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Miguel M, Kim SH, Lee SS, Cho YI. Composition and functional diversity of bacterial communities during swine carcass decomposition. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1453-1464. [PMID: 37402447 PMCID: PMC10472150 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the changes in bacterial communities within decomposing swine microcosms, comparing soil with or without intact microbial communities, and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. METHODS The experimental microcosms consisted of four conditions: UA, unsterilized soil-aerobic condition; SA, sterilized soil-aerobic condition; UAn, unsterilized soil-anaerobic condition; and San, sterilized soil-anaerobic condition. The microcosms were prepared by mixing 112.5 g of soil and 37.5 g of ground carcass, which were then placed in sterile containers. The carcass-soil mixture was sampled at day 0, 5, 10, 30, and 60 of decomposition, and the bacterial communities that formed during carcass decomposition were assessed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS A total of 1,687 amplicon sequence variants representing 22 phyla and 805 genera were identified in the microcosms. The Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices varied in between microcosms at each period (p<0.05). Metagenomic analysis showed variation in the taxa composition across the burial microcosms during decomposition, with Firmicutes being the dominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria. At the genus level, Bacillus and Clostridium were the main genera within Firmicutes. Functional prediction revealed that the most abundant Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes metabolic functions were carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a higher bacteria diversity in UA and UAn microcosms than in SA and SAn microcosms. In addition, the taxonomic composition of the microbial community also exhibited changes, highlighting the impact of soil sterilization and oxygen on carcass decomposition. Furthermore, this study provided insights into the microbial communities associated with decomposing swine carcasses in microcosm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Miguel
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922,
Korea
| | - Seon-Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922,
Korea
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922,
Korea
| | - Yong-Il Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922,
Korea
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Oh J, Kim HR, Yu S, Kim KH, Lee JH, Park S, Kim H, Yun ST. A supervised machine learning approach to discriminate the effect of carcass leachate on shallow groundwater quality around on-farm livestock mortality burial sites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131712. [PMID: 37257376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of leachate leakage at livestock mortality burial sites is challenging, particularly when groundwater is previously contaminated by agro-livestock farming. Supervised machine learning was applied to discriminate the impacts of carcass leachate from pervasive groundwater contamination in the following order: data labeling, feature selection, synthetic data generation, and classification. Physicochemical data of 359 water samples were collected from burial pits (LC), monitoring wells near pits (MW), pre-existing shallow household wells (HW), and background wells with pervasive contamination (BG). A linear classification model was built using two representative groups (LC and BG) affected by different pollution sources as labeled data. A classifier was then applied to assess the impact of leachate leakage in MW and HW. As a result, leachate impacts were observed in 40% of MW samples, which indicates improper construction and management of some burial pits. Leachate impacts were also detected in six HW samples, up to 120 m downgradient, within one year. The quantitative decision-making tool to diagnose groundwater contamination with leachate leakage can contribute to ensuring timely responses to leakage. The proposed machine learning approach can also be used to improve the environmental impact assessment of water pollution by improper disposal of organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseop Oh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ho-Rim Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea.
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Sunhwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyunkoo Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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3
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Dhaka P, Chantziaras I, Vijay D, Bedi JS, Makovska I, Biebaut E, Dewulf J. Can Improved Farm Biosecurity Reduce the Need for Antimicrobials in Food Animals? A Scoping Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050893. [PMID: 37237795 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited and judicious antimicrobial usage (AMU) is considered the key to saving the success of human and veterinary medicine in treating infections. With the limited alternatives for antimicrobials, farm biosecurity (and herd management) is considered a promising tool to mitigate the non-judicious AMU and to maintain animal health, production, and welfare. The present scoping review aims to analyse the effect of farm biosecurity on AMU in livestock systems and formulate recommendations. Peer-reviewed manuscripts published between 2001-2022 were analyzed using the PRISMA framework using PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. After applying the inclusion criteria, 27 studies were found to assess the effect of farm biosecurity (or management practices) on AMU at the herd/farm level in quantitative/semi-quantitative terms. These studies were carried out in 16 countries, of which 74.1% (20/27) were from 11 European countries. The highest number of studies were from pig farms [51.8% (14/27)], followed by poultry (chicken) farms [25.9% (7/27)], cattle farms [11.1% (3/27)], and a single study from a turkey farm. Two studies include both pig and poultry farms. Most of the studies were cross-sectional [70.4% (19/27)], seven were longitudinal, and one was a case-control study. Complex interactions were observed among factors influencing AMU, such as biosecurity measures, farm characteristics, farmers' attitudes, availability of animal health services, stewardship, etc. A positive association between farm biosecurity and reduction in AMU was observed in 51.8% (14/27) of the studies, and 18.5% (5/27) showed that improvement in farm management practices was associated with a reduction in AMU. Two studies highlighted that coaching and awareness among farmers might lead to a decrease in AMU. A single study on economic assessment concluded biosecurity practices as a cost-effective way to reduce AMU. On the other hand, five studies showed an uncertain or spurious association between farm biosecurity and AMU. We recommend the reinforcement of the concept of farm biosecurity, especially in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Further, there is a need to strengthen the evidence on the association between farm biosecurity and AMU in region- and species-specific farm settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur 680651, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Iryna Makovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Duc HM, Hutchinson M, Flory GA, Ngan PH, Son HM, Hung LV, Hoa TTK, Lan NT, Lam TQ, Rozeboom D, Remmenga MD, Vuolo M, Miknis R, Burns A, Flory R. Viability of African Swine Fever Virus with the Shallow Burial with Carbon Carcass Disposal Method. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040628. [PMID: 37111514 PMCID: PMC10140975 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious swine disease with high mortality. In many countries, culling pigs infected and exposed to the ASF virus is mandatory to control the disease, which poses a real challenge in the disposal of large numbers of carcasses during ASF outbreaks. Shallow burial with carbon (SBC) Thanks ew mortality disposal method developed from deep burial and composting. The present study investigates the effectiveness of SBC in disposing of ASF virus-infected pigs. The real-time PCR results showed that DNA of the ASF virus was still detected in bone marrow samples on day 56, while the virus isolation test revealed that the infectious ASF virus was destroyed in both spleen and bone marrow samples on day 5. Interestingly, decomposition was found to occur rapidly in these shallow burial pits. On day 144, only large bones were found in the burial pit. In general, the results of this study indicated that SBC is a potential method for the disposal of ASF-infected carcasses; however, further studies are needed to provide more scientific evidence for the efficacy of SBC in different environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Minh Duc
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Mark Hutchinson
- Maine Food and Agriculture Center, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, ME 04473, USA
| | - Gary A Flory
- G.A. Flory Consulting, Mt. Crawford, VA 22841, USA
| | - Pham Hong Ngan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Son
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Hung
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Khanh Hoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Department of Pathoglogy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Truong Quang Lam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Dale Rozeboom
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University Cooperative Extension, Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marta D Remmenga
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Matthew Vuolo
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Robert Miknis
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Amira Burns
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Renée Flory
- English Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Adel A, El-Sayed HS, Samir A, Abdelaty MF, Hamed EA, Roshdy H. A cross-sectional survey for the assessment of biosecurity measures in small-scale duck farms in Qalyoubia, Egypt: Comprehensive evaluation and procedural recommendations. Vet World 2023; 16:607-617. [PMID: 37041824 PMCID: PMC10082737 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.607-617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Biosecurity implementation is fundamental to combating diseases and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the implementation of biosecurity measures in small-scale duck farms and the incidence of infectious diseases that threaten the duck industry.
Materials and Methods: Twenty small-scale duck farms of different breeds and production stages were collected as representative samples, focused on two districts in the Qalyoubia governorate, which possesses high-density small-scale farms. A 30-point structured questionnaire was designed to assess the level of biosecurity measures implemented in the sampled farms. These farms were examined for bacterial infection by cultivation, typing, and antibiotic sensitivity tests, in addition to molecular techniques for detecting suspected viral diseases.
Results: The results showed that the farms had high or low levels of biosecurity; only 25% possessed high-level biosecurity. Bacteria, including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Pasteurella, were isolated from all sampled farms. High rates of antimicrobial resistance-reaching up to 100% were observed against some drugs. However, viral causative agents, including HPAI-H5N8, duck viral hepatitis, and goose parvovirus, were isolated from only five farms.
Conclusion: The lack of commitment to biosecurity implementation, particularly personal hygiene, was observed in most sampled farms. Increasing the level of biosecurity reduced the incidence of mixed infections.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, bacterial agents, biosecurity, co-infections, small-scale duck farms, viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Adel
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
- Corresponding author: Amany Adel, e-mail: Co-authors: HSE: , AS: , MFA: , EAH: , HR:
| | - Hemat S. El-Sayed
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute, Benha-Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Abdelhafez Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - May F. Abdelaty
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Engy A. Hamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba Roshdy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
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Zhai W, Li X, Duan X, Gou C, Wang L, Gao Y. Development of a microbial protease for composting swine carcasses, optimization of its production and elucidation of its catalytic hydrolysis mechanism. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:36. [PMID: 36443757 PMCID: PMC9703648 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dead swine carcass composting is an excellent method for harmless treatment and resource utilization of swine carcass. However, poor biodegradation ability of traditional composting results in poor harmless treatment effect. Researches report that the biodegradation ability of composting can be improved by inoculation with enzyme-producing microorganisms or by inoculation with enzyme preparations. At present, the researches on improving the efficiency of dead swine carcass composting by inoculating enzyme-producing microorganisms have been reported. However, no work has been reported on the development of enzyme preparations for dead swine carcass composting. METHODOLOGY The protease-producing strain was isolated by casein medium, and was identified by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The optimal fermentation conditions for maximum protease production were gradually optimized by single factor test. The extracellular protease was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 gel exclusion chromatography. The potential for composting applications of the purified protease was evaluated by characterization of its biochemical properties. And based on amino acid sequence analysis, molecular docking and inhibition test, the catalytic hydrolysis mechanism of the purified protease was elucidated. RESULTS In this study, a microbial protease was developed for swine carcass composting. A protease-producing strain DB1 was isolated from swine carcass compositing and identified as Serratia marcescen. Optimum fermentation conditions for maximum protease production were 5 g/L glucose, 5 g/L urea, 1.5 mmol/L Mg2+, initial pH-value 8, inoculation amount 5%, incubation temperature 30 °C and 60 h of fermentation time. The specific activity of purified protease reached 1982.77 U/mg, and molecular weight of the purified protease was 110 kDa. Optimum pH and temperature of the purified protease were 8 and 50 °C, respectively, and it had good stability at high temperature and in alkaline environments. The purified protease was a Ser/Glu/Asp triad serine protease which catalyzed substrate hydrolysis by Glu, Arg, Ser, Asp and Tyr active residues. CONCLUSIONS In general, the microbial protease developed in this study was suitable for industrial production and has the potential to enhance composting at thermophilic stage. Moreover, the catalytic hydrolysis mechanism of the protease was further analyzed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhai
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
| | - Xintian Li
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
| | - Xinran Duan
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
| | - Changlong Gou
- grid.411647.10000 0000 8547 6673College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Lixia Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102 Jilin Province China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
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Duc HM, Ngan PH, Son HM, Lan NT, Van Hung L, Ha CTT, Hoa NT, Lam TQ, Van Thang N, Flory GA, Hutchinson M. The use of composting for the disposal of African swine fever virus infected swine carcasses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3036-e3044. [PMID: 35830975 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has been considered as one of the most important and devastating swine diseases with high mortality rates. Since effective vaccines and treatment are not available, mass euthanasia of infected and exposed pigs has been known to be the best measure to control ASF. Although composting has been proved to be a safe method for the rapid disposal of animal carcasses during outbreaks, there is no information about the effect of composting on the viability of ASF virus in swine carcasses. This study investigates the survival of the ASF virus in swine carcasses during composting. The findings suggested that the DNA of the ASF virus was detected in all samples tested. On the contrary, infectious ASF virus particles were rapidly destroyed at day 3. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Minh Duc
- Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Ngan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Son
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Hung
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cam Thi Thu Ha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Quang Lam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Gary A Flory
- President, Director of Operations, G.A. Flory Consulting, Mt. Crawford, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Hutchinson
- Extension Professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine, USA
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Pan X, Zhang Y, He C, Li G, Ma X, Zhang Q, Liu L, Lan M, Jiao Y. Enhancement of anaerobic fermentation with corn straw by pig bone-derived biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154326. [PMID: 35257750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Different sources of biochar exhibit different effects on anaerobic fermentation. Here, the effects of activation temperature, activation time, impregnation ratio, and pickling times on the properties of pig bone-derived biochar additives were explored by orthogonal experiments. The pig bone-derived biochar with better performance was optimized to enhance the anaerobic fermentation. The results showed that when the preparation conditions of biochar were as follows: activation temperature of 700 °C, impregnation ratio of 2, activation time of 90 min, and pickling times of 2, the cumulative methane production of corn stalk by anaerobic fermentation exhibited the highest value of 164.54 mL/g VS, which was 68% higher than the control group. The correlation between the characteristics of biochar for promoting anaerobic fermentation and the performance of anaerobic fermentation was established. Interestingly, the pig bone-derived biochar can buffer pH value in straw anaerobic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chao He
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Quanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mingming Lan
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Youzhou Jiao
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Ge X, Sarkar A, Ruishi S, Rahman MA, Azim JA, Zhang S, Qian L. Determinants of Sick and Dead Pig Waste Recycling-A Case Study of Hebei, Shandong, and Henan Provinces in China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:775. [PMID: 35327172 PMCID: PMC8944600 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Improper handling of sick and dead pigs may seriously affect public health, socio-economic conditions, and eventually cause environmental pollution. However, effective promotion of sick and dead pig (SDP) waste recycling has become the prime focus of current rural governance. Therefore, the study explores the impact of commitment, rewards, and punishments to capture the recycling behavior of farmers' sick and dead pig waste management. The study employs factor analysis, the probit model, and the moderating effect model to craft the findings. The study's empirical setup comprises the survey data collected from the Hebei, Shandong, and Henan provinces, representing the major pig-producing provinces in China. The study found that the commitment, reward, and punishment mechanisms are essential factors affecting the farmers' decision-making on recycling sick and dead pig waste. The marginal effect analysis found that the reward and punishment mechanism is more effective than the farmers' commitment. The study confirmed that in the recycling treatment of sick and dead pig waste, the farmers' commitment and the government's reward and punishment policy are the main factors that influence farmers to manage sick and dead pig waste properly. Therefore, the government should highlight the importance of effective waste management, and training facilities should also be extended firmly. The government should impose strict rules and regulations to restrict the irresponsible dumping of farm waste. Monitoring mechanisms should be put in place promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ge
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Apurbo Sarkar
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Si Ruishi
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710018, China;
| | - Md Ashfikur Rahman
- Development Studies Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 751013, Bangladesh;
| | - Jony Abdul Azim
- School of International Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China;
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lu Qian
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (A.S.)
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Lei S, Hong C, Dong Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhu L, Qiu Y. Pb(II)-mediated precipitate transformation promotes Cr(VI) immobilization by biogenic hydroxyapatite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127584. [PMID: 34736214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism of Pb(II)-mediated precipitation transformation to improve the removal of Cr(VI)-oxyanion on biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHAp) were investigated. The Pb(II)-preloading formed pyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl] precipitate on the BHAp surface (Pb@BHAp), thus causing an increase of 2.2 times in the uptake of Cr(VI) by Pb@BHAp at pH of 2.4. It was primarily due to the dissolution of Pb5(PO4)3Cl accompanied with the release of Pb(II), resulting in the rapid formation of crocoite (PbCrO4). Although the Ksp of Pb5(PO4)3Cl was approximately 23 orders of magnitude lower than that of PbCrO4, Pb(II)-mediated precipitation transformation could still occur. XRD and SEM-EDX analyses demonstrated that the process was a time-dependent that included rapid crystal precipitation in the initial 10 min and subsequent precipitate accumulation for several hours. The Pb(II) released from the dissolution of Pb5(PO4)3Cl was immediately immobilized by Cr(VI); therefore, it did not cause any retention risk of Pb(II) in the solution. Furthermore, a small quantity of Cr(VI) could be reduced to Cr(III) by BHAp, and Cr(III) could enter into the BHAp lattice for the exchange of Ca(II). This study provides a new insight into the resource utilization of Pb-bearing BHAp and a potential method for the successive removal of Pb(II) and Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Lei
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Building Technology, Fujian Academy of Building Research Co. Ltd., Fuzhou 350108, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chengyi Hong
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Municipal Environmental Protection Engineering Co. Ltd. of CERC Shanghai Group, Shanghai 201906, China
| | - Jichen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuping Qiu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Vithanage M, Mayakaduwage SS, Gunarathne V, Rajapaksha AU, Ahmad M, Abduljabbar A, Usman A, Al-Wabel MI, Ippolito JA, Ok YS. Animal carcass burial management: implications for sustainable biochar use. APPLIED BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 64:91. [PMID: 34957350 PMCID: PMC8693145 DOI: 10.1186/s13765-021-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on existing technologies for carcass and corpse disposal and potential alternative treatment strategies. Furthermore, key issues related to these treatments (e.g., carcass and corpse disposal events, available methods, performances, and limitations) are addressed in conjunction with associated environmental impacts. Simultaneously, various treatment technologies have been evaluated to provide insights into the adsorptive removal of specific pollutants derived from carcass disposal and management. In this regard, it has been proposed that a low-cost pollutant sorbent may be utilized, namely, biochar. Biochar has demonstrated the ability to remove (in)organic pollutants and excess nutrients from soils and waters; thus, we identify possible biochar uses for soil and water remediation at carcass and corpse disposal sites. To date, however, little emphasis has been placed on potential biochar use to manage such disposal sites. We highlight the need for strategic efforts to accurately assess biochar effectiveness when applied towards the remediation of complex pollutants produced and circulated within carcass and corpse burial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
| | - S. S. Mayakaduwage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
| | - Mahtab Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
| | - Adel Abduljabbar
- Industrial Psychology, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad I. Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James A. Ippolito
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
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Morehouse AT, Hughes C, Manners N, Bectell J, Tigner J. Dealing With Deadstock: A Case Study of Carnivore Conflict Mitigation From Southwestern Alberta. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.786013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock deaths are an unfortunate reality for livestock producers and dead livestock (i.e., deadstock) disposal options can have implications beyond the ranch itself. In Alberta, Canada, natural disposal (i.e., disposing of the carcass in a manner that allows for scavenging) has increased since the 2003 detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canadian cattle. Prior to BSE, rendering companies removed deadstock for free. However, rendering companies started charging producers to remove deadstock to offset costs associated with new regulatory requirements enacted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, which has resulted in increased on-farm natural disposal of deadstock. This increase has ecological implications because deadstock are a major attractant for large carnivores. Carnivores feeding on deadstock are often near other agricultural attractants such as stored grain and feed, silage, and living livestock, which can exacerbate conflict potential and pose a risk to human safety. To help mitigate conflicts associated with deadstock, the Waterton Biosphere Reserve's (a local non-profit) Carnivores and Communities Program (CACP) supported expansion of community deadstock removal efforts beginning in 2009, including reimbursement of on-farm removal costs, bear-resistant deadstock bins, and a livestock compost facility (operational 2013–2014). Here, we present an evaluative case study describing the development, implementation, and results of the deadstock removal program, including the compost facility. We tracked the number of head of livestock removed each year, the number of participating landowners, the average cost per head, and total program costs. We also used an online survey to assess participants' perspectives of the deadstock removal program and future needs. To date, the CACP has removed >5,400 livestock carcasses, representing between 15.1 and 22.6% of available carcasses in the program area, and 67.3% of livestock owners indicated they currently use the deadstock removal program to dispose of deadstock. Average cost to compost an animal was significantly less than other removal methods ($36.89 composting vs. $79.59 non-composting, one-tailed t-test, unequal sampling variances: t = 4.08, df = 5.87, p = 0.003). We conclude by discussing both ecological and social implications for deadstock removal as a conflict mitigation measure and make suggestions for future management considerations.
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Campbell V, Thompson J, Apriesnig J, Pendell D, Tonsor G. Poultry producer's willingness to invest in on-farm carcass disposal. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Production and Health Management from Grazing to Confinement Systems of Largest Dairy Bovine Farms in Azores: A Farmers' Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123394. [PMID: 34944171 PMCID: PMC8697991 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to evaluate differences and critical factors in production and health management between dairy cattle farms with fixed milk parlours (FMP), and mobile milk systems (MMS) from Azorean grasslands. According to the farmers’ perspective, calf diarrhea, calf pneumonia, infertility/poor reproductive management, and mastitis were the main problems that farms faced in 2020. FMP was associated with more advanced and mechanized production systems, with a higher adherence to preventive and biosecurity control programs, than traditional MMS farms. MMS farms also showed a greater vocation for dual-purpose farming (beef and milk), smaller herd sizes and more grazing time for cows. In conclusion, inherent and non-inherent differences in production and health management between FMP and MMS were quantified by authors. These results indicate that a greater adoption of preventive veterinary medicine and biosecurity measures should be taken, especially among MMS farms. The education of farmers should also be improved and stimulated. Abstract The intensification of bovine milk production in the Azores has led farmers to increase farm size and specialization in grasslands, implementing confined and semi-confined production systems. Fixed milking parlours (FMP) have progressively gained more popularity, at the expense of conventional mobile milking systems (MMS). The present study aimed to evaluate the associations between production and health management in dairy cattle farms, with FMP or MMS, in grasslands (São Miguel, Azores), according to the farmers’ perspective. A total of 102 questions about production and health management were surveyed in 105 farms with >30 dairy cows each. Farms with FMP were associated (p ≤ 0.05) with larger herd size, better facilities, and specialized management, however, the adoption of preventive and biosecurity measures should be improved by these farmers. MMS farms implemented a lower level of disease prevention or control programs, less frequent transhumance, and showed a wider vocation to dual-purpose (milk and cross beef) than FMP farms. In conclusion, MMS and FMP farms tried to optimize yield and economic viability in different ways using grasslands. Several biosecurity and health prevention constraints were identified for improvement.
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Si R, Zhang X, Yao Y, Zhang S, Wang H. Unpacking the myth between increased government initiatives and reduced selling of dead live stocks in China: An approach towards exploring hidden danger of zoonotic diseases. One Health 2021; 13:100344. [PMID: 34805474 PMCID: PMC8586803 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohibiting the unsafe sale of livestock that have died in production and harmlessly disposing of them are key measures to control and prevent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases and exert a great significance for maintaining meat-derived food and public health safety. However, under the strict implementation of governmental initiatives, some farmers still choose to sell dead livestock unsafely in developing countries such as China, Brazil, Mexico, and Kenya, which have become an important hidden danger in preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases. Based on data from 496 pig farmers in Hebei, Henan, and Hubei, China, the Double Hurdle Model was employed to explore the impact of governmental initiatives on the willingness and proportion of dead pigs sold unsafely by farmers. Besides, based on the heterogeneity of organization participation and breeding scale, the impact of governmental initiatives on different scale farmers' unsafely selling behaviors is also discussed. The results showed that the harmless disposal subsidy significantly reduces farmers' willingness to unsafely sell dead pigs (SW, RC = −0.0666, and SE = 0.0261). Still, the impact on the proportion is weak (SP, RC = −0.0502, and SE = 0.0474). Though the effect of supervision punishment is greatly weakened (SW, RC =−0.0381, and SE = 0.0324; SP, RC = −0.0204 and SE = 0.0263), it can significantly enhance the effect of harmless disposal subsidy by creating a good law-abiding environment (SW, RC = −0.1370, and SE = 0.0374; SP, RC = −0.0820, and SE = 0.0431). Governmental initiatives have an undue impact on the unsafe sale of dead livestock by farmers participating in cooperatives. The effects of these measures on different scale farmers' unsafe sale of dead pigs are highly heterogeneous. In addition, the study also found that food and public health safety risk perceptions are important endogenous drivers for curbing farmers selling dead pigs. This research can also provide important inspiration for other countries. The government should raise farmers' risk perception level of food and public safety, optimize governmental initiatives, play the key role of cooperative organization, increase the proportion of dead pigs harmlessly disposed of, and finally eliminate new hidden dangers in the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishi Si
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yumeng Yao
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Heng Wang
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an 710128, China
- Corresponding author.
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Körner P. Hydrothermal Degradation of Amino Acids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4947-4957. [PMID: 34498812 PMCID: PMC9292971 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the past years, hydrothermal processes have gathered much attention as promising conversion technologies for especially wet biomass. Amino acids are an integral component of biomass, zoo biomass in particular. However, what happens to them during hydrothermal treatment? Reviewing the available literature going back to the mid of the 20th century revealed an astonishing, but still fragmentary view. In fact, two universal degradation reactions could be identified (i. e., deamination and decarboxylation), competing with each other. Thereby, small structural differences may obviously have huge impacts on the fate of individual amino acids. Nevertheless, the amount of available experimental data is relatively scarce in many cases. In this work, the available knowledge about the degradation of 20 proteinogenic amino acids under hydrothermal conditions was presented and discussed critically. The hydrothermal conversion of proteinaceus biomass as well as the Maillard reaction, both extensively reviewed elsewhere, were only touched on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Körner
- DBFZ - Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Biorefineries DepartmentTorgauer Straße 11604347LeipzigGermany
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Miguel MA, Kim SH, Lee SS, Cho YI. Impact of Soil Microbes and Oxygen Availability on Bacterial Community Structure of Decomposing Poultry Carcasses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2937. [PMID: 34679958 PMCID: PMC8532636 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of soil with an intact microbial community and oxygen availability on moisture content, soil pH, and bacterial communities during decomposition of poultry carcasses was investigated. Poultry carcasses were decomposed in soil with or without a microbial community, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The samples collected in each microcosm burial set-up were analyzed by targeted 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and Amplicon sequence variants (ASV) method. Our results showed that moisture was high in the burial set-ups under anaerobic conditions and pH was high in the burial set-ups under aerobic conditions. Meanwhile, the Chao1 and Shannon index significantly differed between the different burial set-ups and across different time points. In addition, bacterial taxa composition during the early period of decomposition differed from that of the late period. A total of 23 phyla, 901 genera, and 1992 species were identified. Firmicutes was the most dominant phyla in all burial set-ups throughout the decomposition. At day 60, Pseudogracilibacillus was dominant in the burial set-ups under aerobic conditions, while Lentibacillus dominated in the burial set-ups under anaerobic conditions. This study demonstrated that the soil microbial community and availability of oxygen significantly affected the changes in moisture content, pH, and bacterial composition during the decomposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong-Il Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.A.M.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-S.L.)
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Jo JY, Kim JG, Tsang YF, Baek K. Removal of ammonium, phosphate, and sulfonamide antibiotics using alum sludge and low-grade charcoal pellets. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130960. [PMID: 34289620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Powder adsorbents perform well due to their large surface area but are difficult to use because of aggregation and channeling. In this study, pelletization of adsorbents was proposed as a solution to these operating problems. A three-component mixture was extruded into pellets and calcined under air or nitrogen conditions The pellet adsorbent removed 47, 71, 97, and 72% of ammonium, phosphate, sulfathiazole, and sulfamethoxazole, respectively. Bentonite improved greatly the strength of pellets, and a 10 wt% of bentonite was sufficient to maintain pellet shape and mass. No significant difference in individual adsorption and multi-pollutant adsorption was found. Pellet adsorbents with alum sludge, bentonite, and low-grade charcoal are low-cost materials that effectively remove multi-pollutants from the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yeol Jo
- Department of Environment & Energy (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment & Energy (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 57896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 57896, Republic of Korea.
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Shurson GC, Urriola PE, van de Ligt JLG. Can we effectively manage parasites, prions, and pathogens in the global feed industry to achieve One Health? Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:4-30. [PMID: 34171167 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prions and certain endoparasites, bacteria, and viruses are internationally recognized as types of disease-causing biological agents that can be transmitted from contaminated feed to animals. Historically, foodborne biological hazards such as prions (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy), endoparasites (Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma gondii), and pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157, Clostridium spp., and Campylobacter spp.) were major food safety concerns from feeding uncooked or improperly heated animal-derived food waste and by-products. However, implementation of validated thermal processing conditions along with verifiable quality control procedures has been effective in enabling safe use of these feed materials in animal diets. More recently, the occurrence of global Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and African Swine Fever Virus epidemics, dependence on international feed ingredient supply chains, and the discovery that these viruses can survive in some feed ingredient matrices under environmental conditions of trans-oceanic shipments has created an urgent need to develop and implement rigorous biosecurity protocols that prevent and control animal viruses in feed ingredients. Implementation of verifiable risk-based preventive controls, traceability systems from origin to destination, and effective mitigation procedures is essential to minimize these food security, safety, and sustainability threats. Creating a new biosafety and biosecurity framework will enable convergence of the diverging One Health components involving low environmental impact and functional feed ingredients that are perceived as having elevated biosafety risks when used in animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer L G van de Ligt
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Xu J, Lin H, Sheng K. Effects of Hydrothermal Pretreatment and Hydrochar Addition on the Performance of Pig Carcass Anaerobic Digestion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622235. [PMID: 33912142 PMCID: PMC8071862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper disposal and utilization of dead pig carcasses are problems of public concern. The combination of hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) and anaerobic digestion is a promising method to treat these wastes, provided that digestion inhibition is reduced. For this reason, the aim of this work was to investigate the optimal HTP temperature (140–180°C) for biogas production during anaerobic digestion of dead pigs in batch systems. In addition, the effects of hydrochar addition (6 g/L) on anaerobic digestion of pork products after HTP in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) were determined. According to the results, 90% of lipids and 10% of proteins present in the pork were decomposed by HTP. In addition, the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in liquid products (LP) reached 192.6 g/L, and it was obtained after 170°C HTP. The biogas potential from the solid residue (SR) and LP was up to 478 mL/g-VS and 398 mL/g-COD, respectively. A temperature of 170°C was suitable for pork HTP, which promoted the practical biogas yield because of the synergistic effect between proteins and lipids. Ammonia inhibition was reduced by the addition of hydrochar to the CSTR during co-digestion of SR and LP, maximum ammonia concentration tolerated by methanogens increased from 2.68 to 3.38 g/L. This improved total biogas yield and degradation rate of substrates, reaching values of 28.62 and 36.06%, respectively. The acetate content in volatile fatty acids (VFA) may be used as an index that reflects the degree of methanogenesis of the system. The results of the present work may also provide guidance for the digestion of feedstock with high protein and lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- School of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China.,College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Guidoni LLC, Martins GA, Guevara MF, Brandalise JN, Lucia T, Gerber MD, Corrêa LB, Corrêa ÉK. Full-Scale Composting of Different Mixtures with Meal from Dead Pigs: Process Monitoring, Compost Quality and Toxicity. WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION 2021; 12:5923-5935. [PMID: 33777261 PMCID: PMC7981597 DOI: 10.1007/s12649-021-01422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Abundant by-products of large swine industries, such as slaughterhouse sludge and carcasses, require adequate treatment to prevent negative effects of their direct disposal in the open environment. This study is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of composting using meal from dead pigs through physicochemical analyses and phytotoxic assays. Five treatments were tested, all including 50% sawdust: T1, with 50% slaughterhouse sludge (control); T2, with 20% slaughterhouse sludge and 30% meal from dead pigs; T3, with 10% slaughterhouse sludge and 40% meal from dead pigs; T4, with 20% organic stabilizing compost and 30% meal from dead pigs and T5, with 30% organic stabilizing compost and 20% meal from dead pigs. The phytotoxicity assays used lettuce, cucumber, celia, soybean, rice and wheat as bioindicators. Inclusion of meal from dead pigs was related to reduction in pH, C/N ratio, humidity and temperatures inside the pile, although thermophilic peaks lasted longer than 50 days and the final composts showed high content of nitrogen and phosphorous. The germination of bioindicators was reduced in all tested treatments, compared to the control. The composts from treatments that included meal from dead pigs presented acceptable nutrient content, which may indicate their use as organic fertilizers. However, after 4 months, all bioindicators in contact with such composts presented impaired germination. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12649-021-01422-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L. C. Guidoni
- NEPERS, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Gabriel A. Martins
- Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Miguel F. Guevara
- NEPERS, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - João N. Brandalise
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lucia
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Michel D. Gerber
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-Rio-Grandense, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Luciara B. Corrêa
- NEPERS, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Érico K. Corrêa
- NEPERS, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
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Tao Y, Probert WJM, Shea K, Runge MC, Lafferty K, Tildesley M, Ferrari M. Causes of delayed outbreak responses and their impacts on epidemic spread. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200933. [PMID: 33653111 PMCID: PMC8086880 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock diseases have devastating consequences economically, socially and politically across the globe. In certain systems, pathogens remain viable after host death, which enables residual transmissions from infected carcasses. Rapid culling and carcass disposal are well-established strategies for stamping out an outbreak and limiting its impact; however, wait-times for these procedures, i.e. response delays, are typically farm-specific and time-varying due to logistical constraints. Failing to incorporate variable response delays in epidemiological models may understate outbreak projections and mislead management decisions. We revisited the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in the United Kingdom and sought to understand how misrepresented response delays can influence model predictions. Survival analysis identified farm size and control demand as key factors that impeded timely culling and disposal activities on individual farms. Using these factors in the context of an existing policy to predict local variation in response times significantly affected predictions at the national scale. Models that assumed fixed, timely responses grossly underestimated epidemic severity and its long-term consequences. As a result, this study demonstrates how general inclusion of response dynamics and recognition of partial controllability of interventions can help inform management priorities during epidemics of livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tao
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - William J M Probert
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katriona Shea
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Runge
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Lafferty
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center at Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Michael Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, UK
| | - Matthew Ferrari
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Oh J, Kim HR, Yu S, Kim KH, Yun ST. Delineating the impacts of poultry burial leachate on shallow groundwater in a reclaimed agro-livestock farming area, using multivariate statistical analysis of hydrochemical data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:7742-7755. [PMID: 32219649 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Burial is applied to dispose of livestock carcasses due to its convenience and cost efficiency despite concerns about groundwater contamination by leachate from burial pits. In particular, the burial method has caused debates about groundwater contamination sources around on-farm livestock burial sites because of pre- and coexisting contamination from livestock production and agriculture. To assess the causes of groundwater contamination around poultry burial pits that were constructed after an outbreak of avian influenza in 2010-11 in Korea, hydrochemical data of groundwater samples from monitoring wells (MWs, n = 14) and household wells (HWs, n = 30) were monitored to differentiate contamination sources. Hydrochemical data indicated that groundwater from MWs is characterized by higher enrichments of inorganic constituents including electrical conductivity (EC), NH4, Ca, Mg, K, SO4, HCO3, Fe(Total), and Mn(Total), but lower concentrations of DO than groundwater from HWs. The combined use of the principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means cluster analysis (KCA) indicated that groundwater in seven MWs was affected by leachate. The parameters such as NH4, Ca, Mg, K, SO4, HCO3, Fe(Total), and Mn(Total) are expected to be useful to identify the impact of leachate on groundwater in agricultural areas. This study suggests that (1) regional hydrochemical characteristics should be assessed to distinguish the effect of livestock burial leachate from other contamination sources and (2) the combined use of PCA and KCA is effective to identify the weakened impact of leachate leakage among overlapping multiple sources and processes of groundwater contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseop Oh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Rim Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea-CO2 Storage Environmental Management Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Korea-CO2 Storage Environmental Management Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Matiz-Villamil A, Chamorro-Tobar IC, Sáenz-Aponte A, Pulido-Villamarín A, Carrascal-Camacho AK, Gutiérrez-Rojas IS, Sánchez-Garibello AM, Barrientos-Anzola IA, Zambrano-Moreno DC, Poutou-Piñales RA. Management of swine mortalities through the use of a mixed composting-accelerating bio-inoculant. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05884. [PMID: 33506125 PMCID: PMC7814161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A composting-accelerating bio-inoculant (Bacillus subtilis, Talaromyces sayulitensis (HC1), Steinernema sp., and Heterorhabditis sp.) was evaluated in a composting process made up of a different mix of wood chips, pig manure, urine, and swine mortality (raw material RM). Three different treatments (T1, T2, and T3) were assessed, and physicochemical, microbiological, and entomological evaluations were carried out at 0 and 45 days of the composting process. The highest organic nitrogen (1.34 %) concentration was detected in swine mortality, whereas the highest total oxidizable organic carbon (39.1 %) concentration was observed in wood chips. Salmonella spp., was not identified in any of the raw materials. Clostridium spp., count was 5.5, 2.0, and 1.0 Log10 unit, for pig manure, wood chips, and swine mortality, respectively. Pig manure, swine mortality, and wood chip total coliform count was 6.21, 5.32, and 1 Log10 unit, respectively. Helminth eggs were not detected in any of the RM and Cryptosporidium spp., oocysts were occasionally found in pig manure and wood chips. Several types of flies were identified, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Stomoxys calcitrans, Fannia canicularis, Sarcophaga sp., and Calliphora sp. Treatment 3 (45.11 % swine mortality, 33.33 % wood chips, and 21.55 %, urine and bio-inoculant) had the greatest total oxidizable organic carbon availability, the highest carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio (20.67, p < 0.05), and the lowest dipterous larvae count. Moreover, Salmonella sp., was not observed and had only low Clostridium spp., and fecal coliform count. The bio-inoculant's effect on C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity were beneficial, and resulted in production of a fertilizer complying with EPA 600/1-87-014, EPA 40 CFR Part 258, and NTC5167/11 norms. According to the characterization protocols used in this study the compost was apparently free from bacterial and parasitic pathogens and minimal dipteran counts. Last, maturation time was 15 days shorter compared with control (C4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Matiz-Villamil
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Iliana C. Chamorro-Tobar
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología del Sector Porcícola (CENIPORCINO), Asociación Porkcolombia – Fondo Nacional de la Porcicultura, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Adriana Sáenz-Aponte
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Adriana Pulido-Villamarín
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ana K. Carrascal-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ivonne S. Gutiérrez-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Andrea M. Sánchez-Garibello
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Irina A. Barrientos-Anzola
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Diana C. Zambrano-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología del Sector Porcícola (CENIPORCINO), Asociación Porkcolombia – Fondo Nacional de la Porcicultura, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Raúl A. Poutou-Piñales
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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26
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Park JH, Yun JJ, Kang SW, Kim SH, Cho JS, Wang JJ, Seo DC. Removal of potentially toxic metal by biochar derived from rendered solid residue with high content of protein and bone tissue. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111690. [PMID: 33396022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to produce rendering animal carcass residue char (RACR-C) by pyrolyzing the solid residues of low-recyclable rendered pig carcasses and to evaluate their cadmium (Cd) adsorption characteristics and mechanisms. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the inorganic content of RACR-C increased, while the carbon content decreased. In particular, the surface structure and chemistry of RACR-Cs prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures were well described by SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF, TGA, and FTIR. The Cd adsorption characteristics of RACR-C were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models, and the Cd adsorption capacities of RACR-Cs prepared at various pyrolysis temperatures were in the order of RACR-C500 (73.5 mg/g)> RACR-C600 (53.8 mg/g)> RACR-C400 (41.5 mg/g) " RACR-C250 (15.9 mg/g). The intraparticle diffusion model suggested that the adsorption of Cd by RACR-C is greatly influenced by internal diffusion as well as external boundary. Since the Cd adsorption capacity of RACR-C is greatly influenced by the initial dosage, pH, and co-existing metals, it is necessary to manage these influencing factors when treating wastewater containing heavy metals. Our results suggest that Cd adsorption by RACR-C is a complex adsorption phenomenon by various mechanisms such as adsorption by functional group (C˭C and C-O), precipitation of Cd-P and ion exchange reaction by exchangeable cation occurring rather than by a single specific mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology (Institute of Agriculture and Life Science), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Yun
- Department of Bio-Environmental Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, South Korea
| | - Se-Won Kang
- Department of Bio-Environmental Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, South Korea
| | - Seong-Heon Kim
- Soil and Fertilizer division, National Institute of agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, South Korea
| | - Ju-Sik Cho
- Department of Bio-Environmental Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, South Korea
| | - Jim J Wang
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Dong-Cheol Seo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology (Institute of Agriculture and Life Science), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea.
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27
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Thermo-Chemical Treatment for Carcass Disposal and the Application of Treated Carcass as Compost. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A mechanized thermo-chemical treatment system was developed to treat the undecomposed carcass and remediate livestock burial sites. Animal carcasses were thus processed via crushing, mixing, and treatment with quicklime treatment, heat treatment (200–500 °C), and mixing with sawdust. The machinery was applied to two sites where 16,000 chickens and 418 pigs had previously been buried in fiber-reinforced plastic storage bins. No dioxins were detected in the gas discharged during processing, and the concentration of total volatile organic compound, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene were 430.3, 139.0, 18.3, 21.4, and 10.4 μg/m3, respectively, which were below the air pollutant emission standards issued by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Korean standards stipulating the use of treated carcasses as compost (C, N, and P content, heavy metal concentration, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella) were met, but the germination index value was less than 70, not satisfying the criteria. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and dry weight of lettuce grown in soil amended with treated carcass product were significantly lower than those grown in low nutrient soil due to the poor germination index of the treated carcass. These results indicate that a composting process is required before the use of the treated carcass as a fertilizer. The addition of zeolite retarded the elution of ammonia from the carcasses and its efficiency was about 87.9%. It is expected that the mechanized thermo-chemical treatment process developed in this study could replace other technologies for the remediation of livestock burial sites.
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28
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Yan Y, Sarkar B, Zhou L, Zhang L, Li Q, Yang J, Bolan N. Phosphorus-rich biochar produced through bean-worm skin waste pyrolysis enhances the adsorption of aqueous lead. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115177. [PMID: 32673974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In China, more than 10,000 tons of bean-worm, which is rich in protein (68.5%) and essential amino acids (52.8%), is consumed annually. Thus, a large amount of bean-worm skin waste is generated, and is often indiscriminately disposed of, potentially causing environment problems. In this study, bean-worm skin (BWS) waste was pyrolyzed at 500 °C to produce biochar (BWS-BC), and the surface properties of BWS and BWS-BC were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Pb(II) adsorption properties of BWS and the corresponding biochar as a function of solution pH, contact time, and equilibrium concentration of Pb(II) were examined using adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics studies. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacities based on the Langmuir isotherm model were calculated as 45 and 62 mg g-1 for BWS and BWS-BC, respectively, which were comparable to the values obtained for biochars derived from other agro-wastes. The adsorption feasibility, favorability and spontaneity of Pb(II), as derived from the thermodynamic parameters, indicated that chemisorption and precipitation (e.g., hydroxypyromorphite) were the main adsorption mechanism in case of BWS and BWS-BC, respectively. Thus, conversion of BWS to biochar for Pb(II) adsorption can be considered as a feasible, promising and high value-added approach for BWS recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China; Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Health, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, 223001, China
| | - Qiao Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soil (Soil CRC), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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29
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Swine manure valorization in fabrication of nutrition and energy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9921-9933. [PMID: 33074416 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Renewable energy can boost the growing population's need and rapid budgetary development. To reduce fossil fuel consumption is the initial purpose of renewable and sustainable energy, producing valuable bio-based products. The fermenters, using for pretreatment of swine manure, and involvement of swine carcasses are reported to enhance organic loading rate followed by improved biogas yield on household digesters. The compositions such as animal residues, pathogenic microbes, pharmaceutical residues and nutrient compositions including undigested feed are still confused. Therefore, it is mandatory to optimize and stabilize anaerobic practice and digestate filtration purification for consequential fertilizer consumption. The effective bio-methane recovery from energy-rich compounds is challenging due to slow degradation procedures. The pretreatment procedure could enhance lipid depolymerization and improve anaerobic fermentation. This article deeply focuses on biodegradation of swine manure. The components of this manure were evaluated and established several approaches to improve biogas production. Furthermore, recycling of co-digestates was discussed in detail as fertilizer consumption including hygienic aspects of manure and pretreatment strategies of biomass residues. KEY POINTS: • Co-digestion of manure and carcasses enhance bio-methane production. • Removel of ammonia from biogas digester may improve bio-methane gas. • A strong antimicrobial influence has been reported on biogas production.
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30
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van Andel M, Tildesley MJ, Gates MC. Challenges and opportunities for using national animal datasets to support foot-and-mouth disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1800-1813. [PMID: 32986919 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
National level databases of animal numbers, locations and movements provide the essential foundations for disease preparedness, outbreak investigations and control activities. These activities are particularly important for managing and mitigating the risks of high-impact transboundary animal disease outbreaks such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which can significantly affect international trade access and domestic food security. In countries where livestock production systems are heavily subsidized by the government, producers are often required to provide detailed animal movement and demographic data as a condition of business. In the remaining countries, it can be difficult to maintain these types of databases and impossible to estimate the extent of missing or inaccurate information due to the absence of gold standard datasets for comparison. Consequently, competent authorities are often required to make decisions about disease preparedness and control based on available data, which may result in suboptimal outcomes for their livestock industries. It is important to understand the limitations of poor data quality as well as the range of methods that have been developed to compensate in both disease-free and endemic situations. Using FMD as a case example, this review first discusses the different activities that competent authorities use farm-level animal population data for to support (1) preparedness activities in disease-free countries, (2) response activities during an acute outbreak in a disease-free country, and (3) eradication and control activities in an endemic country. We then discuss (4) data requirements needed to support epidemiological investigations, surveillance, and disease spread modelling both in disease-free and endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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31
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Marchant-Forde JN, Boyle LA. COVID-19 Effects on Livestock Production: A One Welfare Issue. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:585787. [PMID: 33195613 PMCID: PMC7554581 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.585787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights that we exist in a global community. From a single city, it spread to 188 countries across the world and infected 30 million people by September 18, 2020. Decades of modeling pandemics predicted potential consequences, but COVID-19's impact on the food supply chain, and specifically livestock production was unexpected. Clusters of cases among workers in meat processing plants evolved quickly to affect human, animal, and environmental welfare in several countries. In processing plants, the hygiene focus is on product quality and food safety. Because of their close proximity to one another, COVID-19 spread rapidly between workers and the lack of sick leave and health insurance likely resulted in workers continuing to work when infectious. In the United States (U.S.) many processing plants shut down when they identified major outbreaks, putting pressure especially on pig and poultry industries. At one point, there was a 45% reduction in pig processing capacity meaning about 250,000 pigs per day were not slaughtered. This resulted in longer transport distances to plants in operation with extra capacity, but also to crowding of animals on farm. Producers were encouraged to slow growth rates, but some had to cull animals on farm in ways that likely included suffering and caused considerable upset to owners and workers. Carcass disposal was also associated with potential biosecurity risks and detrimental effects on the environment. Hence, this is a One Welfare issue, affecting human, animal, and environmental welfare and highlighting the fragility of intensive, high-throughput livestock production systems. This model needs to be re-shaped to include the animal, human, and environmental elements across the farm to fork chain. Such a One Welfare approach will ensure that food production systems are resilient, flexible, and fair in the face of future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N Marchant-Forde
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Laura A Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
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32
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“What a Waste”—Can We Improve Sustainability of Food Animal Production Systems by Recycling Food Waste Streams into Animal Feed in an Era of Health, Climate, and Economic Crises? SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12177071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food waste has been a major barrier to achieving global food security and environmental sustainability for many decades. Unfortunately, food waste has become an even bigger problem in many countries because of supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic and African Swine Fever epidemic. Although Japan and South Korea have been leaders in recycling food waste into animal feed, countries that produce much greater amounts of food waste, such as the United States and the European Union, have lagged far behind. Concerns about the risk of transmission of bacteria, prions, parasites, and viruses have been the main obstacles limiting the recycling of food waste streams containing animal-derived tissues into animal feed and have led to government regulations restricting this practice in the U.S. and EU. However, adequate thermal processing is effective for inactivating all biological agents of concern, perhaps except for prions from infected ruminant tissues. The tremendous opportunity for nitrogen and phosphorus resource recovery along with several other environmental benefits from recycling food waste streams and rendered animal by-products into animal feed have not been fully appreciated for their substantial contribution toward solving our climate crisis. It is time to revisit our global approach to improving economic and environmental sustainability by more efficiently utilizing the abundant supply of food waste and animal tissues to a greater extent in animal feed while protecting human and animal health in food animal production systems.
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33
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He C, Mei Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li P, Zhang Z, Jing Y, Li G, Jiao Y. Enhanced biodiesel production from diseased swine fat by ultrasound-assisted two-step catalyzed process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 304:123017. [PMID: 32087546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to enhance the yield of high quality biodiesel form diseased swine fat, the ultrasound-assisted two-step catalyzed process was employed. First, three-dimensional ultrasound-assisted concentrated sulfuric acid pre-esterification experiment was carried out. Then, the transesterification reaction catalyzed by KOH was performed, and four parameters (catalyst concentration, reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction temperature) were optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal transesterification reaction conditions were catalyst concentration of 1.11 wt%, reaction temperature of 62.3 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio of 7.42:1, and reaction time of 116.14 min. The most significant factor affecting biodiesel purity was identified as catalyst concentration. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum biodiesel purity reached to 98% with the reaction time of 176.14 min, shortened by 63.3% compared with previous works. Furthermore, most of the biodiesel properties agreed the quality requirements established by Official Regulations of GB/25199-2017 of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yahe Mei
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Panpan Li
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanyan Jing
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Youzhou Jiao
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Tápparo DC, Rogovski P, Cadamuro RD, Marques Souza DS, Bonatto C, Frumi Camargo A, Scapini T, Stefanski F, Amaral A, Kunz A, Hernández M, Treichel H, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Nutritional, Energy and Sanitary Aspects of Swine Manure and Carcass Co-digestion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:333. [PMID: 32411682 PMCID: PMC7200981 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewable energy can assist the management of the effects of population growth and rapid economic development on the sustainability of animal husbandry. The primary aim of renewable energy is to minimize the use of fossil fuels via the creation of environmentally friendly energy products from depleted fossil fuels. Digesters that treat swine manure are extensively used in treatment systems; and inclusion of swine carcasses can increase the organic loading rate (OLR) thereby improving biogas yield and productivity on farms. However, the characteristics of the components including animal residues, proteins, lipids, remains of undigested feed items, antimicrobial drug residues, pathogenic microorganisms and nutrient contents, are complex and diverse. It is therefore necessary to manage the anaerobic process stability and digestate purification for subsequent use as fertilizer. Efficient methane recovery from residues rich in lipids is difficult because such residues are only slowly biodegradable. Pretreatment can promote solubilization of lipids and accelerate anaerobic digestion, and pretreatments can process the swine carcass before its introduction onto biodigesters. This review presents an overview of the anaerobic digestion of swine manure and carcasses. We analyze the characteristics of these residues, and we identify strategies to enhance biogas yield and process stability. We consider energy potential, co-digestion of swine manure and carcasses, physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment of biomass, sanitary aspects of swine manure and co-digestates and their recycling as fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisi Cristina Tápparo
- Western Paraná State University - UNIOESTE/CCET/PGEAGRI, Cascavel, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Brazil
| | - Paula Rogovski
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Charline Bonatto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Aline Frumi Camargo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Thamarys Scapini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Fábio Stefanski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - André Amaral
- Western Paraná State University - UNIOESTE/CCET/PGEAGRI, Cascavel, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Hernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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Lan M, Li W, Chang C, Liu L, Li P, Pan X, Ma X, He C, Jiao Y. Enhancement on enzymolysis of pigskin with ultrasonic assistance. Bioengineered 2020; 11:397-407. [PMID: 32175806 PMCID: PMC7170554 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1736736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fur is hard to decompose during the fermentation process of diseased swine carcasses. In order to enhance the enzymolysis of pigskin, the ultrasonic was proposed to use during the process of the enzymatic hydrolysis. The response surface optimization experiments were carried out with the DH (degree of hydrolysis) as the response value and the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were determined. Based the optimum conditions, orthogonal experiments were carried out with ultrasonic frequency, power and time as variables, and optimal ultrasonic parameters were obtained. Without the assistance of ultrasonic, the descending order of influence factors on DH was, temperature>SC(Substrate concentration)>RES(The ratio of enzyme to substrate)>pH. Moreover, the DH value is of 10.42% under the following optimal conditions: RES is of 16,006 U/g, the temperature is of 48.92°C, the SC is of 59.76 g/L and pH is of 10.43. Frequency has the greatest effect on DH, followed by power, and finally time. The optimum hydrolysis time is of 5 h, and the DH is of 22.94% were obtained under the following optimum ultrasonic pretreatment conditions: frequency combination is of (20,40,40), power is of 600 W and time is of 25 min. Comparing with the group without ultrasonic pretreatment, the DH for the ultrasonic assistance increased by 4%, the hydrolysis time was shorten by 3 h, and the total amino acids increased by 15.98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Lan
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panpan Li
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youzhou Jiao
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Yan Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang S, Li Q, Liu X, Xu Y, Yang J, Bolan N. Clanis bilineata larvae skin-derived biochars for immobilization of lead: Sorption isotherm and molecular mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135251. [PMID: 31812421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clanis bilineata larva skin (CBLS), a new residue from the food industry, was first used to produce biochars by pyrolysis at 300 °C (CBLS300) and 700 °C (CBLS700), respectively, for Pb immobilization. The sorption isotherms and immobilization mechanisms of Pb on two biochars were investigated. CBLS700 exhibited more high-efficiency in sorption of Pb than CBLS300 due to the predicted maximum sorption capacity of CBLS700 (77.52 mg/g) was larger than that of CBLS300 (49.02 mg/g). Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence analysis exhibited the co-distribution of Pb and P in the sorption product of CBLS700 rather than CBLS300. Microfocused X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis highlighted the significance of organic ligand in the biochar for Pb immobilization due to both sorption products have organic complexed Pb. Moreover, 25% of total Pb was present as hydrocerussite on CBLS300 but partially transformed into stable hydroxylpyromorphite on CBLS700 (~21%), which was in accordance with the analysis of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy disperse spectra. Additionally, addition of CBLS700 was more effective in reducing the leachable Pb in shooting range soil than that of CBLS300. These results strongly suggested the potential application of the new biochar (CBLS700) for the remediation of Pb-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China; Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Health, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an 223001, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuzhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Shuyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Yonggang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
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Tápparo DC, Viancelli A, Amaral ACD, Fongaro G, Steinmetz RLR, Magri ME, Barardi CRM, Kunz A. Sanitary effectiveness and biogas yield by anaerobic co-digestion of swine carcasses and manure. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:682-690. [PMID: 30080477 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1508256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and swine carcasses for biogas yield and inactivation/behaviour of pathogens purpose. Biochemical Methane Production tests were performed with samples containing ratios of 3, 7.5 and 15 kgcarcass m-3 manure. For pathogens inactivation experiments known amounts of model microrganisms (sensitive and resistant) were artificially inoculated in anaerobic reactors at 24°C and 37°C. The addition of carcass resulted in an increase until 119% of biogas yield compared to swine manure mono-digestion. Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and PCV2 were reduced >3log10 (24°C or 37°C) during 30 days. At 37°C, MS2 and PhiX-174 were reduced 3log10 and 1.8log10, respectively. At 24°C, MS2 reduced 1.5 log10 and PhiX-174 did not present any decay over 30 days. Considering the most resistant biomarkers pathogens, as bacteriophage, we recommend the swine carcasses pre-treatment, such as high temperatures, for sanitary security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - PPGBB, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul - PPGCTA, Erechim, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Elisa Magri
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - PPGBB, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Airton Kunz
- Western Paraná State University - UNIOESTE/CCET/PGEAGRI, Cascavel, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Brazil
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38
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Cao M, Han Q, Zhang J, Zhang R, Wang J, Gu W, Kang W, Lian K, Ai L. An untargeted and pseudotargeted metabolomic combination approach to identify differential markers to distinguish live from dead pork meat by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Batista IA, Hoepers PG, Silva MFB, Nunes PLF, Diniz DCA, Freitas AG, Cossi MVC, Fonseca BB. Circulation of Major Respiratory Pathogens in Backyard Poultry and their Association with Clinical Disease and Biosecurity. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- IA Batista
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - PG Hoepers
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - MFB Silva
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - PLF Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - AG Freitas
- Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Brazil
| | - MVC Cossi
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - BB Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
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40
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Koh EH, Kaown D, Kim HJ, Lee KK, Kim H, Park S. Nationwide groundwater monitoring around infectious-disease-caused livestock mortality burials in Korea: Superimposed influence of animal leachate on pre-existing anthropogenic pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:376-388. [PMID: 31150979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak during 2010 affected the entire country of South Korea and approximately 3.4 million swine and bovine mortalities were disposed of at approximately 4800 on-farm burial sites for a few months following the first outbreak. Furthermore, outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) have struck Korea consistently since 2014. Public concern regarding the deterioration of the surrounding environment has been raised aiming at the enormous infected animal carcass burials. On behalf of the Ministry of Environment (ME) of the Korean government, we conducted groundwater monitoring at approximately 3000 wells around the burial sites for 7 years from 2011 to 2017. The baseline groundwater already had enriched levels of nitrogen and chloride compounds masking the influence of leachate with the pre-existing anthropogenic contamination. Based on the trend analysis, most monitoring wells had no significant trends in NO3-N and Cl implying that an abrupt degradation in water quality was not expected across the country. Increasing proportions of total coliform detection in the groundwater of the majority of provinces will cause potential damage to human health around the carcass burial sites. Wells showing frequent upward and downward trends near the carcass burial pits were targeted for principal component analysis (PCA) and the results showed that NH4-N, TOC, Cl, and K could be indicators distinguishing the sole impacts of animal leachate on the groundwater. Analyses of the nationwide monitoring data indicated possibly delayed and prolonged impacts of the widespread burials of livestock mortalities on the groundwater environment. The finding provides realistic insight regarding how to manage the mass burial of livestock mortalities to protect groundwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Koh
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dugin Kaown
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Kun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunkoo Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
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41
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Trinetta V, McDaniel A, Magossi G, Yucel U, Jones C. Effects of different moisture and temperature levels on Salmonella survival in poultry fat. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1369-1374. [PMID: 32704899 PMCID: PMC7200420 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat products have been historically thought to have too low water activity to harbor pathogens. However, it has been recently reported that high moisture levels in fats may lead to Salmonella presence and growth. Limited research on strategies to eliminate pathogens in these environments is available, and the mechanisms contributing to microbial presence and growth are not yet well understood. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of moisture levels and storage temperatures on the growth and survival of Salmonella in poultry fat. Samples were stored for 7 d at 48°C or 76°C and remaining Salmonella was evaluated. When poultry fat was challenged with a wet high inoculum, more than a 4 log CFU/mL difference in Salmonella population was observed with 1% and 3% moisture levels at 48°C after 5 d (P < 0.05). No differences between moisture levels (P > 0.05) were observed when samples were tested with a wet low inoculum. Counts below detectable limits were observed after 24 h in samples challenged at 76°C, regardless of inoculum level. When poultry fat was stored at 48°C and inoculated with low levels of Salmonella spp., bacterial growth was influenced only by time (P < 0.05) and not affected (P > 0.05) by moisture level. However, when poultry fat was stored at 48°C and inoculated with high levels of Salmonella spp., bacterial decrease was easier (P < 0.05) in samples containing greater moisture. This research suggests that residual moisture in containers during transportation of poultry fat largely does not affect Salmonella spp. growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin McDaniel
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Umut Yucel
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Cassandra Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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42
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O'Bryan CJ, Holden MH, Watson JEM. The mesoscavenger release hypothesis and implications for ecosystem and human well-being. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1340-1348. [PMID: 31131976 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many apex scavenger species, including nearly all obligate scavengers, are in a state of rapid decline and there is growing evidence these declines can drastically alter ecological food webs. Our understanding of how apex scavengers regulate populations of mesoscavengers, those less-efficient scavengers occupying mid-trophic levels, is improving; yet, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the evidence around the competitive release of these species by the loss of apex scavengers. Here we present current evidence that supports the mesoscavenger release hypothesis, the increase in mesoscavengers and increase in carrion in the face of declining apex scavengers. We provide two models of scavenger dynamics to demonstrate that the mesoscavenger release hypothesis is consistent with ecological theory. We further examine the ecological and human well-being implications of apex scavenger decline, including carrion removal and disease regulation services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J O'Bryan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew H Holden
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
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43
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Costa T, Akdeniz N. A review of the animal disease outbreaks and biosecure animal mortality composting systems. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 90:121-131. [PMID: 31088667 PMCID: PMC7126724 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of new vaccines and the application of rigorous biosecurity measures, animal diseases pose a continuing threat to animal health, food safety, national economy, and the environment. Intense livestock production, increased travel, and changing climate have increased the risk of catastrophic animal losses due to infectious diseases. In the event of an outbreak, it is essential to properly manage the infected animals to prevent the spread of diseases. The most common disposal methods used during a disease outbreak include burial, landfilling, incineration and composting. Biosecurity, transportation logistics, public perception, and environmental concerns limit the use of some of these methods. During a disease outbreak, the large number of mortalities often exceeds the capacity of local rendering plants and landfills. Transporting mortalities to disposal and incineration facilities outside the production operation introduces biosecurity risks. Burying mortalities is limited by the size and availability of suitable sites and it has the risk of pathogen survival and contamination of groundwater and soil. Portable incinerators are expensive and have the potential to aerosolize infectious particles. Composting, on the other hand, has been recognized as a biosecure disposal method. Research showed that it eliminates bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella spp., as well as viruses including highly pathogenic avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, Newcastle disease, and porcine epidemic diarrhea. This paper summarizes the lessons learned during the major animal disease outbreaks including the 2010 foot-and-mouth disease, 2016 highly pathogenic avian influenza, and recent African swine fever outbreaks. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss the biosecurity of composting as a mortality disposal method during the outbreaks of infectious animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Costa
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neslihan Akdeniz
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
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44
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Farmanesh A, Mohtasebi SS, Omid M. Optimization of rendering process of poultry by-products with batch cooker model monitored by electronic nose. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 235:194-201. [PMID: 30682672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The best available controlled technology for transforming the disposal of animal by-products and mortalities is rendering. Two aspects of rendering process are mentioned in this research; product quality and emissions. A model of batch cooker with temperature, pressure and agitator speed controllers was designed and developed in order to optimize the process and to investigate the effect of changes in rendering conditions on quality of poultry by-product meal and also on pollutant emissions. An electronic nose system was designed and built based on metal oxide semiconductor sensors to monitor the gases emitted from batch cooker model. Also, GC-MS was used to identify the emitted components. In order to optimize the rendering process, response surface methodology was performed on temperature, cooking time and agitator speed variables. Results showed that the temperature of 140 °C (internal pressure equivalent to about 3.2 bar), the cooking time of 45 min and the agitator speed of 20 rpm optimized the process of batch cooking to maximize the percentage of protein and minimize the percentage of fat, moisture content, energy consumption and emission of pollutants. By GC-MS analysis, about 100 compounds include hydrocarbons, volatile fatty acids, sulfur-containing compounds, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and furans were observed in the emission of a batch cooker model. The major groups were organic acids and amides. Principle component analysis showed the most suitable sensors for detecting unpleasant odors from rendering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farmanesh
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Omid
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran
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Yang X, Hu Q, Han Z, Ruan X, Jiang S, Chai J, Zheng R. Effects of exogenous microbial inoculum on the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in swine carcass composting. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:1042-1053. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Composting is a widely accepted method for the disposal of deceased livestock. It is a biological self-heating process during which animal carcasses are converted to fertilizer products. Additional inoculants can facilitate the composting progress. This study investigated how the addition of microbial inoculants could improve the composting effectiveness and could change the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in the carcass composting process. Four strains of Bacillus were inoculated into the swine carcass composting piles. The groups with the additional inoculants showed a higher temperature in the thermophilic phase and higher germination indices in the composted products. The sequencing results showed that the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, and the dominant classified genera were Brevibacterium and Bacillus. Canonical correlation analysis showed that temperature and moisture exerted a stronger influence on the bacterial community diversity. The interaction network of dominant genera and the abundance variation of the bacterial community demonstrated that the inoculated bacterial agent changed the structure of bacterial communities and enriched the diversity of the species due to antagonism and symbiosis among the dominant bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenzhen Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyi Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jin Chai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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46
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Bennett CE, Thomas R, Williams M, Zalasiewicz J, Edgeworth M, Miller H, Coles B, Foster A, Burton EJ, Marume U. The broiler chicken as a signal of a human reconfigured biosphere. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180325. [PMID: 30662712 PMCID: PMC6304135 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Changing patterns of human resource use and food consumption have profoundly impacted the Earth's biosphere. Until now, no individual taxa have been suggested as distinct and characteristic new morphospecies representing this change. Here we show that the domestic broiler chicken is one such potential marker. Human-directed changes in breeding, diet and farming practices demonstrate at least a doubling in body size from the late medieval period to the present in domesticated chickens, and an up to fivefold increase in body mass since the mid-twentieth century. Moreover, the skeletal morphology, pathology, bone geochemistry and genetics of modern broilers are demonstrably different to those of their ancestors. Physical and numerical changes to chickens in the second half of the twentieth century, i.e. during the putative Anthropocene Epoch, have been the most dramatic, with large increases in individual bird growth rate and population sizes. Broiler chickens, now unable to survive without human intervention, have a combined mass exceeding that of all other birds on Earth; this novel morphotype symbolizes the unprecedented human reconfiguration of the Earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carys E. Bennett
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Richard Thomas
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mark Williams
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Jan Zalasiewicz
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Matt Edgeworth
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Holly Miller
- Department of Classics and Archaeology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ben Coles
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Alison Foster
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Emily J. Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Upenyu Marume
- School of Agriculture Science, North West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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47
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Kumar V, Gupta J, Meena HR. Assessment of Awareness about Antibiotic Resistance and Practices Followed by Veterinarians for Judicious Prescription of Antibiotics: An Exploratory Study in Eastern Haryana Region of India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:677-687. [PMID: 30415307 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance and its global outreach has recently become a subject of increasing importance in veterinary research with an objective to reduce the load of antibiotic resistance in dairy farming practices. The present study was designed to analyze antibiotic prescriptions by veterinarians and to evaluate the appropriateness of prescribing behavior in consistent with prudent use of antibiotics. A total of 48 veterinarians were selected randomly from government Veterinary hospitals constituting a total of 48 veterinarians as respondents. The study revealed that most of prescriptions corresponded sound to prudent use of antibiotic and its treatment guidelines. To assess their awareness about antibiotic resistance and its related veterinary practices, an exclusively Awareness Index of antibiotic resistance was developed. It was observed that antibiotics were prescribed in initial encounter of diagnosis; thus, antibiotic conservation practices were found lacking. The ethical awareness of veterinarians was found lacking to establish valid veterinary-client relationship and ensure active involvement of stakeholders. This study largely looks into this angle by unearthing the drug prescribing behavior in order to shape the interdisciplinary research on this biological and profoundly social issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India.
| | - Jancy Gupta
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
| | - H R Meena
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
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48
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Arias JZ, Reuter T, Sabir A, Gilroyed BH. Ambient alkaline hydrolysis and anaerobic digestion as a mortality management strategy for whole poultry carcasses. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 81:71-77. [PMID: 30527045 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Livestock mortality management is a critical factor for ensuring biosecurity, minimizing environmental impact, and maintaining public trust in livestock production agriculture. The number of technologies currently used for livestock mortality management is small, including composting, burial, incineration, landfilling, and rendering. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages which make their suitability situational. In this study, ambient alkaline hydrolysis (AAH) using 2, 4, or 8 M potassium hydroxide at ambient temperature and pressure was explored as a disposal method for whole broiler chicken carcasses. Alkaline hydrolysate (pH > 14) resulting from the process was neutralized by mixing with acidic corn silage, and then utilized as a substrate for anaerobic digestion in bench top continuously stirred tank reactors. All AAH treatments solubilized broiler carcasses within 20 days. Corn silage neutralized 2 M hydrolysate using a 2:1 (w/w) mixing ratio, while 4 M hydrolysate required a 4:1 mixing ratio. Anaerobic digestion of neutralized hydrolysate reduced volatile solids by >96% for all treatments. Highest methane yields were observed from the 2 M hydrolysate (607.2 ± 47.9 g mL-1 VS), while biogas production from the 8 M hydrolysate was totally inhibited over a total of 42 days. Ambient alkaline hydrolysis followed by silage neutralization and anaerobic digestion provides a feasible, straightforward technology to manage routine and emergency animal mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Arias
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - Tim Reuter
- Livestock Research Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge T1J 4V6, Canada
| | - Asma Sabir
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - Brandon H Gilroyed
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada; Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada.
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49
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Thompson JM, Tonsor GT, Pendell DL, Preston W. United States feedlot operator willingness to pay for disposal capacity to address foreign animal disease risk. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1951-1958. [PMID: 30094971 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foreign animal diseases can cause severe and lasting economic impacts to producers, directly and indirectly. Understanding producer investment cost structures can provide industry and policy makers better tools to encourage biosecurity adoption. Consistent with the literature, many factors can contribute to an individual operator's decision to invest in biosecurity based on individual characteristics, perception of disease likelihood, or expected losses associated with a disease event. We used a producer survey and a one-and-one-half bound econometric model to estimate feedlot operator willingness to pay to invest in disposal capacity within the next 3 years. Results indicate an average willingness to pay of $14,310 for a one-time investment in on-farm disposal capacity to address carcass movement restrictions during a disease outbreak. We found several factors that contribute to and explain the heterogeneity between feedlots and their adoption decisions. Primarily, size of the feedlot and death loss rate significantly impact adoption, which both potentially speak to the financial liquidity and investment potential of a feedlot enterprise. While there is no failsafe in disease prevention, these results provide a better understanding for how to study and structure policy and cost structures to incentivize adoption of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jada M Thompson
- Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Glynn T Tonsor
- Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dustin L Pendell
- Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Warren Preston
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, District of Columbia
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50
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Xu J, Mustafa AM, Lin H, Choe UY, Sheng K. Effect of hydrochar on anaerobic digestion of dead pig carcass after hydrothermal pretreatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:849-856. [PMID: 32559980 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Incineration and burial are the current practices for pig carcasses disposal but are not environmentally friendly. Anaerobic digestion can be a better alternative if the process inhibition by carcass digestion can be ameliorated. This study successfully mitigated the inhibition in anaerobic digestion of carcasses by hydrochar addition and by co-digestion with RS and HRS. Biogas production from SP of the pretreated hydrothermal carcasses was enhanced by 60.7 to 90.8% through hydrochar addition. The highest biogas production of 450 mL/g-VS was obtained at 4 g-hydrochar/L addition. The methane content was also increased from 57.5% to up to 69.8%. Each gram of hydrochar removed 25 mg of ammonium and 50 mg of VFA. Hydrochar addition promoted the conversion of VFA to biogas by strengthening the intensity of functional groups and the immobilization of microbial biomass. Co-digestion of SP with RS or HRS also increased the biogas production, and the optimal production of 428 mL/g VS was obtained at 70% SP and 30% RS. The co-digestion of carcass SP with RS and the addition of hydrochar can be a promising solution for improving biogas production from a pig carcass, and can be potentially developed as a sustainable waste management method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ahmed M Mustafa
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hongjian Lin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ung Yong Choe
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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