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Ai S, Chen X, Zhou Y. Critical review on organophosphate esters in water environment: Occurrence, health hazards and removal technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123218. [PMID: 38147949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are phosphoric acid ester derivatives, are anthropogenic substances that are widely used in commerce. Nevertheless, there is growing public concern about these ubiquitous contaminants, which are frequently detected in contaminated water sources. OPEs are mostly emitted by industrial operations, and the primary routes of human exposure to OPEs include food intake and dermal absorption. Because of their negative effects on both human health and the environment, it is clear that innovative methods are needed to facilitate their eradication. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the existing characteristics and origins of OPEs, their possible impacts on human health, and the merits, drawbacks, and future possibilities of contemporary sophisticated remediation methods. Current advanced remediation approaches for OPEs include adsorption, degradation (advanced oxidation, advanced reduction, and redox technology), membrane filtration, and municipal wastewater treatment plants, degradation and adsorption are the most promising removal technologies. Meanwhile, we proposed potential areas for future research (appropriate management approaches, exploring the combination treatment process, economic factors, and potential for secondary pollution). Collectively, this work gives a comprehensive understanding of OPEs, providing useful insights for future research on OPEs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Ai
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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2
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Li S, Zeng F, Zheng S, Fan Z, Huang L. Multivariate optimization of characteristic parameters of continuous-flow system with a front buffer tank for industrial reverse osmosis concentrate treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139078. [PMID: 37268228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) was electrochemically oxidized using a continuous-flow system (CFS) with a front buffer tank. Multivariate optimization including Plackett-Burman (PBD) and central composite design based on response surface method (CCD-RSM) was implemented to investigate the effects of characteristic (e.g., recirculation ratio (R value), ratio of buffer tank and electrolytic zone (RV value)) and routine (e.g., current density (i), inflow linear velocity (v) and electrode spacing (d)) parameters. R, v values and current density significantly influenced chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+-N removal and effluent active chlorine species (ACS) level, while electrode spacing and RV value had negligible effects. High chloride content of industrial ROC facilitated the generation of ACS and subsequent mass transfer, low hydraulic retention time (HRT) of electrolytic cell improved the mass transfer efficiency, and high HRT of buffer tank prolonged the reaction between the pollutants and oxidants. The significance levels of COD removal, energy efficiency, effluent ACS level and toxic byproduct level CCD-RSM models were validated by statistical test results, including higher F value than critical effect value, lower P value than 0.05, low deviation between predicted and observed values, and normal distribution of calculated residuals. The highest pollutant removal was achieved at a high R value, a high current density and a low v value; the highest energy efficiency was achieved at a high R, a low current density and a high v value; the lowest effluent ACS and toxic byproduct levels were achieved at a low R value, a low current density and a high v value. Following the multivariate optimization, the optimum parameters were decided to be v = 1.2 cm h-1, i ≥ 8 mA cm-2, d ≥ 4, RV = 10-20 and R = 1 to achieve better effluent quality (i.e., lower effluent pollutant, ACS and toxic byproduct levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Li
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Fantang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhongya Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Lu Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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3
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Wang L, Wang H, Deng J, Liu J, Wu Y, Huang S, Ma X, Li X, Dietrich AM. Enhanced dehalogenation of brominated DBPs by catalyzed electrolysis using Vitamin B 12 modified electrodes: Kinetics, mechanisms, and mass balances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131052. [PMID: 36827722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (VB12) modified electrodes were prepared for the electrocatalytic reductive debromination of tribromoacetic acid (TBAA). Under galvanostatic conditions set as 5 mmol/L VB12 loading, 20 mmol/L Na2SO4 as electrolyte, 10.0 mA/cm2 current density, pH 3, and 298 K, the degradation efficiency of 200 μg/L TBAA at the VB12 modified electrode could reach 99.9 % after 6 h. The debromination of TBAA followed the first-order kinetic model. The masses of carbon and bromine elements were conserved before and after the reaction, together with the qualitative analysis of the degradation products showed the likely degradation pathways as TBAA→dibromoacetic acid (DBAA)→monobromoacetic acid (MBAA)→acetic acid (AA). ESR detection and quenching experiments confirmed the role of atomic H* in TBAA debromination. In-situ Raman spectroscopy showed that the Co-Br bond was strongly enriched to the electrode surface, accelerating the electron transfer. The H2O dissociation performance and transition states searching catalyzed by VB12 were calculated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and proved that the composite electrode can effectively promote atomic H* generation. Material characterization and electrochemical performance tests showed that the VB12 modified electrode had excellent stability and atomic H* catalytic activity. The electrocatalytic debromination of TBAA at VB12 modified electrodes mainly involves two mechanisms, direct reduction by electron transfer and indirect reduction by the strongly reducing atom H*. The results provide an efficient way to achieve safe removal of brominated DBPs from drinking water after chlorination and before human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junping Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Sinong Huang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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4
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Zhao Y, Cui J, Sarrouf S, Hojabri S, Alshawabkeh AN. Degradation of Ibuprofen in flow-through system by the Electro-Fenton Process activated by two iron sources. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2608922. [PMID: 37066367 PMCID: PMC10104209 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2608922/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical degradation of ibuprofen (IBP) by electro-Fenton process has been studied in a flow-through system by evaluating the performance of two different iron sources, sacrificial cast iron anode and FeSO4 salt. The effect of operating conditions, including initial IBP concentration, cast iron anode location, initial FeSO4 concentration, applied current, the split current on the iron anode, solution pH, and flow rate on the efficacy of the process was evaluated. The sequence of the electrodes significantly influences ibuprofen removal. When using cast iron anode as iron source, placing the iron anode upstream achieved the best IBP removal rate. Split current of 3 mA applied on the iron anode out of 120 mA total current is the optimum current for remove 1 mg/L of IBP under a flow rate of 3 mL/min. There is a linear correlation between the applied current and the Fe2+ concentration in the FeSO4-system. The initial IBP concentration does not influence the rate of Fenton reaction. Flow rate influences the degradation efficiency as high flow rate dilutes the concentration of OH radicals in the electrolyte. FeSO4-system was less affected by the flow rate compared to the iron anode-system as the concentration of the Fe2+ was steady and not diluted by the flow rate. Both systems prefer acidic operation conditions than neutral and alkaline conditions. Iron-anode can be used as an external Fe2+ supply for the treatment for iron-free. These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of the electro-Fenton process under flow conditions and provide a basis for how to design the reactor for the water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxin Cui
- Changjiang Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430010, Hubei, China
| | - Stephanie Sarrouf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Shayan Hojabri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
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5
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King JF, Mitch WA. Electrochemical Reduction of Halogenated Alkanes and Alkenes Using Activated Carbon-Based Cathodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17965-17976. [PMID: 36459429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) is used to sorb a broad range of halogenated contaminant classes, but spent GAC disposal is costly. Taking advantage of GAC's conductivity, this study evaluated the conversion of the GAC to cathodes for electrochemical reductive dehalogenation of 15 halogenated alkanes and alkenes exhibiting a diversity of structures (type of halogen, number of halogens, functional groups) and including contaminants of practical importance (e.g., trichloroethylene). Alkane degradation rates increased with the number of halogens and in the order: chlorine < bromine < iodine. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) correlating experimental first-order degradation rate constants for alkanes with molecular descriptors associated with an outer-sphere one-electron transfer calculated using density functional theory indicated that correlations with molecular descriptors improved in the order: aqueous phase reduction potentials (E0,aq) < energy of the substrate's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) < Marcus theory activation free energies (ΔG‡) ∼ gas-phase standard reduction free energies (ΔG0,gas). Chlorinated alkene degradation rates increased with decreasing number of chlorines, and QSAR correlations were opposite those of alkanes, indicating a different reaction mechanism. Degradation timescales ranged from 1 min to 3 h with halides as predominant products. These results suggest that the electrochemical reduction of halogenated alkanes and alkenes can be used to regenerate spent GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F King
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, Palo Alto, California94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, Palo Alto, California94305, United States
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6
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Zhang X, Hu Y, Xia Z, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Ye L. Green and circular method for chloride separation from acid wastewater: Application in zinc smelter. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Escalona-Durán F, Muñoz-Morales M, Fernández-Marchante C, Lobato J, Martínez-Huitle C, Rodrigo M. Modelling electro-scrubbers for removal of VOCs. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Metallic nanoparticles for electrocatalytic reduction of halogenated organic compounds: A review. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Dauda M, Basheer C, Al-Malack MH, Siddiqui MN. Efficient Co-MoS2 electrocatalyst for cathodic degradation of halogenated disinfection by-products in water sample. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Yang L, Huang C, Yin Z, Meng J, Guo M, Feng L, Liu Y, Zhang L, Du Z. Rapid electrochemical reduction of a typical chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardant on copper foam: degradation kinetics and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128515. [PMID: 33070061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use, chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants (Cl-OPFRs) as a new emerging contaminant have been widely detected in water environments over the last few years. In this study, the degradation of a typical Cl-OPFR, TCEP (tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate), by electrochemical reduction was investigated. It was found that copper (Cu) foam as the cathode showed more rapid and effective degradation for TCEP, compared to other cathodes. When TCEP was at the low concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg L-1), its degradation by Cu foam could reach above 95% within 20 min, and the maximum rate constant was 0.127 min-1. TCEP reduction was little influenced by the co-existing humic substance and anions, except Cl-. Compared with the reported oxidation methods, electrochemical reduction showed fast and stable degradation for TCEP. For other types of Cl-OPFRs, electrochemical reduction displayed a fast and effective removal for tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate but lower removal for tris (2-cholroisopropyl) phosphate who possessed methyl units in the branched chains, influencing its reducibility. Based on the product analysis and Fukui function calculation, the bonds of TCEP molecule were found to be gradually broken, and the three oxygen-ethyl-chlorine arms were cleaved one by one. The products including C6H13Cl2O4P (MW = 249.99278 Da), C4H9Cl2O4P (MW = 221.96105 Da) and C4H10ClO4P (MW = 188.0002 Da) were detected at 60 min reaction, and those intermediates showed much lower toxicities than TCEP according to the previous report. The findings may provide a promising treatment for Cl-OPFRs removal from aqueous environments and help understand their reductive fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chuyi Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ze Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Min Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Ziwen Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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11
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Escobedo E, Kim J, Oh D, Cho K, Chang YS. Electrocatalytic dehalogenation of aqueous pollutants by dealloyed nanoporous Pd/Ti cathode. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Pavelková A, Cencerová V, Zeman J, Antos V, Nosek J. Reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbons using nano zero-valent iron supported with an electric field. Characterization of electrochemical processes and thermodynamic stability. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:128764. [PMID: 33183783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electric field assisted remediation using nano iron has shown outstanding results as well as economic benefits during pilot applications (Černíková et al., 2020). This method is based on donating electrons to the zero-valent iron that possess an inherently strong reductive capacity. The reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbons may be characterized by a decrease in contaminants or better still by the evolution of ethene and ethane originating from the reduction of chlorinated ethenes. The evolution of ethene and ethane was observed predominantly in the vicinity of the anode despite reduction processes being expected near the cathode - the electron donor. The reduction near the anode occurred due to dissolved Fe2+ ions, whose presence was suggested by a Pourbaix diagram that combines Eh/pH values to characterize electrochemical stabilities between different species. No products of dechlorination were observed in the area of the cathode due to presence of oxidized Fe in the form of Fe3+ or Fe(OH)4-. The experimental work described in this research provides a deeper view of the processes of electrochemical reductive dechlorination using zero-valent iron and DC. It also showed an increase in the efficiency compared to the method using zero-valent iron only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Pavelková
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Josef Zeman
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University in Brno, Kotláská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtech Antos
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nosek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic.
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13
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Wang Z, Liu W, Chen H, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Yang Q. Photoreductive degradation of CCl 4 by UV-Na 2SO 3: influence of various factors, mechanism and application. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:217-226. [PMID: 31145050 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1625957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the strong electron-withdrawing nature of Cl atom in CCl4, CCl4 could not readily be degraded by oxidation process. In the present study, aqueous electron (eaq -), a powerful reducing agent generated in UV-Na2SO3 system, was applied to reductively degradation of CCl4. The effects of several crucial factors (e.g. Na2SO3 concentration, solution pH, inorganic ions and NOM) on CCl4 degradation as well as degradation mechanism and pathway were systematically investigated. Results indicated that CCl4 was efficiently degraded in UV-Na2SO3 system and the process could be well described by pseudo-first order kinetic model. The degradation rate increased with the elevated Na2SO3 concentration (0-10 mmol/L) and solution pH (6.0-8.0), while remained approximately constant in alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0, 9.0 and 10.0). Nevertheless, O2, inorganic ions and NOM exerted a negative effect on CCl4 degradation and the removal efficiency of CCl4 in groundwater was only 31.7%. Mechanistic study implied that degradation of CCl4 was primarily induced by eaq -. CCl4 (10 mg/L) was almost completely dechlorinated within 60 min and the predominant intermediate products were CHCl3, C2Cl4 and C2HCl3. CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 were also rapidly degraded in the UV-Na2SO3 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, P.R. People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, P.R. People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, P.R. People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglei Zhang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, P.R. People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Yang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, P.R. People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, P.R. People's Republic of China
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14
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High Degradation of Trichloroethylene in Water by Nanostructured MeNPs@CALB Biohybrid Catalysts. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a methodology was developed for the rapid degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) in distilled water and room temperature without the production of toxic chlorinated by-products. This process was carried out using bionanohybrids of different metals (Pd, Fe, Cu and Zn) obtained by enzyme–metal coordination called MeNPs@CALB, which present different metal species and nanoparticle sizes. The Cu2O@CALB biohybrid, which contained Cu2O nanoparticles, showed excellent catalytic performance in TCE degradation by removing 95% (>125 ppm) in 10 min using 1.5 g/L of catalyst. On the other hand, in the degradation reaction of 1,1-DCE, Cu2O@CALB eliminated 94% (93 ppm) in 1 min. Cu2O@CALB exhibited excellent stability and recyclability under sustainable conditions, maintaining its effectiveness in more than 90% for three cycles.
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15
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Hyldegaard BH, Ottosen LM, Alshawabkeh AN. Transformation of tetrachloroethylene in a flow-through electrochemical reactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135566. [PMID: 31767295 PMCID: PMC6980996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical transformation of harmful tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is evaluated as a method for management of groundwater plumes to protect the drinking water resource, its consumers and the environment. In contrast to previous work that reported transformation of trichloroethylene, a byproduct of PCE, this work focuses on transformation of PCE in a saturated porous matrix and the influence of design parameters on the removal performance. Design parameters investigated were electrode configuration, catalyst load, electrode spacing, current intensity, orientation of reactor and flow through a porous matrix. A removal of 86% was reached in the fully liquid-filled, horizontally oriented reactor at a current of 120 mA across a cathode → bipolar electrode → anode arrangement with a Darcy velocity of 0.03 cm/min (150 m/yr). The palladium load on the cathode significantly influenced the removal. Enhanced removal was observed with increased electrode spacing. Presence of an inert porous matrix improved PCE removal by 9%-point compared to a completely liquid-filled reactor. Normalization of the data indicated, that a higher charge transfer per contaminant mass is required for removal of low PCE concentrations. No chlorinated intermediates were formed. The results suggest, that PCE can be electrochemically transformed in reactor designs replicating that of a potential field-implementation. Further work is required to better understand the reduction and oxidation processes established and the parameters influencing such. This knowledge is essential for optimization towards testing in complex conditions and variations of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente H Hyldegaard
- Department of Waste & Contaminated Sites, COWI, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 501 Stearns, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 501 Stearns, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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16
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Hyldegaard BH, Jakobsen R, Ottosen LM. Electrochemical transformation of an aged tetrachloroethylene contamination in realistic aquifer settings. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125340. [PMID: 31760284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical removal of chlorinated ethenes in groundwater plumes may potentially overcome some of the challenges faced by current remediation technologies. So far, studies have been conducted in simplified settings of synthetic groundwater and inert porous matrices. This study is a stepwise investigation of the influence of field-extracted groundwater, sandy sediment and groundwater aquifer temperatures on the removal of an aged partially degraded contamination of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at a typical groundwater flow rate. The aim is to assess the potential for applying electrochemistry at contaminated sites. At a constant current of 120 mA, pH and conductivity were unaffected downgradient the electrochemical zone. Major groundwater species were reduced and oxidized. Some minerals deposited, others dissolved. Hydrogen peroxide, a strong oxidant, was formed in levels up to 5 mg L-1 with a limited distribution into the sandy sediment. Trichloromethane was formed, supposedly by oxidation of organic matter in the sandy sediment in the presence of chloride. The more realistic the settings, the higher the PCE removal, bringing concentrations down to 7.8 ± 2.3 μg L-1. A complete removal of trichloroethylene and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene was obtained. The results suggest that competing reactions related to the natural complex hydrogeochemistry are insignificant in terms of affecting the electrochemical degradation of PCE and chlorinated intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente H Hyldegaard
- Department of Waste & Contaminated Sites, COWI A/S, Parallelvej 2, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Jakobsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, København K, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Li P, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Liu Y, Tuyiringire D, Chen Z, Liang S. Effects of trichloroethylene stress on the microbiological characteristics of Mollisol. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109595. [PMID: 31470249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), one of 129 kinds of priority pollutants, is the most common halogenated organic pollutant in the environment. To explore the changes in soil physicochemical properties and biological activities then clarify the effects of these factors on bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes communities in Mollisol under TCE stress is the significance of our research. The results indicated that when TCE concentration was greater than 10 mg kg-1, soil quality declined and soil decomposition of organic matter and cycling of mineral nutrients were inhibited through an effect on soil microbial biomass. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) richness of the bacteria in Mollisol was altered by TCE contamination. The SChao1 and HShannon indices of bacterial communities in Mollisol decreased when 40 mg kg-1 TCE was applied. Meanwhile, the OTU richness of fungi in Mollisol was altered by TCE contamination. The HShannon indices of the fungal communities in Mollisol were inhibited by higher TCE concentrations (20 and 40 mg kg-1 TCE). TCE altered the content of some bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes involved in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling and metabolism, such as Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chytridiomycota, Streptomycetales, Pseudonocardiales, Propionibacteriales and Rhizobiales, and thus influenced nutrient cycling and the process of energy metabolism in Mollisol. In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicated that physicochemical properties and biological activities under TCE contamination significantly affected soil microbial community composition thus confirming that TCE interfered with the carbon and nitrogen cycling and metabolism of soil microorganisms. The results of this study are of great importance for revealing the effects of TCE stress on the microbiological characteristics of Mollisol, and also provide more useful information for determining the potential ecological risk of organic pollutants in Mollisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Qingjuan Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Diogene Tuyiringire
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Shichao Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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18
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Zhang M, Shi Q, Song X, Wang H, Bian Z. Recent electrochemical methods in electrochemical degradation of halogenated organics: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10457-10486. [PMID: 30798495 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organics are widely used in modern industry, agriculture, and medicine, and their large-scale emissions have led to soil and water pollution. Electrochemical methods are attractive and promising techniques for wastewater treatment and have been developed for degradation of halogenated organic pollutants under mild conditions. Electrochemical techniques are classified according to main reaction pathways: (i) electrochemical reduction, in which cleavage of C-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) bonds to release halide ions and produce non-halogenated and non-toxic organics and (ii) electrochemical oxidation, in which halogenated organics are degraded by electrogenerated oxidants. The electrode material is crucial to the degradation efficiency of an electrochemical process. Much research has therefore been devoted to developing appropriate electrode materials for practical applications. This paper reviews recent developments in electrode materials for electrochemical degradation of halogenated organics. And at the end of this paper, the characteristics of new combination methods, such as photocatalysis, nanofiltration, and the use of biochemical method, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhe Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaoyong Bian
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Lou Z, Li Y, Zhou J, Yang K, Liu Y, Baig SA, Xu X. TiC doped palladium/nickel foam cathode for electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-DCBA: Enhanced electrical conductivity and reactive activity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 362:148-159. [PMID: 30236935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Titanium carbide (TiC) with excellent electrical conductivity, chemical and thermal stabilities has been recognized as one of the most promising electrocatalysts. A novel cathode, titanium carbide doped palladium/nickel foam (TiC-Pd/Ni foam), was synthesized via electroless deposition to improve the performance of Pd/Ni foam in electrocatlytic hydrodechlorination (ECH). TiC can be co-precipitated onto the surface of cathode during galvanic replacement reaction between Pd(II) solution and Ni foam. Both constant potential and constant current tests proved that TiC-Pd/Ni foam cathode performed remarkably higher activity for 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,4-DCBA) than Pd/Ni foam cathode, owing to the excellent conductivity of TiC and enhanced water dissociation over TiC-Pd/Ni foam cathode. Under the optimized reaction conditions of -0.85 V (vs Ag/AgCl), electrolyte of 10 mM and initial pH of 4, 99.8% of aqueous 2,4-DCBA (0.2 mM) was removed within 90 min. The removal process of the aqueous 2,4-DCBA obeyed first-order decay kinetic model. Over 86.3% of 2,4-DCBA can still be removed by TiC-Pd/Ni foam cathode in the fifth consecutive run within 120 min, which was much higher than that of Pd/Ni foam cathode (37.5%). Consequently, TiC-Pd/Ni foam cathode was a promising design for enhanced ECH activity and reduced operation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimo Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhou Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunlun Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shams Ali Baig
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Wu P, Wang F. Electrochemical reduction of nitrate via Cu/Ni composite cathode paired with Ir-Ru/Ti anode: High efficiency and N2 selectivity. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Hojabri S, Rajic L, Alshawabkeh AN. Transient reactive transport model for physico-chemical transformation by electrochemical reactive barriers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 358:171-177. [PMID: 29990804 PMCID: PMC6247793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive model that integrates coupled effects of chemical, physical, and electrochemical processes, is necessary for design, analysis, and implementation of the electro-remediation of groundwater under flow conditions. A coupled system of equations to solve for transport and multiple reactions in an electrochemical reactor is numerically intensive due to highly stiff nature of reaction model formulation. In this study, the focus is to develop an efficient model for reactions associated with the transport and physico-chemical transformation in an electrochemical reactor. The model incorporates effects of transport mechanisms as well as chemical and electrochemical reactions. Model verification is provided for pH profiles under different electrolyte compositions in two sets of reactors; a batch and a flow-through reactor. The model is able to predict the concentration of species during the electrochemical remediation process with a close correlation to experimental data (R2 = 0.99 for batch and R2 = 0.78 for flow-through reactor.) Imposing polarity reversal to the system will cause fluctuation of pH, however, the trend stays the same as if no polarity were applied. Ultimately, volumetric charge flow is introduced as a unique parameter characterizing the electroremediation reactor for operating purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hojabri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ljiljana Rajic
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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22
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Liu B, Zhang H, Lu Q, Li G, Zhang F. A CuNi bimetallic cathode with nanostructured copper array for enhanced hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1417-1425. [PMID: 29710594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To address the challenges of low hydrodechlorination efficiency by non-noble metals, a CuNi bimetallic cathode with nanostructured copper array film was fabricated for effective electrochemical dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) in aqueous solution. The CuNi bimetallic cathodes were prepared by a simple one-step electrodeposition of copper onto the Ni foam substrate, with various electrodeposition time of 5/10/15/20 min. The optimum electrodeposition time was 10 min when copper was coated as a uniform nanosheet array on the nickel foam substrate surface. This cathode exhibited the highest TCE removal, which was twice higher compared to that of the nickel foam cathode. At the same passed charge of 1080C, TCE removal increased from 33.9 ± 3.3% to 99.7 ± 0.1% with the increasing operation current from 5 to 20 mA cm-2, while the normalized energy consumption decreased from 15.1 ± 1.0 to 2.6 ± 0.01 kWh log-1 m-3. The decreased normalized energy consumption at a higher current density was due to the much higher removal efficiency at a higher current. These results suggest that CuNi cathodes prepared by simple electrodeposition method represent a promising and cost-effective approach for enhanced electrochemical dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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23
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Nazari R, Rajić L, Xue Y, Zhou W, Alshawabkeh AN. Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution by Sono-Electro-Fenton Process. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2018; 13:9214-9230. [PMID: 30568538 PMCID: PMC6296483 DOI: 10.20964/2018.09.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electro-Fenton (EF) and ultrasound radiation (US) have been of interest for the removal of chlorinated compounds from water. This study evaluates the effects of different parameters on sono-electro-Fenton (SEF) for degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in an aqueous solution. This study uses pulsing US waves along with Pd-catalyzed EF to degrade contaminants in water while maintaining temperature. The usage of pulsing US waves along with Pd catalyzed EF to remove contaminants while maintaining temperature has not been reported previously. SEF ability to degrade 4-CP was compared with the performance of each process (EF and sonolysis) alone. Initial pH, current density, background electrolyte, Fe2+ concentration, Pd/Al2O3 catalyst concentration, US waves, and sonifier amplitude were optimized in a two electrode (Ti/mixed metal oxide or Ti/MMO) batch system. The degradation of 4-CP increased from 1.85% by US to 83% by EF to nearly >99.9% by coupled SEF. With US radiation under 70% amplitude and 1:10 ON/OFF ratio, the removal rate of 4-CP increased to 98% compared to 62% under EF alone within the first 120 min in the presence of 80 mg L-1 Fe2+, 16.94 mA cm-2 of current density, 1 g L-1 Pd/Al2O3 catalyst (10 mg Pd), and initial pH of 3. However, the degradation rate decreased after 120 min of treatment, and complete 4-CP removal was observed after 300 minutes. The sonolysis impacted the 4-CP removal under coupled SEF, mostly due to the contribution of mass transfer (micromixing), while radical formation was found to be absent under the conditions tested (20kHz). The pulsed US was found to increase the temperature by only 8.7°C, which was found not to impact the 4-CP volatilization or degradation. These results imply that low-level US frequency through pulses is a practical and efficient approach to support electro-Fenton reaction, improving reaction rates without the need for electrolyte cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Nazari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ljiljana Rajić
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yunfei Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Dai C, Zhou Y, Peng H, Huang S, Qin P, Zhang J, Yang Y, Luo L, Zhang X. Current progress in remediation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Liu L, Sun X, Li W, An Y, Li H. Electrochemical hydrodechlorination of perchloroethylene in groundwater on a Ni-doped graphene composite cathode driven by a microbial fuel cell. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36142-36149. [PMID: 35558452 PMCID: PMC9088688 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06951d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the activity of the cathode and reducing the voltage for electrochemical hydrodechlorination of chlorohydrocarbon were always the challenges in the area of electrochemical remediation. In this study, a novel cathode material of Ni-doped graphene generated by Ni nanoparticles dispersed evenly on graphene was prepared to electrochemically dechlorinate PCE in groundwater. The reduction potential of Ni-doped graphene for PCE electrochemical hydrodechlorination was −0.24 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) determined by cyclic voltammetry. A single MFC with a voltage of 0.389–0.460 V and a current of 0.221–0.257 mA could drive electrochemical hydrodechlorination of PCE effectively with Ni-doped graphene as the cathode catalyst, and the removal rate of PCE was significantly higher than that with single Ni or graphene as the cathode catalyst. Moreover, neutral conditions were more suitable for Ni-doped graphene to electrochemically hydrodechlorinate PCE in groundwater and no byproduct was accumulated. Ni-doped graphene was prepared to electrochemically dechlorinate PCE driven by a microbial fuel cell. Dechlorination efficiency and reduction potential were significantly higher than for bare Ni or graphene.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Wenxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University)
- Ministry of Education
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yonglei An
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University)
- Ministry of Education
- Changchun
- China
| | - Hongdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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26
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Zhang Z, Xian J, Zhang C, Fu D. Degradation of creatinine using boron-doped diamond electrode: Statistical modeling and degradation mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:441-449. [PMID: 28521158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation performance and mechanism of creatinine (a urine metabolite) with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. Experiments were performed using a synthetic creatinine solution containing two supporting electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4). A three-level central composite design was adopted to optimize the degradation process, a mathematical model was thus constructed and used to explore the optimum operating conditions. A maximum mineralization percentage of 80% following with full creatinine removal had been achieved within 120 min of electrolysis, confirming the strong oxidation capability of BDD anodes. Moreover, the results obtained suggested that supporting electrolyte concentration should be listed as one of the most important parameters in BDD technology. Lastly, based on the results from quantum chemistry calculations and LC/MS analyses, two different reaction pathways which governed the electrocatalytic oxidation of creatinine irrespective of the supporting electrolytes were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiahui Xian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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27
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Muthuraman G, Ramu AG, Moon IS. Gaseous trichloroethylene removal using an electrochemically generated homogeneous low-valent ligand-free Co(I) electrocatalyst by electro-scrubbing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 311:210-217. [PMID: 26985874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interest in heterogeneous Co(OH)2 electrocatalysts for energy applications has increased steadily. This study focused on a ligand-free homogeneous electrocatalyst for the degradation of gaseous trichloroethylene (TCE) in NaOH in a divided electrolytic cell. The initial electrolysis results revealed a change in the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of [Co(II)(OH)4](2-) (Co(II)) from -267 mV to -800 mV on anodized Ti during electrolytic reduction identifies low-valent homogeneous [Co(I)(OH)4](3-)(Co(I)) formation in 10 M NaOH. Cyclic voltammetry analysis of Co(II) at different anodized electrodes, Ag, carbon and Ti, in a 10 M NaOH solution, showed no stripping like peak in the reverse scan only the Ti electrode, supporting the formation of low-valent Co(I). UV-vis spectral analysis of the electrolyzed solution showed an enhanced peak corresponding to metal-to-ligand transition, demonstrates Co(I) formation. Co(II) reduction reached a maximum yield of 18% at 30 mA cm(-2) on an anodized Ti cathode. For gaseous TCE removal, continuous mode electro-scrubbing was adopted and degradation was monitored using an online FTIR gas analyzer that showed 99.75% degradation of TCE in the presence of homogeneous Co(I). Three consecutive regenerations of Co(I) and degradation steps of TCE confirmed the possibility of industrial applications in a sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Muthuraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok Dong, Suncheon 540-742, Chonnam, South Korea
| | - A G Ramu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok Dong, Suncheon 540-742, Chonnam, South Korea
| | - I S Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok Dong, Suncheon 540-742, Chonnam, South Korea.
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28
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Rajic L, Nazari R, Fallahpour N, Alshawabkeh AN. Electrochemical degradation of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by bipolar graphite electrodes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 4:197-202. [PMID: 26955517 PMCID: PMC4778262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the use of the bipolar electrodes to enhance electrochemical degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in an undivided, flow-through electrochemical reactor. The bipolar electrode forms when an electrically conductive material polarizes between feeder electrodes that are connected to a direct current source and, therefore, creates an additional anode/cathode pair in the system. We hypothesize that bipolar electrodes will generate additional oxidation/reduction zones to enhance TCE degradation. The graphite cathode followed by graphite anode sequence were operated without a bipolar electrode as well as with one and two bipolar graphite electrodes. The system without bipolar electrodes degraded 29% of TCE while the system with one and two bipolar electrodes degraded 38% and 66% of TCE, respectively. It was found that the removal mechanism for TCE in bipolar mode includes hydrodechlorination at the feeder cathode, and oxidation through reaction with peroxide. The results show that the bipolar electrodes presence enhance TCE removal efficiency and rate and imply that they can be used to improve electrochemical treatment of contaminated groundwater.
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29
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Rajic L, Fallahpour N, Podlaha E, Alshawabkeh A. The influence of cathode material on electrochemical degradation of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:98-104. [PMID: 26761603 PMCID: PMC4742380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, different cathode materials were evaluated for electrochemical degradation of aqueous phase trichloroethylene (TCE). A cathode followed by an anode electrode sequence was used to support reduction of TCE at the cathode via hydrodechlorination (HDC). The performance of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al) and carbon (C) foam cathodes was evaluated. We tested commercially available foam materials, which provide large electrode surface area and important properties for field application of the technology. Ni foam cathode produced the highest TCE removal (68.4%) due to its high electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen generation and promotion of HDC. Different performances of the cathode materials originate from differences in the bond strength between atomic hydrogen and the material. With a higher electrocatalytic activity than Ni, Pd catalyst (used as cathode coating) increased TCE removal from 43.5% to 99.8% for Fe, from 56.2% to 79.6% for Cu, from 68.4% to 78.4% for Ni, from 42.0% to 63.6% for Al and from 64.9% to 86.2% for C cathode. The performance of the palladized Fe foam cathode was tested for degradation of TCE in the presence of nitrates, as another commonly found groundwater species. TCE removal decreased from 99% to 41.2% in presence of 100 mg L(-1) of nitrates due to the competition with TCE for HDC at the cathode. The results indicate that the cathode material affects TCE removal rate while the Pd catalyst significantly enhances cathode activity to degrade TCE via HDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Rajic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noushin Fallahpour
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Podlaha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akram Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Fallahpour N, Yuan S, Rajic L, Alshawabkeh AN. Hydrodechlorination of TCE in a circulated electrolytic column at high flow rate. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:59-64. [PMID: 26344148 PMCID: PMC4695317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalytic hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) by cathodic H2 produced from water electrolysis has been tested. For a field in-well application, the flow rate is generally high. In this study, the performance of Pd-catalytic hydrodechlorination of TCE using cathodic H2 is evaluated under high flow rate (1 L min(-1)) in a circulated column system, as expected to occur in practice. An iron anode supports reduction conditions and it is used to enhance TCE hydrodechlorination. However, the precipitation occurs and high flow rate was evaluated to minimize its adverse effects on the process (electrode coverage, clogging, etc.). Under the conditions of 1 L min(-1) flow, 500 mA current, and 5 mg L(-1) initial TCE concentration, removal efficacy using iron anodes (96%) is significantly higher than by mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes (66%). Two types of cathodes (MMO and copper foam) in the presence of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst under various currents (250, 125, and 62 mA) were used to evaluate the effect of cathode materials on TCE removal efficacy. The similar removal efficiencies were achieved for both cathodes, but more precipitation generated with copper foam cathode (based on the experiments done by authors). In addition to the well-known parameters such as current density, electrode materials, and initial TCE concentration, the high velocities of groundwater flow can have important implications, practically in relation to the flush out of precipitates. For potential field application, a cost-effective and sustainable in situ electrochemical process using a solar panel as power supply is being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Fallahpour
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Songhu Yuan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Ljiljana Rajic
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Rajic L, Fallahpour N, Oguzie E, Alshawabkeh A. Electrochemical transformation of thichloroethylene in groundwater by Ni-containing cathodes. Electrochim Acta 2015; 181:118-122. [PMID: 26538681 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the use of different stainless steel (SS) materials as cost-effective cathode materials for electrochemical transformation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in contaminated groundwater. Ni, which is present in certain SS, has low hydrogen overpotential that promotes fast formation of atomic hydrogen and, therefore, its content can enhance hydrodechlorination (HDC). We a flow-through electrochemical reactor with a SS cathode followed by an anode. The performance of Ni containing foam cathodes (Fe/Ni and Ni foam) was also evaluated for electrochemical transformation of TCE in groundwater. SS type 316 (12% Ni) removed 61.7% of TCE compared to 52.6% removed by SS 304 (9.25% Ni) and 37.5% removed by SS 430 (0.75% Ni). Ni foam cathode produced the highest TCE removal rate (68.4%) compared with other cathodes. The slightly lower performance of SS type 316 mesh is balanced by the reduction in treatment costs for larger-scale systems. The results prove that Ni content in SS highly influences TCE removal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Rajic
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Noushin Fallahpour
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Emeka Oguzie
- Electrochemistry and Material Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, PM B 1526, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Akram Alshawabkeh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Influence of humic substances on electrochemical degradation of trichloroethylene in limestone aquifers. Electrochim Acta 2015; 181:123-129. [PMID: 26549889 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the influence of humic substances (HS) on electrochemical transformation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in groundwater from limestone aquifers. A laboratory flow-through column with an electrochemical reactor that consists of a palladized iron foam cathode followed by a MMO anode was used to induce TCE electro-reduction in groundwater. Up to 82.9% TCE removal was achieved in the absence of HS. Presence of 1, 2, 5, and 10 mgTOC L-1 reduced TCE removal to 70.9%, 61.4%, 51.8% and 19.5%, respectively. The inverse correlation between HS content and TCE removal was linear. Total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and absorption properties (A=254 nm, 365 nm and 436 nm) normalized to DOC, were monitored during treatment to understand the behavior and impacts of HS under electrochemical processes. Changes in all parameters occurred mainly after contact with the cathode, which implies that the HS are reacting either directly with electrons from the cathode or with H2 formed at the cathode surface. Since hydrodechlorination is the primary TCE reduction mechanism in this setup, reactions of the HS with the cathode limit transformation of TCE. The presence of limestone gravel reduced the impact of HS on TCE removal. The study concludes that presence of humic substances adversely affects TCE removal from contaminated groundwater by electrochemical reduction using palladized cathodes.
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Structure, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of complexes of 3d-metals as redox-active units for assembling coordination polymers and porous coordination polymer on their basis. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rajic L, Fallahpour N, Alshawabkeh AN. Impact of electrode sequence on electrochemical removal of trichloroethylene from aqueous solution. APPLIED CATALYSIS. B, ENVIRONMENTAL 2015; 174-175:427-434. [PMID: 25931774 PMCID: PMC4410430 DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The electrode sequence in a mixed flow-through electrochemical cell is evaluated to improve the hydrodechlorination (HDC) of trichloroethylene (TCE) in aqueous solutions. In a mixed (undivided) electrochemical cell, oxygen generated at the anode competes with the transformation of target contaminants at the cathode. In this study, we evaluate the effect of placing the anode downstream from the cathode and using multiple electrodes to promote TCE reduction. Experiments with a cathode followed by an anode (C→A) and an anode followed by a cathode (A→C) were conducted using mixed metal oxide (MMO) and iron as electrode materials. The TCE removal rates when the anode is placed downstream of the cathode (C→A) were 54% by MMO→MMO, 64% by MMO→Fe and 87% by Fe→MMO sequence. Removal rates when the anode is placed upstream of the cathode (A→C) were 38% by MMO→MMO, 58% by Fe→MMO and 69% by MMO→Fe sequence. Placing the anode downstream of the cathode positively improves (by 26%) the degradation of aqueous TCE in a mixed flow-through cell as it minimizes the influence of oxygen generated at the MMO anode on TCE reduction at the cathode. Furthermore, placing the MMO anode downstream of the cathode neutralizes pH and redox potential of the treated solution. Higher flow velocity under the C→A setup increases TCE mass flux reduction rate. Using multiple cathodes and an iron foam cathode up stream of the anode increase the removal rate by 1.6 and 2.4 times, respectively. More than 99% of TCE was removed in the presence of Pd catalyst on carbon and as an iron foam coating. Enhanced reaction rates found in this study imply that a mixed flow-through electrochemical cell with multiple cathodes up stream of an anode is an effective method to promote the reduction of TCE in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Rajic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Noushin Fallahpour
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Liu Y, Liu L, Shan J, Zhang J. Electrodeposition of palladium and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites on foam-nickel electrode for electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 290:1-8. [PMID: 25731146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance palladium (Pd) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite electrode was prepared on foam-nickel (foam-Ni) via two-step electrodeposition processes. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation showed that the obtained Pd/RGO/foam-Ni composite electrode displayed a uniform and compact morphology. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis confirmed the successful deposition of Pd and RGO on nickel substrate. The cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements indicated that the presence of RGO greatly enhanced the active surface area of Pd particles deposited on foam-Ni. The as-deposited Pd/RGO/foam-Ni electrode was applied to electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination (ECH) of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). Various factors influencing the dechlorination of 4-CP such as dechlorination current, initial concentration of 4-CP, Na2SO4 concentration and initial pH were systematically investigated. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the dechlorination reaction of 4-CP at different temperatures followed the first-order kinetics and the activation energy for 4-CP dechlorination on Pd/RGO/foam-Ni electrode was calculated to be 51.96 kJ mol(-1). Under the optimum conditions, the dechlorination efficiency of 4-CP could reach 100% after 60-min ECH treatment. Moreover, the prepared Pd/RGO/foam-Ni composite electrode showed good stability for recycling utilization in ECH of 4-CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jun Shan
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Rajic L, Fallahpour N, Yuan S, Alshawabkeh AN. Electrochemical transformation of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by electrode polarity reversal. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 67:267-75. [PMID: 25282093 PMCID: PMC4262522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrode polarity reversal is evaluated for electrochemical transformation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in aqueous solution using flow-through reactors with mixed metal oxide electrodes and Pd catalyst. The study tests the hypothesis that optimizing electrode polarity reversal will generate H2O2 in Pd presence in the system. The effect of polarity reversal frequency, duration of the polarity reversal intervals, current intensity and TCE concentration on TCE removal rate and removal mechanism were evaluated. TCE removal efficiencies under 6 cycles h(-1) were similar in the presence of Pd catalyst (50.3%) and without Pd catalyst (49.8%), indicating that Pd has limited impact on TCE degradation under these conditions. The overall removal efficacies after 60 min treatment under polarity reversal frequencies of 6, 10, 15, 30 and 90 cycles h(-1) were 50.3%, 56.3%, 69.3%, 34.7% and 23.4%, respectively. Increasing the frequency of polarity reversal increases TCE removal as long as sufficient charge is produced during each cycle for the reaction at the electrode. Electrode polarity reversal shifts oxidation/reduction and reduction/oxidation sequences in the system. The optimized polarity reversal frequency (15 cycles h(-1) at 60 mA) enables two reaction zones formation where reduction/oxidation occurs at each electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Rajic
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noushin Fallahpour
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songhu Yuan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Davoudi M, Gholami M, Naseri S, Mahvi AH, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Alidadi H. Application of electrochemical reactor divided by cellulosic membrane for optimized simultaneous removal of phenols, chromium, and ammonia from tannery effluents. TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2014.942311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Xie W, Yuan S, Mao X, Hu W, Liao P, Tong M, Alshawabkeh AN. Electrocatalytic activity of Pd-loaded Ti/TiO2 nanotubes cathode for TCE reduction in groundwater. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3573-82. [PMID: 23726693 PMCID: PMC6321742 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel cathode, Pd loaded Ti/TiO2 nanotubes (Pd-Ti/TiO2NTs), is synthesized for the electrocatalytic reduction of trichloroethylene (TCE) in groundwater. Pd nanoparticles are successfully loaded on TiO2 nanotubes which grow on Ti plate via anodization. Using Pd-Ti/TiO2NTs as the cathode in an undivided electrolytic cell, TCE is efficiently and quantitatively transformed to ethane. Under conditions of 100 mA and pH 7, the removal efficiency of TCE (21 mg/L) is up to 91% within 120 min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with the rate constant of 0.019 min(-1). Reduction rates increase from 0.007 to 0.019 min(-1) with increasing the current from 20 to 100 mA, slightly decrease in the presence of 10 mM chloride or bicarbonate, and decline with increasing the concentrations of sulfite or sulfide. O2 generated at the anode slightly influences TCE reduction. At low currents, TCE is mainly reduced by direct electron transfer on the Pd-Ti/TiO2NT cathode. However, the contribution of Pd-catalytic hydrodechlorination, an indirect reduction mechanism, becomes significant with increasing the current. Compared with other common cathodes, i.e., Ti-based mixed metal oxides, graphite and Pd/Ti, Pd-Ti/TiO2NTs cathode shows superior performance for TCE reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xie
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Songhu Yuan
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 18971623175., , (S. Yuan)
| | - Xuhui Mao
- School of resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Peng Liao
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Man Tong
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Mao X, Yuan S, Fallahpour N, Ciblak A, Howard J, Padilla I, Loch-Caruso R, Alshawabkeh AN. Electrochemically induced dual reactive barriers for transformation of TCE and mixture of contaminants in groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12003-11. [PMID: 23067023 PMCID: PMC3493133 DOI: 10.1021/es301711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel reactive electrochemical flow system consisting of an iron anode and a porous cathode is proposed for the remediation of mixture of contaminants in groundwater. The system consists of a series of sequentially arranged electrodes, a perforated iron anode, a porous copper cathode followed by a mesh-type mixed metal oxide anode. The iron anode generates ferrous species and a chemically reducing environment, the porous cathode provides a reactive electrochemically reducing barrier, and the inert anode provides protons and oxygen to neutralize the system. The redox conditions of the electrolyte flowing through this system can be regulated by controlling the distribution of the electric current. Column experiments are conducted to evaluate the process and study the variables. The electrochemical reduction on a copper foam cathode produced an electrode-based reductive potential capable of reducing TCE and nitrate. Rational electrodes arrangement, longer residence time of electrolytes and higher surface area of the foam electrode improve the reductive transformation of TCE. More than 82.2% TCE removal efficiency is achieved for the case of low influent concentration (<7.5 mg/L) and high current (>45 mA). The ferrous species produced from the iron anode not only enhance the transformation of TCE on the cathode, but also facilitates transformation of other contaminants including dichromate, selenate and arsenite. Removal efficiencies greater than 80% are achieved for these contaminants in flowing contaminated water. The overall system, comprising the electrode-based and electrolyte-based barriers, can be engineered as a versatile and integrated remedial method for a relatively wide spectrum of contaminants and their mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Mao
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Songhu Yuan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Noushin Fallahpour
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ali Ciblak
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joniqua Howard
- Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 00681
| | - Ingrid Padilla
- Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 00681
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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