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Paul C, Bartkowski B, Dönmez C, Don A, Mayer S, Steffens M, Weigl S, Wiesmeier M, Wolf A, Helming K. Carbon farming: Are soil carbon certificates a suitable tool for climate change mitigation? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 330:117142. [PMID: 36608610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural soils removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and contributes towards achieving carbon neutrality. For farmers, higher SOC levels have multiple benefits, including increased soil fertility and resilience against drought-related yield losses. However, increasing SOC levels requires agricultural management changes that are associated with costs. Private soil carbon certificates could compensate for these costs. In these schemes, farmers register their fields with commercial certificate providers who certify SOC increases. Certificates are then sold as voluntary emission offsets on the carbon market. In this paper, we assess the suitability of these certificates as an instrument for climate change mitigation. From a soils' perspective, we address processes of SOC enrichment, their potentials and limits, and options for cost-effective measurement and monitoring. From a farmers' perspective, we assess management options likely to increase SOC, and discuss their synergies and trade-offs with economic, environmental and social targets. From a governance perspective, we address requirements to guarantee additionality and permanence while preventing leakage effects. Furthermore, we address questions of legitimacy and accountability. While increasing SOC is a cornerstone for more sustainable cropping systems, private carbon certificates fall short of expectations for climate change mitigation as permanence of SOC sequestration cannot be guaranteed. Governance challenges include lack of long-term monitoring, problems to ensure additionality, problems to safeguard against leakage effects, and lack of long-term accountability if stored SOC is re-emitted. We conclude that soil-based private carbon certificates are unlikely to deliver the emission offset attributed to them and that their benefit for climate change mitigation is uncertain. Additional research is needed to develop standards for SOC change metrics and monitoring, and to better understand the impact of short term, non-permanent carbon removals on peaks in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and on the probability of exceeding climatic tipping points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Paul
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
| | - Bartosz Bartkowski
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Economics, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cenk Dönmez
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany; Cukurova University, Landscape Architecture Department, Remote Sensing and GIS Lab, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Axel Don
- Thünen Institute of Climate Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 65, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mayer
- Chair of Soil Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Steffens
- Department of Soil Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Weigl
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmeier
- Chair of Soil Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany; Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Organic Farming, Soil and Resource Management, Vöttinger Straße 38, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - André Wolf
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental and Planning Law, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Helming
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany; Faculty of Landscape Management and Nature Conservation, University of Sustainable Development (HNEE), Schicklerstr. 5, 16225, Eberswalde, Germany
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Li Y, Qing C, Guo S, Deng X, Song J, Xu D. Will farmers follow their peers in adopting straw returning? Evidence from rural Sichuan Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21169-21185. [PMID: 36264456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
From the perspective of conformity tendency, based on 540 farmers' data in Sichuan Province, China, the study used the probability score matching (PSM) model and mediator model to explore the role of four types of peers' straw returning behavior on farmers' preferences to implement straw returning and the realization paths. It was found that (1) farmers' preferences to implement straw returning were influenced by the straw returning behavior of neighbors, relatives, wealthy villagers, and village cadres, i.e., there were conformity tendencies in farmers' straw returning decisions. (2) The degree of conformity tendencies formed by different peers varied. Among the peers affecting farmers' preferences to implement straw returning, the effect of village cadres was the largest, followed by neighbors, relatives, and the wealthy villagers. (3) The degree of conformity tendencies varied by decision-makers. The younger and less educated the farmers were, the more willing they were to adopt straw returning driven by their neighbors, relatives, wealthy villagers, and village cadres. (4) In the conformity tendencies (including conformity to neighbors, relatives, wealthy villagers, and village cadres) of straw returning, farmers' perceptions of income benefits and environmental benefits played a significant mediating role, and the perception of environmental benefits was more vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Li
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chen Qing
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shili Guo
- China Western Economic Research Center, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Xin Deng
- College of Economics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiahao Song
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dingde Xu
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Sichuan Center for Rural Development Research, College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Struijk M, Whitmore AP, Mortimer S, Shu X, Sizmur T. Absence of a home-field advantage within a short-rotation arable cropping system. PLANT AND SOIL 2022; 488:39-55. [PMID: 37600963 PMCID: PMC10435649 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-022-05419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Aims The home-field advantage (HFA) hypothesis predicts faster decomposition of plant residues in home soil compared to soils with different plants (away), and has been demonstrated in forest and grassland ecosystems. It remains unclear if this legacy effect applies to crop residue decomposition in arable crop rotations. Such knowledge could improve our understanding of decomposition dynamics in arable soils and may allow optimisation of crop residue amendments in arable systems by cleverly combining crop-residue rotations with crop rotations to increase the amount of residue-derived C persisting in soil. Methods We tested the HFA hypothesis in a reciprocal transplant experiment with mesh bags containing wheat and oilseed rape residues in soils at three stages of a short-rotation cropping system. Subsets of mesh bags were retrieved monthly for six months to determine residue decomposition rates, concomitantly measuring soil available N, microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acid analysis), and microbial activity (Tea Bag Index protocol) to assess how plants may influence litter decomposition rates via alterations to soil biochemical properties and microbial communities. Results The residues decomposed at similar rates at all rotational stages. Thorough data investigation using several statistical approaches revealed no HFA within the crop rotation. Soil microbial community structures were similar at all rotational stages. Conclusions We attribute the absence of an HFA to the shortness of the rotation and soil disturbance involved in intensive agricultural practices. It is therefore unlikely that appreciable benefits could be obtained in short conventionally managed arable rotations by introducing a crop-residue rotation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-022-05419-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Struijk
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Andrew P. Whitmore
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Simon Mortimer
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Xin Shu
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Tom Sizmur
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Abalos D, Rittl TF, Recous S, Thiébeau P, Topp CFE, van Groenigen KJ, Butterbach-Bahl K, Thorman RE, Smith KE, Ahuja I, Olesen JE, Bleken MA, Rees RM, Hansen S. Predicting field N 2O emissions from crop residues based on their biochemical composition: A meta-analytical approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152532. [PMID: 34952057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crop residue incorporation is a common practice to increase or restore organic matter stocks in agricultural soils. However, this practice often increases emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Previous meta-analyses have linked various biochemical properties of crop residues to N2O emissions, but the relationships between these properties have been overlooked, hampering our ability to predict N2O emissions from specific residues. Here we combine comprehensive databases for N2O emissions from crop residues and crop residue biochemical characteristics with a random-meta-forest approach, to develop a predictive framework of crop residue effects on N2O emissions. On average, crop residue incorporation increased soil N2O emissions by 43% compared to residue removal, however crop residues led to both increases and reductions in N2O emissions. Crop residue effects on N2O emissions were best predicted by easily degradable fractions (i.e. water soluble carbon, soluble Van Soest fraction (NDS)), structural fractions and N returned with crop residues. The relationship between these biochemical properties and N2O emissions differed widely in terms of form and direction. However, due to the strong correlations among these properties, we were able to develop a simplified classification for crop residues based on the stage of physiological maturity of the plant at which the residue was generated. This maturity criteria provided the most robust and yet simple approach to categorize crop residues according to their potential to regulate N2O emissions. Immature residues (high water soluble carbon, soluble NDS and total N concentration, low relative cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin fractions, and low C:N ratio) strongly stimulated N2O emissions, whereas mature residues with opposite characteristics had marginal effects on N2O. The most important crop types belonging to the immature residue group - cover crops, grasslands and vegetables - are important for the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Thus, these residues should be managed properly to avoid their potentially high N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Abalos
- Department of Agroecology, iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Tatiana F Rittl
- NORSØK-Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture, Gunnars veg 6, 6630 Tingvoll, Norway
| | - Sylvie Recous
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Pascal Thiébeau
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Cairistiona F E Topp
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Kees Jan van Groenigen
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4 RJ, UK
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Rachel E Thorman
- ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge CB23 4NN, UK
| | - Kate E Smith
- ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge CB23 4NN, UK
| | - Ishita Ahuja
- NORSØK-Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture, Gunnars veg 6, 6630 Tingvoll, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Skolegata 22, 7713 Steinkjer, Norway
| | - Jørgen E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Marina A Bleken
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Elizabeth Stephensv. 13, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Robert M Rees
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Sissel Hansen
- NORSØK-Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture, Gunnars veg 6, 6630 Tingvoll, Norway
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Role of Biofuels in Energy Transition, Green Economy and Carbon Neutrality. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern civilization is heavily reliant on petroleum-based fuels to meet the energy demand of the transportation sector. However, burning fossil fuels in engines emits greenhouse gas emissions that harm the environment. Biofuels are commonly regarded as an alternative for sustainable transportation and economic development. Algal-based fuels, solar fuels, e-fuels, and CO2-to-fuels are marketed as next-generation sources that address the shortcomings of first-generation and second-generation biofuels. This article investigates the benefits, limitations, and trends in different generations of biofuels through a review of the literature. The study also addresses the newer generation of biofuels highlighting the social, economic, and environmental aspects, providing the reader with information on long-term sustainability. The use of nanoparticles in the commercialization of biofuel is also highlighted. Finally, the paper discusses the recent advancements that potentially enable a sustainable energy transition, green economy, and carbon neutrality in the biofuel sector.
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Effects of Application of Recycled Chicken Manure and Spent Mushroom Substrate on Organic Matter, Acidity, and Hydraulic Properties of Sandy Soils. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14144036. [PMID: 34300955 PMCID: PMC8304810 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soil organic matter is a key resource base for agriculture. However, its content in cultivated soils is low and often decreases. This study aimed at examining the effects of long-term application of chicken manure (CM) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on organic matter accumulation, acidity, and hydraulic properties of soil. Two podzol soils with sandy texture in Podlasie Region (Poland) were enriched with recycled CM (10 Mg ha−1) and SMS (20 Mg ha−1), respectively, every 1–2 years for 20 years. The application of CM and SMS increased soil organic matter content at the depths of 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm, especially at 0–20 cm (by 102–201%). The initial soil pH increased in the CM- and SMS-amended soil by 1.7–2.0 units and 1.0–1.2 units, respectively. Soil bulk density at comparable depths increased and decreased following the addition of CM and SMS, respectively. The addition of CM increased field water capacity (at –100 hPa) in the range from 45.8 to 117.8% depending on the depth within the 0–60 cm layer. In the case of the SMS addition, the value of the parameter was in the range of 42.4–48.5% at two depths within 0–40 cm. Depending on the depth, CM reduced the content of transmission pores (>50 µm) in the range from 46.3 to 82.3% and increased the level of residual pores (<0.5 µm) by 91.0–198.6%. SMS increased the content of residual pores at the successive depths by 121.8, 251.0, and 30.3% and decreased or increased the content of transmission and storage pores. Additionally, it significantly reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within 0–40 cm. The fitted unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within the 0–40 cm layer increased and decreased in the CM- and SMS-amended soils, respectively. The results provide a novel insight into the application of recycled organic materials to sequester soil organic matter and improve crop productivity by increasing soil water retention capacity and decreasing acidity. This is of particular importance in the case of the studied low-productivity sandy acidic soils that have to be used in agriculture due to limited global land resources and rising food demand.
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Liu Z, Zhou H, Xie W, Yang Z, Lv Q. Long-term effects of maize straw return and manure on the microbial community in cinnamon soil in Northern China using 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249884. [PMID: 33886593 PMCID: PMC8062091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural practices have demonstrated a significant impact on microbial diversity and community in soil by altering soil physical and chemical properties, thereby leading to a certain degree of soil salinization and nutritional imbalances. As an organic amendment, maize straw has been widely used to improve soil quality; however, its effect on the soil bacterial community remains limited in Calcarie-Fluvie Cambisols soil in semi-humid arid plateau of North China. In the present experiment, we investigated the effects of continuous straw utilization and fertilization on bacterial communities in Shouyang, Shanxi province, China. Soil samples were collected from 5 different straw utilization and fertilization modes in the following ways: straw mulching (SM), straw crushing (SC), cattle manure (CM), in which way straw is firstly used as silage and then organic fertilizer, control with no straw return (NSR), and control without fertilizers (CK), same amount of N+P fertilizer was applied to the regimes except CK. High-throughput sequencing approaches were applied to the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA for analysis of the bacterial abundance and community structures. Different long-term straw returning regimes significantly altered the physicochemical properties and bacterial communities of soil, among which CM had the most significant effects on soil fertility and bacterial diversity. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes were consistently dominant in all soil samples, and Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed significant association of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and available potassium (AK) with alternation of the bacterial community. Cattle manure had the most beneficial effects on soil fertility and bacterial diversity among different straw utilization and fertilization modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Huaiping Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenyan Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
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Zhang C, Lin Z, Que Y, Fallah N, Tayyab M, Li S, Luo J, Zhang Z, Abubakar AY, Zhang H. Straw retention efficiently improves fungal communities and functions in the fallow ecosystem. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:52. [PMID: 33596827 PMCID: PMC7890633 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Straw retention is a substitute for chemical fertilizers, which effectively maintain organic matter and improve microbial communities on agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to provide sufficient information on soil fungal community networks and their functions in response to straw retention. Hence, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Illumina MiSeq (ITS rRNA) and FUNGuild to examine ITS rRNA gene populations, soil fungal succession and their functions under control (CK) and sugarcane straw retention (SR) treatments at different soil layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm) in fallow fields. RESULT The result showed that SR significantly enhanced ITS rRNA gene copy number and Shannon index at 0-10 cm soil depth. Fungi abundance, OTUs number and ACE index decreased with the increasing soil depth. The ANOSIM analysis revealed that the fungal community of SR significantly differed from that of CK. Similarly, significant difference was also observed between topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm). Compared with CK, SR decreased the relative abundance of the pathogen, while increased the proportion of saprotroph. Regarding soil depth, pathogen relative abundance in topsoil was lower than that in subsoil. Besides, both sugarcane straw retention and soil depths (topsoil and subsoil) significantly altered the co-occurrence patterns and fungal keystone taxa closely related to straw decomposition. Furthermore, both SR and topsoil had higher average clustering coefficients (aveCC), negative edges and varied modularity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, straw retention improved α-diversity, network structure and fungal community, while reduced soil pathogenic microbes across the entire soil profile. Thus, retaining straw to improve fungal composition, community stability and their functions, in addition to reducing soil-borne pathogens, can be an essential agronomic practice in developing a sustainable agricultural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zhaoli Lin
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Nyumah Fallah
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zichu Zhang
- Fuzhou No.8 High School, Fuzhou, 350000 China
| | - Ahmad Yusuf Abubakar
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Admixing Chaff with Straw Increased the Residues Collected without Compromising Machinery Efficiencies. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13071766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The collection of residues from staple crop may contribute to meet EU regulations in renewable energy production without harming soil quality. At a global scale, chaff may have great potential to be used as a bioenergy source. However, chaff is not usually collected, and its loss can consist of up to one-fifth of the residual biomass harvestable. In the present work, a spreader able to manage the chaff (either spreading [SPR] on the soil aside to the straw swath or admixed [ADM] with the straw) at varying threshing conditions (with either 1 or 2 threshing rotors [1R and 2R, respectively] in the combine, which affects the mean length of the straw pieces). The fractions of the biomass available in field (grain, chaff, straw, and stubble) were measured, along with the performances of both grain harvesting and baling operations. Admixing chaff allowed for a slightly higher amount of straw fresh weight baled compared to SPR (+336 kg straw ha−1), but such result was not evident on a dry weight basis. At the one time, admixing chaff reduced the material capacity of the combine by 12.9%. Using 2R compared to 1R strongly reduced the length of the straw pieces, and increased the bale unit weight; however, it reduced the field efficiency of the grain harvesting operations by 11.9%. On average, the straw loss did not vary by the treatments applied and was 44% of the total residues available (computed excluding the stubble). In conclusion, admixing of chaff with straw is an option to increase the residues collected without compromising grain harvesting and straw baling efficiencies; in addition, it can reduce the energy needs for the bale logistics. According to the present data, improving the chaff collection can allow halving the loss of residues. However, further studies are needed to optimise both the chaff and the straw recoveries.
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Bai X, Huang Y, Ren W, Coyne M, Jacinthe PA, Tao B, Hui D, Yang J, Matocha C. Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate-smart agriculture practices: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2591-2606. [PMID: 31002465 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) management practices (e.g., conservation tillage, cover crops, and biochar applications) have been widely adopted to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring crop productivity. However, current measurements regarding the influences of CSA management practices on SOC sequestration diverge widely, making it difficult to derive conclusions about individual and combined CSA management effects and bringing large uncertainties in quantifying the potential of the agricultural sector to mitigate climate change. We conducted a meta-analysis of 3,049 paired measurements from 417 peer-reviewed articles to examine the effects of three common CSA management practices on SOC sequestration as well as the environmental controlling factors. We found that, on average, biochar applications represented the most effective approach for increasing SOC content (39%), followed by cover crops (6%) and conservation tillage (5%). Further analysis suggested that the effects of CSA management practices were more pronounced in areas with relatively warmer climates or lower nitrogen fertilizer inputs. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that, through adopting CSA practices, cropland could be an improved carbon sink. We also highlight the importance of considering local environmental factors (e.g., climate and soil conditions and their combination with other management practices) in identifying appropriate CSA practices for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongxiong Bai
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yawen Huang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mark Coyne
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Bo Tao
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chris Matocha
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Christodoulou E, Agapiou A, Anastopoulos I, Omirou M, Ioannides IM. The effects of different soil nutrient management schemes in nitrogen cycling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 243:168-176. [PMID: 31096170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is imperative for sustainable agriculture to explore practices and inputs creating low N2O emission capacity without reducing the productivity of the agricultural system. To evaluate different nutrient management schemes, a microcosm study was conducted to assess the direct N2O emission from soil. Four different treatments were used to provide a preliminary assessment of N2O emissions, as well as the concentrations of nitrates (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) produced in soil: compost (derived from green plant residues), chickpea residues (green manure) in two different N concentrations (2.6% and 5.5%, respectively) and ammonium nitrate (fertilizer). The soil was thoroughly mixed with the organic amendments and ammonium nitrate and incubated for 31 days. The emissions of N2O were higher in green manure with high-N content, as a source of nitrogen in the soil, and were similar to the emissions measured from the chemically fertilized soil. In particular, chickpea residues, with high-N content, exhibited cumulative N2O emissions, equal to 266.17 μg N/m2, whereas in fertilized soil the emissions were 267.10 μg N/m2. On the contrary, the incorporation of chickpea plant residues with low-N content can be an efficient way to minimize the N2O emissions at 21.63 μg N/m2. The emissions of N2O when compost was applied, remained relatively low, equal to 5.47 μg N/m2, and in comparison to soil without any treatment. Overall, a positive association between NH4+, NO3- in soil and N2O emissions were observed. However, this response was treatment depended, and the significant positive correlation between NH4+ and N2O emissions were noticed in soils treated with ammonium nitrate, chickpea residues with low N content, as well as untreated controls. On the contrary, the positive correlation observed between NO3- and N2O emissions in soils receiving compost and high N chickpea residues, suggest that the different treatments are differentially affecting the processes that are contributing to N2O emissions in agricultural soils. These findings, emphasize that the different nutrient management schemes are differentially affecting the main process contributing to N2O emissions in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Christodoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus.
| | - Ioannis Anastopoulos
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 22016, Nicosia, 1516, Cyprus
| | - Michalis Omirou
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 22016, Nicosia, 1516, Cyprus.
| | - Ioannis M Ioannides
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 22016, Nicosia, 1516, Cyprus
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Zhao X, Zhu M, Guo X, Wang H, Sui B, Zhao L. Organic carbon content and humus composition after application aluminum sulfate and rice straw to soda saline-alkaline soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13746-13754. [PMID: 30008165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The soil organic carbon accumulation in soda saline-alkaline soil and the humus composition changes with application of aluminum sulfate and rice straw were investigated by the controlled simulative experiments in laboratory. For evaluating the amelioration effect, organic carbon content and humus composition in soda saline-alkaline soil were investigated with different application amounts of rice straw and aluminum sulfate. Potassium dichromate oxidation titration (exogenous heat) method and Kumada method were used to analyze the contents of organic carbon and humus composition, respectively. The transformation of soil organic matter in the saline-alkali soil during the amelioration has been clarified in this paper. The results demonstrated that the contents of soil organic carbon were significantly increased (13-92%) with different application amounts of rice straw and aluminum sulfate. The contents of free fraction and combined fraction of humus and their compositions (humic acid and fulvic acid) were increased with different application amounts of rice straw. The free fraction of humus was increased more dramatically. Due to aluminum sulfate application, free fraction of humus and humic acid (HA) was transformed to combined fraction partially. Free HA was changed to be P type with rice straw application. With aluminum sulfate application, free form of HA was changed from type P to type Rp. For rice straw application, combined HA only was transferred within the area of type A. Aluminum sulfate addition had no significant effect on the type of combined form of HA. With the same amount of rice straw application, the contents of soil organic carbon were increased by increasing the amount of aluminum sulfate application. Both rice straw and aluminum sulfate applications could reduce the humification degree of free and combined fraction of HA. According to the types of HA, it could be concluded that humus became younger and renewed due to the application of rice straw and aluminum sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Zhao
- College of Resource and Environment, Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Menglong Zhu
- College of Resource and Environment, Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Biao Sui
- College of Resource and Environment, Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Lanpo Zhao
- College of Resource and Environment, Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Xia L, Lam SK, Wolf B, Kiese R, Chen D, Butterbach-Bahl K. Trade-offs between soil carbon sequestration and reactive nitrogen losses under straw return in global agroecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5919-5932. [PMID: 30295405 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recommended that crop straw be returned to croplands to maintain or increase soil carbon (C) storage in arable soils. However, because C and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles are closely coupled, straw return may also affect soil reactive N (Nr) losses, but these effects remain uncertain, especially in terms of the interactions between soil C sequestration and Nr losses under straw addition. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis using 363 publications to assess the overall effects of straw return on soil Nr losses, C sequestration and crop productivity in agroecosystems. Our results show that on average, compared to mineral N fertilization, straw return with same amount of mineral N fertilizer significantly increased soil organic C (SOC) content (14.9%), crop yield (5.1%), and crop N uptake (10.9%). Moreover, Nr losses in the form of nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions from rice paddies (17.3%), N leaching (8.7%), and runoff (25.6%) were significantly reduced, mainly due to enhanced microbial N immobilization. However, N2 O emissions from upland fields (21.5%) and ammonia (NH3 ) emissions (17.0%) significantly increased following straw return, mainly due to the stimulation of nitrification/denitrification and soil urease activity. The increase in NH3 and N2 O emissions was significantly and negatively correlated with straw C/N ratio and soil clay content. Regarding the interactions between C sequestration and Nr losses, the increase in SOC content following straw return was significantly and positively correlated with the decrease in N leaching and runoff. However, at a global scale, straw return increased net Nr losses from both rice and upland fields due to a greater stimulation of NH3 emissions than the reduction in N leaching and runoff. The trade-offs between increased net Nr losses and soil C sequestration highlight the importance of reasonably managing straw return to soils to limit NH3 emissions without decreasing associated C sequestration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Shu Kee Lam
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wolf
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ralf Kiese
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Deli Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Application of Rumen Microorganisms for Enhancing Biogas Production of Corn Straw and Livestock Manure in a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Digestion System: Performance and Microbial Community Analysis. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen X, Hu Y, Feng S, Rui Y, Zhang Z, He H, He X, Ge T, Wu J, Su Y. Lignin and cellulose dynamics with straw incorporation in two contrasting cropping soils. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1633. [PMID: 29374246 PMCID: PMC5786085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of crop residues is essential to enhance soil organic matter in arable ecosystems. Here, we monitored the dynamics of cellulose and lignin, the most abundant constituents of plant residues, and their relationships with enzyme activities, microbial gene abundances and soil properties after 13-year long-term and one-year short-term crop straw incorporation into upland and upland-paddy soils in a field-based experiment. Lignin, rather than cellulose, accumulated in both soils following straw incorporation. Cellulose was almost completely converted into non-cellulose forms within 6 and 3 months after straw incorporation into upland and upland-paddy rotation soils, respectively. Whereas, lignin accumulated at the rate of 129 and 137 mg kg-1 yr-1 within 13 years' straw incorporation in upland and upland-paddy rotation, respectively. The predominance of recalcitrant vanillyl monomers in upland-paddy rotation indicated a high stability of lignin. Structural equation models revealed that the key factor driving cellulose and lignin dynamics was available nitrogen, followed by enzymes activities (cellobiohydrolases and laccases) and functional genes abundances (cbhI and laccase-like) as mediated by soil pH. Our findings highlighted that upland might have higher carbon sequestration rate, whereas upland-paddy rotation system was more beneficial for accumulation of recalcitrant organic fractions under crop residue incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China
- Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, P.R. China
| | - Yichao Rui
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo He
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua He
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Tida Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China
| | - Yirong Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China.
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Huang R, Lan M, Liu J, Gao M. Soil aggregate and organic carbon distribution at dry land soil and paddy soil: the role of different straws returning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27942-27952. [PMID: 28988326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture wastes returning to soil is one of common ways to reuse crop straws in China. The returned straws are expected to improve the fertility and structural stability of soil during the degradation of straw it selves. The in situ effect of different straw (wheat, rice, maize, rape, and broad bean) applications for soil aggregate stability and soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution were studied at both dry land soil and paddy soil in this study. Wet sieving procedures were used to separate soil aggregate sizes. Aggregate stability indicators including mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, mean weight of specific surface area, and the fractal dimension were used to evaluate soil aggregate stability after the incubation of straws returning. Meanwhile, the variation and distribution of SOC in different-sized aggregates were further studied. Results showed that the application of straws, especially rape straw at dry land soil and rice straw at paddy soil, increased the fractions of macro-aggregate (> 0.25 mm) and micro-aggregate (0.25-0.053 mm). Suggesting the nutrients released from straw degradation promotes the growing of soil aggregates directly and indirectly. The application of different straws increased the SOC content at both soils and the SOC mainly distributed at < 0.53 mm aggregates. However, the contribution of SOC in macro- and micro-aggregates increased. Straw-applied paddy soil have a higher total SOC content but lower SOC contents at > 0.25 and 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates with dry land soil. Rape straw in dry land and rice straw in paddy field could stabilize soil aggregates and increasing SOC contents best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Muling Lan
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Physical access for residue-mineral interactions controls organic carbon retention in an Oxisol soil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6317. [PMID: 28740177 PMCID: PMC5524704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxisol soils are widely distributed in the humid tropical and subtropical regions and are generally characterized with high contents of metal oxides. High metal oxides are believed to facilitate organic carbon (C) accumulation via mineral-organic C interactions but Oxisols often have low organic C. Yet, the causes that constrain organic C accumulation in Oxisol soil are not exactly clear. Here we report results from a microcosm experiment that evaluated how the quantity and size of crop residue fragments affect soil C retention in a typical Oxisol soil in southeast China. We found that there were significantly higher levels of dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass C (MBC) and C accumulation in the heavy soil fraction in soil amended with fine-sized (<0.2 mm) compared with coarse-sized (5.0 mm) fragments. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis further showed that fine-sized residues promoted stabilization of aliphatic C-H and carboxylic C=O compounds associated with mineral phases. In addition, correlation analysis revealed that the increased content of organic C in the heavy soil fraction was positively correlated with increased DOC and MBC. Together, these results suggest that enhancement of contact between organic materials and soil minerals may promote C stabilization in Oxisols.
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Sizmur T, Martin E, Wagner K, Parmentier E, Watts C, Whitmore AP. Milled cereal straw accelerates earthworm ( Lumbricus terrestris) growth more than selected organic amendments. APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY : A SECTION OF AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 113:166-177. [PMID: 28469291 PMCID: PMC5391807 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms benefit agriculture by providing several ecosystem services. Therefore, strategies to increase earthworm abundance and activity in agricultural soils should be identified, and encouraged. Lumbricus terrestris earthworms primarily feed on organic inputs to soils but it is not known which organic amendments are the most effective for increasing earthworm populations. We conducted earthworm surveys in the field and carried out experiments in single-earthworm microcosms to determine the optimum food source for increasing earthworm biomass using a selection of crop residues and organic wastes available to agriculture. We found that although farmyard manure increased earthworm populations more than cereal straw in the field, straw increased earthworm biomass more than manures when milled and applied to microcosms. Earthworm growth rates were positively correlated with the calorific value of the amendment and straw had a much higher calorific value than farmyard manure, greenwaste compost, or anaerobic digestate. Reducing the particle size of straw by milling to <3 mm made the energy in the straw more accessible to earthworms. The benefits and barriers to applying milled straw to arable soils in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sizmur
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Corresponding author. Present address: Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Russell Building, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK.Department of Geography and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Elodie Martin
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs et de Techniciens pour l'Agriculture, Rouen, France
| | - Kevin Wagner
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Emilie Parmentier
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs et de Techniciens pour l'Agriculture, Rouen, France
| | - Chris Watts
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Andrew P Whitmore
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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Singh P, Heikkinen J, Ketoja E, Nuutinen V, Palojärvi A, Sheehy J, Esala M, Mitra S, Alakukku L, Regina K. Tillage and crop residue management methods had minor effects on the stock and stabilization of topsoil carbon in a 30-year field experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:337-344. [PMID: 25770946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of tillage and straw management on soil aggregation and soil carbon sequestration in a 30-year split-plot experiment on clay soil in southern Finland. The experimental plots were under conventional or reduced tillage with straw retained, removed or burnt. Wet sieving was done to study organic carbon and soil composition divided in four fractions: 1) large macroaggregates, 2) small macroaggregates, 3) microaggregates and 4) silt and clay. To further estimate the stability of carbon in the soil, coarse particulate organic matter, microaggregates and silt and clay were isolated from the macroaggregates. Total carbon stock in the topsoil (equivalent to 200 kg m(-2)) was slightly lower under reduced tillage (5.0 kg m(-2)) than under conventional tillage (5.2 kg m(-2)). Reduced tillage changed the soil composition by increasing the percentage of macroaggregates and decreasing the percentage of microaggregates. There was no evidence of differences in the composition of the macroaggregates or carbon content in the macroaggregate-occluded fractions. However, due to the higher total amount of macroaggregates in the soil, more carbon was bound to the macroaggregate-occluded microaggregates in reduced tillage. Compared with plowed soil, the density of deep burrowing earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) was considerably higher under reduced tillage and positively associated with the percentage of large macroaggregates. The total amount of microbial biomass carbon did not differ between the treatments. Straw management did not have discernible effects either on soil aggregation or soil carbon stock. We conclude that although reduced tillage can improve clay soil structure, generally the chances to increase topsoil carbon sequestration by reduced tillage or straw management practices appear limited in cereal monoculture systems of the boreal region. This may be related to the already high C content of soils, the precipitation level favoring decomposition and aggregate turnover in the winter with topsoil frost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Jaakko Heikkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Elise Ketoja
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Visa Nuutinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Ansa Palojärvi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Jatta Sheehy
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Martti Esala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Sudip Mitra
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Assam, India.
| | - Laura Alakukku
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kristiina Regina
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
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Feliciano D, Hunter C, Slee B, Smith P. Selecting land-based mitigation practices to reduce GHG emissions from the rural land use sector: a case study of North East Scotland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 120:93-104. [PMID: 23507248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 commits Scotland to reduce GHG emissions by at least 42% by 2020 and 80% by 2050, from 1990 levels. According to the Climate Change Delivery Plan, the desired emission reduction for the rural land use sector (agriculture and other land uses) is 21% compared to 1990, or 10% compared to 2006 levels. In 2006, in North East Scotland, gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rural land uses were about 1599 ktCO2e. Thus, to achieve a 10% reduction in 2020 relative to 2006, emissions would have to decrease to about 1440 ktCO2e. This study developed a methodology to help selecting land-based practices to mitigate GHG emissions at the regional level. The main criterion used was the "full" mitigation potential of each practice. A mix of methods was used to undertake this study, namely a literature review and quantitative estimates. The mitigation practice that offered greatest "full" mitigation potential (≈66% reduction by 2020 relative to 2006) was woodland planting with Sitka spruce. Several barriers, such as economic, social, political and institutional, affect the uptake of mitigation practices in the region. Consequently the achieved mitigation potential of a practice may be lower than its "full" mitigation potential. Surveys and focus groups, with relevant stakeholders, need to be undertaken to assess the real area where mitigation practices can be implemented and the best way to overcome the barriers for their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Feliciano
- Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability, University of Aberdeen, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH Scotland, UK.
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O'Toole A, Knoth de Zarruk K, Steffens M, Rasse DP. Characterization, stability, and plant effects of kiln-produced wheat straw biochar. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:429-436. [PMID: 23673835 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising technology for improving soil quality and sequestering C in the long term. Although modern pyrolysis technologies are being developed, kiln technologies often remain the most accessible method for biochar production. The objective of the present study was to assess biochar characteristics, stability in soil, and agronomic effects of a kiln-produced biochar. Wheat-straw biochar was produced in a double-barrel kiln and analyzed by solid-state C nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy. Two experiments were conducted with biochar mixed into an Ap-horizon sandy loam. In the first experiment, CO efflux was monitored for 3 mo in plant-free soil columns across four treatments (0, 10, 50, and 100 Mg biochar ha). In the second experiment, ryegrass was grown in pots having received 17 and 54 Mg biochar ha combined with four N rates from 144 to 288 kg N ha. Our kiln method generated a wheat-straw biochar with carbon content composed of 92% of aromatic structures. Our results suggest that the biochar lost <0.16% C as CO over the 90-d incubation period. Biomass yields were not significantly modified by biochar treatments, except for a slight decrease at the 144 kg N ha rate. Foliar N concentrations were significantly reduced by biochar application. Biochar significantly increased soil water content; however, this increase did not result in increased biomass yield. In conclusion, our kiln-produced biochar was highly aromatic and appeared quite recalcitrant in soil but had no overall significant impact on ryegrass yields.
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van Groenigen KJ, Hastings A, Forristal D, Roth B, Jones M, Smith P. Soil C storage as affected by tillage and straw management: An assessment using field measurements and model predictions. AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 140:218-225. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Lu F, Wang X, Han B, Ouyang Z, Duan X, Zheng H. Net mitigation potential of straw return to Chinese cropland: estimation with a full greenhouse gas budget model. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 20:634-647. [PMID: 20437953 DOI: 10.1890/08-2031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Based on the carbon-nitrogen cycles and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and emission processes related to straw return and burning, a compound greenhouse gas budget model, the "Straw Return and Burning Model" (SRBM), was constructed to estimate the net mitigation potential of straw return to the soil in China. As a full GHG budget model, the SRBM addressed the following five processes: (1) soil carbon sequestration, (2) mitigation of synthetic N fertilizer substitution, (3) methane emission from rice paddies, (4) additional fossil fuel use for straw return, and (5) CH4 and N2O emissions from straw burning in the fields. Two comparable scenarios were created to reflect different degrees of implementation for straw return and straw burning. With GHG emissions and mitigation effects of the five processes converted into global warming potential (GWP), the net GHG mitigation was estimated. We concluded that (1) when the full greenhouse gas budget is considered, the net mitigation potential of straw return differs from that when soil carbon sequestration is considered alone; (2) implementation of straw return across a larger area of cropland in 10 provinces (i.e., Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan) will increase net GHG emission; (3) if straw return is promoted as a feasible mitigation measure in the remaining provinces, the total net mitigation potential before soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation will be 71.89 Tg CO2 equivalent (eqv)/yr, which is equivalent to 1.733% of the annual carbon emission from fossil fuel use in China in 2003; (4) after SOC saturation, only 13 of 21 provinces retain a relatively small but permanent net mitigation potential, while in the others the net GHG mitigation potential will gradually diminish; and (5) the major obstacle to the feasibility or permanence of straw return as a mitigation measure is the increased CH4 emission from rice paddies. The paper also suggests that comparable scenarios in which all the related carbon-nitrogen cycles are taken into account be created to estimate the mitigation potentials of organic wastes in different utilizations and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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