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Azizan A, Venter L, Zhang J, Young T, Ericson JA, Delorme NJ, Ragg NLC, Alfaro AC. Interactive effects of elevated temperature and Photobacterium swingsii infection on the survival and immune response of marine mussels (Perna canaliculus): A summer mortality scenario. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106392. [PMID: 38364448 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The New Zealand Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) is an economically important aquaculture species. Prolonged increases in seawater temperature above mussel thermotolerance ranges pose a significant threat to mussel survival and health, potentially increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections. Using challenge experiments, this study examined the combined effects of increased seawater temperature and bacterial (Photobacterium swingsii) infection on animal survival, haemocyte and biochemical responses of adult mussels. Mussels maintained at three temperatures (16, 20 and 24 °C) for seven days were either not injected (control), injected with sterile marine broth (injection control) or P. swingsii (challenged with medium and high doses) and monitored daily for five days. Haemolymph and tissue samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 h post-challenge and analysed to quantify bacterial colonies, haemocyte responses and biochemical responses. Mussels infected with P. swingsii exhibited mortalities at 20 and 24 °C, likely due to a compromised immune system, but no mortalities were observed when temperature was the only stressor. Bacterial colony counts in haemolymph decreased over time, suggesting bacterial clearance followed by the activation of immune signalling pathways. Total haemocyte counts and viability data supports haemocyte defence functions being stimulated in the presence of high pathogen loads at 24 °C. In the gill tissue, oxidative stress responses, measured as total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, were higher in infected mussels (compared to the controls) after 24h and 120h post-challenge at the lowest (16 °C) and highest temperatures (24 °C), indicating the presence of oxidative stress due to temperature and pathogen stressors. Overall, this work confirms that Photobacterium swingsii is pathogenic to P. canaliculus and indicates that mussels may be more vulnerable to bacterial pathogens under conditions of elevated temperature, such as those predicted under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanis Azizan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Centre for Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Tian J, Wang H, Huan P, Yue X, Liu B. Comprehensive Multi-omics Approaches Provide Insights to Summer Mortality in the Clam Meretrix petechialis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:389-403. [PMID: 38483672 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Bivalve mass mortalities have been reported worldwide, which not only can be explained as a result of pathogen infection, but may reflect changes in environments. Although these episodes were often reported, there was limited information concerning the molecular responses to various stressors leading to summer mortality. In the present work, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), tandem mass tagging (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics, and 16S rRNA sequencing were used to explore the natural outbreak of summer mortality in the clam Meretrix petechialis. We identified a total of 172 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 222 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the diseased group compared to the normal group. The inconsistent expression profiles of immune DEGs/DEPs may be due to the immune dysregulation of the diseased clams. Notably, 11 solute carrier family genes were found among the top 20 down-regulated genes in the diseased group, indicating that weakened transmembrane transport ability might occur in the diseased clams. Integration analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic results showed that many metabolic processes such as "arginine and proline metabolism" and "tyrosine metabolism" were inhibited in the diseased group, suggesting metabolic inhibition. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the microbial composition of clam hepatopancreas was disordered in the diseased group. The comparison of DEGs expression between the natural summer mortality event and an artificial challenge experiment involving both Vibrio infection and heat stress revealed 9/15 genes showing similar expression trends between the two conditions, suggesting that the summer mortality might be caused by a combination of high temperature and Vibrio infection. These results would deepen our understanding of summer mortality and provide candidate resistance markers for clam resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Pin Huan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266000, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Yue
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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3
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Neokye EO, Wang X, Thakur KK, Quijon P, Nawaz RA, Basheer S. Climate change impacts on oyster aquaculture - Part I: Identification of key factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118561. [PMID: 38437901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Oysters are enriched with high-quality protein and are widely known for their exquisite taste. The production of oysters plays an important role in the local economies of coastal communities in many countries, including Atlantic Canada, because of their high economic value. However, because of the changing climatic conditions in recent years, oyster aquaculture faces potentially negative impacts, such as increasing water acidification, rising water temperatures, high salinity, invasive species, algal blooms, and other environmental factors. Although a few isolated effects of climate change on oyster aquaculture have been reported in recent years, it is not well understood how climate change will affect oyster aquaculture from a systematic perspective. In the first part of this study, we present a systematic review of the impacts of climate change and some key environmental factors affecting oyster production on a global scale. The study also identifies knowledge gaps and challenges. In addition, we present key research directions that will facilitate future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okine Neokye
- Canadian Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, St. Peter's Bay, Prince Edward Island C0A 2A0, Canada; School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Xiuquan Wang
- Canadian Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, St. Peter's Bay, Prince Edward Island C0A 2A0, Canada; School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Krishna K Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research (CVER), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Pedro Quijon
- Coastal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Rana Ali Nawaz
- Canadian Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, St. Peter's Bay, Prince Edward Island C0A 2A0, Canada; School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Sana Basheer
- Canadian Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, St. Peter's Bay, Prince Edward Island C0A 2A0, Canada; School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
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4
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Renault T, Faury N, Morga B. Propidium monoazide PCR, a method to determine OsHV-1 undamaged capsids and to estimate virus Lethal Dose 50. Virus Res 2024; 340:199307. [PMID: 38160910 PMCID: PMC10800765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ostreid herpes virus 1 (OsHV-1) has been classified within the Malacoherpesviridae family from the Herpesvirales order. OsHV-1 is the etiological agent of a contagious viral disease of Pacific oysters, C. gigas, affecting also other bivalve species. Mortality rates reported associated with the viral infection vary considerably between sites and countries and depend on the age of affected stocks. A variant called μVar has been reported since 2008 in Europe and other variants in Australia and in New Zealand last decade. These variants are considered as the main causative agents of mass mortality events affecting C. gigas. Presently there is no established cell line that allows for the detection of infectious OsHV-1. In this context, a technique of propidium monoazide (PMA) PCR was developed in order to quantify "undamaged" capsids. This methodology is of interest to explore the virus infectivity. Being able to quantify viral particles getting an undamaged capsid (not only an amount of viral DNA) in tissue homogenates prepared from infected oysters or in seawater samples can assist in the definition of a Lethal Dose (LD) 50 and gain information in the experiments conducted to reproduce the viral infection. The main objectives of the present study were (i) the development/optimization of a PMA PCR technique for OsHV-1 detection using the best quantity of PMA and verifying its effectiveness through heat treatment, (ii) the definition of the percentage of undamaged capsids in four different tissue homogenates prepared from infected Pacific oysters and (iii) the approach of a LD50 during experimental viral infection assays on the basis of a number of undamaged capsids. Although the developped PMA PCR technique was unable to determine OsHV-1 infectivity in viral supensions, it could greatly improve interpretation of virus positive results obtained by qPCR. This technique is not intended to replace the quantification of viral DNA by qPCR, but it does make it possible to give a form of biological meaning to the detection of this DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Renault
- Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, Ifremer, Nantes, France.
| | - Nicole Faury
- ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
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Lovett B, Cahill P, Fletcher L, Cunningham S, Davidson I. Anthropogenic Vector Ecology and Management to Combat Disease Spread in Aquaculture. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024:10.1007/s00267-023-01932-8. [PMID: 38252133 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic vectors (transfer mechanisms) can facilitate the introduction and spread of aquatic disease in marine farming regions. Preventing or interrupting pathogen transfers associated with movements of these vectors is key to ensuring productivity and profitability of aquaculture operations. However, practical methods to identify and manage vector risks are lacking. We developed a risk analysis framework to identify disease risks and management gaps associated with anthropogenic vector movements in New Zealand's main aquaculture sectors - Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus), and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Vectors within each sector were identified and assigned categorical risk scores for (i) movement characteristics (size, frequency, likelihood of return to sea), (ii) biological association with pathogens (entrainment potential, contribution to previous aquaculture disease outbreaks) and (iii) available best practice biosecurity methods and tools, to inform unmitigated and mitigated risk rankings. Thirty-one vectors were identified to operate within the national network and association with livestock was found to be a primary driver of vector risk rankings. Movements of live growing stock and culture substrates (e.g., mussel ropes) in shellfish farming had high-risk vector profiles that are logistically challenging to address, while vessel vectors were identified as the salmon farming sector's priority. The framework and rankings can be used to inform both research and management priorities in aquaculture and other primary production systems, including risk validation, vector roles in disease epidemiology, compliance with permit conditions, policy development, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lovett
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick Cahill
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Lauren Fletcher
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Shaun Cunningham
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ian Davidson
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
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Divilov K, Wang X, Swisher AE, Yeoman PC, Rintoul M, Fleener GB, Schoolfield B, Langdon C, Jin L. Ostreid herpesvirus 1 latent infection and reactivation in adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Virus Res 2024; 339:199245. [PMID: 37839558 PMCID: PMC10613911 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is one of the most economically important pathogens of Pacific oysters. Understanding the pathogenesis of this virus is critical to developing tools to control outbreaks on shellfish farms. OsHV-1 is genetically related to vertebrate herpesviruses, which have a lytic and a latent stage, with the latent stage capable of being reactivated to the lytic stage. Here, OsHV-1 latency in Pacific oysters was investigated in experimentally and naturally infected oysters. Lytic infection in one-year-old oysters injected with the Tomales Bay strain of OsHV-1 was detectable between 1 and 4 days post-injection (dpi) but was not detectable after 5 dpi. The injected oysters shed 1 × 102 to 1 × 104 DNA copies/ml into the water during the 4-day acute phase. Lytic shedding was not detectable in two-year-old oysters injected similarly with the same strain of OsHV-1; however, the OsHV-1 genome was detectable by qPCR in the adductor muscle, gill, mantle, and hemocytes within the first 3 dpi, after which it became undetectable. No OsHV-1 was detectable in the adductor muscle, gill, or mantle from experimentally infected oysters on days 15 and 21 post-injection or from oysters sampled 9 months after surviving an OsHV-1 mortality event; however, OsHV-1 DNA could be detected in hemocytes of both experimentally infected oysters at 21 dpi and naturally infected oysters using nested PCR. In addition, lytic viral gene transcription was detectable in hemocytes of experimentally infected oysters between 1 and 21 dpi and in hemocytes of naturally infected oysters. Furthermore, OsHV-1 reactivation from latency was induced in experimentally infected oysters at 21 dpi and in naturally infected oysters 12 months after an OsHV-1 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alexandra E Swisher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Peyton C Yeoman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Chris Langdon
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Divilov K, Merz N, Schoolfield B, Green TJ, Langdon C. Genome-wide allele frequency studies in Pacific oyster families identify candidate genes for tolerance to ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:631. [PMID: 37872508 PMCID: PMC10594793 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genetics influences the development of infectious diseases in many agricultural animal species. Identifying genes associated with disease development has the potential to make selective breeding for disease tolerance more likely to succeed through the selection of different genes in diverse signaling pathways. In this study, four families of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were identified to be segregating for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 8. This QTL was previously found to be associated with basal antiviral gene expression and survival to ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) mortality events in Tomales Bay, California. Individuals from these four families were phenotyped and genotyped in an attempt to find candidate genes associated with the QTL on chromosome 8. RESULTS Genome-wide allele frequencies of oysters from each family prior to being planting in Tomales Bay were compared with the allele frequencies of oysters from respective families that survived an OsHV-1 mortality event. Six significant unique QTL were identified in two families in these genome-wide allele frequency studies, all of which were located on chromosome 8. Three QTL were assigned to candidate genes (ABCA1, PIK3R1, and WBP2) that have been previously associated with antiviral innate immunity in vertebrates. CONCLUSION The identification of vertebrate antiviral innate immunity genes as candidate genes involved in molluscan antiviral innate immunity reinforces the similarities between the innate immune systems of these two groups. Causal variant identification in these candidate genes will enable future functional studies of these genes in an effort to better understand their antiviral modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA.
| | - Noah Merz
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Timothy J Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Chris Langdon
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
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Gawra J, Valdivieso A, Roux F, Laporte M, de Lorgeril J, Gueguen Y, Saccas M, Escoubas JM, Montagnani C, Destoumieux-Garzόn D, Lagarde F, Leroy MA, Haffner P, Petton B, Cosseau C, Morga B, Dégremont L, Mitta G, Grunau C, Vidal-Dupiol J. Epigenetic variations are more substantial than genetic variations in rapid adaptation of oyster to Pacific oyster mortality syndrome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8990. [PMID: 37683000 PMCID: PMC10491289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Disease emergence is accelerating with global changes. Understanding by which mechanisms host populations can rapidly adapt will be crucial for management practices. Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) imposes a substantial and recurrent selective pressure on oyster populations, and rapid adaptation may arise through genetics and epigenetics. In this study, we used (epi)genome-wide association mapping to show that oysters differentially exposed to POMS displayed genetic and epigenetic signatures of selection. Consistent with higher resistance to POMS, the genes targeted included many genes in several pathways related to immunity. By combining correlation, DNA methylation quantitative trait loci, and variance partitioning, we revealed that a third of phenotypic variation was explained by interactions between the genetic and epigenetic information, ~14% by the genome, and up to 25% by the epigenome alone. Similar to genetically based adaptation, epigenetic mechanisms notably governing immune responses can contribute substantially to the rapid adaptation of hosts to emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan Gawra
- IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Alejandro Valdivieso
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martin Laporte
- Division de l'expertise sur la faune Aquatique, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP), 880 chemin Sainte-Foy, G1S 4X4 Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, ENTROPIE, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Mathilde Saccas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Franck Lagarde
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Marc A. Leroy
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Céline Cosseau
- IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés Marins, La Tremblade, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés Marins, La Tremblade, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
- Université de la Polynésie Française, ILM, IRD, Ifremer, F-98719 Tahiti, French Polynesia, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
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9
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Moloney BJ, Deveney M, Ellard K, Hick P, Kirkland PD, Moody N, Frances J. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant surveillance in Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas, Thunberg, 1793) in Australia in 2011. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:345-355. [PMID: 37421375 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that OsHV-1 microvariant was limited to the known infected areas in New South Wales at the time of the survey in 2011. DESIGN A 2-stage survey to demonstrate probability of infection at 2% design prevalence within oyster growing regions and to detect at least one infected region (4% design prevalence) with 95% confidence. SAMPLE POPULATION Magallana gigas in nominated oyster growing regions in New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania as approved by the Aquatic Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases and documented in a national surveillance plan. PROCEDURE Field sampling for active surveillance and laboratory selection of appropriate tissues using methods to minimize potential for cross contamination. Published methods for qPCR and conventional PCR for OsHV-1 microvariant. Stochastic analysis of survey results to demonstrate probability of detection in the areas tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OsHV-1 microvariant was not detected in a total 4121 samples according to the case definition developed for the survey. However, in NSW a screening qPCR for OsHV-1 detected 13 samples that reacted. These samples were negative at 2 laboratories in the qPCR and conventional PCR assays used in the case definition for the survey. We concluded that oyster production areas of Australia outside the infected area in NSW met the criteria for self-declaration of freedom at the time of the survey in 2011. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This activity illustrated achievements in surveillance for an emerging emergency animal pathogen where epidemiological and test validation data were limited, but where data was required to inform the emergency disease response. It also illustrated the challenges faced by investigators in interpreting surveillance results using tests with limited validation. It was guided by and has informed improvements in surveillance and emergency disease preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Moloney
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Head Office, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Deveney
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, SARDI Aquatic Sciences, West Beach, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Ellard
- Biosecurity Tasmania, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P Hick
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Njg Moody
- CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Frances
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Liu OM, Hick PM, Whittington RJ. The Resistance to Lethal Challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus-1 of Pacific Oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) Previously Exposed to This Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1706. [PMID: 37632048 PMCID: PMC10458589 DOI: 10.3390/v15081706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture has been economically impacted in many countries by Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), a disease initiated by Ostreid herpesvirus 1. The objectives of this study were to determine whether naturally exposed, adult C. gigas could act as reservoirs for OsHV-1 and explain the recurrent seasonal outbreaks of POMS and to test whether or not they were resistant to OsHV-1. In a laboratory infection experiment using thermal shock, OsHV-1 replication was not reactivated within the tissues of such oysters and the virus was not transmitted to naïve cohabitating spat. The adult oysters were resistant to intramuscular injection with a lethal dose of OsHV-1 and had 118 times lower risk of mortality than naïve oysters. Considered together with the results of other studies in C. gigas, natural exposure or laboratory exposure to OsHV-1 may result in immunity during subsequent exposure events, either in the natural environment or the laboratory. While adult C. gigas can carry OsHV-1 infection for lengthy periods, reactivation of viral replication leading to mortality and transmission of the virus to naïve oysters may require specific conditions that were not present in the current experiment. Further investigation is required to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for resistance to disease in oysters previously exposed to OsHV-1, whether immunity can be exploited commercially to prevent POMS outbreaks and to determine the source of the virus for recurrent seasonal outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Liu
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (O.M.L.); (P.M.H.)
- Biosecurity Animal Division, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (O.M.L.); (P.M.H.)
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (O.M.L.); (P.M.H.)
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11
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Coyle NM, O'Toole C, Thomas JCL, Ryder D, Feil EJ, Geary M, Bean TP, Joseph AW, Waine A, Cheslett D, Verner-Jeffreys DW. Vibrio aestuarianus clade A and clade B isolates are associated with Pacific oyster ( Magallana gigas) disease outbreaks across Ireland. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001078. [PMID: 37540224 PMCID: PMC10483421 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria from the family Vibrionaceae have been implicated in mass mortalities of farmed Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) in multiple countries, leading to substantial impairment of growth in the sector. In Ireland there has been concern that Vibrio have been involved in serious summer outbreaks. There is evidence that Vibrio aestuarianus is increasingly becoming the main pathogen of concern for the Pacific oyster industry in Ireland. While bacteria belonging to the Vibrio splendidus clade are also detected frequently in mortality episodes, their role in the outbreaks of summer mortality is not well understood. To identify and characterize strains involved in these outbreaks, 43 Vibrio isolates were recovered from Pacific oyster summer mass mortality episodes in Ireland from 2008 to 2015 and these were whole-genome sequenced. Among these, 25 were found to be V. aestuarianus (implicated in disease) and 18 were members of the V. splendidus species complex (role in disease undetermined). Two distinct clades of V. aestuarianus - clade A and clade B - were found that had previously been described as circulating within French oyster culture. The high degree of similarity between the Irish and French V. aestuarianus isolates points to translocation of the pathogen between Europe's two major oyster-producing countries, probably via trade in spat and other age classes. V. splendidus isolates were more diverse, but the data reveal a single clone of this species that has spread across oyster farms in Ireland. This underscores that Vibrio could be transmitted readily across oyster farms. The presence of V. aestuarianus clades A and B in not only France but also Ireland adds weight to growing concern that this pathogen is spreading and impacting Pacific oyster production within Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M. Coyle
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ciar O'Toole
- Marine Institute, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Jennifer C. L. Thomas
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David Ryder
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Edward J. Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michelle Geary
- Marine Institute, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Timothy P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Ava Waine
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- Newcastle University, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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12
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Lorgen-Ritchie M, Uren Webster T, McMurtrie J, Bass D, Tyler CR, Rowley A, Martin SAM. Microbiomes in the context of developing sustainable intensified aquaculture. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200997. [PMID: 37426003 PMCID: PMC10327644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With an ever-growing human population, the need for sustainable production of nutritional food sources has never been greater. Aquaculture is a key industry engaged in active development to increase production in line with this need while remaining sustainable in terms of environmental impact and promoting good welfare and health in farmed species. Microbiomes fundamentally underpin animal health, being a key part of their digestive, metabolic and defense systems, in the latter case protecting against opportunistic pathogens in the environment. The potential to manipulate the microbiome to the advantage of enhancing health, welfare and production is an intriguing prospect that has gained considerable traction in recent years. In this review we first set out what is known about the role of the microbiome in aquaculture production systems across the phylogenetic spectrum of cultured animals, from invertebrates to finfish. With a view to reducing environmental footprint and tightening biological and physical control, investment in "closed" aquaculture systems is on the rise, but little is known about how the microbial systems of these closed systems affect the health of cultured organisms. Through comparisons of the microbiomes and their dynamics across phylogenetically distinct animals and different aquaculture systems, we focus on microbial communities in terms of their functionality in order to identify what features within these microbiomes need to be harnessed for optimizing healthy intensified production in support of a sustainable future for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamsyn Uren Webster
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie McMurtrie
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhang X, Huang BW, Zheng YD, Xin LS, Chen WB, Yu T, Li C, Wang CM, Bai CM. Identification and Characterization of Infectious Pathogens Associated with Mass Mortalities of Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Cultured in Northern China. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:759. [PMID: 37372044 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture industry increased rapidly in China with the introduction and promotion of triploid oysters in recent years. Mass mortalities affecting different life stages of Pacific oysters emerged periodically in several important production areas of Northern China. During 2020 and 2021, we conducted a passive two-year investigation of infectious pathogens linked to mass mortality. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) was detected to be associated with mass mortalities of hatchery larvae, but not juveniles and adults in the open sea. Protozoan parasites, such as Marteilia spp., Perkinsus spp. and Bonamia spp. were not detected. Bacterial isolation and identification revealed that Vibrio natriegens and Vibrio alginolyticus were the most frequently (9 out of 13) identified two dominant bacteria associated with mass mortalities. Pseudoalteromonas spp. was identified as the dominant bacteria in three mortality events that occurred during the cold season. Further bacteriological analysis was conducted on two representative isolates of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus, designated as CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. Multisequence analysis (MLSA) showed that CgA1-1 and CgA1-2 were closely related to each other and nested within the Harveyi clade. Bacteriological investigation revealed faster growth, and more remarkable haemolytic activity and siderophore production capacity at 25 °C than at 15 °C for both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. The accumulative mortalities of experimental immersion infections were also higher at 25 °C (90% and 63.33%) than at 15 °C (43.33% and 33.33%) using both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2, respectively. Similar clinical and pathological features were identified in samples collected during both naturally and experimentally occurring mortalities, such as thin visceral mass, discolouration, and connective tissue and digestive tube lesions. The results presented here highlight the potential risk of OsHV-1 to hatchery production of larvae, and the pathogenic role of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus during mass mortalities of all life stages of Pacific oysters in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bo-Wen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lu-Sheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wen-Bo Chen
- Dalian Modern Agricultural Production Development Service Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai 265800, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chang-Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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14
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Clerissi C, Luo X, Lucasson A, Mortaza S, de Lorgeril J, Toulza E, Petton B, Escoubas JM, Dégremont L, Gueguen Y, Destoumieux-Garzόn D, Jacq A, Mitta G. A core of functional complementary bacteria infects oysters in Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:26. [PMID: 37138356 PMCID: PMC10155333 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is one of the main cultivated invertebrate species worldwide. Since 2008, oyster juveniles have been confronted with a lethal syndrome known as the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS). POMS is a polymicrobial disease initiated by a primary infection with the herpesvirus OsHV-1 µVar that creates an oyster immunocompromised state and evolves towards a secondary fatal bacteremia. RESULTS In the present article, we describe the implementation of an unprecedented combination of metabarcoding and metatranscriptomic approaches to show that the sequence of events in POMS pathogenesis is conserved across infectious environments. We also identified a core bacterial consortium which, together with OsHV-1 µVar, forms the POMS pathobiota. This bacterial consortium is characterized by high transcriptional activities and complementary metabolic functions to exploit host's resources. A significant metabolic specificity was highlighted at the bacterial genus level, suggesting low competition for nutrients between members of the core bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Lack of metabolic competition between the core bacteria might favor complementary colonization of host tissues and contribute to the conservation of the POMS pathobiota across distinct infectious environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Clerissi
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, CRIOBE, EPHE, Université PSL, UPVD, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Xing Luo
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aude Lucasson
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Shogofa Mortaza
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, 98800, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 11 Presqu'île du Vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Sète, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzόn
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Annick Jacq
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France.
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France.
- Ifremer, IRD, ILM, Université de Polynésie Française, UMR 241, Vairao, French Polynesia.
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15
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Saco A, Rey-Campos M, Novoa B, Figueras A. Mussel antiviral transcriptome response and elimination of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108735. [PMID: 37044187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As filter-feeding bivalves, mussels have been traditionally studied as possible vectors of different bacterial or viral pathogens. The absence of a known viral pathogen in these bivalves makes it particularly interesting to study the interaction of the mussel innate immune system with a virus of interest. In the present work, mussels were challenged with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which is a pathogen in several fish species. The viral load was eliminated after 24 h and mussels evidenced antiviral activity towards VHSV, demonstrating that the virus was recognized and eliminated by the immune system of the host and confirming that mussels are not VHSV vectors in the marine environment. The transcriptome activating the antiviral response was studied, revealing the involvement of cytoplasmic viral sensors with the subsequent activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and several downstream antiviral effectors. The inflammatory response was inhibited with the profound downregulation of MyD88, shifting the immune balance towards antiviral functions. High modulation of retrotransposon activity was observed, revealing a mechanism that facilitates the antiviral response and that had not been previously observed in these species. The expression of several inhibitors of apoptosis and apoptosis-promoting genes was modulated, although clear inhibition of apoptosis in bivalves after severe viral infection and subsequent disease was not observed in this study. Finally, the modulated expression of several long noncoding RNAs that were correlated with genes involved in the immune response was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro Saco
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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16
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Proestou DA, Sullivan ME, Lundgren KM, Ben-Horin T, Witkop EM, Hart KM. Understanding Crassostrea virginica tolerance of Perkinsus marinus through global gene expression analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1054558. [PMID: 36741318 PMCID: PMC9892467 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1054558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease tolerance, a host's ability to limit damage from a given parasite burden, is quantified by the relationship between pathogen load and host survival or reproduction. Dermo disease, caused by the protozoan parasite P. marinus, negatively impacts survival in both wild and cultured eastern oyster (C. virginica) populations. Resistance to P. marinus has been the focus of previous studies, but tolerance also has important consequences for disease management in cultured and wild populations. In this study we measured dermo tolerance and evaluated global expression patterns of two sensitive and two tolerant eastern oyster families experimentally challenged with distinct doses of P. marinus (0, 106, 107, and 108 parasite spores per gram wet weight, n = 3-5 individuals per family per dose). Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified several modules correlated with increasing parasite dose/infection intensity, as well as phenotype. Modules positively correlated with dose included transcripts and enriched GO terms related to hemocyte activation and cell cycle activity. Additionally, these modules included G-protein coupled receptor, toll-like receptor, and tumor necrosis factor pathways, which are important for immune effector molecule and apoptosis activation. Increased metabolic activity was also positively correlated with treatment. The module negatively correlated with infection intensity was enriched with GO terms associated with normal cellular activity and growth, indicating a trade-off with increased immune response. The module positively correlated with the tolerant phenotype was enriched for transcripts associated with "programmed cell death" and contained a large number of tripartite motif-containing proteins. Differential expression analysis was also performed on the 108 dosed group using the most sensitive family as the comparison reference. Results were consistent with the network analysis, but signals for "programmed cell death" and serine protease inhibitors were stronger in one tolerant family than the other, suggesting that there are multiple avenues for disease tolerance. These results provide new insight for defining dermo response traits and have important implications for applying selective breeding for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Proestou
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States,*Correspondence: Dina A. Proestou,
| | - Mary E. Sullivan
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Kathryn Markey Lundgren
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Tal Ben-Horin
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Erin M. Witkop
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Keegan M. Hart
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States
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17
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Trancart S, Tweedie A, Liu O, Paul-Pont I, Hick P, Houssin M, Whittington RJ. Diversity and molecular epidemiology of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 in farmed Crassostrea gigas in Australia: Geographic clusters and implications for "microvariants" in global mortality events. Virus Res 2023; 323:198994. [PMID: 36332723 PMCID: PMC10194400 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since 2010, mass mortality events known as Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) have occurred in Crassostrea gigas in Australia associated with Ostreid herpesvirus 1. The virus was thought to be an OsHV-1 µVar or "microvariant", i.e. one of the dominant variants associated with POMS in Europe, but there are few data to characterize the genotype in Australia. Consequently, the genetic identity and diversity of the virus was determined to understand the epidemiology of the disease in Australia. Samples were analysed from diseased C. gigas over five summer seasons between 2011 and 2016 in POMS-affected estuaries: Georges River in New South Wales (NSW), Hawkesbury River (NSW) and Pitt Water in Tasmania. Sequencing was attempted for six genomic regions. Numerous variants were identified among these regions (n = 100 isolates) while twelve variants were identified from concatenated nucleotide sequences (n = 61 isolates). Nucleotide diversity of the seven genotypes of C region among Australian isolates (Pi 0.99 × 10-3) was the lowest globally. All Australian isolates grouped in a cluster distinct from other OsHV-1 isolates worldwide. This is the first report that Australian outbreaks of POMS were associated with OsHV-1 distinct from OsHV-1 reference genotype, µVar and other microvariants from other countries. The findings illustrate that microvariants are not the only variants of OsHV-1 associated with mass mortality events in C. gigas. In addition, there was mutually exclusive spatial clustering of viral genomic and amino acid sequence variants between estuaries, and a possible association between genotype/amino acid sequence and the prevalence and severity of POMS, as this differed between these estuaries. The sequencing findings supported prior epidemiological evidence for environmental reservoirs of OsHV-1 for POMS outbreaks in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Trancart
- LABÉO Research Department, 1 Route de Rosel, Cedex 4, Caen 14053, France
| | - Alison Tweedie
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Olivia Liu
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; LEMAR, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Paul Hick
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Maryline Houssin
- LABÉO Research Department, 1 Route de Rosel, Cedex 4, Caen 14053, France; UMR BOREA Université de Caen Normandie, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Esplanade de la Paix Caen Cedex 4 14032, France
| | - Richard J Whittington
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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18
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Delisle L, Laroche O, Hilton Z, Burguin JF, Rolton A, Berry J, Pochon X, Boudry P, Vignier J. Understanding the Dynamic of POMS Infection and the Role of Microbiota Composition in the Survival of Pacific Oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0195922. [PMID: 36314927 PMCID: PMC9769987 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01959-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a decade, Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), a polymicrobial disease, induced recurring episodes of massive mortality affecting Crassostrea gigas oysters worldwide. Recent studies evidenced a combined infection of the ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 μVar) and opportunistic bacteria in affected oysters. However, the role of the oyster microbiota in POMS is not fully understood. While some bacteria can protect hosts from infection, even minor changes to the microbial communities may also facilitate infection and worsen disease severity. Using a laboratory-based experimental infection model, we challenged juveniles from 10 biparental oyster families with previously established contrasted genetically based ability to survive POMS in the field. Combining molecular analyses and 16S rRNA gene sequencing with histopathological observations, we described the temporal kinetics of POMS and characterized the changes in microbiota during infection. By associating the microbiota composition with oyster mortality rate, viral load, and viral gene expression, we were able to identify both potentially harmful and beneficial bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We also observed a delay in viral infection resulting in a later onset of mortality in oysters compared to previous observations and a lack of evidence of fatal dysbiosis in infected oysters. Overall, these results provide new insights into how the oyster microbiome may influence POMS disease outcomes and open new perspectives on the use of microbiome composition as a complementary screening tool to determine shellfish health and potentially predict oyster vulnerability to POMS. IMPORTANCE For more than a decade, Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) has severely impacted the Crassostrea gigas aquaculture industry, at times killing up to 100% of young farmed Pacific oysters, a key commercial species that is cultivated globally. These disease outbreaks have caused major financial losses for the oyster aquaculture industry. Selective breeding has improved disease resistance in oysters, but some levels of mortality persist, and additional knowledge of the disease progression and pathogenicity is needed to develop complementary mitigation strategies. In this holistic study, we identified some potentially harmful and beneficial bacteria that can influence the outcome of the disease. These results will contribute to advance disease management and aquaculture practices by improving our understanding of the mechanisms behind genetic resistance to POMS and assisting in predicting oyster vulnerability to POMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, Ifremer, ZI de la pointe du diable, Plouzané, France
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19
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Worden PJ, Bogema DR, Micallef ML, Go J, Deutscher AT, Labbate M, Green TJ, King WL, Liu M, Seymour JR, Jenkins C. Phylogenomic diversity of Vibrio species and other Gammaproteobacteria isolated from Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) during a summer mortality outbreak. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000883. [PMID: 36748707 PMCID: PMC9837568 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (PO), Crassostrea gigas, is an important commercial marine species but periodically experiences large stock losses due to disease events known as summer mortality. Summer mortality has been linked to environmental perturbations and numerous viral and bacterial agents, indicating this disease is multifactorial in nature. In 2013 and 2014, several summer mortality events occurred within the Port Stephens estuary (NSW, Australia). Extensive culture and molecular-based investigations were undertaken and several potentially pathogenic Vibrio species were identified. To improve species identification and genomically characterise isolates obtained from this outbreak, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and subsequent genomic analyses were performed on 48 bacterial isolates, as well as a further nine isolates from other summer mortality studies using the same batch of juveniles. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) identified most isolates to the species level and included members of the Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella and Vibrio genera, with Vibrio species making up more than two-thirds of all species identified. Construction of a phylogenomic tree, ANI analysis, and pan-genome analysis of the 57 isolates represents the most comprehensive culture-based phylogenomic survey of Vibrios during a PO summer mortality event in Australian waters and revealed large genomic diversity in many of the identified species. Our analysis revealed limited and inconsistent associations between isolate species and their geographical origins, or host health status. Together with ANI and pan-genome results, these inconsistencies suggest that to determine the role that microbes may have in Pacific oyster summer mortality events, isolate identification must be at the taxonomic level of strain. Our WGS data (specifically, the accessory genomes) differentiated bacterial strains, and coupled with associated metadata, highlight the possibility of predicting a strain's environmental niche and level of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Worden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Daniel R. Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Melinda L. Micallef
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Jeffrey Go
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Ania T. Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia,, Canada
| | - William L. King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MIcrobiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael Liu
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Building 4, 745 Harris Street, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Justin R. Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568,*Correspondence: Cheryl Jenkins,
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20
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Dotto-Maurel A, Pelletier C, Morga B, Jacquot M, Faury N, Dégremont L, Bereszczynki M, Delmotte J, Escoubas JM, Chevignon G. Evaluation of tangential flow filtration coupled to long-read sequencing for ostreid herpesvirus type 1 genome assembly. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000895. [PMID: 36355418 PMCID: PMC9836095 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing is widely used to better understand the transmission dynamics, the evolution and the emergence of new variants of viral pathogens. This can bring crucial information to stakeholders for disease management. Unfortunately, aquatic virus genomes are usually difficult to characterize because most of these viruses cannot be easily propagated in vitro. Developing methodologies for routine genome sequencing of aquatic viruses is timely given the ongoing threat of disease emergence. This is particularly true for pathogenic viruses infecting species of commercial interest that are widely exchanged between production basins or countries. For example, the ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) is a Herpesvirus widely associated with mass mortality events of juvenile Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Genomes of Herpesviruses are large and complex with long direct and inverted terminal repeats. In addition, OsHV-1 is unculturable. It therefore accumulates several features that make its genome sequencing and assembly challenging. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a tangential flow filtration (TFF) method to enrich OsHV-1 infective particles from infected host tissues. This virus purification allowed us to extract high molecular weight and high-quality viral DNA that was subjected to Illumina short-read and Nanopore long-read sequencing. Dedicated bioinformatic pipelines were developed to assemble complete OsHV-1 genomes with reads from both sequencing technologies. Nanopore sequencing allowed characterization of new structural variations and major viral isomers while having 99,98 % of nucleotide identity with the Illumina assembled genome. Our study shows that TFF-based purification method, coupled with Nanopore sequencing, is a promising approach to enable in field sequencing of unculturable aquatic DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean Delmotte
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, F-34095 Montpellier, France,*Correspondence: Jean-Michel Escoubas,
| | - Germain Chevignon
- Ifremer, ASIM, F-17390 La Tremblade, France,*Correspondence: Germain Chevignon,
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21
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Yao S, Li L, Guan X, He Y, Jouaux A, Xu F, Guo X, Zhang G, Zhang L. Pooled resequencing of larvae and adults reveals genomic variations associated with Ostreid herpesvirus 1 resistance in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928628. [PMID: 36059443 PMCID: PMC9437489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is a lethal pathogen of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), an important aquaculture species. To understand the genetic architecture of the defense against the pathogen, we studied genomic variations associated with herpesvirus-caused mortalities by pooled whole-genome resequencing of before and after-mortality larval samples as well as dead and surviving adults from a viral challenge. Analysis of the resequencing data identified 5,271 SNPs and 1,883 genomic regions covering 3,111 genes in larvae, and 18,692 SNPs and 28,314 regions covering 4,863 genes in adults that were significantly associated with herpesvirus-caused mortalities. Only 1,653 of the implicated genes were shared by larvae and adults, suggesting that the antiviral response or resistance in larvae and adults involves different sets of genes or differentiated members of expanded gene families. Combined analyses with previous transcriptomic data from challenge experiments revealed that transcription of many mortality-associated genes was also significantly upregulated by herpesvirus infection confirming their importance in antiviral response. Key immune response genes especially those encoding antiviral receptors such as TLRs and RLRs displayed strong association between variation in regulatory region and herpesvirus-caused mortality, suggesting they may confer resistance through transcriptional modulation. These results point to previously undescribed genetic mechanisms for disease resistance at different developmental stages and provide candidate polymorphisms and genes that are valuable for understanding antiviral immune responses and breeding for herpesvirus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Guan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Aude Jouaux
- UMR BOREA, “Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques”, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen, France
| | - Fei Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Ximing Guo, ; Guofan Zhang, ; Linlin Zhang,
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ximing Guo, ; Guofan Zhang, ; Linlin Zhang,
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ximing Guo, ; Guofan Zhang, ; Linlin Zhang,
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22
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Balakrishnan S, Singh ISB, Puthumana J. Status in molluscan cell line development in last one decade (2010–2020): impediments and way forward. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:433-457. [PMID: 36110153 PMCID: PMC9374870 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the attempts that have started since the 1960s, not even a single cell line of marine molluscs is available. Considering the vast contribution of marine bivalve aquaculture to the world economy, the prevailing viral threats, and the dismaying lack of advancements in molluscan virology, the requirement of a marine molluscan cell line is indispensable. This synthetic review discusses the obstacles in developing a marine molluscan cell line concerning the choice of species, the selection of tissue and decontamination, and cell culture media, with emphasis given on the current decade 2010-2020. Detailed accounts on the experiments on the virus cultivation in vitro and molluscan cell immortalization, with a brief note on the history and applications of the molluscan cell culture, are elucidated to give a holistic picture of the current status and future trends in molluscan cell line development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-022-00539-x.
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23
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Fallet M, Montagnani C, Petton B, Dantan L, de Lorgeril J, Comarmond S, Chaparro C, Toulza E, Boitard S, Escoubas JM, Vergnes A, Le Grand J, Bulla I, Gueguen Y, Vidal-Dupiol J, Grunau C, Mitta G, Cosseau C. Early life microbial exposures shape the Crassostrea gigas immune system for lifelong and intergenerational disease protection. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:85. [PMID: 35659369 PMCID: PMC9167547 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of organisms with their surrounding microbial communities influences many biological processes, a notable example of which is the shaping of the immune system in early life. In the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, the role of the environmental microbial community on immune system maturation - and, importantly, protection from infectious disease - is still an open question. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that early life microbial exposure durably improves oyster survival when challenged with the pathogen causing Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), both in the exposed generation and in the subsequent one. Combining microbiota, transcriptomic, genetic, and epigenetic analyses, we show that the microbial exposure induced changes in epigenetic marks and a reprogramming of immune gene expression leading to long-term and intergenerational immune protection against POMS. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that this protection likely extends to additional pathogens and may prove to be an important new strategy for safeguarding oyster aquaculture efforts from infectious disease. tag the videobyte/videoabstract in this section Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Fallet
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, UBO CNRS IRD, LEMAR UMR 6539, Argenton, France
| | - Luc Dantan
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, F-98800, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Sébastien Comarmond
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Simon Boitard
- CBGP, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Ingo Bulla
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- MARBEC, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Sète, France
| | - Jérémie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Écosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Labex Corail, Centre Ifremer du Pacifique, BP 49, 98725, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Céline Cosseau
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
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24
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Sahu BP, Majee P, Singh RR, Sahoo N, Nayak D. Genome-wide identification and characterization of microsatellite markers within the Avipoxviruses. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:113. [PMID: 35497507 PMCID: PMC9008116 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite markers or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) are gaining importance for molecular characterization of the virus as well as estimation of evolution patterns due to its high-polymorphic nature. The Avipoxvirus is the causative agent of pox-like lesions in more than 300 birds and one of the major diseases for the extinction of endangered avian species. Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide analysis to decipher the type, distribution pattern of 14 complete genomes derived from the Avipoxvirus genus. The in-silico screening deciphered the existence of 917-2632 SSRs per strain. In the case of compound SSRs (cSSRs), the value was obtained 44-255 per genome. Our analysis indicates that the di-nucleotide repeats (52.74%) are the most abundant, followed by the mononucleotides (34.79), trinucleotides (11.57%), tetranucleotides (0.64%), pentanucleotides (0.12%) and hexanucleotides (0.15%) repeats. The specific parameters like Relative Abundance (RA) and Relative Density (RD) of microsatellites ranged within 5.5-8.12 and 33.08-53.58 bp/kb. The analysis of RA and RD value of compound microsatellites resulted between 0.25-0.82 and 4.64-15.12 bp/kb. The analysis of motif composition of cSSR revealed that most of the compound microsatellites were made up of two microsatellites, with some unique duplicated pattern of the motif like, (TA)-x-(TA), (TCA)-x-(TCA), etc. and self-complementary motifs, such as (TA)-x-(AT). Finally, we validated forty sets of compound microsatellite markers through an in-vitro approach utilizing clinical specimens and mapping the sequencing products with the database through comparative genomics approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03169-4.
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25
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Delmotte J, Pelletier C, Morga B, Galinier R, Petton B, Lamy JB, Kaltz O, Avarre JC, Jacquot M, Montagnani C, Escoubas JM. Genetic diversity and connectivity of the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 populations in France: A first attempt to phylogeographic inference for a marine mollusc disease. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac039. [PMID: 35600094 PMCID: PMC9119428 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of viral populations is a key driver of the spatial and temporal diffusion of viruses; yet, studying the diversity of whole genomes from natural populations still remains a challenge. Phylodynamic approaches are commonly used for RNA viruses harboring small genomes but have only rarely been applied to DNA viruses with larger genomes. Here, we used the Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (a disease that affects oyster farms around the world) as a model to study the genetic diversity of its causative agent, the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in the three main French oyster-farming areas. Using ultra-deep sequencing on individual moribund oysters and an innovative combination of bioinformatics tools, we de novo assembled twenty-one OsHV-1 new genomes. Combining quantification of major and minor genetic variations, phylogenetic analysis, and ancestral state reconstruction of discrete traits approaches, we assessed the connectivity of OsHV-1 viral populations between the three oyster-farming areas. Our results suggest that the Marennes-Oléron Bay represents the main source of OsHV-1 diversity, from where the virus has dispersed to other farming areas, a scenario consistent with current practices of oyster transfers in France. We demonstrate that phylodynamic approaches can be applied to aquatic DNA viruses to determine how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape their diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Pelletier
- Ifremer, RBE-ASIM, Station La Tremblade, La Tremblade F-17390, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, RBE-ASIM, Station La Tremblade, La Tremblade F-17390, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Perpignan F-66000, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Argenton-en-Landunvez F-29840, France
| | | | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | | | - Maude Jacquot
- Ifremer, RBE-ASIM, Station La Tremblade, La Tremblade F-17390, France
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
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26
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Picot S, Faury N, Pelletier C, Arzul I, Chollet B, Dégremont L, Renault T, Morga B. Monitoring Autophagy at Cellular and Molecular Level in Crassostrea gigas During an Experimental Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858311. [PMID: 35444958 PMCID: PMC9014014 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality outbreaks of young Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, have seriously affected the oyster-farming economy in several countries around the world. Although the causes of these mortality outbreaks appear complex, a viral agent has been identified as the main factor: a herpesvirus called ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). Autophagy is an important degradation pathway involved in the response to several pathologies including viral diseases. In C. gigas, recent studies indicate that this pathway is conserved and functional in at least haemocytes and the mantle. Furthermore, an experimental infection in combination with compounds known to inhibit or induce autophagy in mammals revealed that autophagy is involved in the response to OsHV-1 infection. In light of these results, the aim of this study was to determine the role of autophagy in the response of the Pacific oyster to infection by virus OsHV-1. For this purpose, an experimental infection in combination with a modulator of autophagy was performed on Pacific oysters known to have intermediate susceptibility to OsHV-1 infection. In haemolymph and the mantle, the autophagy response was monitored by flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time PCR. At the same time, viral infection was evaluated by quantifying viral DNA and RNA amounts by real-time PCR. Although the results showed activation of autophagy in haemolymph and the mantle 14 hours post infection (after viral replication was initiated), they were also indicative of different regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in the two tissues, thus supporting an important function of autophagy in the response to virus OsHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Picot
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés, La Tremblade, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés, La Tremblade, France
| | - Camille Pelletier
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés, La Tremblade, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés, La Tremblade, France
| | - Bruno Chollet
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés, La Tremblade, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés, La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, ASIM, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés, La Tremblade, France
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Morga,
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27
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Abstract
Contamination of oysters with a variety of viruses is one key pathway to trigger outbreaks of massive oyster mortality as well as human illnesses, including gastroenteritis and hepatitis. Much effort has gone into examining the fate of viruses in contaminated oysters, yet the current state of knowledge of nonlinear virus-oyster interactions is not comprehensive because most studies have focused on a limited number of processes under a narrow range of experimental conditions. A framework is needed for describing the complex nonlinear virus-oyster interactions. Here, we introduce a mathematical model that includes key processes for viral dynamics in oysters, such as oyster filtration, viral replication, the antiviral immune response, apoptosis, autophagy, and selective accumulation. We evaluate the model performance for two groups of viruses, those that replicate in oysters (e.g., ostreid herpesvirus) and those that do not (e.g., norovirus), and show that this model simulates well the viral dynamics in oysters for both groups. The model analytically explains experimental findings and predicts how changes in different physiological processes and environmental conditions nonlinearly affect in-host viral dynamics, for example, that oysters at higher temperatures may be more resistant to infection by ostreid herpesvirus. It also provides new insight into food treatment for controlling outbreaks, for example, that depuration for reducing norovirus levels is more effective in environments where oyster filtration rates are higher. This study provides the foundation of a modeling framework to guide future experiments and numerical modeling for better prediction and management of outbreaks. IMPORTANCE The fate of viruses in contaminated oysters has received a significant amount of attention in the fields of oyster aquaculture, food quality control, and public health. However, intensive studies through laboratory experiments and in situ observations are often conducted under a narrow range of experimental conditions and for a specific purpose in their respective fields. Given the complex interactions of various processes and nonlinear viral responses to changes in physiological and environmental conditions, a theoretical framework fully describing the viral dynamics in oysters is warranted to guide future studies from a top-down design. Here, we developed a process-based, in-host modeling framework that builds a bridge for better communications between different disciplines studying virus-oyster interactions.
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Bai CM, Zhang X, Venier P, Gu L, Li YN, Wang CM, Xin LS, Rosani U. Paired miRNA and RNA sequencing provides a first insight into molecular defense mechanisms of Scapharca broughtonii during ostreid herpesvirus-1 infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:225-233. [PMID: 35150830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection caused mortalities with relevant economic losses in bivalve aquaculture industry worldwide. Initially described as an oyster pathogen, OsHV-1 can infect other bivalve species, like the blood clam Scapharca broughtonii. However, at present, little is known about the molecular interactions during OsHV-1 infection in the blood clam. We produced paired miRNA and total RNA-seq data to investigate the blood clam transcriptional changes from 0 to 72 h after experimental infection with OsHV-1. High-throughput miRNA sequencing of 24 libraries revealed 580 conserved and 270 new blood clam miRNAs, whereas no genuine miRNA was identified for OsHV-1. Total 88-203 differently expressed miRNAs were identified per time point, mostly up-regulated and mainly targeting metabolic pathways. Most of the blood clam mRNAs, in contrast, were down-regulated up to 60 h post-injection, with the trend analysis revealing the activation of immune genes only when comparing the early and latest stage of infection. Taken together, paired short and long RNA data suggested a miRNA-mediated down-regulation of host metabolic and energetic processes as a possible antiviral strategy during early infection stages, whereas antiviral pathways appeared upregulated only at late infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300380, China
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300380, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lu-Sheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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Bennion M, Lane H, McDonald IR, Ross P. Histopathology of a threatened surf clam, toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) from Aotearoa New Zealand. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 188:107716. [PMID: 35031296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) is endemic to Aotearoa (New Zealand). Following decades of overfishing in the 1900 s, commercial and recreational fishing of toheroa is now prohibited. For unknown reasons, protective measures in place for over 40 years have not ensured the recovery of toheroa populations. For the first time, a systematic pathology survey was undertaken to provide a baseline of toheroa health in remaining major populations. Using histopathology, parasites and pathologies in a range of tissues are assessed and quantified spatio-temporally. Particular focus is placed on intracellular microcolonies of bacteria (IMCs). Bayesian ordinal logistic regression is used to model IMC infection and several facets of toheroa health. Model outputs show condition to be the most important predictor of IMC intensity in toheroa tissues. The precarious state of many toheroa populations around Aotearoa should warrant greater attention from scientists, conservationists, and regulators. It is hoped that this study will provide some insight into the current health status of a treasured and iconic constituent of several expansive surf beaches in Aotearoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bennion
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Henry Lane
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ian R McDonald
- School of Science - Te Aka Matuatua, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Phil Ross
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand
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Fuhrmann M, Georgiades E, Cattell G, Brosnahan C, Lane HS, Hick PM. Aquatic pathogens and biofouling: pilot study of ostreid herpesvirus 1 translocation by bivalves. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:949-963. [PMID: 34628999 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1985474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) has caused mass mortalities in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. While aquaculture-associated movements of infected Pacific oysters are a well-known cause of OsHV-1 spread once established in a region, translocation via biofouling of aquaculture equipment or vessels needs further investigation to explain the more distant spread of OsHV-1. Laboratory experiments were designed to test for transmission of OsHV-1 between infected and naïve Pacific oysters via a simulated biofouling translocation scenario. Three common biofouling species [Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata), Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Pacific oysters] were tested as intermediaries using a cohabitation challenge with Pacific oysters infected by injection. Transmission occurred, albeit for one of eight replicates when Pacific oysters were the intermediary species. This demonstrated a possible pathway for pathogen spread via biofouling containing Pacific oysters while highlighting the complexity of OsHV-1 transmission. Such complexities require further investigation to inform future risk assessments and management of fouled aquaculture equipment and vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fuhrmann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Georgiades
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - G Cattell
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Brosnahan
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - H S Lane
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - P M Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Mussel Mass Mortality and the Microbiome: Evidence for Shifts in the Bacterial Microbiome of a Declining Freshwater Bivalve. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091976. [PMID: 34576872 PMCID: PMC8471132 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are suffering mass mortality events worldwide, but the causes remain enigmatic. Here, we describe an analysis of bacterial loads, community structure, and inferred metabolic pathways in the hemolymph of pheasantshells (Actinonaias pectorosa) from the Clinch River, USA, during a multi-year mass mortality event. Bacterial loads were approximately 2 logs higher in moribund mussels (cases) than in apparently healthy mussels (controls). Bacterial communities also differed between cases and controls, with fewer sequence variants (SVs) and higher relative abundances of the proteobacteria Yokenella regensburgei and Aeromonas salmonicida in cases than in controls. Inferred bacterial metabolic pathways demonstrated a predominance of degradation, utilization, and assimilation pathways in cases and a predominance of biosynthesis pathways in controls. Only two SVs correlated with Clinch densovirus 1, a virus previously shown to be strongly associated with mortality in this system: Deinococcota and Actinobacteriota, which were associated with densovirus-positive and densovirus-negative mussels, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that bacterial invasion and shifts in the bacterial microbiome during unionid mass mortality events may result from primary insults such as viral infection or environmental stressors. If so, bacterial communities in mussel hemolymph may be sensitive, if generalized, indicators of declining mussel health.
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Morga B, Jacquot M, Pelletier C, Chevignon G, Dégremont L, Biétry A, Pepin JF, Heurtebise S, Escoubas JM, Bean TP, Rosani U, Bai CM, Renault T, Lamy JB. Genomic Diversity of the Ostreid Herpesvirus Type 1 Across Time and Location and Among Host Species. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711377. [PMID: 34326830 PMCID: PMC8313985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying virus emergence are rarely well understood, making the appearance of outbreaks largely unpredictable. This is particularly true for pathogens with low per-site mutation rates, such as DNA viruses, that do not exhibit a large amount of evolutionary change among genetic sequences sampled at different time points. However, whole-genome sequencing can reveal the accumulation of novel genetic variation between samples, promising to render most, if not all, microbial pathogens measurably evolving and suitable for analytical techniques derived from population genetic theory. Here, we aim to assess the measurability of evolution on epidemiological time scales of the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a double stranded DNA virus of which a new variant, OsHV-1 μVar, emerged in France in 2008, spreading across Europe and causing dramatic economic and ecological damage. We performed phylogenetic analyses of heterochronous (n = 21) OsHV-1 genomes sampled worldwide. Results show sufficient temporal signal in the viral sequences to proceed with phylogenetic molecular clock analyses and they indicate that the genetic diversity seen in these OsHV-1 isolates has arisen within the past three decades. OsHV-1 samples from France and New Zealand did not cluster together suggesting a spatial structuration of the viral populations. The genome-wide study of simple and complex polymorphisms shows that specific genomic regions are deleted in several isolates or accumulate a high number of substitutions. These contrasting and non-random patterns of polymorphism suggest that some genomic regions are affected by strong selective pressures. Interestingly, we also found variant genotypes within all infected individuals. Altogether, these results provide baseline evidence that whole genome sequencing could be used to study population dynamic processes of OsHV-1, and more broadly herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-François Pepin
- Ifremer, ODE-Littoral-Laboratoire Environnement Ressources des Pertuis Charentais (LER-PC), La Tremblade, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Tim P Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.,Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chang-Ming Bai
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, China
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Gustafson LL, Arzul I, Burge CA, Carnegie RB, Caceres-Martinez J, Creekmore L, Dewey W, Elston R, Friedman CS, Hick P, Hudson K, Lupo C, Rheault R, Spiegel K, Vásquez-Yeomans R. Optimizing surveillance for early disease detection: Expert guidance for Ostreid herpesvirus surveillance design and system sensitivity calculation. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105419. [PMID: 34274864 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To keep pace with rising opportunities for disease emergence and spread, surveillance in aquaculture must enable the early detection of both known and new pathogens. Conventional surveillance systems (designed to provide proof of disease freedom) may not support detection outside of periodic sampling windows, leaving substantial blind spots to pathogens that emerge in other times and places. To address this problem, we organized an expert panel to envision optimal systems for early disease detection, focusing on Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a pathogen of panzootic consequence to oyster industries. The panel followed an integrative group process to identify and weight surveillance system traits perceived as critical to the early detection of OsHV-1. Results offer a road map with fourteen factors to consider when building surveillance systems geared to early detection; factor weights can be used by planners and analysts to compare the relative value of different designs or enhancements. The results were also used to build a simple, but replicable, model estimating the system sensitivity (SSe) of observational surveillance and, in turn, the confidence in disease freedom that negative reporting can provide. Findings suggest that optimally designed observational systems can contribute substantially to both early detection and disease freedom confidence. In contrast, active surveillance as a singular system is likely insufficient for early detection. The strongest systems combined active with observational surveillance and engaged joint industry and government involvement: results suggest that effective partnerships can generate highly sensitive systems, whereas ineffective partnerships may seriously erode early detection capability. Given the costs of routine testing, and the value (via averted losses) of early detection, we conclude that observational surveillance is an important and potentially very effective tool for health management and disease prevention on oyster farms, but one that demands careful planning and participation. This evaluation centered on OsHV-1 detection in farmed oyster populations. However, many of the features likely generalize to other pathogens and settings, with the important caveat that the pathogens need to manifest via morbidity or mortality events in the species, life stages and environments under observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L Gustafson
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA.
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390, France
| | - Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Ryan B Carnegie
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Jorge Caceres-Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Lynn Creekmore
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - William Dewey
- Taylor Shellfish Farms, 130 SE Lynch Rd., Shelton, WA, 98584, USA
| | - Ralph Elston
- AquaTechnics Inc. PO Box 687, Carlsborg, WA, 98324, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Paul Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - Karen Hudson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Coralie Lupo
- Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390, France
| | - Robert Rheault
- East Coast Shellfish Growers Association, 1121 Mooresfield Rd., Wakefield, RI, 02879, USA
| | - Kevin Spiegel
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Rebeca Vásquez-Yeomans
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
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A rapid phenotype change in the pathogen Perkinsus marinus was associated with a historically significant marine disease emergence in the eastern oyster. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12872. [PMID: 34145372 PMCID: PMC8213716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, which causes dermo disease in Crassostrea virginica, is one of the most ecologically important and economically destructive marine pathogens. The rapid and persistent intensification of dermo in the USA in the 1980s has long been enigmatic. Attributed originally to the effects of multi-year drought, climatic factors fail to fully explain the geographic extent of dermo’s intensification or the persistence of its intensified activity. Here we show that emergence of a unique, hypervirulent P. marinus phenotype was associated with the increase in prevalence and intensity of this disease and associated mortality. Retrospective histopathology of 8355 archival oysters from 1960 to 2018 spanning Chesapeake Bay, South Carolina, and New Jersey revealed that a new parasite phenotype emerged between 1983 and 1990, concurrent with major historical dermo disease outbreaks. Phenotypic changes included a shortening of the parasite’s life cycle and a tropism shift from deeper connective tissues to digestive epithelia. The changes are likely adaptive with regard to the reduced oyster abundance and longevity faced by P. marinus after rapid establishment of exotic pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni in 1959. Our findings, we hypothesize, illustrate a novel ecosystem response to a marine parasite invasion: an increase in virulence in a native parasite.
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35
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Burge CA, Friedman CS, Kachmar ML, Humphrey KL, Moore JD, Elston RA. The first detection of a novel OsHV-1 microvariant in San Diego, California, USA. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107636. [PMID: 34116033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spread, emergence, and adaptation of pathogens causing marine disease has been problematic to fisheries and aquaculture industries for the last several decades creating the need for strategic management and biosecurity practices. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), a highly productive species globally, has been a target of disease and mortality caused by a viral pathogen, the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (OsHV-1 µvars). During routine surveillance to establish health history at a shellfish aquaculture nursery system in San Diego, California, the presence of OsHV-1 in Pacific oyster juveniles was detected. Quantification of OsHV-1 in tissues of oysters revealed OsHV-1 viral loads > 106 copies/mg. We characterized and identified the OsHV-1 variant by sequencing of ORFs 4 (C2/C6) and 43 (IA1/IA2), which demonstrated that this variant is a novel OsHV-1 microvariant: OsHV-1 µvar SD. A pilot transmission study indicates that OsHV-1 µvar SD is infectious with high viral loads ~ 7.57 × 106 copies/mg detected in dead individuals. The detection of OsHV-1 µvar SD in a large port mirrors previous studies conducted in Australia where aquaculture farms and feral populations near port locations may be at a higher risk of OsHV-1 emergence. Further research is needed to understand the impacts of OsHV-1 µvar SD, such as transmission studies focusing on potential vectors and characterization of virulence as compared to other OsHV-1 µvars. To increase biosecurity of the global aquaculture industry, active and passive surveillance may be necessary to reduce spread of pathogens and make appropriate management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Mariah L Kachmar
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | | | - James D Moore
- California Department of Fish & Wildlife, UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westside Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ralph A Elston
- AquaTechnics Inc, 455 West Bell Street, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
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Potts RWA, Gutierrez AP, Penaloza CS, Regan T, Bean TP, Houston RD. Potential of genomic technologies to improve disease resistance in molluscan aquaculture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200168. [PMID: 33813884 PMCID: PMC8059958 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscan aquaculture is a major contributor to global seafood production, but is hampered by infectious disease outbreaks that can cause serious economic losses. Selective breeding has been widely used to improve disease resistance in major agricultural and aquaculture species, and has clear potential in molluscs, albeit its commercial application remains at a formative stage. Advances in genomic technologies, especially the development of cost-efficient genomic selection, have the potential to accelerate genetic improvement. However, tailored approaches are required owing to the distinctive reproductive and life cycle characteristics of molluscan species. Transgenesis and genome editing, in particular CRISPR/Cas systems, have been successfully trialled in molluscs and may further understanding and improvement of genetic resistance to disease through targeted changes to the host genome. Whole-organism genome editing is achievable on a much greater scale compared to other farmed species, making genome-wide CRISPR screening approaches plausible. This review discusses the current state and future potential of selective breeding, genomic tools and genome editing approaches to understand and improve host resistance to infectious disease in molluscs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. A. Potts
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alejandro P. Gutierrez
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carolina S. Penaloza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Reduction in Virulence over Time in Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) Microvariants between 2011 and 2015 in Australia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050946. [PMID: 34065570 PMCID: PMC8160646 DOI: 10.3390/v13050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvariant genotypes of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) are associated with mass mortality events of Pacific oysters in many countries. The OsHV-1 microvariant (µVar) emerged in France 2008 and caused significant economic losses as it became endemic and displaced the previously dominant OsHV-1 reference genotype. Recently, considerable genotypic variation has been described for OsHV-1 microvariants, however, less is known about variation in viral phenotype. This study used an in vivo laboratory infection model to assess differences in total cumulative mortality, peak viral load, transmissibility, and dose-response for three OsHV-1 isolates obtained between 2011 and 2015 from endemic waterways in Australia. This followed field observations of apparent reductions in the severity of mass mortalities over this time. Significantly higher hazard of death and cumulative mortality were observed for an isolate obtained in 2011 compared to isolates from 2014–2015. In keeping with other studies, the hazard of death was higher in oysters challenged by injection compared to challenge by cohabitation and the mortality was higher when the initial dose was 1 × 104 OsHV-1 DNA copies per oyster injection compared to 1 × 102 DNA copies. There was no difference in the quantity of OsHV-1 DNA at time of death that could be related to isolate or dose, suggesting similar pathogenetic processes in the individual oysters that succumbed to end-stage disease. While the isolates examined in this study were biased towards pathogenic types of OsHV-1, as they were collected during disease outbreaks, the variation in virulence that was observed, when combined with prior data on subclinical infections, suggests that surveillance for low virulence genotypes of OsHV-1 would be rewarding. This may lead to new approaches to disease management which utilize controlled exposure to attenuated strains of OsHV-1.
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38
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Vanhuysse C, Normand J, Lepoittevin M, Orvain F. Changes in benthic macrofauna in oyster parks during an OsHV-1 μVar oyster spat mortality outbreak. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112239. [PMID: 33744802 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In intertidal areas, oyster farming creates a crosshatching pattern between oyster tables and aisles. Tables provide a refuge from the current and solar irradiance and the oysters facilitate the accumulation of OM, thereby structuring the spatial organization of the associated macrozoobenthic community at mesoscale. The aim of this study was to describe the quality of the oyster table environment at small scale and the response of the macrozoobenthic community to OsHV-1 μvar oyster mortality. The species assemblage was dominated by Golfingia vulgaris, Tubificoides benedii, Capitella capitata and Scoloplos armiger. The table habitat appeared to be in a bad ecological state throughout the 2-month survey (May and June 2017), whereas in the aisle, eutrophication occurred lately and was clearly related to be due to the massive stranding of dead seaweed at the end of the survey (in early July). So, this disturbance of the species assemblage seemed to occur in two phases: 1) after oyster spat mortality and 2) after seaweed stranding resulted in a bad ecological status, as revealed by macrofaunal indicators. Large quantities of OsHV-1 DNA were also found in some species, including small crabs and amphipods, one week after the mortality crisis, but there is no apparent virus reservoir found in the benthic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Vanhuysse
- BOREA - Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, UPMC, UCN, CNRS-8207, IRD-207 UFR Sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix - CS, 14032 CAEN Cedex 5, France.
| | - Julien Normand
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14 520 Port en Bessin, France
| | - Mélanie Lepoittevin
- BOREA - Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, UPMC, UCN, CNRS-8207, IRD-207 UFR Sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix - CS, 14032 CAEN Cedex 5, France
| | - Francis Orvain
- BOREA - Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, UPMC, UCN, CNRS-8207, IRD-207 UFR Sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix - CS, 14032 CAEN Cedex 5, France.
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39
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Whittington RJ, Hick P, Fuhrmann M, Liu O, Paul-Pont I. Removal of oyster pathogens from seawater. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106258. [PMID: 33243468 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - P Hick
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - M Fuhrmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - O Liu
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Aquatic Pest and Health Policy, Animal Health Policy Branch, Biosecurity Animal Division, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia(1)
| | - I Paul-Pont
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER Institut Universitaire Europeen de la Mer, 29280 Plouzane, France(1)
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40
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Pernet F, Lugué K, Petton B. Competition for food reduces disease susceptibility in a marine invertebrate. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer CNRS IRD LEMAR University of Brest PlouzaneF‐29280France
| | - Klervi Lugué
- Ifremer CNRS IRD LEMAR University of Brest PlouzaneF‐29280France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer CNRS IRD LEMAR University of Brest PlouzaneF‐29280France
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41
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Vincent-Hubert F, Wacrenier C, Morga B, Lozach S, Quenot E, Mège M, Lecadet C, Gourmelon M, Hervio-Heath D, Le Guyader FS. Passive Samplers, a Powerful Tool to Detect Viruses and Bacteria in Marine Coastal Areas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631174. [PMID: 33708186 PMCID: PMC7940377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of viruses and bacteria which can pose a threat either to shellfish health or shellfish consumers remains difficult. The current detection methods rely on point sampling of water, a method that gives a snapshot of the microorganisms present at the time of sampling. In order to obtain better representativeness of the presence of these microorganisms over time, we have developed passive sampling using the adsorption capacities of polymer membranes. Our objectives here were to assess the feasibility of this methodology for field detection. Different types of membrane were deployed in coastal waters over 2 years and the microorganisms tested using qPCR were: human norovirus (NoV) genogroups (G)I and II, sapovirus, Vibrio spp. and the species Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus, OsHV-1 virus, and bacterial markers of fecal contamination. NoV GII, Vibrio spp., and the AllBac general Bacteroidales marker were quantified on the three types of membrane. NoV GII and OsHV-1 viruses followed a seasonal distribution. All membranes were favorable for NoV GII detection, while Zetapor was more adapted for OsHV-1 detection. Nylon was more adapted for detection of Vibrio spp. and the AllBac marker. The quantities of NoV GII, AllBac, and Vibrio spp. recovered on membranes increased with the duration of exposure. This first application of passive sampling in seawater is particularly promising in terms of an early warning system for the prevention of contamination in oyster farming areas and to improve our knowledge on the timing and frequency of disease occurence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques, LGPMM/SG2M, La Tremblade, France
| | - Solen Lozach
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, Nantes, France
| | | | - Mickaël Mège
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques, LGPMM/SG2M, La Tremblade, France
| | - Cyrielle Lecadet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques, LGPMM/SG2M, La Tremblade, France
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Richard M, Rolland JL, Gueguen Y, de Lorgeril J, Pouzadoux J, Mostajir B, Bec B, Mas S, Parin D, Le Gall P, Mortreux S, Fiandrino A, Lagarde F, Messiaen G, Fortune M, Roque d'Orbcastel E. In situ characterisation of pathogen dynamics during a Pacific oyster mortality syndrome episode. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 165:105251. [PMID: 33548594 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant mortality of Crassostrea gigas juveniles is observed systematically every year worldwide. Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) is caused by Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection leading to immune suppression, followed by bacteraemia caused by a consortium of opportunistic bacteria. Using an in-situ approach and pelagic chambers, our aim in this study was to identify pathogen dynamics in oyster flesh and in the water column during the course of a mortality episode in the Mediterranean Thau lagoon (France). OsHV-1 concentrations in oyster flesh increased before the first clinical symptoms of the disease appeared, reached maximum concentrations during the moribund phase and the mortality peak. The structure of the bacterial community associated with oyster flesh changed in favour of bacterial genera previously associated with oyster mortality including Vibrio, Arcobacter, Psychrobium, and Psychrilyobacter. During the oyster mortality episode, releases of OsHV-1 and opportunistic bacteria were observed, in succession, in the water surrounding the oyster lanterns. These releases may favour the spread of disease within oyster farms and potentially impact other marine species, thereby reducing marine biodiversity in shellfish farming areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Richard
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France.
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France; Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, F-98800 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | | | - Behzad Mostajir
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Bec
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Mas
- OSU-OREME, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, IRSTEA, Sète, France
| | - David Parin
- OSU-OREME, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, IRSTEA, Sète, France
| | - Patrik Le Gall
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Serge Mortreux
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | | | - Franck Lagarde
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
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Petton B, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Pernet F, Toulza E, de Lorgeril J, Degremont L, Mitta G. The Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome, a Polymicrobial and Multifactorial Disease: State of Knowledge and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630343. [PMID: 33679773 PMCID: PMC7930376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (Crassostreae gigas) has been introduced from Asia to numerous countries around the world during the 20th century. C. gigas is the main oyster species farmed worldwide and represents more than 98% of oyster production. The severity of disease outbreaks that affect C. gigas, which primarily impact juvenile oysters, has increased dramatically since 2008. The most prevalent disease, Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), has become panzootic and represents a threat to the oyster industry. Recently, major steps towards understanding POMS have been achieved through integrative molecular approaches. These studies demonstrated that infection by Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 µVar (OsHV-1 µvar) is the first critical step in the infectious process and leads to an immunocompromised state by altering hemocyte physiology. This is followed by dysbiosis of the microbiota, which leads to a secondary colonization by opportunistic bacterial pathogens, which in turn results in oyster death. Host and environmental factors (e.g. oyster genetics and age, temperature, food availability, and microbiota) have been shown to influence POMS permissiveness. However, we still do not understand the mechanisms by which these different factors control disease expression. The present review discusses current knowledge of this polymicrobial and multifactorial disease process and explores the research avenues that must be investigated to fully elucidate the complexity of POMS. These discoveries will help in decision-making and will facilitate the development of tools and applied innovations for the sustainable and integrated management of oyster aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | | | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
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Prado-Alvarez M, García-Fernández P, Faury N, Azevedo C, Morga B, Gestal C. First detection of OsHV-1 in the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Is the octopus a dead-end for OsHV-1? J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107553. [PMID: 33596434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ostreid herpes virus (OsHV-1), associated with massive mortalities in the bivalve Crassostrea gigas, was detected for the first time in the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Wild adult animals from a natural breeding area in Spain showed an overall prevalence of detection of 87.5% between 2010 and 2015 suggesting an environmental source of viral material uptake. Overall positive PCR detections were significantly higher in adult animals (p = 0.031) compared to newly hatched paralarvae (62%). Prevalence in embryos reached 65%. Sequencing of positive amplicons revealed a match with the variant OsHV-1 µVar showing the genomic features that distinguish this variant in the ORF4. Gill tissues from adult animals were also processed for in situ hybridization and revealed positive labelling. Experimental exposure trials in octopus paralarvae were carried out by cohabitation with virus injected oysters and by immersion in viral suspension observing a significant decrease in paralarval survival in both experiments. An increase in the number of OsHV-1 positive animals was detected in dead paralarvae after cohabitation with virus injected oysters. No signs of viral replication were observed based on lack of viral gene expression or visualization of viral structures by transmission electron microscopy. The octopus response against OsHV-1 was evaluated by gene expression of previously reported transcripts involved in immune response in C. gigas suggesting that immune defences in octopus are also activated after exposure to OsHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prado-Alvarez
- Marine Molecular Pathobiology Group, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Marine Molecular Pathobiology Group, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Nicole Faury
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Carlos Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Morga
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Camino Gestal
- Marine Molecular Pathobiology Group, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Leprêtre M, Faury N, Segarra A, Claverol S, Degremont L, Palos-Ladeiro M, Armengaud J, Renault T, Morga B. Comparative Proteomics of Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 and Pacific Oyster Interactions With Two Families Exhibiting Contrasted Susceptibility to Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621994. [PMID: 33537036 PMCID: PMC7848083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive mortality outbreaks affecting Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) spat/juveniles are often associated with the detection of a herpesvirus called ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1). In this work, experimental infection trials of C. gigas spat with OsHV-1 were conducted using two contrasted Pacific oyster families for their susceptibility to viral infection. Live oysters were sampled at 12, 26, and 144 h post infection (hpi) to analyze host-pathogen interactions using comparative proteomics. Shotgun proteomics allowed the detection of seven viral proteins in infected oysters, some of them with potential immunomodulatoy functions. Viral proteins were mainly detected in susceptible oysters sampled at 26 hpi, which correlates with the mortality and viral load observed in this oyster family. Concerning the Pacific oyster proteome, more than 3,000 proteins were identified and contrasted proteomic responses were observed between infected A- and P-oysters, sampled at different post-injection times. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis performed on significantly modulated proteins uncover the main immune processes (such as RNA interference, interferon-like pathway, antioxidant defense) which contribute to the defense and resistance of Pacific oysters to viral infection. In the more susceptible Pacific oysters, results suggest that OsHV-1 manipulate the molecular machinery of host immune response, in particular the autophagy system. This immunomodulation may lead to weakening and consecutively triggering death of Pacific oysters. The identification of several highly modulated and defense-related Pacific oyster proteins from the most resistant oysters supports the crucial role played by the innate immune system against OsHV-1 and the viral infection. Our results confirm the implication of proteins involved in an interferon-like pathway for efficient antiviral defenses and suggest that proteins involved in RNA interference process prevent viral replication in C. gigas. Overall, this study shows the interest of multi-omic approaches applied on groups of animals with differing sensitivities and provides novel insight into the interaction between Pacific oyster and OsHV-1 with key proteins involved in viral infection resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leprêtre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, Reims, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire De Génétique Et Pathologie Des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Amélie Segarra
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Plateforme Protéome, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lionel Degremont
- SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire De Génétique Et Pathologie Des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Mélissa Palos-Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, Reims, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, DépartementMédicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Département Ressources Biologiques Et Environnement, Ifremer, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire De Génétique Et Pathologie Des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
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Vincent-Hubert F, Wacrenier C, Morga B, Lozach S, Quenot E, Mège M, Lecadet C, Gourmelon M, Hervio-Heath D, Le Guyader FS. Passive Samplers, a Powerful Tool to Detect Viruses and Bacteria in Marine Coastal Areas. Front Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 33708186 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631174/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of viruses and bacteria which can pose a threat either to shellfish health or shellfish consumers remains difficult. The current detection methods rely on point sampling of water, a method that gives a snapshot of the microorganisms present at the time of sampling. In order to obtain better representativeness of the presence of these microorganisms over time, we have developed passive sampling using the adsorption capacities of polymer membranes. Our objectives here were to assess the feasibility of this methodology for field detection. Different types of membrane were deployed in coastal waters over 2 years and the microorganisms tested using qPCR were: human norovirus (NoV) genogroups (G)I and II, sapovirus, Vibrio spp. and the species Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus, OsHV-1 virus, and bacterial markers of fecal contamination. NoV GII, Vibrio spp., and the AllBac general Bacteroidales marker were quantified on the three types of membrane. NoV GII and OsHV-1 viruses followed a seasonal distribution. All membranes were favorable for NoV GII detection, while Zetapor was more adapted for OsHV-1 detection. Nylon was more adapted for detection of Vibrio spp. and the AllBac marker. The quantities of NoV GII, AllBac, and Vibrio spp. recovered on membranes increased with the duration of exposure. This first application of passive sampling in seawater is particularly promising in terms of an early warning system for the prevention of contamination in oyster farming areas and to improve our knowledge on the timing and frequency of disease occurence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques, LGPMM/SG2M, La Tremblade, France
| | - Solen Lozach
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, Nantes, France
| | | | - Mickaël Mège
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques, LGPMM/SG2M, La Tremblade, France
| | - Cyrielle Lecadet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques, LGPMM/SG2M, La Tremblade, France
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Agnew MV, Friedman CS, Langdon C, Divilov K, Schoolfield B, Morga B, Degremont L, Dhar AK, Kirkland P, Dumbauld B, Burge CA. Differential Mortality and High Viral Load in Naive Pacific Oyster Families Exposed to OsHV-1 Suggests Tolerance Rather than Resistance to Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1057. [PMID: 33348814 PMCID: PMC7766980 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, are one of the most productive aquaculture species in the world. However, they are threatened by the spread of Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (collectively "µvars"), which cause mass mortalities in all life stages of Pacific oysters globally. Breeding programs have been successful in reducing mortality due to OsHV-1 variants following viral outbreaks; however, an OsHV-1-resistant oyster line does not yet exist in the United States (US), and it is unknown how OsHV-1 µvars will affect US oyster populations compared to the current variant, which is similar to the OsHV-1 reference, found in Tomales Bay, CA. The goals of this study were to investigate the resistance of C. gigas juveniles produced by the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) to three variants of OsHV-1: a California reference OsHV-1, an Australian µvar, and a French µvar. This is the first study to directly compare OsHV-1 µvars to a non-µvar. The survival probability of oysters exposed to the French (FRA) or Australian (AUS) µvar was significantly lower (43% and 71%, respectively) than to the reference variant and controls (96%). No oyster family demonstrated resistance to all three OsHV-1 variants, and many surviving oysters contained high copy numbers of viral DNA (mean ~3.53 × 108). These results indicate that the introduction of OsHV-1 µvars could have substantial effects on US Pacific oyster aquaculture if truly resistant lines are not achieved, and highlight the need to consider resistance to infection in addition to survival as traits in breeding programs to reduce the risk of the spread of OsHV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Agnew
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Carolyn S. Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Christopher Langdon
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, 17390 La Tremblade, France; (B.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Lionel Degremont
- Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, 17390 La Tremblade, France; (B.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Arun K. Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Peter Kirkland
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia;
| | - Brett Dumbauld
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, USDA-ARS, Newport, OR 97365, USA;
| | - Colleen A. Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
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Saco A, Rey-Campos M, Novoa B, Figueras A. Transcriptomic Response of Mussel Gills After a Vibrio splendidus Infection Demonstrates Their Role in the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:615580. [PMID: 33391288 PMCID: PMC7772429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are filter feeder bivalves that are constantly in contact with a wide range of microorganisms, some of which are potentially pathogenic. How mussels recognize and respond to pathogens has not been fully elucidated to date; therefore, we investigated the immune mechanisms that these animals employ in response to a bacterial bath infection from the surrounding water, mimicking the response that mussels mount under natural conditions. After the bath infection, mussels were able to remove the bacteria from their bodies and from the water tank. Accordingly, antibacterial activity was detected in gill extracts, demonstrating that this tissue plays a central role in removing and clearing potential pathogens. A transcriptomic study performed after a bath infection with Vibrio splendidus identified a total of 1,156 differentially expressed genes. The expression levels of genes contributing to a number of biological processes, such as immune response activation pathways and their regulation with cytokines, cell recognition, adhesion and apoptosis, were significantly modulated after infection, suggesting that the gills play important roles in pathogen recognition, as well as being activators and regulators of the mussel innate immune response. In addition to RNA-seq analysis, long non-coding RNAs and their neighboring genes were also analyzed and exhibited modulation after the bacterial challenge. The response of gills against bath infection was compared with the findings of a previous transcriptomic study on hemocytes responding to systemic infection, demonstrating the different and specific functions of gills. The results of this study indicate that recognition processes occur in the gill, thereby activating the effector agents of the immune response to overcome bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro Saco
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Magalí Rey-Campos
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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Liu S, Wang W, Liu Y, Cao W, Yuan P, Li J, Song X, Wang L, Song L. Protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) regulates autophagy of hemocytes in antiviral immunity of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 1:100002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2020.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Friedman CS, Reece KS, Wippel BJT, Agnew MV, Dégremont L, Dhar AK, Kirkland P, MacIntyre A, Morga B, Robison C, Burge CA. Unraveling concordant and varying responses of oyster species to Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 variants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139752. [PMID: 32846506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and variants, particularly the microvariants (μVars), are virulent and economically devastating viruses impacting oysters. Since 2008 OsHV-1 μVars have emerged rapidly having particularly damaging effects on aquaculture industries in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. We conducted field trials in Tomales Bay (TB), California where a non-μVar strain of OsHV-1 is established and demonstrated differential mortality of naturally exposed seed of three stocks of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and one stock of Kumamoto oyster, C. sikamea. Oysters exposed in the field experienced differential mortality that ranged from 64 to 99% in Pacific oysters (Tasmania>Midori = Willapa stocks), which was much higher than that of Kumamoto oysters (25%). Injection trials were done using French (FRA) and Australian (AUS) μVars with the same oyster stocks as planted in the field and, in addition, two stocks of the Eastern oyster, C. virginica. No mortality was observed in control oysters. One C. virginica stock suffered ~10% mortality when challenged with both μVars tested. Two Pacific oyster stocks suffered 75 to 90% mortality, while one C. gigas stock had relatively low mortality when challenged with the AUS μVar (~22%) and higher mortality when challenged with the French μVar (~72%). Conversely, C. sikamea suffered lower mortality when challenged with the French μVar (~22%) and higher mortality with the AUS μVar (~44%). All dead oysters had higher viral loads (~1000×) as measured by quantitative PCR relative to those that survived. However, some survivors had high levels of virus, including those from species with lower mortality. Field mortality in TB correlated with laboratory mortality of the FRA μVar (69% correlation) but not with that of the AUS μVar, which also lacked correlation with the FRA μVar. The variation in response to OsHV-1 variant challenges by oyster species and stocks demonstrates the need for empirical assessment of multiple OsHV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
| | - Bryanda J T Wippel
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - M Victoria Agnew
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Station La Tremblade, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1117 E Lowell Road, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Peter Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Alanna MacIntyre
- Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Station La Tremblade, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Clara Robison
- Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
| | - Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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