1
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Moon H, Yun ST, Oh JE. Assessment of environmental forensic indicator for anthropogenic groundwater contamination via target/suspect/nontarget analysis using HRMS techniques. J Hazard Mater 2024; 467:133629. [PMID: 38340559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study compared target/suspect/nontarget analysis via liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) with traditional environmental forensic methods, specifically nitrate and its stable N isotope, in assessing groundwater pollution from livestock manure and agriculture. Using an in-house database of 1471 target and suspects, 35 contaminants (pesticides, veterinary drugs, surfactants) were identified, some uniquely linked to specific pollution sources, such as sulfamethazine and 4-formylaminoantipyrine in manure-affected areas. Pesticides were widespread, typically showing higher intensity in agricultural zones. On the other hand, the results of stable N isotope analysis (δ15N-NO3: 4.8 to 16.4‰) indicated the influence of human activities such as fertilizers, sewage, and manure in all sampling sites, including the control site far from the pollution sources and cannot differentiate the specific sources. The study underscores LC-HRMS's efficacy in different pollution sources, surpassing the limitations of stable N isotope analysis, and provides valuable insights for polluted groundwater source tracking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeran Moon
- Environmental Chemistry and Health Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Environmental Chemistry and Health Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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2
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Ekpe OD, Choo G, Kang JK, Yun ST, Oh JE. Identification of organic chemical indicators for tracking pollution sources in groundwater by machine learning from GC-HRMS-based suspect and non-target screening data. Water Res 2024; 252:121130. [PMID: 38295453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the strong analytical power of gas chromatography coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) of organic micropollutants was combined with machine learning tools for proposing a novel and robust systematic environmental forensics workflow, focusing on groundwater contamination. Groundwater samples were collected from four different regions with diverse contamination histories (namely oil [OC], agricultural [AGR], industrial [IND], and landfill [LF]), and a total of 252 organic micropollutants were identified, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plasticizers, phenols, organophosphate flame retardants, transformation products, and others, with detection frequencies ranging from 3 % to 100 %. Amongst the SNTS identified compounds, a total of 51 chemical indicators (i.e., OC: 13, LF: 12, AGR: 19, IND: 7) which included level 1 and 2 SNTS identified chemicals were pinpointed across all sampling regions by integrating a bootstrapped feature selection method involving the bootfs algorithm and a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model to determine potential prevalent contamination sources. The proposed workflow showed good predictive ability (Q2) of 0.897, and the suggested contamination sources were gasoline, diesel, and/or other light petroleum products for the OC region, anthropogenic activities for the LF region, agricultural and human activities for the AGR region, and industrial/human activities for the IND region. These results suggest that the proposed workflow can select a subset of the most diagnostic features in the chemical space that can best distinguish a specific contamination source class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Kang
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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3
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An S, Kim SH, Woo H, Choi JW, Yun ST, Chung J, Lee S. Groundwater-level fluctuation effects on petroleum hydrocarbons in vadose zones and their potential risks: Laboratory studies. J Hazard Mater 2024; 463:132837. [PMID: 37890385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the role of the vadose zone protecting groundwater from contamination, the non-stationarity in this zone makes it difficult to predict the behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) therein. In laboratory soil columns with sandy and sandy loam soils, we simulated a vadose zone subjected to repeated groundwater-level fluctuation (GLF) to evaluate the behavior of PH under hydrodynamic conditions. The GLF vertically redistributed the PH, the extent of which was pronounced in the sandy soil with a high initial concentration due to the enhanced transport of the immiscible PH through the larger pores. The frequency of GLF did not show a substantial effect on the extent of PH redistribution but largely affected their attenuation. The greater GLF hindered PH volatilization by maintaining a high degree of water saturation, while the subsequent development of a local anaerobic regime inhibited biodegradation, which was more apparent in the sandy loam. Finally, a specific potential risk index was introduced to quantitatively compare the potential risk of PH contamination in different vadose zones exposed to GLF. Overall, the sandy soil contaminated with the higher total PH (TPH) concentration showed markedly higher potential risk indices (i.e., 18.4-29.0%), while the ones comprised of the sandy loam showed 0.6-4.9%, which increased under the greater number of GLF cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongnam An
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Woo
- Geo-technical Team, ECO Solution Business Unit, SK Ecoplant, Seoul 03143, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Choi
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeshik Chung
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST GREEN SCHOOL), Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Ahn Y, Park S, Kim HH, Basak B, Yun ST, Jeon BH, Choi J. Field evaluation of carbon injection method for in-situ biological denitrification in groundwater using geochemical and metataxonomic analyses. Environ Pollut 2024; 340:122719. [PMID: 37866751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the bioremediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater, which has become a significant environmental problem due to the increasing usage of fertilizers and sewage disposal. The nitrate reduction efficiencies of biological denitrification by injection of carbon source in a pilot-scale treatment system setup were investigated at a groundwater contamination site. The field test was conducted using acetate as a carbon source for 22 days to assess the nitrate reduction efficiencies of in-situ treatment. Geochemical parameters and microbial community analysis using next-generation sequencing were performed before and after carbon source injection. After 12 h of reaction time, nitrate concentration decreased from 31.6 to 4.2 mg-N/L at PC-2, and then remained stable at 3.9 mg-N/L. The nitrate reduction rate when acetate was injected was 29.0 mg-N/L/day. Aquabacterium commune, pseudomonas brassicacearum, dechloromonas denitrificans, and Massilia FAOS were dominant species after acetate injection. Predictive metabolic pathway analysis indicated that nitrate reduction metabolisms during injection of acetate were denitrification and assimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. The evaluated hazard quotient of nitrate-contaminated groundwater significantly decreased after acetate injection (non-carcinogenic risk decreased from 1.176 to 0.134 for children). This research could provide fundamental information for decision-makers in nitrate-contaminated groundwater quality protection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtae Ahn
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoo Hugo Kim
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea; Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bikram Basak
- Center for Creative Convergence Education, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Petroleum and Mineral Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Yoon S, Kim DM, Yu S, Batsaikhan B, Kim T, Yun ST. Characteristics of soil contamination by potentially toxic elements in mine areas of Mongolia. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 46:15. [PMID: 38147160 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as metal(loid)s, in mining areas was characterized on a nationwide scale in Mongolia to understand the contamination status throughout the country, according to mine types. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis exhibited better classification and explanation of soil contamination according to ore types compared to conventional statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The results of PMF analysis for metal(loid) contents in 1425 topsoil samples collected from 272 mines illuminated four Factors, which primarily contributed to As (Factor 1), Pb, Zn, and Cd (Factor 2), Ni (Factor 3), and Cu and Cd (Factor 4) contaminations, respectively. In hard-rock gold mines, As was enriched and the contribution of Factor 1 was high (31.2%) due to the affinity between As and Au. In placer gold mines, the contribution of Factor 3 (41.8%) was high due to the affinity between Ni and weathering-resistant heavy minerals. For base metal, fluorite, and coal mines, contributions of Factors 2 (32.1-50.9%) and 4 (17.7-33.6%) were high owing to sulfides containing Pb-Zn-d and Cu. These impacts of mine types were altered by local geology (e.g., skarn). Meanwhile, Hg amalgamation contributed to Hg contamination in a few hard-rock gold mines. These results suggest that soil contaminants in mining areas are mainly affected by the type of deposits with geochemical affinities, region-specific ore characteristics, and artificial processing. Understanding these effects will help establish national strategies for countermeasures, such as soil rehabilitation in mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoon Yoon
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation, Wonju, 26464, South Korea
| | - Duk-Min Kim
- Department of New Energy and Mining Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, South Korea.
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, South Korea
| | - Bayartungalag Batsaikhan
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 15170, Mongolia
| | - Tackhyun Kim
- Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation, Wonju, 26464, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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6
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Kim DM, Lim WL, Im DG, Hwang JW, Yu S, Yun ST, Kim JH. Fractionation behaviors of Cu, Zn, and S-O isotopes in groundwater contaminated with petroleum and treated by oxidation. J Hazard Mater 2023; 458:131901. [PMID: 37356179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation behaviors of Cu and Zn isotopes have been increasingly studied at the field scale, but those in various redox conditions of groundwater contaminated with petroleum and treated by oxidation have not been assessed. In this study, δ65Cu and δ66Zn as well as δ34SSO4 and Δδ18OSO4-H2O were assessed in wells undergoing contamination by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and oxidation using H2O2 in 2021 and 2022. High δ34SSO4 and relevant parameters (e.g., dissolved sulfide and HCO3-) indicated the occurrence of sulfate reduction. The plot of δ65Cu versus δ34SSO4 effectively indicated precipitation of Cu sulfides and their reoxidation at oxidation wells. Although the plot of δ66Zn versus δ34SSO4 could also indicate reoxidation of Zn sulfides, the Zn isotopic fingerprint of sulfide precipitation may have been masked by fractionation by sorption. The advantage of using δ65Cu in the redox reactions resulted from the wider range of δ65Cu owing to the redox behavior of Cu. The plot combining isotopic fractionations of Cu and S can assist in assessing sulfide precipitation and oxidative treatment in TPH-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Min Kim
- Department of New Energy and Mining Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woong-Lim Lim
- Department of New Energy and Mining Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Gyu Im
- Department of New Energy and Mining Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Hwang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Kim
- Gyeonggi Regional Headquarter, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16346, Republic of Korea
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An S, Woo H, Kim SH, Yun ST, Chung J, Lee S. Complex behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons in vadose zone: A holistic analysis using unsaturated soil columns. Chemosphere 2023; 326:138417. [PMID: 36925010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The migration of petroleum hydrocarbons in vadose zone involves complex coupled processes such as downward displacement and natural attenuation. Despite its significance in determining groundwater vulnerability to petroleum contamination and optimizing the remedial strategy, it has not been comprehensively studied in terms of overall processes under field-relevant conditions. In this study, a series of unsaturated soil column experiments were conducted by simulating subsurface diesel contamination within a vadose zone using different soil textures at different soil bulk densities and initial diesel concentrations, while partly exposing them to simulated precipitation. The results showed that the soil column with less fine fraction was favorable for the downward migration of diesel but unfavorable for its natural degradation. However, precipitation complicated the relative conductivities of multiple fluids (water, air, and diesel) through the pore network, therby decreasing diesel migration and degradation. For example, the downward migration of diesel in the SL column decreased by 8.4% under precipitation, while the overall attenuation rate dropped to almost 0.24% of its original state. Lowering bulk density (from 1.5 to 1.23 g/cm3), however, could enhance the attenuation rate presumably due to the secured void space for the incoming fluids. A high initial concentration of diesel (2%; w/w) inhibited its natural attenuation, while its influence on its vertical propagation after the precipitation was not significant. The present findings provide a mechanistic basis for approximating the behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons in a random vadose zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongnam An
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Heesoo Woo
- Geo-technical Team, ECO Solution Business Unit, SK Ecoplant, Seoul, 03143, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, South Korea
| | - Jaeshik Chung
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST GREEN SCHOOL), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Oh J, Kim HR, Yu S, Kim KH, Lee JH, Park S, Kim H, Yun ST. A supervised machine learning approach to discriminate the effect of carcass leachate on shallow groundwater quality around on-farm livestock mortality burial sites. J Hazard Mater 2023; 457:131712. [PMID: 37257376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of leachate leakage at livestock mortality burial sites is challenging, particularly when groundwater is previously contaminated by agro-livestock farming. Supervised machine learning was applied to discriminate the impacts of carcass leachate from pervasive groundwater contamination in the following order: data labeling, feature selection, synthetic data generation, and classification. Physicochemical data of 359 water samples were collected from burial pits (LC), monitoring wells near pits (MW), pre-existing shallow household wells (HW), and background wells with pervasive contamination (BG). A linear classification model was built using two representative groups (LC and BG) affected by different pollution sources as labeled data. A classifier was then applied to assess the impact of leachate leakage in MW and HW. As a result, leachate impacts were observed in 40% of MW samples, which indicates improper construction and management of some burial pits. Leachate impacts were also detected in six HW samples, up to 120 m downgradient, within one year. The quantitative decision-making tool to diagnose groundwater contamination with leachate leakage can contribute to ensuring timely responses to leakage. The proposed machine learning approach can also be used to improve the environmental impact assessment of water pollution by improper disposal of organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseop Oh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ho-Rim Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea.
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Sunhwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyunkoo Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Yoon S, Kim DM, Yu S, Park J, Yun ST. Metal(loid)-specific sources and distribution mechanisms of riverside soil contamination near an abandoned gold mine in Mongolia. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130294. [PMID: 36335902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tailings were discharged to the Boroo River from gold mining by amalgamation, resulting in soil contamination near the river. To identify the sources and distribution mechanisms of each metal(loid) in the soil, a total of 184 soil samples were collected near the river and analyzed for As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg contents. According to the positive matrix factorization result, three factors affected the contamination levels: the application of Hg for gold mining (Factor 1), light minerals containing Cu and Zn (Factor 2), and heavy minerals containing As and Cd (Factor 3). Soil samples were classified into four groups by hierarchical clustering. Groups A and B seemed to be affected by light and heavy minerals discharged in early and later stages of ore processing, respectively. The spatial distribution of the groups suggested differentiation in travel distances by specific gravity. Groups C and D showed high Hg contents implying the effect of Hg mismanagement and spill accidents. The study results show that the distribution of soil contaminants near rivers in mining areas is controlled by the specific gravity of minerals discharged to the environment (e.g., river), ore processing stages, and insufficient recovery and/or spills of Hg, which will help establish restoration measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoon Yoon
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation, Wonju 26464, South Korea
| | - Duk-Min Kim
- Department of New Energy and Mining Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, South Korea.
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation, Wonju 26464, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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10
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An S, Kim K, Woo H, Yun ST, Chung J, Lee S. Coupled effect of porous network and water content on the natural attenuation of diesel in unsaturated soils. Chemosphere 2022; 302:134804. [PMID: 35533929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The natural attenuation potential of a vadose zone against diesel is critical for optimizing remedial actions and determining groundwater vulnerability to contamination. Here, diesel attenuation in unsaturated soils was systematically examined to develop a qualitative relationship between physical soil properties and the natural attenuation capacity of a vadose zone against diesel. The uniformity coefficient (Cu) and water saturation (Sw, %) were considered as the proxies reflecting the degree of effects by porous network and water content in different soils, respectively. These, in turn, are related to the primary diesel attenuation mechanisms of volatilization and biodegradation. The volatilization of diesel was inversely proportional to Cu and Sw, which could be attributed to effective pore channels facilitating gas transport. Conversely, biodegradation was highly proportional to Cu under unsaturated conditions (Sw = 35-71%), owing to nutrients typically associated with fine soil particles. The microbial community in unsaturated soils was affected by Sw rather than Cu. The overall diesel attenuation including volatilization and biodegradation was optimized at Sw = 35% for all tested soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongnam An
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, South Korea
| | - Kibeum Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Heesoo Woo
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, South Korea
| | - Jaeshik Chung
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST GREEN SCHOOL), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Ju Y, Györe D, Gilfillan SMV, Lee SS, Cho I, Ha SW, Joun WT, Kang HJ, Do HK, Kaown D, Stuart FM, Hahm D, Park K, Yun ST, Lee KK. Constraining the effectiveness of inherent tracers of captured CO 2 for tracing CO 2 leakage: Demonstration in a controlled release site. Sci Total Environ 2022; 824:153835. [PMID: 35176379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an integral component of cost-effective greenhouse gas emissions reduction scenarios. However, a robust monitoring regime is necessary for public and regulatory assurance that any leakage from a storage site can be detected. Here, we present the results from a controlled CO2 release experiment undertaken at the K-COSEM test site (South Korea) with the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of the inherent tracer fingerprints (noble gases, δ13C) in monitoring CO2 leakage. Following injection of 396 kg CO2(g) into a shallow aquifer, gas release was monitored for 2 months in gas/water phases in and above the injection zone. The injection event resulted in negative concentration changes of the dissolved gases, attributed to the stripping action of the depleted CO2. Measured fingerprints from inherent noble gases successfully identified solubility-trapping of the injected CO2 within the shallow aquifer. The δ13C within the shallow aquifer could not resolve the level of gas trapping, due to the interaction with heterogeneous carbonate sources in the shallow aquifer. The time-series monitoring of δ13CDIC and dissolved gases detected the stripping action of injected CO2(g), which can provide an early warning of CO2 arrival. This study highlights that inherent noble gases can effectively trace the upwardly migrating and fate of CO2 within a shallow aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeoJin Ju
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Disposal Safety Evaluation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Domokos Györe
- Isotope Geosciences Unit, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M V Gilfillan
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Seong-Sun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ilryoung Cho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Ha
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Won-Tak Joun
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kwon Do
- Morwick G360 Groundwater Research Institute, College of Engineeringand Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dugin Kaown
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Finlay M Stuart
- Isotope Geosciences Unit, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Doshik Hahm
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Keyhong Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kang-Kun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Park SH, Jung BY, Lee SY, Yu DS, Woo SY, Yun ST, Lee JT, Kim JW, Lee YB. NaHCO 3- and NaCl-Type Hot Springs Enhance the Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokine Induced by Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid in HaCaT Cells. Ann Dermatol 2021; 33:440-447. [PMID: 34616125 PMCID: PMC8460468 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2021.33.5.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Background: Hot springs have been traditionally used as an alternative treatment for a wide range of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, diabetes, hypertension, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. However, the clinical effects and therapeutic mechanisms associated with hot springs remain poorly defined. Objective The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the different effects of hot springs on cellular viability and secretion of inflammatory cytokines on keratinocyte in two geographically representative types of hot springs: NaHCO3-type and NaCl-type, which are the most common types in South Korea. Methods We performed WST-1, BrdU measurements, human inflammatory cytokine arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in HaCaT cells stimulated with toll-like receptor 3 by polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid. Results The interaction effects of cell viability and cell proliferation were not significantly different regardless of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stimulation and cultured hot springs type. Cytokine array and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay analysis showed increased expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stimulation, with expression levels differing according to hot springs hydrochemical composition. Cytokine reduction was not significant. Conclusion The effects and mechanisms of hot springs treatment in keratinocytes were partially elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Park
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Bom Yee Jung
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Youn Woo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU-KIST Green School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Lee
- The Korean Central Institute of Hot Springs, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Wou Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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13
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An S, Kang PK, Stuyfzand PJ, Lee W, Park S, Yun ST, Lee S. Identification of iron and sulfate release processes during riverbank filtration using chemical mass balance modeling. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:3583-3596. [PMID: 33582939 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Various hydrogeochemical processes can modify the quality of river water during riverbank filtration (RBF). Identifying the subsurface processes responsible for the bank-filtered water quality is challenging, but essential for predicting water quality changes and determining the necessity of post-treatment. However, no systematic approach for this has been proposed yet. In this study, the subsurface hydrogeochemical processes that caused the high concentrations of total iron (Fe) and sulfate (SO42-) in the bank-filtered water were investigated at a pilot-scale RBF site in South Korea. For this purpose, water quality variations were monitored in both the extraction well and the adjacent river over five months. The volumetric mixing ratio between the river water and the native groundwater in the RBF well was calculated to understand the effect of mixing on the quality of water from the well and to assess the potential contribution of subsurface reactions to water quality changes. To identify the subsurface processes responsible for the evolution of Fe and SO42- during RBF, an inverse modeling based on the chemical mass balance was conducted using the water quality data and the calculated volumetric mixing ratio. The modeling results suggest that pyrite oxidation by abundant O2 present in an unsaturated zone could be a primary process explaining the evolution of total Fe and SO42- during RBF at the study site. The presence of pyrite in the aquifer was indirectly supported by iron sulfate hydroxide (Fe(SO4)(OH)) detected in oxidized aquifer sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongnam An
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Peter K Kang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pieter J Stuyfzand
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, PO Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geoscience, Technical University Delft, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Woonghee Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Saerom Park
- Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Urban Water Circulation Research Center, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang-si, 10223, Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea.
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST GREEN SCHOOL), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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14
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Kim DM, Choi MS, Yun ST, Yoon S, Lee JS. Spatial patterns of Zn, Cd, and Pb isotopic compositions of ground and surface water in mine areas of South Korea reflecting isotopic fractionation during metal attenuation. Sci Total Environ 2021; 779:146453. [PMID: 34030246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As application of multiple metal isotopes can effectively constrain geochemical behavior of contaminants and assess contamination sources and pathways, field-scale studies on the geochemically interlinked fractionation of Zn and Cd isotopes in groundwater are needed. In this study, we collected groundwater samples from multi-level samplers downstream of tailings dumps as well as surface water, ore mineral, precipitate, and tailings samples at the Sambo and Buddeun metallic ore mines in South Korea, and analyzed their Zn, Cd, Pb, and sulfur isotopic compositions. Furthermore, isotopic ratios of ore mineral samples from additional four mines in South Korea (Dangdu, Dongbo, Gomyeong, Samgwang) were compared. A dual isotopic approach using Zn and Cd isotopes was used to assess fractionation processes, and Pb isotopic signatures reflecting their sources were assessed. Increasing trends of δ66Zn and δ114Cd with decreasing Zn and Cd concentrations were observed in groundwater, which was saturated with respect to ZnS (amorphous and sphalerite) and CdS (greenockite). Moreover, for some groundwater samples, δ66Zn showed a positive relationship with δ34SSO4. These results suggest that Zn and Cd are precipitated as sulfide following sulfate reduction. In the plot of δ66Zn against δ114Cd, relatively high and/or increasing δ66Zn in groundwater suggested the effect of fractionation due to sulfide precipitation, while variable and high δ114Cd values suggested the fractionation by adsorption and/or sulfide precipitation, which were based on positive fractionation factors for δ66Zn and δ114Cd during sulfide precipitation and mostly negative and positive fractionation factors for δ66Zn and δ114Cd, respectively, during adsorption. This study shows that the combined use of Zn and Cd isotopes in groundwater can effectively differentiate between adsorption and sulfide precipitation following sulfate reduction in groundwater. Additionally, the 208Pb/206Pb ratios of most water samples reflected those of ore and tailings samples, which verified usefulness of Pb isotopes in water in investigating Pb contamination sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Min Kim
- Department of New Energy and Mining Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, South Korea; Institute of Mine Reclamation Technology, Korea Mine Reclamation Corporation (MIRECO), Wonju, Gangwon-do 26464, South Korea.
| | - Man-Sik Choi
- Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Sungmoon Yoon
- Institute of Mine Reclamation Technology, Korea Mine Reclamation Corporation (MIRECO), Wonju, Gangwon-do 26464, South Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Soo Lee
- Institute of Mine Reclamation Technology, Korea Mine Reclamation Corporation (MIRECO), Wonju, Gangwon-do 26464, South Korea.
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Batsaikhan B, Yun ST, Kim KH, Yu S, Lee KJ, Lee YJ, Namjil J. Groundwater contamination assessment in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia with combined use of hydrochemical, environmental isotopic, and statistical approaches. Sci Total Environ 2021; 765:142790. [PMID: 33069480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia is rapidly becoming urbanized and attracts great attention because of environmental issues. This study was performed to assess the status of groundwater quality in Ulaanbaatar at an early but growing stage of urbanization, focusing on nitrate contamination in relation to land use. Along with high total dissolved solids and NO3- concentrations, significant contamination of groundwater is indicated by positive loadings of NO3-, Cl- and δ15N-NO3- along the first principal component of the principal component analysis (PCA). Based on the concentrations and δ15N values of nitrate, groundwater is classified into two groups: Group I (baseline quality) and II (contaminated). Nitrate in Group II water in urbanized (esp. peri-urban) areas is higher in concentration (> 10 mg/l NO3-) and N-isotopic values (> 10‰ δ15N-NO3-), while pristine hydrochemistry is observed restrictedly in grassland and forest areas. Other ions (e.g., Cl- and SO42-) are also higher in Group II water. The δ15N-NO3- values in Group II water in combination with the spatial distribution on the land use map indicate that nitrate originates from untreated sewage effluents including pit-latrine leakage in peri-urban areas, while nitrate in Group I water originates from soil organic matter. The relationship between nitrate concentrations and δ2H (and δ18O) values of water suggests that nitrate enrichment is also influenced by evaporation during groundwater recharge. With the help of PCA for compositional data, we suggest a hydrochemical index for groundwater contamination assessment; i.e., the Groundwater Quality Index (GQI) that consists of three variables (concentrations of dissolved silica, nitrate and chloride) and can be used to delineate zones vulnerable to nitrate contamination as a crucial step for the efficient monitoring and management of groundwater quality. The study results suggest an urgent need for the management of unsealed pit latrines that are common in peri-urban areas with high population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayartungalag Batsaikhan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 15170, Mongolia
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea-CO(2) Storage Environmental Research (K-COSEM) Research Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Lee
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Jadambaa Namjil
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 15170, Mongolia
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Kim SH, Kim HR, Yu S, Kang HJ, Hyun IH, Song YC, Kim H, Yun ST. Shift of nitrate sources in groundwater due to intensive livestock farming on Jeju Island, South Korea: With emphasis on legacy effects on water management. Water Res 2021; 191:116814. [PMID: 33461081 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Time lags between anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and their impacts to nitrate levels cause a misunderstanding for sources and subsequently misguide the groundwater management.We investigated the hydrochemical data of groundwater samples (n = 172 from 49 wells) with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)-based groundwater age dating and stable N (δ15N) and O isotopes (δ18O) of nitrate to assess the legacy effect of livestock farming to groundwater in an agricultural area where intensive livestock farming started in the 1970s and illegal dumping of manure wastewater in a lava cave was revealed in 2015. Approximately 90% of the groundwater samples had nitrate concentrations exceeding the natural threshold (5.5 mg/L NO3-) for nitrate contamination and 34% exceeded the World Health Organization's guideline for drinking water quality (44.3 mg/L), indicating severe nitrate contamination. The δ15NNO3 values (5.5 to 24.3‰) in groundwater exceeding the threshold of nitrate showed that livestock manure was a major nitrate source, while ammonium fertilizer also seemed influential given the δ15NNO3 values in the overlapping fields of N sources. Factor analysis of hydrochemical data also supported nitrate contamination by manure as well as by plant farming in the study area. Based on the spatial distribution of nitrate levels and δ15NNO3, livestock farming affected nitrate contamination by illegal manure dumping in the leakage cave. According to a Bayesian mixing model, the contribution of manure wastewater was 33.5 to 81.8% as of 2015-2018, with the rest from fertilizers. Meanwhile, the groundwater ages showed negative correlations with both nitrate levels (r = -0.90) and δ15NNO3 values (r = -0.74) on a log scale, consistent with the increasing N release from livestock farming since the 1960s. In particular, the median value of δ15NNO3 rapidly increased to 9.2‰ in groundwater recharged between the late 1970s and early 1990s when N production exponentially increased, implying a significant effect of livestock farming after the 1980s. Groundwater quality is expected to deteriorate over the next several decades based on the groundwater ages (> 23.5 years), the increased N production from livestock farming, and the legacy effect of N. Long-term groundwater management plans (> 25 years) are required to decrease N loads in the study area, because it takes time for management practices to take effect. The study results are a good reference for groundwater management in regions with a source shift to livestock farming under intensive livestock production systems. Moreover, the chronological study using historical N production, groundwater age data, and dual nitrate isotopes can be applied to other regions with multiple N sources and their shifting for identifying sources and estimating time lags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ho-Rim Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Geo-ICT Platform Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea-CO(2) Storage Environmental Management Research Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Hyun
- Research Institute of Health & Environment, Jeju Special-Governing Province, Jeju 63142, South Korea
| | - Young-Cheol Song
- Research Institute of Health & Environment, Jeju Special-Governing Province, Jeju 63142, South Korea
| | - Hyunkoo Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Korea-CO(2) Storage Environmental Management Research Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Oh J, Kim HR, Yu S, Kim KH, Yun ST. Delineating the impacts of poultry burial leachate on shallow groundwater in a reclaimed agro-livestock farming area, using multivariate statistical analysis of hydrochemical data. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:7742-7755. [PMID: 32219649 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Burial is applied to dispose of livestock carcasses due to its convenience and cost efficiency despite concerns about groundwater contamination by leachate from burial pits. In particular, the burial method has caused debates about groundwater contamination sources around on-farm livestock burial sites because of pre- and coexisting contamination from livestock production and agriculture. To assess the causes of groundwater contamination around poultry burial pits that were constructed after an outbreak of avian influenza in 2010-11 in Korea, hydrochemical data of groundwater samples from monitoring wells (MWs, n = 14) and household wells (HWs, n = 30) were monitored to differentiate contamination sources. Hydrochemical data indicated that groundwater from MWs is characterized by higher enrichments of inorganic constituents including electrical conductivity (EC), NH4, Ca, Mg, K, SO4, HCO3, Fe(Total), and Mn(Total), but lower concentrations of DO than groundwater from HWs. The combined use of the principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means cluster analysis (KCA) indicated that groundwater in seven MWs was affected by leachate. The parameters such as NH4, Ca, Mg, K, SO4, HCO3, Fe(Total), and Mn(Total) are expected to be useful to identify the impact of leachate on groundwater in agricultural areas. This study suggests that (1) regional hydrochemical characteristics should be assessed to distinguish the effect of livestock burial leachate from other contamination sources and (2) the combined use of PCA and KCA is effective to identify the weakened impact of leachate leakage among overlapping multiple sources and processes of groundwater contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseop Oh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Rim Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea-CO2 Storage Environmental Management Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Korea-CO2 Storage Environmental Management Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kang YJ, Yun ST, Yu S, Do HK, Chae G. Quantitative assessment of deep-seated CO 2 leakage around CO 2-rich springs with low soil CO 2 efflux using end-member mixing analysis and carbon isotopes. J Environ Manage 2020; 276:111333. [PMID: 32919168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined a mountainous area with two hydrochemically distinct CO2-rich springs to understand the origin, flow, and leakage of CO2, which may provide implications for precise monitoring of CO2 leakage in geological carbon storage (GCS) sites. The carbon isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in CO2-rich water (δ13CDIC) and those of soil CO2 (δ13CCO2) indicated a deep-seated CO2 supply to the near-surface environment in the study area. The hydrochemical difference (e.g. pH, total dissolved solids) for the two CO2-rich springs separated by 7 m, despite similar δ13CDIC and partial pressure of CO2, was considered as the result of different evolution of shallow groundwater affected by deep-seated CO2 preferentially rising along fracture zones. Electrical resistivity tomography also suggested flow through fracture zones beneath the CO2-rich springs, showing low resistivity compared to other surveyed zones. However, soil CO2 efflux was low compared to that in other natural CO2 emission sites, and in particular it was noticeably low near the CO2-rich springs, whereas δ13CCO2 was high close the CO2-rich springs. The dissolution of CO2 in the near-surface water body seemed to decrease the deep-seated CO2 leakage through the soil layer, while δ13CCO2 imprinted the source. End-member mixing analysis was performed to assess the contribution of deep-seated CO2 to the low soil CO2 efflux by assuming that atmospheric CO2 and soil CO2 (by respiration) as well as deep-seated CO2 contribute to the soil CO2 efflux. For each end-member, characteristic δ13CCO2 and CO2 concentrations were defined, and then their apportionment to soil CO2 efflux was estimated. The resultant proportion of deep-seated CO2 was up to 8.8%. Unlike the spatial distribution of high soil CO2 efflux, high proportions exceeding 3% were found around the CO2-rich springs along the east-west valley. The study results indicate that soil CO2 efflux measurement should be combined with carbon isotopic analysis in GCS sites for CO2 leakage detection because CO2 dissolution in the underground water body may blur leakage detection on the surface. The implication of this study is the need to quantitatively assess the contribution of deep-seated CO2 using the soil CO2 concentration, soil CO2 efflux, and δ13CCO2 at each measurement site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Kang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Korea CO(2) Storage Environmental Management (K-COSEM) Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Korea CO(2) Storage Environmental Management (K-COSEM) Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kwon Do
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Gitak Chae
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, South Korea
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Shin WJ, Ryu JS, Choi HB, Yun ST, Lee KS. Monitoring the movement of artificially injected CO 2 at a shallow experimental site in Korea using carbon isotopes. J Environ Manage 2020; 258:110030. [PMID: 31929066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse effect is closely related to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and therefore, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has attracted attention worldwide as a method for preventing the release of CO2 into the atmosphere, which highlights the importance of monitoring CO2 released from subsurface deposits. In this study, CO2 gas with a δ13C value of -30‰ was injected into soil through pipes installed at a depth of 2.5 m, and samples of CO2 gas released from the soil surface and three soil depths were collected from September 2015 to March 2016 to estimate subsurface CO2 movement. Before and after CO2 injection, the δ13C values of CO2 released from the soil surface ranged from -24.5 to -13.4‰ (average -20.2 ± 2.1‰, n = 25) and from -31.6 to -11.9‰ (average -23.2 ± 4.3‰, n = 49), respectively. The results indicated that the leakage of injected CO2 was successfully detected at the surface. The δ13C values were visualized using an interpolation map to estimate the subsurface CO2 distribution, which confirmed that diffusion of the injected CO2 gas extended to the soil zone where CO2 was not injected. Additionally, variation in δ13C for soil CO2 was detected at the three soil depths (15, 30, and 60 cm), where the values were -16.1, -20.0, and -22.1‰, respectively. Different δ13C values horizontally and vertically indicated that soil heterogeneity led to different CO2 migration pathways and rates. We suggest that the carbon isotope ratio of CO2 is an effective tool for concurrently monitoring CO2 leakage on and under surface in a soil zone if a thorough baseline study is carried out in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Shin
- Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sik Ryu
- Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Bin Choi
- Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea; Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea.
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Han K, Yoon J, Yeum Y, Park S, Kim HK, Kim M, Chung HM, Kwon S, Yun ST, Kim Y. Efficacy of in situ well-based denitrification bio-barrier (WDB) remediating high nitrate flux in groundwater near a stock-raising complex. J Environ Manage 2020; 258:110004. [PMID: 31929050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the feasibility of an in situ well-based denitrification bio-barrier (WDB) for managing groundwater contaminated with high-strength nitrate. To evaluate the efficacy of WDB using fumarate as a carbon source and/or electron donor, three sequential single-well push-pull tests (SWPPTs) were conducted at six test sites. The values of the isotope enrichment factor (ɛ) ranging from -6.5‰ to -22.6‰ and the detection and degradation of nitrite and nitrous oxide confirmed complete in situ denitrification of nitrate to nitrogen gas. The ratio of the first-order rate coefficient of fumarate to nitrate (k1,fum/k1,NO3) was obtained to estimate the amount and frequency of fumarate injection for the effective design of WDB. At three sites, the ratios ranged from 0.67 to 0.80, while the other two sites showed higher ratios of 2.97 and 2.20 than the theoretical values and significant amounts of sulfate reduction, theoretically equivalent to 6.5% of total fumarate consumption. Considering the theoretical mole ratio of fumarate to nitrate of 0.98, the amount and frequency of fumarate injection is site specific. During the operating WDB, the average annual nitrate mass degraded (95% CI) was 2.2 ± 1.0 kg N/yr/well. The amount of N reduced by one well of WDB is equivalent to treating 110 m3 of groundwater at 30 mg N/L to the level of 10 mg N/L for one year. WDB would be an effective remediation option for managing high nitrate flux in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Yoon
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhoon Yeum
- Program in Environmental Technology and Policy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Koo Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsu Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyen Mi Chung
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoul Kwon
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, 03087, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea; Program in Environmental Technology and Policy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Derakhshan-Nejad Z, Sun J, Yun ST, Lee G. Correction to: Potential CO 2 intrusion in near-surface environments: a review of current research approaches to geochemical processes. Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:711. [PMID: 31119573 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the original publication of the article, the third author name has been misspelt. The correct name is given in this correction. The original version of this article was revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Derakhshan-Nejad
- Department of Earth System Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Earth System Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Giehyeon Lee
- Department of Earth System Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Derakhshan-Nejad Z, Sun J, Yun ST, Lee G. Potential CO 2 intrusion in near-surface environments: a review of current research approaches to geochemical processes. Environ Geochem Health 2019; 41:2339-2364. [PMID: 30826969 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions to the atmosphere. However, gas leakage from deep storage reservoirs, which may flow back into near-surface and eventually to the atmosphere, is a major concern associated with this technology. Despite an increase in research focusing on potential CO2 leakage into deep surface features and aquifers, a significant knowledge gap remains in the geochemical changes associated with near-surface. This study reviews the geochemical processes related to the intrusion of CO2 into near-surface environments with an emphasis on metal mobilization and discusses about the geochemical research approaches, recent findings, and current knowledge gaps. It is found that the intrusion of CO2(g) into near-surface likely induces changes in pH, dissolution of minerals, and potential degradation of surrounding environments. The development of adequate geochemical research approaches for assessing CO2 leakage in near-surface environments, using field studies, laboratory experiments, and/or geochemical modeling combined with isotopic tracers, has promoted extensive surveys of CO2-induced reactions. However, addressing knowledge gaps in geochemical changes in near-surface environments is fundamental to advance current knowledge on how CO2 leaks from storage sites and the consequences of this process on soil and water chemistry. For reliable detection and risk management of the potential impact of CO2 leakage from storage sites on the environmental chemistry, currently available geochemical research approaches should be either combined or used independently (albeit in a manner complementarily to one another), and the results should be jointly interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Derakhshan-Nejad
- Department of Earth System Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Earth System Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Giehyeon Lee
- Department of Earth System Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Yu S, Yun ST, Hwang SI, Chae G. One-at-a-time sensitivity analysis of pollutant loadings to subsurface properties for the assessment of soil and groundwater pollution potential. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:21216-21238. [PMID: 31115822 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical leak was numerically simulated for four chemical substances: benzene (light non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)), tetrachloroethylene (dense NAPL), phenol (soluble in water), and pentachlorophenol (white crystalline solid) in a hypothetical subsurface leak situation using a multiphase compositional transport model. One metric ton of chemical substances was assumed to leak at a point 3.51 m above the water table in a homogeneous unconfined aquifer which had the depth to water table of 7.135 m, the hydraulic gradient of 0.00097, the recharge rate of 0.7 mm/day, and the permeability of 2.92 × 10-10 m2. For comparison, surface spill scenarios, which had a long pathway from source to the water table, were simulated. Using the model results, point-source pollutant loadings to soil and groundwater were calculated by multiplying mass, impact area, and duration above and below the water table respectively. Their sensitivity to subsurface properties (depth to water table, recharge rate, porosity, organic carbon content, decay rate, hydraulic gradient, capillary pressure, relative permeability, permeability) was analyzed, with changing each parameter within acceptable ranges. The study result showed that the pollutant loading to groundwater was more sensitive to the subsurface properties than the pollutant loading to soil. Decay rate, groundwater depth, hydraulic gradient and porosity were influential to pollutant loadings. The impact of influential parameters on pollutant loadings was nonlinear. The dominant subsurface properties of pollution loadings (e.g., decay rate, groundwater depth, hydraulic gradient, and porosity for groundwater) also affect the vulnerability, and the subsurface pollutant loadings defined in this study are dependent on chemical properties as well, which indicates that the influential hydrogeological and physicochemical parameters to pollutant loadings can be used for pollution potential assessment. The contribution of this work is the suggestion that the sensitivity of pollutant loadings can be used for pollution potential assessment. Soil and groundwater pollution potential of chemicals are discussed altogether for leak scenarios. A physics-based model is used to understand the impact of subsurface properties on the fate and transport of chemicals above and below the water table, and consequently their impact on the pollutant loading to soil and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonyoung Yu
- Korea-CO2 Storage Environmental Management (K-COSEM) Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and K-COSEM Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang-Il Hwang
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, South Korea
| | - Gitak Chae
- Korean Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Deajeon, 34132, South Korea.
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Kim SH, Choi BY, Lee G, Yun ST, Kim SO. Compositional data analysis and geochemical modeling of CO 2-water-rock interactions in three provinces of Korea. Environ Geochem Health 2019; 41:357-380. [PMID: 29264817 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The CO2-rich spring water (CSW) occurring naturally in three provinces, Kangwon (KW), Chungbuk (CB), and Gyeongbuk (GB) of South Korea was classified based on its hydrochemical properties using compositional data analysis. Additionally, the geochemical evolution pathways of various CSW were simulated via equilibrium phase modeling (EPM) incorporated in the PHREEQC code. Most of the CSW in the study areas grouped into the Ca-HCO3 water type, but some samples from the KW area were classified as Na-HCO3 water. Interaction with anorthite is likely to be more important than interaction with carbonate minerals for the hydrochemical properties of the CSW in the three areas, indicating that the CSW originated from interactions among magmatic CO2, deep groundwater, and bedrock-forming minerals. Based on the simulation results of PHREEQC EPM, the formation temperatures of the CSW within each area were estimated as 77.8 and 150 °C for the Ca-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 types of CSW, respectively, in the KW area; 138.9 °C for the CB CSW; and 93.0 °C for the GB CSW. Additionally, the mixing ratios between simulated carbonate water and shallow groundwater were adjusted to 1:9-9:1 for the CSW of the GB area and the Ca-HCO3-type CSW of the KW area, indicating that these CSWs were more affected by carbonate water than by shallow groundwater. On the other hand, mixing ratios of 1:9-5:5 and 1:9-3:7 were found for the Na-HCO3-type CSW of the KW area and for the CSW of the CB area, respectively, suggesting a relatively small contribution of carbonate water to these CSWs. This study proposes a systematic, but relatively simple, methodology to simulate the formation of carbonate water in deep environments and the geochemical evolution of CSW. Moreover, the proposed methodology could be applied to predict the behavior of CO2 after its geological storage and to estimate the stability and security of geologically stored CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Kim
- Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Young Choi
- Center for CO2 Geological Storage, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyemin Lee
- Department of Information and Statistics and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Oh Kim
- Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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Nam A, Choi US, Yun ST, Choi JW, Park JA, Lee SH. Evaluation of amine-functionalized acrylic ion exchange fiber for chromium(VI) removal using flow-through experiments modeling and real wastewater. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Park JA, Nam A, Kim JH, Yun ST, Choi JW, Lee SH. Blend-electrospun graphene oxide/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibrous membranes with high flux, tetracycline removal and anti-fouling properties. Chemosphere 2018; 207:347-356. [PMID: 29803884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) have been fabricated to remove tetracycline (TC) from water via adsorptive-filtration. The pure water permeation flux of GO/PVDF ENMs (27,407-29,337 LMH/bar) was increased compared with that of PVDF ENMs. The flow pore diameter was steadily reduced by increasing the GO content from 0 to 1.5 wt% in the GO/PVDF ENMs. The maximum TC adsorption capacity of GO is 720.26 mg/g (Langmuir model) and GO retained its TC adsorption property after incorporation into GO/PVDF ENMs during water filtration (transmembrane pressure = 0.91 bar). The maximum experimental TC removal capacity (qa,exp) was 17.92 mg/g with 1.5 wt% of GO (GO1.5/PVDF) ENMs, which was similar to the modified dose-response model value of 18.03 mg/g. In the presence of natural organic matter, TC adsorption was enhanced, because hydrophobic organic carbon improved hydrophobic and π-π interactions. The presence of Cu(II) further improved the TC adsorption capacity of GO1.5/PVDF ENMs through cation bridging. However, the presence of Ca(II) hindered TC adsorption by an electron shielding effect. For examining anti-fouling activity of GO1.5/PVDF ENMs, the log removal values of both bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, were maintained at over 5 during water filtration. In addition, incorporation of GO in PVDF ENMs prevents bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption by both increasing the hydrophilicity of the ENMs forming hydration layer on the surface and electrostatic repulsion between both negatively charged BSA and GO in GO1.5/PVDF ENMs (zeta potential = - 14.14 mV, deionized water at pH 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ann Park
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Nam
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Green School, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- KU-KIST Green School, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Choi
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyup Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Green School, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JY, Rahman A, Behrens J, Brennan C, Ham B, Kim HS, Nho CW, Yun ST, Azam H, Kwon MJ. Nutrient removal from hydroponic wastewater by a microbial consortium and a culture of Paracercomonas saepenatans. N Biotechnol 2017; 41:15-24. [PMID: 29174513 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of microbial processes for removal of major nutrients (e.g., N, P) and inorganic cations (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+) from hydroponic systems was investigated. Microbial consortium- and axenic culture-based experiments were conducted in a waste nutrient solution (WNS). A microbial consortium grown in the WNS and selected microalgae species of Paracercomonas saepenatans were inoculated in two different synthetic media (Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) and synthetic WNS) in batch systems, and the microbial growth characteristics and the rate and extent of nutrient removal were determined for each system. No toxicity or growth inhibition was observed during microbial growth in either media. Both the waste-nutrient-grown microbial consortium and Paracercomonas saepenatans can be grown effectively in BBM and WNS, and both remove most ions from both media (e.g.,>99% removal of NO3- and 41-100% removal of PO43-) within 16days. Significant nutrient removal was observed during the growth phase of the microbial communities (4-10days period), indicating major nutrient utilization for microbial growth as well as chemical mineral precipitation. Furthermore, MINEQL+4.6 modeling showed higher PO43- removal in WNS during microbial growth (compared to BBM) due to precipitation of phosphate minerals (e.g., hydroxyapatite, vivianite). The dominant microbial species in both systems were also identified. DNA sequencing showed that Vorticella (58%) and Scenedesmus (33%) in WNS and Scenedesmus (89%) in BBM were the predominant species. This study demonstrates the potential application of microbial consortium (predominantly algae and protozoan)-based treatment techniques for hydroponic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Arifur Rahman
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Juliana Behrens
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, NY, USA
| | - Conor Brennan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, NY, USA
| | - Baknoon Ham
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hossain Azam
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, NY, USA
| | - Man Jae Kwon
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Yu S, Hwang SI, Yun ST, Chae G, Lee D, Kim KE. Comparison of point-source pollutant loadings to soil and groundwater for 72 chemical substances. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:24816-24843. [PMID: 28913678 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fate and transport of 72 chemicals in soil and groundwater were assessed by using a multiphase compositional model (CompFlow Bio) because some of the chemicals are non-aqueous phase liquids or solids in the original form. One metric ton of chemicals were assumed to leak in a stylized facility. Scenarios of both surface spills and subsurface leaks were considered. Simulation results showed that the fate and transport of chemicals above the water table affected the fate and transport of chemicals below the water table, and vice versa. Surface spill scenarios caused much less concentrations than subsurface leak scenarios because leaching amounts into the subsurface environment were small (at most 6% of the 1 t spill for methylamine). Then, simulation results were applied to assess point-source pollutant loadings to soil and groundwater above and below the water table, respectively, by multiplying concentrations, impact areas, and durations. These three components correspond to the intensity of contamination, mobility, and persistency in the assessment of pollutant loading, respectively. Assessment results showed that the pollutant loadings in soil and groundwater were linearly related (r 2 = 0.64). The pollutant loadings were negatively related with zero-order and first-order decay rates in both soil (r = - 0.5 and - 0.6, respectively) and groundwater (- 1.0 and - 0.8, respectively). In addition, this study scientifically defended that the soil partitioning coefficient (K d) significantly affected the pollutant loadings in soil (r = 0.6) and the maximum masses in groundwater (r = - 0.9). However, K d was not a representative factor for chemical transportability unlike the expectation in chemical ranking systems of soil and groundwater pollutants. The pollutant loadings estimated using a physics-based hydrogeological model provided a more rational ranking for exposure assessment, compared to the summation of persistency and transportability scores in the chemical ranking systems. In the surface spill scenario, the pollutant loadings were zeros for all chemicals, except methylamine to soil whose pollutant loading was smaller than that in the subsurface leak scenario by 4 orders of magnitude. The maximum mass and the average mass multiplied by duration in soil greatly depended on leaching fluxes (r = 1.0 and 0.9, respectively), while the effect of leaching fluxes diminished below the water table. The contribution of this work is that a physics-based numerical model was used to quantitatively compare the subsurface pollutant loading in a chemical accident for 72 chemical substances, which can scientifically defend a simpler and more qualitative assessment of pollutant loadings. Besides, this study assessed pollutant loadings to soil (unsaturated zone) and groundwater (saturated zone) all together and discussed their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonyoung Yu
- Korea-CO2 Storage Environmental Management (K-COSEM) Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang-Il Hwang
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and K-COSEM Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Gitak Chae
- Korean Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Deajeon, 305-350, South Korea.
| | - Dongsu Lee
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ki-Eun Kim
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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Jeong J, Park E, Han WS, Kim KY, Jun SC, Choung S, Yun ST, Oh J, Kim HJ. A predictive estimation method for carbon dioxide transport by data-driven modeling with a physically-based data model. J Contam Hydrol 2017; 206:34-42. [PMID: 28969864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a data-driven method for predicting CO2 leaks and associated concentrations from geological CO2 sequestration is developed. Several candidate models are compared based on their reproducibility and predictive capability for CO2 concentration measurements from the Environment Impact Evaluation Test (EIT) site in Korea. Based on the data mining results, a one-dimensional solution of the advective-dispersive equation for steady flow (i.e., Ogata-Banks solution) is found to be most representative for the test data, and this model is adopted as the data model for the developed method. In the validation step, the method is applied to estimate future CO2 concentrations with the reference estimation by the Ogata-Banks solution, where a part of earlier data is used as the training dataset. From the analysis, it is found that the ensemble mean of multiple estimations based on the developed method shows high prediction accuracy relative to the reference estimation. In addition, the majority of the data to be predicted are included in the proposed quantile interval, which suggests adequate representation of the uncertainty by the developed method. Therefore, the incorporation of a reasonable physically-based data model enhances the prediction capability of the data-driven model. The proposed method is not confined to estimations of CO2 concentration and may be applied to various real-time monitoring data from subsurface sites to develop automated control, management or decision-making systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Jeong
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungyu Park
- Department of Geology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Weon Shik Han
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kue-Young Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sungwook Choung
- Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea Basic Science Institute, Choengju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Oh
- Department of Geology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Kim
- BK21 Plus Eco-Leader Education Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ko D, Yoo G, Yun ST, Jun SC, Chung H. Bacterial and fungal community composition across the soil depth profiles in a fallow field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41610-017-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kwon MJ, Yun ST, Ham B, Lee JH, Oh JS, Jheong WW. Impacts of leachates from livestock carcass burial and manure heap sites on groundwater geochemistry and microbial community structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182579. [PMID: 28771598 PMCID: PMC5542392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impacts of leachates from a swine carcass burial site and a cow manure heap on the geochemical and microbiological properties of agricultural water samples, including leachate, groundwater from monitoring wells and background wells, and stream water. The leachate from the livestock burial site showed extremely high electrical conductivity, turbidity, and major ion concentrations, but low redox potential and dissolved oxygen levels. The groundwater in the monitoring wells adjacent to both sites showed severe contamination from the leachate, as indicated by the increases in EC, turbidity, Cl-, and SO42-. Bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes and Archaea from the phylum Euryarchaeota were the major phyla in both the leachates and manure heap. However, the class- or genus-level components of these phyla differed markedly between the leachate and manure heap samples. The relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased from 35% to 0.3~13.9% in the monitoring wells and background wells at both sites. The Firmicutes in these wells was unlikely to have originated from the transportation of leachate to the surrounding environment because Firmicutes genera differed drastically between the leachate and monitoring wells. Meanwhile, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) from the livestock carcass burial site were detected in the monitoring wells close to the leachate. This was likely because the release of carcass decomposition products, such as organic acids, to adjacent areas improved the suitability of the local environments for SRB, which were not abundant in the leachate. This study highlights the need to better understand microbial community dynamics along groundwater flow paths to evaluate bacterial transport in subsurface environments and provides new insights into the effective management of groundwater quality at both farm and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jae Kwon
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MJK); (SY)
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MJK); (SY)
| | - Baknoon Ham
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Oh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Wha Jheong
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Lee CG, Lee S, Park JA, Park C, Lee SJ, Kim SB, An B, Yun ST, Lee SH, Choi JW. Removal of copper, nickel and chromium mixtures from metal plating wastewater by adsorption with modified carbon foam. Chemosphere 2017; 166:203-211. [PMID: 27697709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the characterizations and adsorption efficiencies for chromium, copper and nickel were evaluated using manufacture-grade Fe2O3-carbon foam. SEM, XRD, XRF and BET analyses were performed to determine the characteristics of the material. Various pore sizes (12-420 μm) and iron contents (3.62%) were found on the surface of the Fe2O3-carbon foam. Fe2O3-carbon foam was found to have excellent adsorption efficiency compared to carbon foam for mixed solutions of cationic and anionic heavy metals. The adsorption capacities for chromium, copper and nickel were 6.7, 3.8 and 6.4 mg/g, respectively, which were obtained using a dual exponential adsorption model. In experiments with varying dosages of the Fe2O3 powder, no notable differences were observed in the removal efficiency. In a fixed-bed column test, Fe2O3-carbon foam achieved adsorption capacities for chromium, copper and nickel of 33.0, 12.0 and 9.5 mg/g, respectively, after 104 h. Based on these results, Fe2O3-carbon foam was observed to be a promising material for treatment of plating wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gu Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjae Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ann Park
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Park
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Bae Kim
- Environmental Functional Materials & Biocolloids Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungryul An
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Green School, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyup Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Green School, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Woo Choi
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Batsaikhan B, Kwon JS, Kim KH, Lee YJ, Lee JH, Badarch M, Yun ST. Hydrochemical evaluation of the influences of mining activities on river water chemistry in central northern Mongolia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:2019-2034. [PMID: 27807785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although metallic mineral resources are most important in the economy of Mongolia, mining activities with improper management may result in the pollution of stream waters, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and humans. In this study, aiming to evaluate potential impacts of metallic mining activities on the quality of a transboundary river (Selenge) in central northern Mongolia, we performed hydrochemical investigations of rivers (Tuul, Khangal, Orkhon, Haraa, and Selenge). Hydrochemical analysis of river waters indicates that, while major dissolved ions originate from natural weathering (especially, dissolution of carbonate minerals) within watersheds, they are also influenced by mining activities. The water quality problem arising from very high turbidity is one of the major environmental concerns and is caused by suspended particles (mainly, sediment and soil particles) from diverse erosion processes, including erosion of river banks along the meandering river system, erosion of soils owing to overgrazing by livestock, and erosion by human activities, such as mining and agriculture. In particular, after passing through the Zaamar gold mining area, due to the disturbance of sediments and soils by placer gold mining, the Tuul River water becomes very turbid (up to 742 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)). The Zaamar area is also the contamination source of the Tuul and Orkhon rivers by Al, Fe, and Mn, especially during the mining season. The hydrochemistry of the Khangal River is influenced by heavy metal (especially, Mn, Al, Cd, and As)-loaded mine drainage that originates from a huge tailing dam of the Erdenet porphyry Cu-Mo mine, as evidenced by δ34S values of dissolved sulfate (0.2 to 3.8 ‰). These two contaminated rivers (Tuul and Khangal) merge into the Orkhon River that flows to the Selenge River near the boundary between Mongolia and Russia and then eventually flows into Lake Baikal. Because water quality problems due to mining can be critical, mining activities in central northern Mongolia should be carefully managed to minimize the transboundary movement of aquatic contaminants (in particular, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon, Fe and Al) from mining activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayartungalag Batsaikhan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jang-Soon Kwon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
- Radioactive Waste Disposal Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 34057, South Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, South Korea
| | | | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Dutta T, Kim KH, Uchimiya M, Kwon EE, Jeon BH, Deep A, Yun ST. Global demand for rare earth resources and strategies for green mining. Environ Res 2016; 150:182-190. [PMID: 27295408 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential raw materials for emerging renewable energy resources and 'smart' electronic devices. Global REE demand is slated to grow at an annual rate of 5% by 2020. This high growth rate will require a steady supply base of REEs in the long run. At present, China is responsible for 85% of global rare earth oxide (REO) production. To overcome this monopolistic supply situation, new strategies and investments are necessary to satisfy domestic supply demands. Concurrently, environmental, economic, and social problems arising from REE mining must be addressed. There is an urgent need to develop efficient REE recycling techniques from end-of-life products, technologies to minimize the amount of REEs required per unit device, and methods to recover them from fly ash or fossil fuel-burning wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Dutta
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minori Uchimiya
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Kim JB, Kim KH, Yun ST, Bae GN. Detection of Carbonaceous Aerosols Released in CNT Workplaces Using an Aethalometer. ANNHYG 2016; 60:717-30. [PMID: 27179059 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bum Kim
- 1.Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; 2.Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- 3.Dong-il Shimadzu Corporation, No 1105, Acehighend Tower 3-cha, 145, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08506, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- 2.Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; 4.Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- 1.Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; 2.Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
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Choi BY, Yun ST, Kim KH. Role of oxbow lakes in controlling redox geochemistry of shallow groundwater under a heterogeneous fluvial sedimentary environment in an agricultural field: Coexistence of iron and sulfate reduction. J Contam Hydrol 2016; 185-186:28-41. [PMID: 26788873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to extend the knowledge of the vertical distribution of redox conditions of shallow groundwater in heterogeneous fluvial sediments near oxbow lakes. For this study, we revisited the study area of Kim et al. (2009) to examine the redox zoning in details. Three multi-level samplers were installed along a flow path near two oxbow lakes to obtain vertical profiles of the subsurface geology and hydrochemical and isotopic data (δ(18)O and δD of water, δ(15)N and δ(18)O of nitrate, and δ(34)S of sulfate) of groundwater. Geologic logging showed that characteristics of the heterogeneous subsurface geology are closely related to the pattern of vertical redox zoning. Hydrochemical data in conjunction with nitrogen and sulfur isotope data show that the redox status of groundwater near oxbow lakes is controlled by denitrification, iron reduction, and sulfate reduction. The oxidizing condition of groundwater occurs in the sand-dominant alluvium located in the up-gradient of oxbow lakes, whereas the reducing condition accompanying denitrification, iron reduction, and local sulfate reduction is developed in silt-rich alluvium in and the downgradient of oxbow lakes. The occurrence of sulfate reduction was newly found in this study. However, the vertical profiles of redox-sensitive parameters show that iron reduction and sulfate reduction occur concurrently near oxbow lakes, although the measured redox potentials suggest that thermodynamic conditions are controlled by the stability of Fe(2+)/Fe-oxides. Therefore, this study shows that the redox condition of groundwater in the iron-rich zone should be carefully interpreted. For this purpose, depth-specific sampling and careful examination of sulfur isotope data will be very useful for identifying the redox processes occurring in the zone with overlapping iron reduction and sulfate reduction in heterogeneous fluvial sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Young Choi
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 305-350, South Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Green School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Green School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Green School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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Lee WC, Lee SW, Yun ST, Lee PK, Hwang YS, Kim SO. A novel method of utilizing permeable reactive kiddle (PRK) for the remediation of acid mine drainage. J Hazard Mater 2016; 301:332-341. [PMID: 26378366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous technologies have been developed and applied to remediate AMD, but each has specific drawbacks. To overcome the limitations of existing methods and improve their effectiveness, we propose a novel method utilizing permeable reactive kiddle (PRK). This manuscript explores the performance of the PRK method. In line with the concept of green technology, the PRK method recycles industrial waste, such as steel slag and waste cast iron. Our results demonstrate that the PRK method can be applied to remediate AMD under optimal operational conditions. Especially, this method allows for simple installation and cheap expenditure, compared with established technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Chun Lee
- Future Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 660-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and KU-KIST Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeong-Koo Lee
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Sik Hwang
- Future Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 660-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Oh Kim
- Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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Chang J, Woo H, Ko MS, Lee J, Lee S, Yun ST, Lee S. Targeted removal of trichlorophenol in water by oleic acid-coated nanoscale palladium/zero-valent iron alginate beads. J Hazard Mater 2015; 293:30-36. [PMID: 25819991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new material was developed and evaluated for the targeted removal of trichlorophenol (TCP) from among potential interferents which are known to degrade removal activity. To achieve TCP-targeted activity, an alginate bead containing nanoscale palladium/zero-valent iron (Pd/nZVI) was coated with a highly hydrophobic oleic acid layer. The new material (Pd/nZVI-A-O) preferentially sorbed TCP from a mixture of chlorinated phenols into the oleic acid cover layer and subsequently dechlorinated it to phenol. The removal efficacy of TCP by Pd/nZVI-A-O was not affected by co-existing organic substances such as Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA), whereas the material without the oleic acid layer (Pd/nZVI-A) became less effective with increasing SRHA concentration. The inorganic substances nitrate and phosphate significantly reduced the reactivity of Pd/nZVI-A, however, Pd/nZVI-A-O showed similar TCP removal efficacies regardless of the initial inorganic ion concentrations. The influence of bicarbonate on the TCP removal efficacies of both Pd/nZVI-A and Pd/nZVI-A-O was not significant. The findings from this study suggest that Pd/nZVI-A-O, with its targeted, constant reactivity for TCP, would be effective for treating this contaminant in surface water or groundwater containing various competitive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Chang
- Center for Water Resource Cycle, Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, South Korea; Energy Environment Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University - Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Heesoo Woo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Soo Ko
- Center for Water Resource Cycle, Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Jaesang Lee
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Seockheon Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle, Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, South Korea; Energy Environment Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University - Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Energy Environment Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University - Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-701, South Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle, Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, South Korea; Energy Environment Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University - Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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Cha W, Yun ST, Jurng J. Examination of surface phenomena of V2O5loaded on new nanostructured TiO2prepared by chemical vapor condensation for enhanced NH3-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) at low temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17900-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kim ST, Park SS, Yun ST. Influence of dissolved ions on determination of oxygen isotope composition of aqueous solutions using the CO2-H2O equilibration method. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2012; 26:2083-2092. [PMID: 22847709 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stable isotope compositions of natural waters, such as seawater, glaciers and basinal brines, can provide valuable information about Earth's hydrological cycle and its evolutionary history. However, a high concentration of dissolved ions in some natural waters hinders an accurate analysis of their oxygen isotope composition. A laboratory study was carried out in order to provide guidelines on how to resolve this analytical difficulty. METHODS CO(2) gas was equilibrated with saline aqueous solutions of various chemical compositions at 25 °C. Subsequently, the oxygen isotope composition of the CO(2) was determined at different equilibration times using a dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometer in order to evaluate the oxygen isotope salt effect and the rate of oxygen isotope exchange between CO(2) and the saline solution. RESULTS Using the experimentally determined oxygen isotope salt effects of aqueous chloride and sulfate solutions, an empirical method for the prediction of the oxygen isotope salt effect of a 1.0 molal chloride or sulfate solution was proposed. The rates of oxygen isotope exchange between CO(2) and saline solutions were also examined. Our experimental data indicates that the sequence of the oxygen isotope exchange time is as: MgSO(4) > CaCl(2) ≈ Na(2)SO(4) > NaCl > MgCl(2) > KCl > H(2)O. CONCLUSIONS The isotope salt effect and the kinetics of isotope exchange must be taken into account when the oxygen isotope composition of a saline aqueous solution is determined using the CO(2)-H(2)O equilibration method. Our experimental data and the proposed prediction method provide essential guidelines for the accurate δ(18)O analysis of saline aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Tae Kim
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Lee HP, Choi YJ, Cho KA, Woo SY, Yun ST, Lee JT, Kim HJ, Lee KH, Kim JW. Effect of Spa Spring Water on Cytokine Expression in Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells and on Differentiation of CD4(+) T Cells. Ann Dermatol 2012; 24:324-36. [PMID: 22879717 PMCID: PMC3412242 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.3.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin acts as the first line of defense against any foreign materials outside of our body. In inflammatory skin disease, the pathogenesis is due to an immune reaction in the keratinocytes, immune cells and soluble mediators. Balneotherapy is widely used for the treatment of inflammatory skin disease, but the mechanisms are only partly understood by immune regulation. Balneotherapy in dermatologic disease can affect the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α and tumor necrosis factor from keratinocytes, and possibly affect the T cell differentiation. Objective In this study, we evaluated the effect of spa spring water from Yong-gung oncheon on the cells, and investigated the skin immune reaction. Methods We investigated the immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory effect of thermal spring water on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the HaCaT cells under Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, as well as the effect on the differentiation of CD4+ T cells under spring water. Results The treatment of spa spring water from Yong-gung oncheon decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines under TLR stimulation to the HaCaT cells and antigen presenting cells. In addition, spa spring water attenuated the differentiation process of subsets of CD4+ T cells, i.e., Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells. All these immune parameters can be used to evaluate the efficacy of spa spring water in Korea, in terms of the immune modulatory effect. Conclusion Spa spring water treatment suppressed the inflammatory cytokines production and also modulated the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, but not the Tregs cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Pyo Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Korea
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Kabir E, Ray S, Kim KH, Yoon HO, Jeon EC, Kim YS, Cho YS, Yun ST, Brown RJC. Current status of trace metal pollution in soils affected by industrial activities. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:916705. [PMID: 22645468 PMCID: PMC3356731 DOI: 10.1100/2012/916705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing public concern over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in soil, owing to rapid industrial development. In an effort to describe the status of the pollutions of soil by industrial activities, relevant data sets reported by many studies were surveyed and reviewed. The results of our analysis indicate that soils were polluted most significantly by metals such as lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium. If the dominant species are evaluated by the highest mean concentration observed for different industry types, the results were grouped into Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, and As in smelting and metal production industries, Mn and Cd in the textile industry, and Cr in the leather industry. In most cases, metal levels in the studied areas were found to exceed the common regulation guideline levels enforced by many countries. The geoaccumulation index (I(geo)), calculated to estimate the enrichment of metal concentrations in soil, showed that the level of metal pollution in most surveyed areas is significant, especially for Pb and Cd. It is thus important to keep systematic and continuous monitoring of heavy metals and their derivatives to manage and suppress such pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsanul Kabir
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Jo HY, Yun ST, Lee YJ. Evaluation of factors affecting performance of a zeolitic rock barrier to remove zinc from water. J Hazard Mater 2010; 175:224-234. [PMID: 19880248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the factors affecting the performance of zeolitic rocks as reactive media in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) used to remediate groundwater contaminated with Zn. Serial batch kinetic and sorption tests were conducted on zeolitic rock samples under a variety of conditions (i.e., reaction time, pH, initial Zn concentration, and particle size) using Zn(NO(3))(2).6H(2)O solutions. Serial column tests were also conducted on zeolitic rock samples at various flow rates. The removal of Zn increased approximately from 20-60 to 70-100% with increasing pH from 2 to 4 and decreasing initial Zn concentration from 434 to 5mg/L. Zn removal was not affected by the particle size, regardless of the zeolitic rock samples used in this study. The Zn removal increased approximately from 20-70 to 60-100% with increasing the cation exchange capacity (CEC) from 124.9 to 178.5meq/100g and increasing zeolite (i.e., clinoptilonite and mordenite) and montmorillonite contents from 53.7 to 73.2%. The results from the column and batch tests were comparable. Increasing the flow rate caused the earlier breakthrough of Zn (sorbing cation) and a rapid decrease in the concentration of Na, Ca, and Mg (desorbing cations). The hydraulic conductivities of the samples were unaffected by the particle size and mineral components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hoon Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Kwon JS, Yun ST, Lee JH, Kim SO, Jo HY. Removal of divalent heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and arsenic(III) from aqueous solutions using scoria: kinetics and equilibria of sorption. J Hazard Mater 2010; 174:307-13. [PMID: 19828237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic and equilibrium sorption experiments were conducted on removal of divalent heavy metals (Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II)) and trivalent arsenic (As(III)) from aqueous solutions by scoria (a vesicular pyroclastic rock with basaltic composition) from Jeju Island, Korea, in order to examine its potential use as an efficient sorbent. The removal efficiencies of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, and As by the scoria (size=0.1-0.2mm, dose=60gL(-1)) were 94, 70, 63, 59, and 14%, respectively, after a reaction time of 24h under a sorbate concentration of 1mM and the solution pH of 5.0. A careful examination on ionic concentrations in sorption batches suggested that sorption behaviors of heavy metals onto scoria are mainly controlled by cation exchange. On the other hand, arsenic appeared to be sensitive to specific sorption onto hematite (a minor constituent of scoria). Equilibrium sorption tests indicated that the removal efficiency for heavy metals increases with increasing pH of aqueous solutions, which is resulted from precipitation as hydroxides. Similarly, multi-component systems containing heavy metals and arsenic showed that the arsenic removal increases with increasing pH of aqueous solutions, which can be attributed to coprecipitation with metal hydroxides. The empirically determined sorption kinetics were well fitted to a pseudo-second order model, while equilibrium sorption data for heavy metals and arsenic onto scoria were consistent with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, respectively. Natural scoria studied in this work is an efficient sorbent for concurrent removal of divalent heavy metals and arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Soon Kwon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Environmental Geosphere Research Lab (EGRL), Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Joo Y, Brumback B, Lee K, Yun ST, Kim KH, Joo C. Clustering of temporal profiles using a Bayesian logistic mixture model: Analyzing groundwater level data to understand the characteristics of urban groundwater recharge. JABES 2009. [DOI: 10.1198/jabes.2009.07100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kim KH, Yun ST, Choi BY, Chae GT, Joo Y, Kim K, Kim HS. Hydrochemical and multivariate statistical interpretations of spatial controls of nitrate concentrations in a shallow alluvial aquifer around oxbow lakes (Osong area, central Korea). J Contam Hydrol 2009; 107:114-127. [PMID: 19524319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrochemical and multivariate statistical interpretations of 16 physicochemical parameters of 45 groundwater samples from a riverside alluvial aquifer underneath an agricultural area in Osong, central Korea, were performed in this study to understand the spatial controls of nitrate concentrations in terms of biogeochemical processes occurring near oxbow lakes within a fluvial plain. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater showed a large variability from 0.1 to 190.6 mg/L (mean=35.0 mg/L) with significantly lower values near oxbow lakes. The evaluation of hydrochemical data indicated that the groundwater chemistry (especially, degree of nitrate contamination) is mainly controlled by two competing processes: 1) agricultural contamination and 2) redox processes. In addition, results of factorial kriging, consisting of two steps (i.e., co-regionalization and factor analysis), reliably showed a spatial control of the concentrations of nitrate and other redox-sensitive species; in particular, significant denitrification was observed restrictedly near oxbow lakes. The results of this study indicate that sub-oxic conditions in an alluvial groundwater system are developed geologically and geochemically in and near oxbow lakes, which can effectively enhance the natural attenuation of nitrate before the groundwater discharges to nearby streams. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis in groundwater study as a supplementary tool for interpretation of complex hydrochemical data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Environmental Geosphere Research Lab (EGRL), Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Hong JK, Jo HY, Yun ST. Coal fly ash and synthetic coal fly ash aggregates as reactive media to remove zinc from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 2009; 164:235-246. [PMID: 18805638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Coal fly ash (CF) and synthetic coal fly ash aggregates (SCFAs) were evaluated as low-cost reactive media for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with Zn. The SCFAs were prepared by mixing CF, sodium silicate, and deionized (DI) water. Serial batch kinetic and static tests were conducted on both CF and SCFAs, under various conditions (i.e., pH, initial Zn concentration, reaction time, and solid dosage), using Zn(NO(3))(2).6H(2)O solutions. Serial column tests were also conducted on both CF and SCFAs. The final rather than the initial pH of the solution had a greater effect on the removal of Zn. At pH>7.0, the removal of Zn was due to precipitation, whereas at <7.0, the removal of Zn was due to adsorption onto the reactive media. The removal of Zn increased with increasing dosage of the reactive medium and decreasing initial Zn concentration. The results of the column and batch tests were comparable. Preferential flow paths were observed with CF, but not SCFA. The hydraulic conductivity of CF was more significantly decreased than that of SCFA with increasing dry density of the specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ki Hong
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Chae GT, Yun ST, Choi BY, Yu SY, Jo HY, Mayer B, Kim YJ, Lee JY. Hydrochemistry of urban groundwater, Seoul, Korea: the impact of subway tunnels on groundwater quality. J Contam Hydrol 2008; 101:42-52. [PMID: 18725171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data for subway tunnel seepage waters in Seoul (Republic of Korea) were examined to understand the effect of underground tunnels on the degradation of urban groundwater. A very large quantity of groundwater (up to 63 million m3 year(-1)) is discharged into subway tunnels with a total length of 287 km, resulting in a significant drop of the local groundwater table and the abandonment of groundwater wells. For the tunnel seepage water samples (n = 72) collected from 43 subway stations, at least one parameter among pathogenic microbes (total coliform, heterotrophic bacteria), dissolved Mn and Fe, NH4+, NO3(-), turbidity, and color exceeded the Korean Drinking Water Standards. Locally, tunnel seepage water was enriched in dissolved Mn (avg. 0.70 mg L(-1), max. 5.58 mg L(-1)), in addition to dissolved Fe, NH4+, and pathogenic microbes, likely due to significant inflow of sewage water from broken or leaking sewer pipes. Geochemical modeling of redox reactions was conducted to simulate the characteristic hydrochemistry of subway tunnel seepage. The results show that variations in the reducing conditions occur in urban groundwater, dependent upon the amount of organic matter-rich municipal sewage contaminating the aquifer. The organic matter facilitates the reduction and dissolution of Mn- and Fe-bearing solids in aquifers and/or tunnel construction materials, resulting in the successive increase of dissolved Mn and Fe. The present study clearly demonstrates that locally significant deterioration of urban groundwater is caused by a series of interlinked hydrogeologic and hydrochemical changes induced by underground tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Tak Chae
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Environmental Geosphere Research Lab (EGRL), Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Kwon JS, Mayer B, Yun ST, Nightingale M. The use of ion exchange membranes for isotope analyses on soil water sulfate: laboratory experiments. J Environ Qual 2008; 37:501-508. [PMID: 18268314 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential use of anion exchange membranes (plant root simulator [PRS] probes) for isotope investigations of the soil sulfur cycle, laboratory experiments were performed to examine the sulfate exchange characteristics and to determine the extent of sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation during sulfate sorption and desorption on the probes in aqueous solutions and simulated soil solutions. The sulfate-exchange tests in aqueous solutions under varying experimental conditions indicated that the amount of sulfate exchanged onto PRS probes increased with increasing reaction time, initial sulfate concentration, and the number of probes used (= surface area), whereas the percentage of removal of available sulfate was constant irrespective of the initial sulfate concentration. The competition of nitrate and chloride in the solution lowered the amount of exchanged sulfate. The exchange experiments in a simulated soil under water-saturated and water-unsaturated conditions showed that a considerable proportion of the soil sulfate was exchanged by the PRS probes after about 10 d. There was no evidence for significant sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation between soil sulfate and sulfate recovered from the PRS probes. Therefore, we recommend the use of PRS probes as an efficient and easy way to collect soil water sulfate for determination of its isotope composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Soon Kwon
- Dep. of Earth Environmental Sciences and the Environmental Geosphere Research Lab (EGRL), Korea Univ., Seoul, Korea
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Chae GT, Yun ST, Mayer B, Kim KH, Kim SY, Kwon JS, Kim K, Koh YK. Fluorine geochemistry in bedrock groundwater of South Korea. Sci Total Environ 2007; 385:272-83. [PMID: 17655916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High fluoride concentrations (median=4.4 mg/L) in deep bedrock groundwater of South Korea prevent the usage of it as a drinking water source. The hydrogeochemistry of deep thermal groundwaters (N=377) in diverse bedrocks has been studied in order to evaluate the geologic and geochemical controls on fluoride concentrations in groundwater. The groundwater samples were clustered geologically, and the average and median concentrations of fluoride were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. The order of median fluoride concentration with respect to geology is as follows: metamorphic rocks> or =granitoids > or =complex rock>>volcanic rocks> or =sedimentary rocks. This result indicates that the geological source of fluoride in groundwater is related to the mineral composition of metamorphic rocks and granitoids. With respect to groundwater chemistry, the fluoride concentration was highest in Na-HCO3 type groundwater and lowest in Ca-HCO3 type groundwater. Ionic relationships also imply that the geochemical behavior of fluoride in groundwater is related to the geochemical process releasing Na and removing Ca ions. The thermodynamic relationship between the activities of Ca and F indicates that fluoride concentration is controlled by the equilibrium of fluorite (CaF2). In other words, the upper limits of fluoride concentration are determined by the Ca ion; i.e., Ca concentrations play a crucial role in fluoride behavior in deep thermal groundwater. The result of this study suggests that the high fluoride in groundwater originates from geological sources and fluoride can be removed by fluorite precipitation when high Ca concentration is maintained. This provides a basis for a proper management plan to develop the deep thermal groundwater and for treatment of high fluoride groundwater frequently found in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Tak Chae
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Environmental Geosphere Research Lab, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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