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Xu M, Zhi Y, Kong Z, Ma H, Shao Z, Chen L, Chen H, Yuan Y, Liu F, Xu Y, Ni Q, Hu S, Chai H. Enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus removal in plant-biochar-pyrite stormwater bioretention systems: Impact of temperature and high-frequency heavy rainfall. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119926. [PMID: 39276826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change and rapid urbanization have resulted in more frequent and intense rainfall events in urban areas, raising concerns about the effectiveness of stormwater bioretention systems. In this study, we optimized the design by constructing a multi-layer filler structure, including plant layer, biochar layer, and pyrite layer, and evaluated its performance in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal under different temperatures (5-18 °C and 24-43 °C), rainfall intensity (47.06 mm rainfall depth), and frequency (1-5 days rainfall intervals) conditions. The findings indicate that over 775 days, the plant system consistently removed 62.3% of total nitrogen (TN) and 97.0% of total phosphorus (TP) from 103 intense rainfall events. Temperature fluctuations had minimal impact on nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and TP removal, with differences in removal rates of only 1.0% and 0.6%, respectively, among plant groups. Across the multi-layer structure, plant roots mitigated the impact of temperature differences on NO3--N removal, while high-frequency rainfall fluctuated the stability of NO3--N removal. Dense plant roots reinforced N and P removal by facilitating denitrification in the vadose zone (biochar) and strengthening denitrification processes. Biochar and pyrite contributed to stable microenvironments and diverse ecological functions, enhancing NO3--N and PO43- removal. In summary, the synergistic effects of the multi-layer filler structure improved and stabilized N and P removal, providing valuable insights for addressing runoff pollution in bioretention systems amidst rapid urbanization and climate change challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zheng Kong
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Haiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zhiyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yunsong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Fujian Liu
- China Construction Installation Group Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- China Construction Installation Group Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qichang Ni
- China Construction Installation Group Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shihu Hu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Lu L, Johnson M, Zhu F, Xu Y, Ruan T, Chan FKS. Harnessing the runoff reduction potential of urban bioswales as an adaptation response to climate change. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12207. [PMID: 38806523 PMCID: PMC11133320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NbS), including China's Sponge City Program (SCP), can address the challenges urban communities face due to surface runoff and flooding. The current capacity of SCP facilities in urban environments falls short of meeting the demands placed on communities by climate change. Bioswales are a form of SCP facility that plays an important role in reducing surface runoff by promoting infiltration. This study assesses the potential of SCP facilities to reduce runoff in urban communities under climate change using the storm water management model. The study site in Ningbo, China, was used to evaluate the potential role of bioswales in reducing runoff risks from climate change. We found that bioswales were most effective in scenarios when rainfall peaks occurred early and were less effective in right-skewed rainfall events. The overall performance of SCP facilities was similar across all climate scenarios. To maintain the current protection level of SCP facilities, bioswales would need to cover at least 4% of the catchment area. These findings from Ningbo provide a useful method for assessing NbS in other regions and indicative values for the increase in the bioswale coverage needed to adapt to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Lu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Matthew Johnson
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Yaoyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xiamen, 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Centre in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Tian Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Faith Ka Shun Chan
- School of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China.
- Water@Leeds Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Chen T, Zhang Y, Xia M, Wang Q. Soil properties and functional genes in nitrogen removal process of bioretention. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2268-2283. [PMID: 36779295 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2172616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different soil properties on hydrology and nitrogen removal were studied in a simulated bioretention system. Soil capacity of permeability and water retention, changes in the soil environment, leachate concentrations at the surface and bottom layers, quantification of N removal from soil, microorganism and plant by 15N isotope tracer technique, and functional genes abundance at different depths were evaluated. The results showed that shallow root plants, soil compaction, and low organic matter content were not conducive to the infiltration of bioretention systems. In the 72 h experiment, compaction (especially surface compaction) and planting of herbaceous plants (Ophiopogon japonicus) were not beneficial to the removal of TN, TP, and COD. Adding an appropriate amount of organic matter also affects nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In the process of denitrification, the order of the ability to remove nitrogen is soil adsorption > microbial assimilation > plant uptake. The contribution of soil denitrification is affected by soil compaction, compaction location, plant species and organic matter content. The abundance of 16S rRNA, nitrifying, denitrifying and nrfA genes decreased with soil depth. More copies of genes in topsoil were thought to be due to sufficient nutrients, aerobic condition, anaerobic microsites and submerged state. Soil compaction, organic matter content and plant species affected nitrification, denitrification and DNRA gene characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kong Z, Song Y, Xu M, Yang Y, Wang X, Ma H, Zhi Y, Shao Z, Chen L, Yuan Y, Liu F, Xu Y, Ni Q, Hu S, Chai H. Multi-media interaction improves the efficiency and stability of the bioretention system for stormwater runoff treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121017. [PMID: 38118254 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention systems are one of the most widely used stormwater control measures for urban runoff treatment. However, stable and effective dissolved nutrient treatment by bioretention systems is often challenged by complicated stormwater conditions. In this study, pyrite-only (PO), pyrite-biochar (PB), pyrite-woodchip (PW), and pyrite-woodchip-biochar mixed (M) bioretention systems were established to study the feasibility of improving both stability and efficiency in bioretention system via multi-media interaction. PB, PW, and M all showed enhanced dissolved nitrogen and/or phosphorus removal compared to PO, with M demonstrating the highest efficiency and stability under different antecedent drying durations (ADD), pollutant levels, and prolonged precipitation depth. The total dissolved nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus removal in M ranged between 64%-86% and 80%-95%, respectively, with limited organic matter and iron leaching. Pore water, microbial community, and material analysis collectively indicate that pyrite, woodchip, and biochar synergistically facilitated multiple nutrient treatment processes and protected each other against by-product leaching. Pyrite-woodchip interaction greatly increased nitrate removal by facilitating mixotrophic denitrification, while biochar further enhanced ammonium adsorption and expanded the denitrification area. The Fe3+ generated by pyrite aerobic oxidation was adsorbed on the biochar surface and potentially formed a Fe-biochar composite layer, which not only reduced Fe3+-induced pyrite excessive oxidation but also potentially increased organic matter adsorption. Fe (oxyhydr)oxides intermediate product formed by pyrite oxidation, in return, controlled the phosphorus and organic matter leaching from biochar and woodchip. Overall, this study demonstrates that multi-media interaction may enable bioretention systems to achieve stable and effective urban runoff treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yunqian Song
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Haiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhiyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yunsong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Fujian Liu
- China Construction Installation Group Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- China Construction Installation Group Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qichang Ni
- China Construction Installation Group Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shihu Hu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Xin Y, Liu L, Yang XR, Yang LY, Guang SB, Zheng YM, Zhao QB. Adaptive shifts in plant traits associated with nitrogen removal driven by phytoremediation strategies in subtropical river restoration. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:121008. [PMID: 38096729 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phytoremediation, which is commonly carried out through hydroponics and substrate-based strategies, is essential for the effectiveness of nature-based engineered solutions aimed at addressing excess nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. However, the performance and mechanisms of plants involving nitrogen removal between different strategies need to be deeply understood. Here, this study employed in-situ cultivation coupled with static nitrogen tracing experiments to elucidate the influence of both strategies on plant traits associated with nitrogen removal. The results indicated that removal efficiencies in plants with substrate-based strategies for ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were 30.51-71.11 % and 16.82-99.95 %, respectively, which were significantly higher than those with hydroponics strategies (25.98-58.18 % and 7.29-79.19 %, respectively). Similarly, the plant nitrogen uptake rates in the substrate-based strategy also generally showed higher levels compared to hydroponics strategies (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the microorganisms-mediated nitrous oxide emission rates in the substrate-based strategy during summer (unamended: 0.00-0.58 μg/g/d; potential: 3.35-7.65 μg/g/d) were obviously lower than those in the hydroponics strategy (unamended: 2.23-11.70 μg/g/d; potential: 9.72-43.09 μg/g/d) (P < 0.05). Notably, analysis of similarity tests indicated that the influences of strategy on the above parameters generally surpass the effects attributable to interspecies plant differences, particularly during summer (R > 0, P < 0.05). Based on statistical and metagenomic analyses, this study revealed that these differences were driven by the stabilizing influence of substrate-based strategy on plant roots and enhancing synergistic interplay among biochemical factors within plant-root systems. Even so, phytoremediation strategies did not significantly alter the characteristics of plants with regards to their tendency towards ammonium nitrogen uptake (up to 87.68 %) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium as primary biological pathway for nitrogen transformation which accounted for 53.66-96.47 % nitrate removal. In summary, this study suggested that the substrate-based strategy should be a more effective strategy for enhancing the nitrogen removal ability of plants in subtropical river restoration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiao-Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Le-Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan-Bin Guang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yu-Ming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Quan-Bao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Wu J, Ma Y, Song S. Reducing particle accumulation in sewers for mitigation of combined sewer overflow impacts on urban rivers: a critical review of particles in sewer sediments. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:89-115. [PMID: 38214988 PMCID: wst_2023_394 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Sewer sediments contain various hazardous compounds, leading to significant pollution risks when combined sewer overflows (CSOs) occur without appropriate controls. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the issues associated with particles in sewers, specifically focusing on the non-negligible contribution of particulate matter to CSOs, which leads to pollution in urban rivers. Therefore, the sources of particulate matter in sewers, their contributions to the overflow particles, and the specific areas of concern when it comes to managing particulate matter during particle transportation are outlined. Overall, carefully considering the goal of avoiding sedimentation during the drainage system design is the most effective prevention and control method for pipeline sediment, where minimum velocity and minimum shear stress are the core parameters. The establishment of a flexible and adaptive particle simulation method in drainage pipelines requires reliable simulation of particle sedimentation and erosion, the development of sediment prevention facilities with strong adaptability, and a comprehensive evaluation of economic and environmental benefits. With the ongoing enhancement of urbanization in developing countries, such studies will have more practical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Shanghai Urban Water Resources Development & Utilization National Engineering Center Co. Ltd, 200082 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Chengtou Water Group Co., Ltd, 200002 Shanghai, China E-mail:
| | - Yan Ma
- Shanghai Urban Water Resources Development & Utilization National Engineering Center Co. Ltd, 200082 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Chengtou Water Group Co., Ltd, 200002 Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- Shanghai Urban Water Resources Development & Utilization National Engineering Center Co. Ltd, 200082 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Chengtou Water Group Co., Ltd, 200002 Shanghai, China
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Esfandiar N, Suri R, McKenzie ER. Evaluation of sorbent amendments used with stormwater management practices to remove contaminants: Impacts of rainfall intensity and antecedent dry periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167766. [PMID: 37848142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
For a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability and efficiency of soil amendments in bioretention systems, it is crucial to investigate the capability of amendments for simultaneously serving three important functions under intermittent and variable flow conditions: removing a wide range of contaminants, supporting plant health, and maintaining media infiltration rate. However, most studies have not considered these important factors and conditions simultaneously, which may overestimate or underestimate the bioretention performance. In this study, a long-term vegetated column study was conducted to investigate the ability of various sorbent amendments- coconut coir fiber (CCF), blast furnace slag (BFS), and waste tire crumb rubber (WTCR) -for removal of metals, nutrients, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from stormwater. The experiments were performed under intermittent flow conditions considering different runoff intensities and antecedent dry periods (ADP). The long-term effect of bioretention usage on plant health and media infiltration rate was also investigated. All amended and unamended columns were able to remove >99 % of influent metals, except Cu, over the 7-month experiment period with different rain intensities and dry periods; modest effluent Cu concentrations occurred with higher rainfall. The performance of different media for removing PAHs such as naphthalene and acenaphthylene varied with the rain intensity. The BFS-amended media had high phosphate removal capacity (>90 %) under tested conditions. In all columns, nitrate removal was notably affected by changes in stormwater intensity and ADP, with high nitrate removal during heavy rainfall. Over the entire experiment, all media had good infiltration rate within the locally acceptable range (1-25 cm/h). The high iron and aluminum contents of BFS adversely affected the plant health in BFS-amended media. Overall, this study identifies the opportunities and challenges associated with the usage of bioretention amendments, and improves awareness among bioretention designers to consider seasonal effect on the performance of bioretention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Esfandiar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Rominder Suri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
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Yang Y, Kong Z, Ma H, Shao Z, Wang X, Shen Y, Chai H. Insights into the transport and bio-degradation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the biochar-pyrite amended stormwater biofilter using dynamic modeling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119152. [PMID: 37774660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The stormwater biofilter is a prevailing green infrastructure for urban stormwater management, but it is less effective in dissolved nitrogen removal, especially for nitrate. The mechanism that governs the nitrate leaching and performance stability of stormwater biofilters is poorly understood. In this study, a water quality model was developed to predict the ammonium and nitrate dynamics in a biochar-pyrite amended stormwater biofilter. The transport of dissolved nitrogen species was described by advection-dispersion models. The kinetics of adsorption and pyrite-based autotrophic denitrification are included in the model and simulated with a steady-state saturated flow. The model was calibrated and validated using eleven storm events. The modeling results reveal that the contribution of pyrite-based autotrophic denitrification to nitrate leaching alleviation improves with the increased drying duration. The nitrate removal efficiency was affected by a series of design parameters. Pyrite filling rate has a minor effect on nitrate removal promotion. Service area ratio and submerged zone depth are the key parameters to prevent nitrate leaching, as they influence the emergence and discharge time of nitrate breakthrough. The high inflow volume (high service area ratio) and small submerged zone can lead to earlier and increased discharge of peak nitrate otherwise the peak nitrate could be retained in the submerged zone and denitrified during the drying period. The developed mechanistic model provides a useful tool to evaluate the treatment ability of stormwater biofilters under varying conditions and offers a guideline for biofilter design optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, Formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Haiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zhiyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yu Shen
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China; Chongqing South-to-Thais Environmental Protection Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 400060, China
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Shen P, Deletic A, Bratieres K, McCarthy DT. BioRTC model enables exploration of real time control strategies for stormwater biofilters. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120793. [PMID: 37944196 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilters with real time control (RTC) have great potential to remove microbes from stormwater to protect human health for uses such as swimming and harvesting. However, RTC strategies need to be further explored and optimised for each specific location or end-use. This paper demonstrates that the newly developed BioRTC model can fulfil this requirement and allow effective and efficient exploration of the potential of RTC applications. We describe the development of BioRTC as the first RTC model for stormwater biofilters, including: selection of a 'base' model for microbial removal prediction, its modification to include RTC capabilities, as well as calibration and validation. BioRTC adequately predicted the performance of two previously developed RTC strategies, with Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (Ec) ranging from 0.65 to 0.80. In addition, high parameter transferability was demonstrated during model validation, where we employed the parameter sets calibrated for another biofilter study without RTC to predict the performance of RTC biofilters. We then employed the BioRTC model to explore RTC applications on a hypothetical biofilter system located at the outlet of an existing catchment. With different scenarios, we tested the impact of input parameters such as RTC set-points and design characteristics, and evaluated the influence of operational conditions on the microbial removal performance of the hypothetical biofilter with RTC. The results showed that strategy rules, set-point values, and biofilter design all govern the performance of RTC biofilters, and that operational conditions could impact the suitability of different RTC strategies. Particularly, the presence of Pareto fronts established that muti-objective optimisation is necessary to balance competing needs. These results underscore the importance of RTC, which allows for local experimentation, climate change adaptation, and adjustment to changing demands for the harvested water. Furthermore, they illustrate the practical use of the newly developed BioRTC model, enabling researchers and practitioners to explore and assess potential RTC strategies and scenarios quickly and cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Shen
- China TieGong Investment & Construction Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, PR China; Eco-Environmental Research and Development Center of China Railway Group Limited, PR China
| | - Ana Deletic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katia Bratieres
- BoSL Water Monitoring and Control, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - David T McCarthy
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; BoSL Water Monitoring and Control, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia.
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10
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Zheng Z, Zhang K, Toe CY, Amal R, Deletic A. Photo-electrochemical oxidation flow system for stormwater herbicides removal: Operational conditions and energy consumption analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:166375. [PMID: 37598967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical oxidation (PECO) is a promising advanced technology for treating micropollutants in stormwater. However, it is important to understand its operation prior to practical validation. In this study, we introduced a flow PECO system designed to evaluate its potential for full-scale applications in herbicides degradation, providing valuable insights for future large-scale implementations. The PECO flow reactor demonstrated the ability to treat a larger volume of stormwater (675 mL, approximately 10 times more than previous batch experiments) with effective removal rates of 92 % for diuron and 22 % for atrazine over 6 h of operation at 2 V. To address the large volume issue in stormwater treatment, a multiple module parallel application design is being considered to increase the treatment capacity of the PECO flow reactor. During the flow reactor operations, flow rate was found to have a notable impact on removal performance, particularly for diuron. At a flow rate of 610 mL min-1, approximately 90 % removal of diuron was achieved, while at 29 mL min-1, the removal efficiency decreased to 60 %. While light intensity had minimal effect on diuron degradation (all settings achieved over 90 % removal), it enhanced atrazine degradation from 9 % to 31 % with an increase in intensity from 63 mW cm-2 to 144 mW cm-2. Remarkably, the PECO flow system exhibited excellent removal performance (>90 % removal) for diuron even at extremely high initial pollutant concentrations (240 μg L-1), demonstrating its capacity to handle varying contaminant loads in stormwater. Energy consumption analysis revealed that flow rate as the primary factor influenced the specific energy consumption rate. Higher flow rate (e.g., 610 mL min-1) were preferable in flow reactor due to its well-balanced performance between removal and energy consumption. These findings confirm that the PECO flow system offers an efficient and promising approach for stormwater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhi Zheng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cui Ying Toe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4001, Australia
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11
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Betz C, Ament MR, Hurley SE, Roy ED. Nitrogen removal performance in roadside stormwater bioretention cells amended with drinking water treatment residuals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:1115-1126. [PMID: 37573476 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention cells, a type of green stormwater infrastructure, have been shown to reduce runoff volumes and remove a variety of pollutants. The ability of bioretention cells to remove nitrogen and phosphorus, however, is variable, and bioretention soil media can act as a net exporter of nutrients. This is concerning as excess loading of nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to eutrophication of surface waters, which green stormwater infrastructure is intended to ameliorate. Drinking water treatment residuals (DWTR), metal (hydr)oxide-rich by-products of the drinking water treatment process, have been studied as an amendment to bioretention soil media due to their high phosphorus sorption capacity. However, very few studies have specifically addressed the effects that DWTRs may have on nitrogen removal performance within bioretention cells. Here, we investigated the effects of DWTR amendment on nitrogen removal in bioretention cells treating stormwater in a roadside setting. We tested the capacity of three different DWTRs to either retain or leach dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the laboratory and also conducted a full-scale field experiment where DWTR-amended bioretention cells and experimental controls were monitored for influent and effluent nitrogen concentrations over two field seasons. We found that DWTRs alone exhibit some capacity to leach nitrate and ammonium, but when integrated into sand- and compost-based bioretention soil media, DWTRs have little to no effect on the removal of nitrogen in bioretention cells. These results suggest that DWTRs can be used in bioretention media for enhanced phosphorus retention without the risk of contributing to nitrogen export in bioretention effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Betz
- Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael R Ament
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stephanie E Hurley
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Eric D Roy
- Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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12
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Mohamed BA, Huang C, Mok N, Swei O, Johnston C, Li LY. A comparative life-cycle assessment and cost analysis of biofilters amended with sludge-based activated carbon and commercial activated carbon for stormwater treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130632. [PMID: 37056026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and economic issues resulting from the unsustainable management of sewage sludge from wastewater have necessitated the development of eco-friendly sewage sludge disposal methods, whereas stormwater effluent contains tremendous amounts of pollutants. This study compares the feasibility and environmental impacts associated with incorporating biofilters with sludge-based activated carbon (SBAC) versus commercial activated carbon (CAC) for stormwater treatment. The results demonstrate that the construction and disposal life-cycle stages are the dominant contributors to several environmental impact categories, including resource scarcity, carcinogenic toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and ozone formation indicators. Across multiple impact categories, the incorporation of biofilters with SBAC can reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with biofilter construction and disposal by 40% over a 50-year analysis period. In contrast, the most significant improvement is on construction-dominant indicators, where the decreased need for biofilter reconstruction results in a higher reduction in environmental impacts. Economically, amending the biofilter with SBAC can increase profits by up to 66% due to extending its lifespan. This study shows that SBAC has similar performance as CAC for lowering the negative environmental impacts resulting from biofilter construction, while increasing the overall net profits of the system. However, converting sewage sludge to an effective sorbent (SBAC) and incorporating SBAC into a biofilter to capture pollutants from stormwater is an economically and environmentally sustainable solution available to practitioners to manage sewage sludge and stormwater effluent. This solution protects the environment in a cost efficient, sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr A Mohamed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cairo University, El-Gamma Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Carol Huang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nico Mok
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Omar Swei
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chris Johnston
- Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd., 200-4185 Still Creek Drive, Burnaby, BC V5C 6G9, Canada
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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13
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Feraud M, Ahearn SP, Parker EA, Avasarala S, Rugh MB, Hung WC, Li D, Werfhorst LCVD, Kefela T, Hemati A, Mehring AS, Cao Y, Jay JA, Liu H, Grant SB, Holden PA. Stormwater biofilter response to high nitrogen loading under transient flow conditions: Ammonium and nitrate fates, and nitrous oxide emissions. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119501. [PMID: 36587519 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) in urban runoff is often treated with green infrastructure including biofilters. However, N fates across biofilters are insufficiently understood because prior studies emphasize low N loading under laboratory conditions, or use "steady-state" flow regimes over short time scales. Here, we tested field scale biofilter N fates during simulated storms delivering realistic transient flows with high N loading. Biofilter outflow ammonium (NH4+-N) was 60.7 to 92.3% lower than that of the inflow. Yet the characteristic times for nitrification (days to weeks) and denitrification (days) relative to N residence times (7 to 30 h) suggested low N transformation across the biofilters. Still, across 7 successive storms, total outflow nitrate (NO3--N) greatly exceeded (3100 to 3900%) inflow nitrate, a result only explainable by biofilter soil N nitrification occurring between storms. Archaeal, and bacterial amoA gene copies (2.1 × 105 to 1.2 × 106 gc g soil-1), nitrifier presence by16S rRNA gene sequencing, and outflow δ18O-NO3- values (-3.0 to 17.1 ‰) reinforced that nitrification was occurring. A ratio of δ18O-NO3- to δ15N-NO3- of 1.83 for soil eluates indicated additional processes: N assimilation, and N mineralization. Denitrification potential was suggested by enzyme activities and soil denitrifying gene copies (nirK + nirS: 3.0 × 106 to 1.8 × 107; nosZ: 5.0 × 105 to 2.2 × 106 gc g soil-1). However, nitrous oxide (N2O-N) emissions (13.5 to 84.3 μg N m - 2 h - 1) and N2O export (0.014 g N) were low, and soil nitrification enzyme activities (0.45 to 1.63 mg N kg soil-1day-1) exceeded those for denitrification (0.17 to 0.49 mg N kg soil-1 day-1). Taken together, chemical, bacterial, and isotopic metrics evidenced that storm inflow NH4+sorbs and, along with mineralized soil N, nitrifies during biofilter dry-down; little denitrification and associated N2O emissions ensue, and thus subsequent storms export copious NO3--N. As such, pulsed pass-through biofilters require redesign to promote plant assimilation and/or denitrification of mineralized and nitrified N, to minimize NO3--N generation and export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Sean P Ahearn
- Research & Development Beta Analytic, Inc., Miami, FL, United States
| | - Emily A Parker
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Megyn B Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Timnit Kefela
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Azadeh Hemati
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Andrew S Mehring
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yiping Cao
- Source Molecular Corporation, Miami Lakes, FL, United States; Santa Ana Water Quality Control Board, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stanley B Grant
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.
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14
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Chuang WK, Lin ZE, Lin TC, Lo SL, Chang CL, Chiueh PT. Spatial allocation of LID practices with a water footprint approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160201. [PMID: 36395841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban water problems due to stormwater have been aggravated by the higher frequency of high-intensity precipitation events and the increase of paved surfaces. However, with appropriate stormwater management practices, such as low-impact development (LID), stormwater can provide an additional urban water resources rather than cause damage. This study aims to apply a water footprint to location determination of LID practices in the urban area. The LID planning procedure was demonstrated with the highest population density region in Taipei, Taiwan. In order to improve the spatial resolution of LID allocation, the "first-level dissemination area" with 450 residents was used as a spatial unit. The performance of LID practices was then evaluated with the simulation using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Three LID practices, rainwater harvesting systems, permeable pavements, and bioretention systems, were selected. After the water footprint accounting, ten sites were suggested for LID implementation. The runoff reduction rate reached up to 65 % by rainwater harvesting systems or at least 3 % by permeable pavements. This study provides a simpler and more effective approach to ways of integrating an urban water footprint into LID planning and stormwater management in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Daan District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Zih-Ee Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Daan District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Chi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Daan District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Daan District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Lin Chang
- Department of Water Resources Engineering and Conservation, Feng Chia University, No.100, Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen District, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Te Chiueh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Daan District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
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15
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Beral H, Dagenais D, Brisson J, Kõiv-Vainik M. Plant species contribution to bioretention performance under a temperate climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160122. [PMID: 36370788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention systems are green infrastructures increasingly used to manage urban stormwater runoff. Plants are an essential component of bioretention, improving water quality and reducing runoff volume and peak flows. However, there is little evidence on how this contribution varies between species, especially in temperate climates with seasonal variations and plant dormancy. The aim of our study was to compare the performance of four plant species for bioretention effectiveness during the growing and dormant periods in a mesocosm study. The species selected (Cornus sericea, Juncus effusus, Iris versicolor, Sesleria autumnalis) are commonly used in bioretention and cover a wide range of biological forms and functional traits.All bioretention mesocosms were effective in reducing water volume, flow and pollutant levels in both of the studied periods. Plants decreased runoff volume and increased contaminant retention by reducing water flow (up to 2.7 times compared to unplanted systems) and increasing water loss through evapotranspiration during the growing period (up to 2.5 times). Plants improved removal of macronutrients, with an average mass removal of 55 % for TN, 81 % for TP and 61 % for K compared to -6 % (release), 61 % and 22 % respectively for the unplanted systems. Except for Sesleria, mass removal of trace elements in planted mesocosms was generally higher than in unplanted ones (up to 8.7 %), regardless of season. Between-species differences in exfiltration rate and improved water quality followed the same order as their evapotranspiration rate and overall size, measured in terms of plant volume, leaf biomass, total leaf area and maximum average root density (Cornus > Juncus > Iris > Sesleria). By increasing evapotranspiration, plants decreased runoff volume and increased contaminant retention. Nutrient removal was partly explained by plant assimilation. Our study confirms the importance of plant species selection for improving water quality and reducing runoff volume during bioretention under a temperate climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Beral
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 East Sherbrooke St, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Danielle Dagenais
- École d'urbanisme et d'architecture de paysage, Faculté de l'aménagement, Université de Montréal, 2940, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Jacques Brisson
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 East Sherbrooke St, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Margit Kõiv-Vainik
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 East Sherbrooke St, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia.
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16
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Pivetta GG, Tassi R, Piccilli DGA. Evaluating bioretention scale effect on stormwater retention and pollutant removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:15561-15574. [PMID: 36169844 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention column studies are commonly used in laboratory to assess the performance of such structures in removal of pollutants and to investigate different conceptions aiming to increase their efficiency. However, no studies were found recommending suitable diameters or sizes, or about the uncertainties related to the transfer of results among the different scales (i.e., among different experiments or from the laboratory to field scale). This study assessed the effect of the varying diameters in experimental bioretention columns on the retention and removal of pollutants from stormwater runoff. Three sets of columns with diameters of 400 mm, 300 mm, and 200 mm were assessed. The results showed that runoff retention (R) was affected by the time interval between stormwater events, but not by the bioretention diameter, although the diameter influenced the variability of R results. The removal of TSS (95%), nitrite (98%), and phosphate (96%) did present variability among the different bioretention diameters. However, the nitrate removal was statistically different among the bioretention columns, with removal efficiency above 50% in the 300-mm and 200-mm columns, while the 400-mm columns acted as a source of nitrate by increasing its concentration in the outflow stormwater by up to 285%, suggesting that the removal of this pollutant can be influenced by the scale effect of the bioretention columns and the experiments with small bioretention diameters may not provide reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Ghesti Pivetta
- Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia - Prédio INPE - Sala 2061, Av. Roraima n◦ 1000, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Rutineia Tassi
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESA), Post-Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gustavo Allasia Piccilli
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESA), Post-Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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17
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Jhonson P, Goh HW, Chan DJC, Juiani SF, Zakaria NA. Potential of bioretention plants in treating urban runoff polluted with greywater under tropical climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:24562-24574. [PMID: 36336739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention systems are among the most popular stormwater best management practices (BMPs) for urban runoff treatment. Studies on plant performance using bioretention systems have been conducted, especially in developed countries with a temperate climate, such as the USA and Australia. However, these results might not be applicable in developing countries with tropical climates due to the different rainfall regimes and the strength of runoff pollutants. Thus, this study focuses on the performance of tropical plants in treating urban runoff polluted with greywater using a bioretention system. Ten different tropical plant species were triplicated and planted in 30 mesocosms with two control mesocosms without vegetation. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the performance of plants, which were then ranked based on their performance in removing pollutants using the total score obtained for each water quality test. Results showed that vetiver topped the table with 86.4% of total nitrogen (TN) removal, 93.5% of total phosphorus (TP) removal, 89.8% of biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal, 90% of total suspended solids (TSS) removal, and 92.5% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal followed by blue porterweed, Hibiscus, golden trumpet, and tall sedge which can be recommended to be employed in future bioretention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poovarasu Jhonson
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Weng Goh
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Derek Juinn Chieh Chan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fairuz Juiani
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azazi Zakaria
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
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18
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Integrated Methods for Household Greywater Treatment: Modified Biofiltration and Phytoremediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 2023:7778240. [PMID: 36747497 PMCID: PMC9899146 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7778240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Most countries around the world have experienced water scarcity in recent decades as fresh water consumption has increased. However, untreated wastewater is routinely discharged into the environment, particularly in developing countries, where it causes widespread environmental and public health problems. The majority of wastewater treatment method publications are heavily focused on high-income country applications and, in most cases, cannot be transferred to low and middle-income countries. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance efficiency of pilot-scale physicochemical and biological treatment methods for the treatment of household greywater in Jimma, Ethiopia. During the experiment, grab samples of greywater were taken from the combined treatment system's influent and effluent every 7 days for 5 weeks and analyzed within 24-48 hours. Temperature, DO, EC, turbidity, TDS, and pH were measured on-site, while BOD, COD, TSS, TP, TN PO4 -3-P, NO3-N, NH4-N, Cl-, and FC were determined in the laboratory. During the five-week pilot-scale combined treatment system monitoring period, the combined experimental and control system's mean percentage reduction efficiencies were as follows: turbidity (97.2%, 92%), TSS (99.2%, 97.2%), BOD5 (94%, 57.4%), COD (91.6%, 54.7%), chloride (61%, 35%), TN (68.24, 42.7%), TP (71.6%, 38.7%), and FC (90%, 71.1%), respectively. Similarly, the combined experimental and control systems reduced PO4 -3-P (12.5 ± 3 mg/L), NO3-N (4.5 ± 3 mg/L), and NH4-N (10.19 ± 2.6 mg/L) to PO4 -3-P (3.5 ± 2.6 mg/L, 7.5 ± 1.6 mg/L), NO3-N (0.8 ± 0.5, 3.6 ± 2.3 mg/L), and NH4-N (7 ± 2.9 mg/L, 15.9 ± 3.9 mg/L), respectively. From the biofiltration and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland combined systems, the experimental combined technology emerged as the best performing greywater treatment system, exhibiting remarkably higher pollutant removal efficiencies. In conclusion, the combined biofiltration and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treatment system can be the technology of choice in low-income countries, particularly those with tropical climates.
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19
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Sarazen J, Hurley S, Faulkner J. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a bioretention cell experiment receiving agricultural runoff from a dairy farm production area during third and fourth years of operation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:149-160. [PMID: 36385620 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the performance of three bioretention cells during the third and fourth years post establishment with respect to their ability to capture nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in runoff from a dairy farm production area. The effects of two treatments across the three cells were evaluated: a vegetation treatment using switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and a soil amendment treatment using low-P compost (derived from leaf litter). Cell 1 has neither vegetation nor compost; Cell 2 includes vegetation without compost; Cell 3 includes both vegetation and compost. The system was installed in 2016; performance was monitored in 2018 and 2019, after vegetation was well established. In 2019, bioretention cell hydrology was modified to create an internal storage zone (ISZ) and increase hydraulic retention time (HRT), targeting improved nitrate removal. In 2018, all three cells reduced effluent concentrations of total N by >50% and of both total P and soluble reactive P (SRP) by >90%. Similar trends were found in 2019 with the ISZ, except SRP effluent concentrations were significantly higher compared with 2018, indicating a tradeoff of P leaching associated with increased HRT. Averaging eight monitored storms, median mass removals of all nutrients for Cell 2 (with vegetation and without compost) was >94%. System performance improved during the third and fourth years of operation compared with results of the initial monitoring, highlighting the importance of monitoring once plant and soil media have become established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Sarazen
- Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Aiken Forestry Lab, Univ. of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, 05403, USA
- Dep. of Plant and Soil Science, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Stephanie Hurley
- Dep. of Plant and Soil Science, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Gund Institute for the Environment, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Joshua Faulkner
- Dep. of Plant and Soil Science, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Gund Institute for the Environment, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Extension Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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20
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Godyń I, Bodziony M, Grela A, Muszyński K, Pamuła J. Determination of Pollution and Environmental Risk Assessment of Stormwater and the Receiving River, Case Study of the Sudół River Catchment, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:504. [PMID: 36612823 PMCID: PMC9819663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the land use of urban catchments and the discharge of stormwater to rivers are causing surface water pollution. Measurements were taken of the quality of discharged stormwater from two areas with different types of development: a residential area and a residential-commercial area, as well as the quality of the Sudół River water below the sewer outlets. The following indicators were studied: TSS, COD, N-NO3, N-NO2, TKN, TN, TP, Zn, Cu, Hg, HOI, and PAHs. The influence of land use on the magnitudes of flows in the river was modeled using the SCS-CN method and the Snyder Unit Hydrograph Model. The results showed an increase in sealing and a resulting increase in surface runoff. Concentrations of pollutants in stormwater and analysis of the potential amounts of loadings contributed by the analyzed stormwater outlets indicate that they may be responsible for the failure to meet environmental targets in the Sudół River. Environmental risk assessment shows that the aquatic ecosystem is at risk. A risk factor indicating a high risk of adverse environmental effects was determined for N-NO3, Zn, and Cu, among others.
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21
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Kaya D, Croft K, Pamuru ST, Yuan C, Davis AP, Kjellerup BV. Considerations for evaluating innovative stormwater treatment media for removal of dissolved contaminants of concern with focus on biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135753. [PMID: 35963377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater from complex land uses is an important contributor of contaminants of concern (COCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Copper, and Zinc to receiving water bodies. A large portion of these COCs bind to particulate matter in stormwater, which can be removed through filtration by traditional media. However, the remaining dissolved COCs can be significant and require special attention such as engineered treatment measures and media. Biochar is a porous sorbent produced from a variety of organic materials. In the last decade biochar has been gaining attention as a stormwater treatment medium due to low cost compared to activated carbon. However, biochar is not a uniform product and selection of an appropriate biochar for the removal of specific contaminants can be a complex process. Biochars are synthesized from various feedstocks and using different manufacturing approaches, including pyrolysis temperature, impact the biochar properties thus affecting ability to remove stormwater contaminants. The local availability of specific biochar products is another important consideration. An evaluation of proposed stormwater control measure (SCM) media needs to consider the dynamic conditions associated with stormwater and its management, but the passive requirements of the SCM. The media should be able to mitigate flood risks, remove targeted COCs under high flow SCM conditions, and address practical considerations like cost, sourcing, and construction and maintenance. This paper outlines a process for selecting promising candidates for SCM media and evaluating their performance through laboratory tests and field deployment with special attention to unique stormwater considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kaya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kristen Croft
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sai Thejaswini Pamuru
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chen Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Allen P Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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22
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Kong Z, Ma H, Song Y, Wang X, Li L, Yuan Y, Shao Z, Chai H. A long term study elucidates the relationship between media amendment and pollutant treatment in the stormwater bioretention system: Stability or efficiency? WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119124. [PMID: 36162295 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Media amendment has been more and more frequently tested in stormwater bioretention systems for enhanced runoff pollutant treatment. However, few studies systematically evaluated the amended system over a long time span, which hindered the further optimization of the proposed amended media. In this study, biochar-pyrite system (PB), conventional sand system (SB), and biochar-woodchip system (WB) were established and operated for 26 months. Media amendment greatly enhanced the dissolved nutrient removal, the highest total dissolved nitrogen removal in PB and WB were 65.6±3.6% and 68.2±2.5%, respectively. Compared with PB, WB could maintain excellent nitrogen removal under long-term operation. In contrast, PB demonstrated stable and more effective total dissolved phosphorus removal during all stages (73.1±3.1%-80.3±4.1%). A high content of phosphorus and organic matter was leached in WB especially at initial operation, while the initial pollutant leaching in PB and SB is much lower, about one-third of WB. Microbial and metabolic function analysis indicated that the microbial community in the bioretention system is complicated and stable. Media amendment enhanced microbial diversity and the relative abundance of functional genera related to nitrogen (Nitrospira, Thauera, Denitratisoma, etc.), sulfur (Thiobacillus, Geobacter, Desulfovibrio, etc.), and carbon cycles (cellulomonas, saccharimonadales, and SBR1031, etc.), which well explained the enhanced pollutant removal and by-product leaching in different systems. Overall, the current study indicates that although media amendment is conducive to enhanced dissolved nutrient removal in bioretention systems, it can hardly maintain both stability and efficiency from initial set-up to long-term operation. In practical application, catchment characteristics, prioritized pollutants, meteorological factors, etc. should all be considered before choosing suitable amended media and its design factors, thereby maximising the stability and efficiency of the bioretention system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Haiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yunqian Song
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Liqing Li
- School of Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunsong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhiyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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23
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Zhang W, Tao K, Sun H, Che W. Influence of urban runoff pollutant first flush strength on bioretention pollutant removal performance. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:1478-1495. [PMID: 36178818 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention is commonly used for runoff pollution control. The first flush strength of pollutants can affect bioretention performance. To examine the influence of the first flush strength on bioretention performance, bioretention columns filled with garden soil as the main media were established. Activated carbon and water treatment residuals (WTR) were added and compared for their ability to enhance phosphorus removal. Waste edible fungus culture medium (WEFCM) as a carbon source was also explored. When WEFCM was used as a carbon source instead of wood chips, total nitrogen (TN) removal increased from 60.83 ± 21.22 to 62.21 ± 16.43%, but chemical oxygen demand (COD) leaching was observed. WTR was better able than activated carbon to enhance phosphorus removal (87.97 ± 8.87 vs. 81.66 ± 9.27%) without impacting TN removal. NH4+-N removal increased with increasing first flush strength, but there was no trend for suspended solids (SS), COD, TN, or total phosphorus. First leaching phenomenon in bioretention outflow was proposed in this study. A low first leaching was observed in the outflow when the inflow had a uniform pollutant mass (i.e., no first flush) because of media leaching. A weak first leaching outflow was observed for SS and COD when they were present at strong first flush inflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China; Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Kexin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail:
| | - Huichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail:
| | - Wu Che
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
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24
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Fowdar HS, Neo TH, Ong SL, Hu J, McCarthy DT. Performance analysis of a stormwater green infrastructure model for flow and water quality predictions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 316:115259. [PMID: 35658251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions or Green infrastructure (GI) used for managing stormwater pollution are growing in popularity across the globe. Stormwater GI models are important tools to inform the planning of these systems (type, design, size), in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. MUSIC, an example of such a tool, uses regression and first order decay models. Studies validating MUSIC model performance are, however, scarce, hindering future model development and transferability of the model for systems operating under different design and climatic conditions. To close this gap, this paper evaluates MUSIC for a field scale bioretention system, stormwater wetland and vegetated swale operating under Singapore tropical climate. The treatment modules were able to simulate outflows and effluent pollutant concentrations reasonably well for cumulative event volumes (mostly within ±25%) and cumulative TP and TN loads (within ±30%). Outflow TSS loads were significantly under-estimated as a result of greater variability in measured TSS concentrations across events. The findings indicate that simple empirical models such as MUSIC can be transferred to different regions provided that management decisions are based on long-term modelling efforts. The modules generally simulated the outflow hydrographs and pollutographs of the different inflow and drying/wetting conditions relatively poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha S Fowdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Teck Heng Neo
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Say Leong Ong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - David T McCarthy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Australia
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25
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Galbraith P, Henry R, McCarthy DT. Plants against pathogens: Effect of significant antimicrobial-producing plants on faecal microbe inactivation throughout the soil profile of stormwater biofilters. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118707. [PMID: 35717708 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater biofilters have demonstrated promising yet variable removal of faecal microorganisms. Significant antimicrobial-producing plants have been proposed as an inexpensive, safe and easily adaptable component of biofilter design to enhance faecal pathogen treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether significant antimicrobial-producing plants improved faecal bacterial inactivation throughout the biofilter soil profile, focusing on four key treatment zones. These were specifically the top sediment/surface layer; the rhizosphere (soil directly attached to and influenced by plant roots); bulk soil (soil not directly associated with roots); and the submerged/saturated zone. Biofilters were configured with either: (1) no plant; (2) Carex appressa, the most highly recommended plant species in Australian biofilter adoption guidelines; or (3) one of two significant antimicrobial-producing Australian plant species, Melaleuca linariifolia or Melaleuca fulgens (n = 3 each). Following 16 months' maturation, systems were dosed with semi-synthetic stormwater containing faecal bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis to monitor their ensuing die-off within all major biofilter treatment zones. Bacterial inactivation was generally more rapid in M. fulgens and M. linariifolia than C. appressa biofilters, with E. faecalis demonstrating an overall enhanced resistance to inactivation. Top sediment tended to exhibit the highest inactivation rates, significantly correlated with sunlight exposure. Conversely, the rhizosphere supported comparatively prolonged faecal bacterial survival. The authors recommend further investigation of melaleucas and similar highly antimicrobial-producing plants for enhanced faecal pathogen treatment within biofilters and related treatment contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Galbraith
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Monash Water for Liveability, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - R Henry
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Monash Water for Liveability, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D T McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Monash Water for Liveability, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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26
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Rugh MB, Grant SB, Hung WC, Jay JA, Parker EA, Feraud M, Li D, Avasarala S, Holden PA, Liu H, Rippy MA, Werfhorst LCVD, Kefela T, Peng J, Shao S, Graham KE, Boehm AB, Choi S, Mohanty SK, Cao Y. Highly variable removal of pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, conventional fecal indicators and human-associated fecal source markers in a pilot-scale stormwater biofilter operated under realistic stormflow conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118525. [PMID: 35533621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Green stormwater infrastructure systems, such as biofilters, provide many water quality and other environmental benefits, but their ability to remove human pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from stormwater runoff is not well documented. In this study, a field scale biofilter in Southern California (USA) was simultaneously evaluated for the breakthrough of a conservative tracer (bromide), conventional fecal indicators, bacterial and viral human-associated fecal source markers (HF183, crAssphage, and PMMoV), ARGs, and bacterial and viral pathogens. When challenged with a 50:50 mixture of untreated sewage and stormwater (to mimic highly contaminated storm flow) the biofilter significantly removed (p < 0.05) 14 of 17 microbial markers and ARGsin descending order of concentration reduction: ermB (2.5 log(base 10) reduction) > Salmonella (2.3) > adenovirus (1.9) > coliphage (1.5) > crAssphage (1.2) > E. coli (1.0) ∼ 16S rRNA genes (1.0) ∼ fecal coliform (1.0) ∼ intl1 (1.0) > Enterococcus (0.9) ∼ MRSA (0.9) ∼ sul1 (0.9) > PMMoV (0.7) > Entero1A (0.5). No significant removal was observed for GenBac3, Campylobacter, and HF183. From the bromide data, we infer that 0.5 log-units of attenuation can be attributed to the dilution of incoming stormwater with water stored in the biofilter; removal above this threshold is presumably associated with non-conservative processes, such as physicochemical filtration, die-off, and predation. Our study documents high variability (>100-fold) in the removal of different microbial contaminants and ARGs by a field-scale stormwater biofilter operated under transient flow and raises further questions about the utility of human-associated fecal source markers as surrogates for pathogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megyn B Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily A Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas VA 20110, USA
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns Hall A239, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns Hall A239, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Timnit Kefela
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Orange County Environmental Resources, 2301 North Glassell Street, Orange, CA 92865, USA
| | - Stella Shao
- GSI Environmental Inc., 19200 Von Karman Ave, St 800, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Katherine E Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel Choi
- Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Sanjay K Mohanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiping Cao
- Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA; Source Molecular Corporation, 15280 NW 79th 10 Court, St 107, Miami Lakes, FL 33016, USA.
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27
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LeviRam I, Gross A, Lintern A, Henry R, Schang C, Herzberg M, McCarthy D. Sustainable micropollutant bioremediation via stormwater biofiltration system. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118188. [PMID: 35235884 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waters contaminated with micropollutants are of environmental and public health concern globally. Stormwater is a significant source of anthropogenic micropollutants to receiving waters. Hence, sustainable stormwater remediation is needed to reduce contamination of waterways. Yet designing sustainable bioremediation solutions, including those targeted to remove micropollutants, is a major scientific challenge. This study aimed to adapt the design of stormwater biofiltration systems, to improve the removal of micropollutants and understand the role of the micropollutant-degrading bacteria in this bioremediation process. We investigated the atrazine removal performance of a prototype biofiltration system, in which the filter media was supplemented with Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC). The prototype biofiltration system completely removed atrazine to below detectable limits, significantly exceeding the GAC's adsorption capacity alone, suggesting other biological processes were present. We showed that atrazine degradation capacity, measured by the kinetics of the trzN gene abundance, was accelerated in the prototype system compared to the standard system (which had no added GAC; 0.8 vs. 0.37 week-1, respectively). Notably, this high level of atrazine removal did not come at the expense of the removal performance of other typical stormwater macropollutants (e.g., nutrients, suspended solids). The prototype biofiltration system showed a proof-of-concept of sustaining microbial remediation of a model micropollutant alongside stormwater macropollutants, which could be used to reduce impacts on receiving waterways and protect our ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- I LeviRam
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel; Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - A Gross
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - A Lintern
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - R Henry
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - C Schang
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - M Herzberg
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - D McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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28
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Landscape Design for Flood Adaptation from 20 Years of Constructed Ecologies in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In highly urbanized floodplains, it is becoming widely accepted that a change is needed to move away from flood control towards flood adaptation paradigms. To address riverine and flash flooding in urban areas, urban and landscape designers have developed design solutions that are able to increase urban ecological resilience by allocating space to fluctuating water levels. With the purpose of operationalizing flood resilience, this study explores how constructed ecology principles are applied to the design of multifunctional landscapes to restore floodplain functions in urban areas and prevent downstream flooding. The study adopts a design-by-research approach to examine 30 case studies from the Sponge Cities initiative realized in China in the last twenty years and develops a toolbox of Flood Adaptation Types for stormwater management. The results are aimed at informing operations in the planning and design professions by proposing a schematic design framework for flood adaptation in different geographic conditions, scales, and climates. The study sets up the bases for a systematic assessment of flood adaptation responses also by facilitating communication between disciplines, designers, and non-experts. This will enable evidence-based decisions in landscape architecture and urban design, as well as fulfill pedagogic purposes in higher education and research.
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29
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He Q, Lin Z, Dong P, Tang W. Decontamination performance of a bioretention system using a simple sand-based filler proportioning method. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:709-717. [PMID: 32723065 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1803416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the decontamination performance of a bioretention system using a sand-based filler constructed using sand and peat soil. The filler was constructed according to a simple proportioning method that considers water turnover time and organic content. Different inorganic constituents were added to the filler including zeolite, volcanic rock, coal slag, vermiculite and perlite to further improve the decontamination effect. Total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured in the influent and effluent. The results showed that: (1) the overall removal effect of the sand-based filler was satisfactory, indicating a certain feasibility and practicality of the method; (2) bioretention based on the sand-based filler had a better performance in removing TSS and TP with the removal rate both over 95%, and the addition of inorganic constituents to the filler was beneficial to TSS removal due to the effect of cumulative filtration capabilities of multiple materials, while phosphate was easily adsorbed by the positively charged particles of the peat soil; (3) the high removal rate of NH4+-N was due to adsorption and it could reach more than 80% by adding inorganic constituents with good adsorption such as zeolite vermiculite and perlite. Similarly, the addition of vermiculite and coal slag could increase the removal rate of COD by 15-25%. This research offers a novel alternative for guiding the selection and proportion of fillers in bioretention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei He
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zizeng Lin
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Dong
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Tang
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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30
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Huang L, Luo J, Li L, Jiang H, Sun X, Yang J, She W, Liu W, Li L, Davis AP. Unconventional microbial mechanisms for the key factors influencing inorganic nitrogen removal in stormwater bioretention columns. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117895. [PMID: 34864344 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention systems are environmentally friendly measures to control the amount of water and pollutants in urban stormwater runoff, and their treatment performance for inorganic N strongly depends on various microbial processes. However, microbial responses to variations of N mass reduction in bioretention systems are complex and poorly understood, which is not conducive to management designs. In the present study, a series of bioretention columns were established to monitor their fate performance for inorganic N (NH4+and NO3-) by using different configurations and by dosing with simulated stormwater events. The results showed that NH4+ was efficiently oxidized to NO3-, mainly by ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the oxic media, regardless of the configurations of the bioretention systems or stormwater conditions. In contrast, NO3- removal pathways varied greatly in different columns. The presence of vegetation efficiently improved NO3-mass reduction through root assimilation and enhancement of microbial NO3- reduction in the rhizosphere. The construction of an organic-rich saturation zone can make the redox potential too low for heterotrophic denitrification to occur, so as to ensure high NO3- mass reduction mainly via stimulating chemolithotrophic NO3- reduction coupled with oxidation of reductive sulfur compounds derived from the bio-reduction of sulfate. In contrast, in the organic-poor saturation zone, multiple oligotrophic NO3- reduction pathways may be responsible for the high NO3- mass reduction. These findings highlight the necessity of considering the variation of N bio-transformation pathways for inorganic N removal in the configuration of bioretention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junyue Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Linxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weiyu She
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liqing Li
- School of Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Allen P Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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31
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Field Study of the Road Stormwater Runoff Bioretention System with Combined Soil Filter Media and Soil Moisture Conservation Ropes in North China. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing concerns about urban runoff pollution and water scarcity caused by urbanization have prompted the application of bioretention facilities to manage urban stormwater. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of proposed bioretention facilities regarding road runoff pollutant removal and the variation characteristics of the media physicochemical properties and microbial diversity in dry-cold regions. Two types of bioretention facilities were designed and then constructed in Tianjin Eco-city, China, on the basis of combined soil filter media screened by a laboratory-scale test with a modified bioretention facility (MBF) containing soil moisture conservation ropes. Redundancy analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between the variation in media physicochemical properties and microbial communities. An increase in media moisture could promote an increase in the relative abundance of several dominant microbial communities. In the MBF, the relatively low nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) (0.75 mg/L) and total nitrogen (TN) (4.71 mg/L) effluent concentrations, as well as better removal efficiencies for TN and NO3-N in challenge tests, were mainly attributed to the greater relative abundance of Proteobacteria (25.2%) that are involved in the microbial nitrogen transformation process. The MBF also had greater media microbial richness (5253 operational taxonomic units) compared to the conventional bioretention facility and in situ saline soils. The results indicate that stormwater runoff treated by both bioretention facilities has potential use for daily greening and road spraying. The proposed design approach for bioretention facilities is applicable to LID practices and sustainable stormwater management in other urban regions.
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32
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Yang F, Fu D, Zevenbergen C, Rene ER. A comprehensive review on the long-term performance of stormwater biofiltration systems (SBS): Operational challenges and future directions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113956. [PMID: 34700085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater biofiltration systems (SBS) are a popular technology for mitigating the negative effects of urbanization on the hydrological processes and water quality in urban areas. However, little is known about SBS's long-term performance in actual field conditions. The findings of a review of the scientific literature on the long-term performance of SBS are presented in this paper. The findings show that only a few studies have investigated the performance of SBS and its change over time, and that the results of laboratory and field experiments differed due to the presence of plants, regular maintenance, and some uncertain environmental factors. Based on the existing knowledge gaps in this field, the main challenges observed was the lack of long-term field data series, and the existing mathematical models are not able to accurately forecast the long-term performance of SBS. This could be owing to the difficulties in monitoring activities, the high costs involved and the unpredictability around the operational timeframe. Future study should concentrate on the implementation of simulation and modeling-based research in pilot and full-scale SBS, and the inclusion of new performance indicators should be considered as a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feikai Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Centre for Future Cities, Nanjing, 210096, China; IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2611DA, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Gebouw 23, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Dafang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Centre for Future Cities, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chris Zevenbergen
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2611DA, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Gebouw 23, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Eldon R Rene
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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33
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Feng W, Liu Y, Gao L. Stormwater treatment for reuse: Current practice and future development - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113830. [PMID: 34600425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting is an effective measure to mitigate flooding risk and pollutant migration in our urban environment with the continuously increasing impermeable faction. Treatment of harvested stormwater also provides the fit-for-purpose water sources as an alternative to potable water supply ensuring the reliability and sustainability of the water management in the living complex. In order to provide the water management decision-maker with a broad range of related technology database and to facilitate the implementation of stormwater harvesting in the future, a comprehensive review was undertaken to understand the corresponding treatment performance, the applicable circumstances of current stormwater treatment and harvesting technologies. Technologies with promising potential for stormwater treatment were also reviewed to investigate the feasibility of being used in an integrated process. The raw stormwater quality and the required quality for different levels of stormwater reuses (irrigation, recreational, and potable) were reviewed and compared. The required level of treatment is defined for different 'fit-for-purpose' uses of harvested stormwater. Stormwater biofilter and constructed wetland as the two most advanced and widely used stormwater harvesting and treatment technologies, their main functionality, treatment performance and adequate scale of the application were reviewed based on published peer-reviewed articles and case studies. Excessive microbial effluent that exists in stormwater treated using these two technologies has restricted the stormwater reuse in most cases. Water disinfection technologies developed for wastewater and surface water treatment but with high potential to be used for stormwater treatment have been reviewed. Their feasibility and limitation for stormwater treatment are presented with respect to different levels of fit-for-purpose reuses. Implications for future implementation of stormwater treatment are made on proposing treatment trains that are suitable for different fit-for-purpose stormwater reuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia; South East Water Corporation, Seaford, VIC, 3198 Australia.
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34
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhang B, Bu C, Wang Y, Zhang D, Xi M, Qin Q. Enhanced removal of sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline in bioretention cells amended with activated carbon and zero-valent iron: System performance and microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:148992. [PMID: 34303249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics, heavily used as medicine, enter the environment inevitably and raise concerns of the risk to the ecosystems. In this study, we explored the removal efficiency and mechanism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and tetracycline (TC) in activated carbon (AC) and AC-zero-valent iron amended bioretention cells (AC-BRC and AC-Fe-BRC) compared with a conventional bioretention cell (BRC). Moreover, the system performance of BRCs, the shifts of the microbial community, as well as the fate of corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that, exposed to antibiotics notwithstanding, AC-BRC and AC-Fe-BRC significantly outperformed BRC on total nitrogen (TN) removal (BRC: 70.36 ± 13.61%; AC-BRC: 91.43 ± 6.41%; AC-Fe-BRC: 83.44 ± 12.13%). Greater than 97% of the total phosphorous (TP) was removed in AC-Fe-BRC, remaining unimpacted despite of the selective pressure from SMX/TC. Excellent removals of antibiotics (above 99%) were achieved in AC-BRC and AC-Fe-BRC regardless of the types and initial concentrations (0.8 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L) of antibiotics, dwarfing the removal performance of BRC (12.2 ± 4.4%-64.2 ± 5.5%). The illumina high throughput sequencing analysis demonstrated the concomitant variations of microbial communities as SMX/TC was loaded. AC layers tended to alleviate the adverse effect of SMX/TC on microbial biodiversity. Proteobacteria (34.55-68.47%), Chloroflexi (7.13-33.54%), and Bacteroidetes (6.20-21.03%) were the top three dominant phyla in the anaerobic zone of the BRCs. The abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, sulII and tetA genes were dramatically higher in AC-BRC and AC-Fe-BRC when exposed to 0.8 mg/L SMX/TC, which indicated that relatively low concentrations of SMX/TC induced the production of these three ARGs in the presence of AC. Although the amendment of AC led to highly efficient SMX/TC removals, further investigation is still required to improve the retention of ARGs in BRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, PR China.
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, PR China.
| | - Benchi Zhang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, PR China.
| | - Chibin Bu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, PR China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, PR China
| | - Danyi Zhang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, PR China
| | - Muhua Xi
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, PR China.
| | - Qingdong Qin
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, PR China.
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35
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Caldelas C, Gurí R, Araus JL, Sorolla A. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on Zn, Cu, and Pb dissolution in a green bioretention system for urban stormwater remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131045. [PMID: 34118633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff from urban and suburban areas can carry hazardous pollutants directly into aquatic ecosystems. These pollutants, such as metals, nutrients, aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, are very toxic to aquatic organisms. Recently, significant amounts of zinc oxide engineered nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been detected in urban stormwater and its bioretention systems. This raises concerns about a potential increase of stormwater toxicity and reduced performance of the treatment infrastructures. To tackle these issues, we developed a simple, low-cost bioretention system to remediate stormwater and retain ZnO-NPs. This system retained up to 73% Zn, 66% Cu, and >99% Pb. However, the removal efficiency for Pb was lower after adding ZnO-NPs to the system, possibly due to the remobilization of Pb phosphates. The effect of ZnO-NPs on stormwater toxicity and metal accumulation in wetland plants was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caldelas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08015, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - R Gurí
- CERM, Center for the Study of Mediterranean Rivers, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Ter River Museum, Passeig del Ter 2, 08560 Manlleu, Catalonia, Spain; Naturalea, Terra Alta, 51, 08211, Castellar del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Araus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08015, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Sorolla
- Naturalea, Terra Alta, 51, 08211, Castellar del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Alam T, Bezares-Cruz JC, Mahmoud A, Jones KD. Nutrients and solids removal in bioretention columns using recycled materials under intermittent and frequent flow operations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113321. [PMID: 34303939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the fate and removal of nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N), orthophosphate (PO4-P), and total suspended solids (TSS) in two bioretention columns, which were designed with three recycled materials. The first column was packed with Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA). The second column was a Layered Media (LM), which has layers of RCA with crushed glass and rice husks. The columns were tested under intermittent and frequent operations of synthetic runoff with low and high feed concentrations. The effect of inflow concentration, antecedent dry days (ADD), column age, and the anticipated number of events (EN) was also statistically analyzed on the performance of columns. Depending on column types, nutrient removal was significantly (p < 0.05) increased under frequent flow operations by 26-53% over intermittent. However, TSS removal was notably (p < 0.05) increased by 23-35% under intermittent operations over frequent. Overall, LM showed an increased NO2-N (92 ± 2%) and NO3-N (88% ± 2%) removal under low feed frequent operations and TSS removal (97% ± 2%) under initial intermittent operations. On the contrary, RCA showed a maximum of 99% PO4-P removal under high feed frequent operations. Results showed that the nutrient outflow concentration was found to have a negative correlation with EN and column age and a positive correlation with ADDs throughout the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufiqul Alam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 917 W. Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA.
| | - Juan César Bezares-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 917 W. Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA.
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA.
| | - Kim D Jones
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 917 W. Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA.
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37
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Kong Z, Song Y, Shao Z, Chai H. Biochar-pyrite bi-layer bioretention system for dissolved nutrient treatment and by-product generation control under various stormwater conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117737. [PMID: 34637973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention system with modified media has been increasingly used to control dissolved nutrients in stormwater runoff. However, complicated removal processes and improper design have made most of them hardly achieve comprehensive dissolved nutrient removal and even show by-product generation problem, especially during extreme stormwater events. Here, a modified biochar-pyrite (FeS2) bi-layer bioretention system was developed and tested under various stormwater conditions with conventional sand-based and woodchip-based bioretention systems as controls. The modified system showed high stability and efficiency for dissolved nutrient treatment. The removal of dissolved organic nitrogen, ammonium, total dissolved nitrogen, and total dissolved phosphorus were 86.3-93.0%, 95.3-98.1%, 41.4-76.5%, and 69.7-88.2%, respectively. Stormwater conditions only influence nitrate removal which decreased with the increase of total received volume and increased with the extension of antecedent drying duration. Net sulfate and total iron generation were very low, less than 8 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L, respectively. Several microbiology, spectroscopy, and media related tests further demonstrated that the vadose zone and submerged zone showed synergy effects during operation. Biochar addition facilitated ammonium adsorption, nitrification, and in situ denitrification in the vadose zone. It also intercepted dissolved oxygen, which alleviated aerobic pyrite oxidation and created an anoxic condition for the submerged zone. Meanwhile, the pyrite-modified submerged zone achieved stable mixotrophic denitrification. The generated iron intermediate products further controlled phosphorus from both influent and vadose zone leaching into stable forms. Mixotrophic denitrification and potential sulfate reduction processes also reduce sulfate generation. Overall, the biochar-pyrite bi-layer bioretention is a highly promising technology for stormwater runoff treatment, with effective dissolved nutrient removal and minimal by-product generation in various stormwater conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yunqian Song
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhiyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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38
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Sun F, Deng Q, Li X, Tang M, Ma X, Cao X, Zhou Y, Song C. Organic carbon quantity and quality jointly triggered the switch between dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and denitrification in biofilters. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130917. [PMID: 34162105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of organic carbon (OC) quality and quantity on switch between dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and denitrification (DEN) was studied in biofilter systems. High OC in matrix could promote significantly nitrate (NO3--N) removal due to the reinforce of DEN. Sodium acetate (SA) addition in influent further fueled NO3--N removal in groups with low OC in matrix but increased ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrite (NO2--N) accumulation in groups with high OC in matrix. This indicated that high OC combined different species, facilitated the DNRA over DEN. Compared to bagasse, corncob was the better suitable OC source in matrix for DEN due to slow and continuous release of OC. Hence, in order to promote NO3--N removal and decline NH4+-N accumulation in biofilters, it is very important to screen suitable OC source (mixed utilization of multiple C sources is recommended) and regulate its dosage (below 80 mg L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Qinghui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China.
| | - Xiaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China.
| | | | - Xufa Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Xiuyun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
| | - Chunlei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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39
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Wang Z, Qi F, Liu L, Chen M, Sun D, Nan J. How do urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies develop in China? A systematic review based on bibliometric analysis and literature summary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:148045. [PMID: 34062464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization in China is driving the need of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies due to adverse impacts on water environment. In this study, literature from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science and Scopus in 1995/1/1-2019/5/15 are used to review research hotspots, development process and future directions of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies in China and global world. Temporal evolution of publications showed that source reduction played better growing trend in urban rainfall-runoff pollution control field for both China and global world. Furthermore, with bibliometric tool, density visualization maps and co-occurrence network maps were created to identify research hotspots in China and global world. By comprehensively analyzing research hotspots above and development process from extracted literature, future directions of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies were predicted. For model and strategy, both China and global world would concern on the accuracy of models to evaluate combination technologies. For source reduction, China would explore rainwater purification in sponge city, while global world would investigate match characteristics between specific regions and control technologies, combination between model and technologies, and improvement of pollutants removal. For process control, China would enhance ecological gutter inlet performance, whereas global world would concentrate on optimization of rainwater harvesting system. For post treatment, China would estimate modified hydrocylone and coagulation technology, and improve performance of filtration systems, riparian buffers and constructed wetlands, while global world would explore ecological and landscape function of constructed wetlands. Since China ranked first in producing Western publications and was the second most cited country for Western publications recently, China would significantly influence future development of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies around the world. Meanwhile, some directions including infiltration basin and rainwater harvesting system were still shortcomings for China due to a late start of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbei Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Longyan Liu
- North China Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd, PR China
| | - Miao Chen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jun Nan
- Skate Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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40
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Jacklin DM, Brink IC, Jacobs SM. Urban stormwater nutrient and metal removal in small-scale green infrastructure: exploring engineered plant biofilter media optimisation. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1715-1731. [PMID: 34662308 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated engineered media for plant biofilter optimisation in an unvegetated column experiment to assess the performance of loamy sand, perlite, vermiculite, zeolite and attapulgite media under stormwater conditions enriched with varying nutrients and metals reflecting urban pollutant loads. Sixty columns, 30 unvegetated and 30 Juncus effusus vegetated, were used to test: pollutant removal, infiltration rate, particulate discharge, effluent clarity and plant functional response, over six sampling rounds. All engineered media outperformed conventional loamy sand across criteria, with engineered attapulgite consistently among the best performers. No reportable difference existed in vegetation exposed to different material combinations. For all media, the results show a net removal of NH3-N, PO43--P, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn and an increase of NO3--N, emphasizing the importance of vegetation in biofilters. Growth media supporting increased rate of infiltration whilst maintaining effective remediation performance offers the potential for reducing the area required by biofilters, currently recommended at 2% of its catchment area, encouraging the use of small-scale green infrastructure in the urban area. Further research is required to assess the carrying capacity of engineered media in laboratory and field settings, particularly during seasonal change, gauging the substrate's potential moisture availability for root uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Jacklin
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa E-mail:
| | - I C Brink
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa E-mail:
| | - S M Jacobs
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Mehmood T, Gaurav GK, Cheng L, Klemeš JJ, Usman M, Bokhari A, Lu J. A review on plant-microbial interactions, functions, mechanisms and emerging trends in bioretention system to improve multi-contaminated stormwater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113108. [PMID: 34218074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Management and treatment of multi-polluted stormwater in bioretention system have gained significant attraction recently. Besides nutrients, recent source appointment studies found elevated levels of Potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in stormwater that highlighted many limitations in conventional media adsorption-based pollutant removal bioretention strategies. The substantial new studies include biological treatment approaches to strengthen pollutants degradation and adsorption capacity of bioretention. The knowledge on characteristics of plants and their corresponding mechanisms in various functions, e.g., rainwater interception, retention, infiltration, media clogging prevention, evapotranspiration and phytoremediation, is scattered. The microorganisms' role in facilitating vegetation and media, plant-microorganism interactions and relative performance over different functions in bioretention is still unreviewed. To uncover the underneath, it was summarised plant and microbial studies and their functionality in hydrogeochemical cycles in the bioretention system in this review, contributing to finding their interconnections and developing a more efficient bioretention system. Additionally, source characteristics of stormwater and fate of associated pollutants in the environment, the potential of genetical engineered plants, algae and fungi in bioretention system as well as performance assessment of plants and microorganisms in non-bioretention studies to propose the possible solution of un-addressed problems in bioretention system have been put forward in this review. The present review can be used as an imperative reference to enlighten the advantages of adopting multidisciplinary approaches for the environment sustainability and pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mehmood
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Civil Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar Gaurav
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Civil Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Liu Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Civil Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Usman
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jie Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Civil Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Palacios YM, Gleadow R, Davidson C, Gan W, Winfrey B. Do mycorrhizae increase plant growth and pollutant removal in stormwater biofilters? WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117381. [PMID: 34233250 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizae can improve plant growth and drought tolerance by enhancing plant uptake of nutrients and water, which are important targets for biofilters, a common stormwater treatment system. This study evaluated the role of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency and pollutant removal in two Australian plant species grown in stormwater biofilters. During the establishment period and column study, Ficinia nodosa showed over 80% mycorrhizal colonization, leading to a doubling of shoot and root biomass compared to the control, while Carex appressa showed less than 26% mycorrhizal colonization and no effect on shoot and root biomass. Columns planted with mycorrhizal-inoculated F. nodosa had 5% higher removal of total phosphorus and 10% higher removal of total nitrogen (Figure 5), phosphate (Figure 6), and cadmium (Table 3). Mycorrhizal colonization did not appear to affect plant stress during drought as indicated by similar photosynthetic efficiencies within species. Our results indicate that mycorrhizal inoculation can be highly successful in biofilters while increasing plant growth and nutrient removal, opening opportunities to further study the role of mycorrhizae in enhancing plant drought tolerance and pollutant removal in existing biofiltration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yussi M Palacios
- Water Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Roslyn Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Davidson
- Water Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Weiduo Gan
- Water Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brandon Winfrey
- Water Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Evaluation of Pollutant Removal Efficiency by Small-Scale Nature-Based Solutions Focusing on Bio-Retention Cells, Vegetative Swale and Porous Pavement. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13172361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization, aging infrastructure, and changes in rainfall patterns linked to climate change have brought considerable challenges to water managers around the world. Impacts from such drivers are likely to increase even further unless the appropriate actions are put in place. Floods, landslides, droughts and water pollution are just a few examples of such impacts and their corresponding consequences are in many cases devastating. At the same time, it has become a well-accepted fact that traditional (i.e., grey infrastructure) measures are no longer effective in responding to such challenges. Nature-based solutions (NBS) have emerged as a new response towards hydro-meteorological risk reduction and the results obtained to date are encouraging. However, their application has been mainly in the area of water quantity management with few studies that report on their efficiency to deal with water quality aspects. These solutions are based on replicating natural phenomena and processes to solve such problems. The present paper addresses the question of three NBS systems, namely, bio-retention cells, vegetative swales and porous pavements, for the removal of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) when applied in different configurations (single or networked). The results presented in this paper aim to advance the understanding of their performances during varying rainfall patterns and configurations and their potential application conditions.
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Vijayaraghavan K, Biswal BK, Adam MG, Soh SH, Tsen-Tieng DL, Davis AP, Chew SH, Tan PY, Babovic V, Balasubramanian R. Bioretention systems for stormwater management: Recent advances and future prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 292:112766. [PMID: 33984642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention is a popular stormwater management strategy that is often utilized in urban environments to combat water quality and hydrological impacts of stormwater. This goal is achieved by selective designing of a system, which consists of suitable vegetation at the top planted on an engineered media with drainage system and possible underdrain at the bottom. Bibliometric analysis on bioretention studies indicates that most of the original research contributions are derived from a few countries and selected research groups. Hence, most of the bioretention systems installed in diverse geographical locations are based on guidelines from climatically different countries, which often lead to operational failures. The current review critically analyzes recent research findings from the bioretention literature, provides the authors' perspectives on the current state of knowledge, highlights the key knowledge gaps in bioretention research, and points out future research directions to make further advances in the field. Specifically, the role and desired features of bioretention components, the importance of fundamental investigations in laboratory, field-based studies and modeling efforts, the real-time process control of bioretention cells, bioretention system design considerations, and life cycle assessment of full-scale bioretention systems are discussed. The importance of local conditions in guiding bioretention designs in difference climates is emphasized. At the end of the review, current technical challenges are identified and recommendations to overcome them are provided. This comprehensive review not only offers fundamental insights into bioretention technology, but also provides novel ideas to combat issues related to urban runoff and achieve sustainable stormwater management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Max Gerrit Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soon Hong Soh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daryl Lee Tsen-Tieng
- Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259563, Singapore
| | - Allen P Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, United States
| | - Soon Hoe Chew
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Yok Tan
- Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladan Babovic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Fang H, Jamali B, Deletic A, Zhang K. Machine learning approaches for predicting the performance of stormwater biofilters in heavy metal removal and risk mitigation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117273. [PMID: 34091222 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of data on biofilter treatment performance over the past decade has made it possible to use data-driven approaches to explore the relationships between biofilter performance and a range of input variables. The knowledge gap lies in lack of models to predict the biofilter performance considering both design and operational variables, especially for heavy metals. In this study, we tested three machine learning (ML) approaches, namely multilinear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (NN), and random forest (RF), to predict biofilter outflow concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) using a range of design and operational factors as input variables. The results show that RF performed relatively better than other two models, with median Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.995, 0.317, 0.762, 0.636, 0.726, 0.896 and 0.656 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively during model training. However, all the models were less accurate during model validation, with the better performance found for Cd (average NSE=0.964), Zn (0.530) and Ni (0.393) and poorer performance observed for Cu (0.219), Pb (0.058), Fe (-0.054) and Cr (-0.062). Infiltration rate (IR) and inflow concentration (Cin) were sensitive to all pollutants' removal in biofilters. The ratio of system size to catchment size was also found to be important for Zn, Ni and Cd, while ponding depth was an important variable for Cd. Based on thousands of hypothetical design and operational scenarios (generated using raw data), the best ML models were used to predict the biofilter outflow concentrations and estimate the risk quotient (RQ) values with regards to reuse of treated stormwater for various purposes. Results suggest that biofilters were able to reduce health risks associated with heavy metals in stormwater and therefore produce reliable water fit for reuses such as irrigation, swimming, and toilet flushing. Modelling results showed that biofiltration did not meet the requirements for drinking when Cd contamination exists. Explorative analysis also demonstrated how the key operational and design variables can be optimised to further reduce the health risks that can be fit for drinking purposes (i.e., RQ value <1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High St, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Behzad Jamali
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High St, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High St, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High St, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Li D, Van De Werfhorst LC, Rugh MB, Feraud M, Hung WC, Jay J, Cao Y, Parker EA, Grant SB, Holden PA. Limited Bacterial Removal in Full-Scale Stormwater Biofilters as Evidenced by Community Sequencing Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9199-9208. [PMID: 34106689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas, untreated stormwater runoff can pollute downstream surface waters. To intercept and treat runoff, low-impact or "green infrastructure" approaches such as using biofilters are adopted. Yet, actual biofilter pollutant removal is poorly understood; removal is often studied in laboratory columns, with variable removal of viable and culturable microbial cell numbers including pathogens. Here, to assess bacterial pollutant removal in full-scale planted biofilters, stormwater was applied, unspiked or spiked with untreated sewage, in simulated storm events under transient flow conditions, during which biofilter influents versus effluents were compared. Based on microbial biomass, sequences of bacterial community genes encoding 16S rRNA, and gene copies of the human fecal marker HF183 and of the Enterococcus spp. marker Entero1A, removal of bacterial pollutants in biofilters was limited. Dominant bacterial taxa were similar for influent versus effluent aqueous samples within each inflow treatment of either spiked or unspiked stormwater. Bacterial pollutants in soil were gradually washed out, albeit incompletely, during simulated storm flushing events. In post-storm biofilter soil cores, retained influent bacteria were concentrated in the top layers (0-10 cm), indicating that the removal of bacterial pollutants was spatially limited to surface soils. To the extent that plant-associated processes are responsible for this spatial pattern, treatment performance might be enhanced by biofilter designs that maximize influent contact with the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Megyn B Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yiping Cao
- Source Molecular Corporation, 15280 NW 79th Court, St 107, Miami Lakes, Florida 33016, United States
- Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board, 3737 Main Street, St 500, Riverside, California 92501, United States
| | - Emily A Parker
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Pilot and Field Studies of Modular Bioretention Tree System with Talipariti tiliaceum and Engineered Soil Filter Media in the Tropics. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff management is challenging in a highly urbanised tropical environment due to the unique space constraints and tropical climate conditions. A modular bioretention tree (MBT) with a small footprint and a reduced on-site installation time was explored for application in a tropical environment. Tree species used in the pilot studies were Talipariti tiliaceum (TT1) and Sterculia macrophylla (TT2). Both of the MBTs could effectively remove total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), zinc, copper, cadmium, and lead with removal efficiencies of greater than 90%. Total nitrogen (TN) removal was noted to be significantly higher in the wet period compared to the dry period (p < 0.05). Variation in TN removal between TT1 and TT2 were attributed to the nitrogen uptake and the root formation of the trees species. A field study MBT using Talipariti tiliaceum had a very clean effluent quality, with average TSS, TP, and TN effluent EMC of 4.8 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L, and 0.27 mg/L, respectively. Key environmental factors were also investigated to study their impact on the performance of BMT. It was found that the initial pollutant concentration, the dissolved fraction of influent pollutants, and soil moisture affect the performance of the MBT. Based on the results from this study, the MBT demonstrates good capability in the improvement of stormwater runoff quality.
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Valencia A, Zhang W, Chang NB. Integration of machine learning classifiers and higher order tensors for screening the optimal recipe of filter media in stormwater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145423. [PMID: 33548713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Filter media have oftentimes been used in fixed-bed column tests to examine their removal efficiencies for various pollutants, such as nutrients in stormwater runoff. With limited data sets from column studies, a response surface method (RSM), such as the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), and machine learning methods, can be used to transition from discrete mode assessment to continuous mode optimization, from which the key ingredients of filter media can be better synergized. In this study, similarly to drug discovery via chemometrics, RSM is used to generate meta-models and identify the optimum ratio between clay and iron-filings contents in Iron-filings-based Green Environmental Media (IFGEM) for nutrient removal in stormwater treatment. To achieve the continuous mode optimization, artificial neural network (ANN), deep belief network (DBN), and extreme learning machine (ELM) were selected as machine learning models to compare with BBD to explore the limited column data sets and improve the data science. While separate RSM can help realize the removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia based on varying ratios of clay and iron-filings contents in IFGEM, heterogeneous and inconsistent response surfaces generated from the four learners or classifiers (ANN, ELM, DBN, and BBD) complicate the selection of the final optimal recipe. The power of higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) helps synergize the optimal clay and iron filings matrixes of IFGEM in the context of continuous mode optimization via ANN, ELM, DBN, and BBD. With the aid of HOSVD, the optimal recipe for a holistic nutrient removal of TN, TP, and ammonia was determined to be 5% clay, 10% iron filings, 10% tire crumb, and 75% sand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valencia
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ni-Bin Chang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Wang F, Wang C, Zheng Y, Li X, Qin H, Ding W. Estimating nitrogen fates and gross transformations in bioretention systems with applications of 15N labeling methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129462. [PMID: 33418215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two batches of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- labeling experiments were conducted to understand the complex nitrogen (N) fates and transformations in bioretention systems, respectively. The fates of 15NH4+ were first traced in six bioretention systems with different wet-dry regimes and submerged zone settings during four months, indicating: (1) 15N was mainly leached during the second storm events following the 15NH4+ addition during the first storm events, suggesting nitrification during the dry period; (2) the main 15NH4+ fates after four-month exposure were: soil media 59.6%-80.0%, outflow 5.3%-16.4%, plants 2.3%-8.9%, denitrification losses 0-28.4%; (3) longer antecedent dry weather period and submerged zone could help alleviate outflow NO3- leaching. The occurrence time, positions and rates of major N transformation processes were later examined by the 15NO3- labeling experiment in a bioretention system over an 8 d wet-dry cycle, indicating: (1) during the brief wet period, hydraulic mixing of "old" water and "new" inflow mainly occurred; (2) during the subsequent dry period, gross rates of nitrification, denitrification and mineralization showed "pulse effects", i.e. peaking at 24-48 h and decreasing significantly within 72 h; (3) denitrification became more dynamic with soil media depth, especially in submerged zone. This study evidenced the feasibility of 15N labelling method in studying N dynamics in bioretention systems and would inform future engineering and stormwater management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory for Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055, Shenzhen, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Chuansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055, Shenzhen, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117580, Singapore
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huapeng Qin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wei Ding
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055, Shenzhen, China
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Ament MR, Hurley SE, Voorhees M, Perkins E, Yuan Y, Faulkner JW, Roy ED. Balancing Hydraulic Control and Phosphorus Removal in Bioretention Media Amended with Drinking Water Treatment Residuals. ACS ES&T WATER 2021; 1:688-697. [PMID: 35187535 PMCID: PMC8849539 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Green stormwater infrastructure like bioretention can reduce stormwater runoff volumes and trap sediments and pollutants. However, bioretention soil media can be both a sink and source of phosphorus (P). We investigated the potential tradeoff between hydraulic conductivity and P sorption capacity in drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs), with implications for bioretention media design. Batch isotherm and flow-through column experiments were used to quantify the maximum P sorption capacity (Smax) and rate of P sorption for three DWTR sources. Smax values varied greatly among DWTR sources and methodologies, which has implications for regulatory standards. We also conducted a large column experiment to determine the hydraulic and P removal effects of amending bioretention media with solid and mixed layers of DWTRs. When applied to bioretention media, the impact of DWTRs on hydraulic conductivity and P removal depended on layering strategy. Although DWTR addition in solid and mixed layer designs improved P removal, the solid layer restricted water flow and exhibited incomplete P removal, while the mixed layer had no effect on flow and removed ~100% of P inputs. We recommend that DWTRs be mixed with sand in bioretention media to simultaneously achieve stormwater drainage and P reduction goals in green stormwater infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Ament
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Stephanie E. Hurley
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Mark Voorhees
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, Water Division, Boston MA 02109-3912, USA
| | - Eric Perkins
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, Water Division, Boston MA 02109-3912, USA
| | - Yongping Yuan
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Joshua W. Faulkner
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Extension Center for Sustainable Agriculture, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Eric D. Roy
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Corresponding Author Phone: +1 802-656-7359.
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