPyV, KIPyV and other respiratory viruses. RESULTS In placebo-recipients the prevalence of WUPyV was 6.3% (18/285) in HIV-infected and 13.9% (66/476) in HIV-uninfected children (p=0.002). In WUPyV-positive LRTIs HIV-infected children had lower oxygen saturation at admission and a higher case fatality rate (11.1% vs. 0%; p=0.04). KIPyV was identified in 10.2% (29/285) of HIV-infected and in 7.4% (35/476) of HIV-uninfected placebo-recipients with LRTIs (p=0.13). HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected children with KIPyV-positive LRTIs had lower oxygen saturation, higher respiratory rate and longer duration of hospitalization. Co-infections with other respiratory-viruses were detected in 65.5% of WUPyV-positive LRTIs and in 75.0% of KIPyV-positive LRTIs. Among HIV-uninfected children, there was a lower incidence of hospitalization for clinical pneumonia episodes in which KIPyV (80%; 95% CI: 41, 93) and WUPyV (49%; 95% CI: 9, 71) were identified among PCV9-recipients compared to placebo-recipients. CONCLUSIONS Polyomaviruses were commonly identified in HIV-infected and -uninfected children hospitalized for LRTIs, frequently in association with other viruses and may contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C Nunes
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zachary Kuschner
- Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zelda Rabede
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clare L Cutland
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Madimabe
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Locadiah Kuwanda
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Keith P Klugman
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter V Adrian
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases: a division of National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Dierig A, Heron LG, Lambert SB, Yin JK, Leask J, Chow MYK, Sloots TP, Nissen MD, Ridda I, Booy R. Epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in children enrolled in a study of influenza vaccine effectiveness. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:293-301. [PMID: 24483149 PMCID: PMC4181477 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza-like illness (ILI) confers a high annual morbidity in young children. We report the epidemiology of ILIs in children who participated in an influenza vaccine effectiveness study during the 2010 Southern Hemisphere influenza season in Sydney, Australia. METHODS Children aged 0·5-3 years were prospectively recruited from child care centres (CCCs). We classified them as fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated and unvaccinated according to their receipt of unadjuvanted vaccines containing influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. For 13 weeks commencing 30 July 2010, parents reported when their children developed an ILI (fever ≥37·8°C/feverishness plus ≥1 respiratory symptom) and collected nose and/or throat swabs for multiplex respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Health impacts were assessed by telephone interview at enrolment and two weeks after each ILI. RESULTS There were 124 ILIs reported in 105 of 381 enrolled children. Swabs were taken in 117 ILIs: 175 viruses were identified from 103 swabs. Adeno- and rhinoviruses were most frequently identified; 44% of swabs yielded multiple viruses. No virus was associated with more severe symptoms, although rhinovirus-related ILIs lasted longer. Nose swabs had a higher virus detection rate than throat swabs. Influenza-vaccinated children were 1·6 times (P = 0·001) more likely than unvaccinated children to have a non-influenza ILI. CONCLUSION Adeno- and rhinoviruses were the most common viruses causing ILI. Swabs taken by parents are an effective method for sample collection. Influenza-like illness was more common in children vaccinated against influenza in this observational study, but prior health-seeking behaviour may have contributed to this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Dierig
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; University Children's Hospital both Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Babakir-Mina M, Ciccozzi M, Perno CF, Ciotti M. The human polyomaviruses KI and WU: virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 2013; 121:746-54. [PMID: 23782405 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, two novel polyomaviruses KI and WU were uncovered in the respiratory secretions of children with acute respiratory symptoms. Seroepidemiological studies showed that infection by these viruses is widespread in the human population. Following these findings, different biological specimens and body compartments have been screened by real-time PCR in the attempt to establish a pathogenetic role for KI polyomavirus (KIPyV) and WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) in human diseases. Although both viruses have been found mainly in respiratory tract samples of immunocompromised patients, a clear causative link with the respiratory disease has not been established. Indeed, the lack of specific clinical or radiological findings, the frequent co-detection with other respiratory pathogens, the detection in subjects without signs or symptoms of respiratory disease, and the variability of the viral loads measured did not allow drawing a definitive conclusion. Prospective studies carried out on a large sample size including both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with and without respiratory symptoms are needed. Standardized quantitative real-time PCR methods, definition of a clear clinical cutoff value, timing in the collection of respiratory samples, are also crucial to understand the pathogenic role, if any, of KIPyV and WUPyV in human pathology.
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12
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Human polyomavirus reactivation: disease pathogenesis and treatment approaches. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:373579. [PMID: 23737811 PMCID: PMC3659475 DOI: 10.1155/2013/373579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
JC and BK polyomaviruses were discovered over 40 years ago and have become increasingly prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in a variety of distinct, immunocompromised patient cohorts. The recent discoveries of eight new members of the Polyomaviridae family that are capable of infecting humans suggest that there are more to be discovered and raise the possibility that they may play a more significant role in human disease than previously understood. In spite of this, there remains a dearth of specific therapeutic options for human polyomavirus infections and an incomplete understanding of the relationship between the virus and the host immune system. This review summarises the human polyomaviruses with particular emphasis on pathogenesis in those directly implicated in disease aetiology and the therapeutic options available for treatment in the immunocompromised host.
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Abstract
During the past 6 years, focused virus hunting has led to the discovery of nine new human polyomaviruses, including Merkel cell polyomavirus, which has been linked to Merkel cell carcinoma, a lethal skin cell cancer. The discovery of so many new and highly divergent human polyomaviruses raises key questions regarding their evolution, tropism, latency, reactivation, immune evasion and contribution to disease. This Review describes the similarities and differences among the new human polyomaviruses and discusses how these viruses might interact with their human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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14
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Mahony JB, Petrich A, Smieja M. Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 48:217-49. [PMID: 22185616 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.640976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of eight new respiratory viruses, including the SARS coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, in the human population in the past nine years has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. Nucleic acid based amplification tests (NATs) for respiratory viruses were first introduced two decades ago and today are utilized for the detection of both conventional and emerging viruses. These tests are more sensitive than other diagnostic approaches, including virus isolation in cell culture, shell vial culture (SVC), antigen detection by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining, and rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and now form the backbone of clinical virology laboratory testing around the world. NATs not only provide fast, accurate and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens but also have increased our understanding of the epidemiology of both new emerging viruses such as the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus of 2009, and conventional viruses such as the common cold viruses, including rhinovirus and coronavirus. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays introduced in the last five years detect up to 19 different viruses in a single test. Several multiplex PCR tests are now commercially available and tests are working their way into clinical laboratories. The final chapter in the evolution of respiratory virus diagnostics has been the addition of allelic discrimination and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with antiviral resistance. These assays are now being multiplexed with primary detection and subtyping assays, especially in the case of influenza virus. These resistance assays, together with viral load assays, will enable clinical laboratories to provide physicians with new and important information for optimal treatment of respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mahony
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada.
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15
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Van Ghelue M, Khan MTH, Ehlers B, Moens U. Genome analysis of the new human polyomaviruses. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:354-77. [PMID: 22461085 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviridae is a growing family of naked, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect birds and mammals. The last few years, several new members infecting birds or primates have been discovered, including seven human polyomaviruses: KI, WU, Merkel cell polyomavirus, HPyV6, HPyV7, trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, and HPyV9. In addition, DNA and antibodies against the monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus have been detected in humans, indicating that this virus can also infect man. However, little is known about the route of infection, transmission, cell tropism, and, with the exception of Merkel cell polyomavirus and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, the pathogenicity of these viruses. This review compares the genomes of these emerging human polyomaviruses with previously known polyomaviruses detected in man, reports mutations in different isolates, and predicts structural and functional properties of their viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Northern-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Teramoto S, Kaiho M, Takano Y, Endo R, Kikuta H, Sawa H, Ariga T, Ishiguro N. Detection of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs and in normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:525-30. [PMID: 21545509 PMCID: PMC7168359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses KI (KIPyV) and WU (WUPyV) were detected from 7 (3.0%) and 38 (16.4%) of 232 children with respiratory tract infections by real-time PCR. The rates of infection by KIPyV and WUPyV alone were 3 of 7 (42.9%) and 20 of 38 (52.6%), respectively. In the other samples, various viruses (human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus 1 and human bocavirus) were detected simultaneously. One case was positive for KIPyV, WUPyV and hMPV. There was no obvious difference in clinical symptoms between KIPyV-positive and WUPyV-positive patients with or without coinfection. KIPyV was detected in one of 30 specimens of lung tissue (3.3%). Neither of the viruses was detected in 30 samples of lung adenocarcinoma tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Teramoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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New Virus Discovery in the 21st Century. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Molecular Detection of Respiratory Viruses. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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McErlean P, Greiman A, Favoreto S, Avila PC. Viral diversity in asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011; 30:481-95, v. [PMID: 21029933 PMCID: PMC2967440 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter McErlean
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 East Huron, McGaw M530h, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Azoulay E. Emerging Viral Infections. PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES 2011. [PMCID: PMC7123354 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elie Azoulay
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Avenue Claude Vellefaux 1, Paris, 75010 France
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Li X, Chen J, Kong M, Su X, Zou M, Zhang H, Han Y. WUPyV in children with acute respiratory tract infections, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:735-6. [PMID: 20350409 PMCID: PMC3321975 DOI: 10.3201/eid1604.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Mueller A, Simon A, Gillen J, Schildgen V, Tillmann RL, Reiter K, Schildgen O. Polyomaviruses KI and WU in children with respiratory tract infection. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1605-8. [PMID: 19756357 PMCID: PMC7087260 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The polyomaviruses KI (KIPyV) and WU (WUPyV) have recently been discovered in specimens from patients with respiratory tract infections. To analyze the frequency and clinical impact in a cohort of pediatric patients in a German University Children’s Hospital. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of 229 children with acute respiratory tract infection were screened for KIPyV and WUPyV using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. KIPyV was detected in 2 (0.9%) and WUPyV in 1 (0.4%) patients, without co-infections with other respiratory viruses but with co-detection of CMV, EBV and HHV 6 in one immunocompromised patient. Only a very small proportion (1.3%) of positive samples for KIPyV and WUPyV was documented in this study; the clinical relevance of these viruses remains unclear and requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Dalianis T, Ramqvist T, Andreasson K, Kean JM, Garcea RL. KI, WU and Merkel cell polyomaviruses: A new era for human polyomavirus research. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bialasiewicz S, Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. Detection of BK, JC, WU, or KI polyomaviruses in faecal, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid and respiratory samples. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:249-54. [PMID: 19515607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently described WU (WUV) and KI (KIV) polyomaviruses have been primarily detected in respiratory samples, however other body sites have not been extensively investigated to date. The related human polyomaviruses JCV and BKV in contrast, have been detected in a wide range of sample types, leading to increased knowledge about their biology and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the presence of JCV, BKV, WUV, and KIV in a variety of patient samples. STUDY DESIGN Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs), bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, faeces and urine from paediatric and adult immunocompetent and compromised patients were screened for the presence of the polyomaviruses by real-time PCR. The non-translated region (NTR) and VP1 of select WUV and KIV positive samples were sequenced and analysed. RESULTS WUV and KIV were predominantly detected in NPA, BAL, and faeces from paediatric patients. JCV and BKV were primarily detected in blood, urine and faeces from adult patients. WUV and KIV NTR/VP1 sequence similarity ranged from 99.5% to 100% and 97.5-100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, WUV and KIV were detected in paediatric respiratory tract samples, in contrast to JCV and BKV, in which respiratory detections were uncommon. Additionally, the lack of WUV and KIV detections in blood, CSF, urine and adult faeces reinforces the parallel in divergent genomic phylogeny and apparent tissue tropism between JCV and BKV, and WUV and KIV. NTR/VP1 sequence variation did not appear to be associated with site of WUV or KIV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Queensland Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, QLD, Australia.
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Linsuwanon P, Payungporn S, Samransamruajkit R, Posuwan N, Makkoch J, Theanboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. High prevalence of human rhinovirus C infection in Thai children with acute lower respiratory tract disease. J Infect 2009; 59:115-21. [PMID: 19556008 PMCID: PMC7172887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence of human rhinoviruses (HRV) infections in children with lower respiratory disease in Thailand and monitor the association between species of HRV and clinical presentation in hospitalized paediatric patients. Method Two hundred and eighty-nine nasopharyngeal (NP) suction specimens were collected from hospitalized paediatric patients admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand during February 2006–2007. Nucleic acids were extracted from each sample with subsequent amplification of VP4/2 by semi-nested RT-PCR for HRV detection. Other viral respiratory pathogens were also detected by PCR, RT-PCR or real time PCR. Nucleotide sequences of the VP4 region were used for genotyping and phylogenetic tree construction. Result In total, 87 of 289 specimens were positive for HRV indicating an annual prevalence of 30%. Wheezing or asthma exacerbation was the most common clinical presentation observed in infected patients. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree showed that 29 (33%) and 8 (9%) specimens belonged to HRV-A and HRV-B, respectively. Most of the HRV positive samples were HRV-C (58%). Moreover, species C was predominantly found in the paediatric population of Thailand in raining season (p < 0.05). The frequency of co-infection of HRV-C with other respiratory viral pathogens was approximately 40%. Conclusion HRV-C represents the predominant species and is one of the etiologic agents in acute lower respiratory tract infection, causes of wheezing and asthma exacerbation in infants and young children in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Linsuwanon
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Paediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Kean JM, Rao S, Wang M, Garcea RL. Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000363. [PMID: 19325891 PMCID: PMC2655709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the previously characterized viruses BK and JC, three new human polyomaviruses (Pys) have been recently identified: KIV, WUV, and Merkel Cell Py (MCV). Using an ELISA employing recombinant VP1 capsid proteins, we have determined the seroprevalence of KIV, WUV, and MCV, along with BKV and JCV, and the monkey viruses SV40 and LPV. Soluble VP1 proteins were used to assess crossreactivity between viruses. We found the seroprevalence (+/− 1%) in healthy adult blood donors (1501) was SV40 (9%), BKV (82%), JCV (39%), LPV (15%), KIV (55%), WUV (69%), MCV strain 350 (25%), and MCV strain 339 (42%). Competition assays detected no sero-crossreactivity between the VP1 proteins of LPV or MCV or between WUV and KIV. There was considerable sero-crossreactivity between SV40 and BKV, and to a lesser extent, between SV40 and JCV VP1 proteins. After correcting for crossreactivity, the SV40 seroprevalence was ∼2%. The seroprevalence in children under 21 years of age (n = 721) for all Pys was similar to that of the adult population, suggesting that primary exposure to these viruses likely occurs in childhood. Polyomaviruses occupy a replicative niche in animals from birds to humans. Two human polyomaviruses, BKV and JCV, were discovered in 1971 and within the last two years, three new polyomaviruses have been found in humans: KI (KIV), WU (WUV), and Merkel Cell (MCV) polyomavirus. MCV was identified in Merkel Cell carcinomas, a rare skin cancer. To date, it has not been determined what percentage of the human population is exposed to KIV, WUV, and MCV, and when initial exposure to these viruses occurs. We determined that initial exposure to KIV, WUV, and MCV occurs in childhood, similar to that for the known human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV, and that their prevalence is high. We also found evidence that a monkey virus, Lymphotropic Polyomavirus (LPV), likely has a serologically related human counterpart. Another monkey polyomavirus, SV40, was found at ∼2% prevalence, a level that does not support its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M. Kean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Suchitra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Garcea
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Venter M, Visser A, Lassauniere R. Human polyomaviruses, WU and KI in HIV exposed children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitals in South Africa. J Clin Virol 2009; 44:230-4. [PMID: 19171499 PMCID: PMC7172267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of two recently identified polyomaviruses, WUV and KIV, as respiratory pathogens in populations with a high HIV prevalence needs to be defined, since human polyomaviruses can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with immunosuppression. Geographic distribution and disease association of WUV and KIV genotypes are not yet clearly defined. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of WUV and KIV in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with respiratory infections in hospitals in South Africa and determine their genotypes. STUDY DESIGN Specimens from patients with acute respiratory infections from hospitals serving Pretoria were screened for WUV and KIV. Positive specimens were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS WUV was identified in (7%) and KIV in (1%) of mainly pediatric patients. Co-infections were common in WUV- and KIV-infected patients (71% and 66.6%, respectively); 57% of patients with WUV and 33% of patients with KIV were HIV-positive while the HIV prevalence in the respiratory virus patient group screened in this study was 33% WUV and KIV patients presented with moderate to severe lower respiratory tract disease. Four distinct and 2 unique WUV strains were identified clustering into 2 of 4 globally identified genotypes. KIV strains were identical to strains from Sweden. CONCLUSION WUV is frequently detected in HIV-infected patients with respiratory disease, but its role as respiratory pathogen remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietjie Venter
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Jiang M, Abend JR, Johnson SF, Imperiale MJ. The role of polyomaviruses in human disease. Virology 2008; 384:266-73. [PMID: 18995875 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human polyomaviruses, BK virus and JC virus, have long been associated with serious diseases including polyomavirus nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Both viruses establish ubiquitous, persistent infections in healthy individuals. Reactivation can occur when the immune system is impaired, leading to disease progression. Recently, the human polyomavirus family has expanded with the identification of three new viruses (KI, WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus), all of which may prove to be involved in human disease. This review describes the general aspects of human polyomavirus infections and pathogenicity. Current topics of investigation and future directions in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Lindau C, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Goh S, Ramqvist T, Allander T. A single-tube, real-time PCR assay for detection of the two newly characterized human KI and WU polyomaviruses. J Clin Virol 2008; 44:24-6. [PMID: 18980861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three new human polyomaviruses have been recently described, and investigating their in vivo biology and pathogenicity will require sensitive and rational detection assays. OBJECTIVES To develop and evaluate a sensitive and rational assay for detection of the newly identified KI and WU polyomaviruses. STUDY DESIGN A single-tube, dual-probe, real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and discrimination of KI and WU polyomaviruses was developed. RESULTS The assay had near single-molecule sensitivity for both viruses and no cross-reactivity was observed. A panel of 637 nasopharyngeal aspirates was screened, resulting in a frequency of 1.4% for KIPyV and 1.3% for WUPyV. CONCLUSIONS The dual-probe assay provides a rational approach for further studies of KIPyV and WUPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lindau
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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WU and KI polyomavirus present in the respiratory tract of children, but not in immunocompetent adults. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:330-3. [PMID: 18790667 PMCID: PMC7172307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, two new polyomaviruses (PyV), termed WUPyV and KIPyV, were identified in respiratory tract specimens from children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). However, their roles in the disease have not been determined. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of WUPyV and KIPyV in the Chinese population suffering from ARTIs in Beijing, China, and to examine their possible role in causing disease. STUDY DESIGN Nasopharyngeal aspirates, nasal swabs and throat swabs were collected from 415 children and 297 immunocompetent adults with lower ARTIs (LARTIs). The specimens were screened by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of WUPyV, KIPyV, and other common respiratory pathogens. RESULTS Although none of the adults sampled were positive for either virus, WUPyV in 10 (2.4%) children and KIPyV was detected in 2 (0.5%) of the children sampled, respectively. Eleven of the positive cases were co-detected with either rhinovirus (6/11), respiratory syncytial virus (4/11), parainfluenzavirus virus (3/11) or Mycoplasma pneumoniae (2/11). Phylogenetic analysis of the WUPyV and KIPyV isolates showed that the nucleotide sequences were homologous to those of previously reported strains. CONCLUSIONS The presence of WUPyV and KIPyV in samples from children but not from immunocompetent adults suffering from LARTIs suggests that these viruses primarily infect the young population. Co-detection of additional respiratory pathogens in most of the specimens containing either WUPyV or KIPyV suggests that these viruses do not cause disease independently.
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